872:, Boone County, Indiana, case #06D01-0502 -PL- 0060). Daniels said that he had bought more than 2,000 signed photographs of athletes from Mastro and claimed that the catalog incorrectly described them as all being in color and 8" x 10" in size. Daniels also claimed that some of the autographs on the photographs may have been fakes. He produced two dealers who he said were autograph experts, but Superior Court Judge Matthew C. Kincaid excluded their testimony saying that neither Steve Koschal nor Richard Simon "possess sufficient skill, knowledge or experience in the fields in which they were asked to render opinions." The law for each state is different regarding qualifications to testify. Simon and Koschal have both testified in states where their testimony is accepted in court.
616:
842:
153:
338:'s experience was typical; he often signed just a handful of autographs as he rushed from his hotel to his vehicle. Some collectors take note of which celebrities are the most gracious or the least forthcoming. Some dealers would locate a celebrity's home address and write to them repeatedly asking for autographs. Some celebrities soon grew tired of the practice and limited their responses. Because of the many autographs a celebrity might sign over time, some check requests against a record of past requests. Boxer
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sale. As with any guarantee, these certificates are only as dependable as the seller issuing them, and if the seller is a fraud, then the certificate, and the possibility that the signed item could be considered worthless. Any certificate or similar issued by a seller should always include the seller's full contact details and any details of
Association memberships, and these should always be double checked on the Associations website.
199:
184:
32:
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personally having collected or sold large inventories of autographs over a period of many years, such as the consultants at
AutographCOA.com (ACOA), and "forensic examiners" who rely on academic credentials. Disputes have led to court actions, most notably gallery owner American Royal Arts vs. Beatles autograph dealer Frank Caiazzo, often used by autograph sources such as
669:
used the autopen machine to sign the astronauts' voluminous correspondence. Many large corporations also use these machines for signing business letters. Although autopen signatures should constantly match one another, they will eventually change as the signature drum becomes worn, and thereby alters
500:
is called "preprinting" by many sellers. The item is only a photocopy of an actual autographed photo, usually printed on glossy home photo paper. Since this is almost always disclosed to the buyer, some may not consider these actual forgeries. In
October 2012, Chad Richard Baldwin of Gresham, Oregon,
837:
With the recent enormous growth of autograph sellers on eBay, and the appearance of a multitude of new galleries and retailers offering expensive autographs, casual autograph collectors and one-time buyers have in many instances sought certificates of authenticity issued by the seller at the time of
596:
rarely signed a WWII condolence letter personally and all of his letters to families were signed by one of two assistants who tried hard to duplicate his signature but the forged signatures were distinguished by an unusually high letter "l" and a skinny "D". During the early stage of the Korean War,
566:
generals from the
American Civil War have had their signatures forged. Many were faked during the 1880s, a period that included the fad of aging soldiers in collecting Civil War autographs. Most deceptions were of mere signatures on a small piece of paper, but extensively written letters were forged
899:
The
British royal family is strictly forbidden from signing autographs because of the risk of the autographs being forged by others for use for their commercial gain. British royal family autographs, however, do exist, both from past royals and current ones, such as two 2010 examples when both (the
512:
Forgers may go to great lengths to make their forgeries appear authentic. Some use blank end papers from old books upon which to write their fake signatures in an attempt to match the paper of the era in which the personality lived. They have researched ink formulations of the era that they want to
864:
Potential autograph buyers uncertain of the legitimacy of the seller or authenticator may research both parties, and may check any dealer who claims membership of any association. PADA, the UACC, RACC, and AFTAL include a list of dealers on their websites. This research should not be limited to a
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In many instances, sellers will use a professional authenticator to determine the authenticity of the material they wish to bring to market. The autograph industry is currently contentiously split between two types of authenticators: those who rely upon their professional expertise and experience
492:
Autograph collectors enjoy assembling signed historical documents, letters, or objects as a way of capturing a piece of history. However, forgers seek to profit by selling forged items. Sometimes just the signature has been forged, in other instances the entire document has been fabricated.
643:. Some former presidents even have continued to utilize the autopen after they have left office. The Signa-Signer can even write out in ink an authentically looking handwritten message that has been typed into the machine. One book detailing the use of this machine by President
591:
felt obligated to sign every condolence letter sent to the families of slain soldiers. But as the death rate increased, he was forced to assign an assistant to forge his signature to the letters. The surrogate signatures were hard to distinguish from the originals. General
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teams, for example, employed a new strategy in which their players would sign team assigned items before their games and then have a team employee handle them to fans present near the stadium, to prevent the virus from spreading further on the communities they play at.
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signed on the blank flyleaf, typed his letter of resignation from the presidency on that signed page, and then sold the doctored item as if Nixon had personally signed a scarce copy of the historical document. This practice has expanded to include quotations from
804:
noted: "In 1965 he began selling signed sheets of otherwise blank lithograph paper for $ 10 a sheet. He may have signed well over 50,000 in the remaining quarter century of his life, an action that resulted in a flood of DalĂ lithograph forgeries."
555:'s wife frequently signed his name to his dictated letters due to his extensive correspondence. As she duplicated his signature so well, she usually placed a period after the signature so that he could discern her signatures from his own.
320:
reportedly did not sign for most of his career because of safety concerns about frenzied attempts to get his signature, which is worth thousands of dollars. Jordan has frequently signed at more peaceful events, such as golf tournaments.
884:-era documents and surreptitiously pen a famous patriot's name between other real signatures in a manuscript in hope of deceiving an unsuspecting buyer. Others will use tea or tobacco stains to brown or age their modern missives.
333:
Realizing the potential profit in the sale of pop culture autographs, many dealers also would wait for hours for a celebrity to emerge from a location, present several photos for the celebrity to sign and then sell most of them.
927:, "titles, names ; mere variations of typographic ornamentation, lettering, or coloring" are not eligible for copyright; however, the appearance of signatures (not the names themselves) may be protected under copyright law.
682:(c. 1866) did so during his tenure as a senator prior to assuming the presidency, since his right hand was injured in a train accident. This is why his autograph as president differs from previous autographs. President
329:
carried business cards which he handed out to fans requesting an autograph; the cards read "This certifies that you have had a personal encounter with me and that you found me warm, polite, intelligent and funny."
773:
had several of his cartoonists duplicate his artistic signature on replies to children seeking his autograph. Disney's actual autograph was distinctly different from the way it appears in his cartoons.
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seller's or an authenticator's website which could be prejudiced. Some dealers have been known to invent their own association, e.g. "The
Universal Manuscript Society", to enhance their reputations.
342:, for instance, records the names and addresses of every person requesting an autograph to limit such abuses. Some famous people flatly refused to autograph anything for fans, such as the actors
532:(c. 1836) became bored with the time-consuming task. Since then, secretaries of the president have mimicked their employer's signatures on these documents (known as "proxy" signatures). Many
571:. The bogus autograph is glued onto an authentic steel-engraved portrait of the subject. Some steel engravings may have reprinted the autograph of the portrayed subject; this is known as a
304:
asking for autographs are actually professional autograph traders, who make their living or supplement their income by selling them for full profit, rather than keeping them as a personal
635:
or robot machine for the automatic signing of a signature as an autograph machine for their letters, photographs, books, official documents, and even memorabilia items such as
1005:
1389:
An individual's signature may be protected under law as an artistic work. If so, the unauthorised reproduction of the signature will infringe copyright. The name itself will
441:: Letter Signed (hand-written by someone else, but signed by the individual sought to be collected, frequently handwritten by secretaries before the advent of the typewriter)
753:
Many famous astronauts, Arctic explorers, musicians, poets, and literary authors have had forgeries of their epistles and signatures produced. False signatures of
1433:
800:. It quoted one of his secretaries as claiming that she signed the artist's signature to postcard depictions of his paintings. Another article in the April 2005
483:: A manuscript page of about nine and one-half by twelve inches. (Originally determined by folding a printer's sheet of paper twice to form four leaves.)
362:
In autograph-auction catalogues the following abbreviations are used to help describe the type of letter or document that is being offered for sale.
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1467:
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were clandestinely signed onto real 1930-era airmail envelopes bought at stamp shops and then re-sold to unwary buyers; the same has occurred with
615:
1447:
745:'s (c. 1800) war orders exist; he was so busy with battle concerns that he barely had enough time to sign promotion orders for generals, so his
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the signature. Due to these professional imitations, buyers are often wary of buying presidential or astronaut signatures from unknown sellers.
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49:
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MacArthur personally signed condolence letters. As the fatalities increased, the
General began to use letters with pre-printed signatures.
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Collectors should know the era in which
American presidents signed their documents. American presidents signed land grants until President
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917:
713:
278:
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Differentiating forged from authentic autographs is almost impossible for the amateur collector, but a professional may be consulted.
954:, on the other hand, banned all autograph signings during their games, as part of their new fans and players' safety protocol rules.
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1252:
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115:
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477:: A manuscript page about six-by-nine inches. (Originally determined by folding a printer's sheet of paper to form eight leaves.)
312:
was able to earn more money through signing fees than he made in his playing career, though he also gave individual autographs.
68:
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Mastro
Auctions, a major sports autograph auction house which used a professional authenticator, was sued by a dealer in 2006 (
607:
Player signatures on baseballs and footballs that are actually signed by coaches and ballboys are called clubhouse signatures.
1200:
1420:
891:, for instance, has had his signature forged on old baseballs, then rubbed in dirt to make them appear to be from the 1930s.
53:
75:
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563:
270:
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by Herman M. Darvick, Julian
Messner, a Simon & Schuster Division of Gulf & Western Corporation, 1981, 96 pages.
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saw normal interactions between people change in many human interacting areas, including autograph collecting. Several
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924:
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Many autographed items of famous American sports players being sold over the Internet are fakes. Baseball legend
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691:
313:
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was paid to sign 30 baseballs with the inscription "I'm sorry I bet on baseball." In the 1980s, actor/comedian
1706:, An online community of in person autograph collectors and sellers with 5,000+ members in over 100 countries.
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1712:- A list of reputable autograph collectors and sellers, maintained by the largest online autograph community.
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often had secretaries forge his name to campaign letters and "personally inscribed" autographed photographs.
435:: Document signed (printed, or while hand-written by another, is signed by individual sought to be collected)
429:: Autograph Quote Signed (hand-written and signed by same individual; poem verse, sentence, or bar-of-music)
191:
1718:, Universal Autograph Collectors Club, a federally approved 501c3 non-profit organization founded in 1965.
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Since the 1960s, the practice of using an autopen has spread to U.S. Cabinet members, U.S. Senators, some
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Some personalities have used a rubber or steel hand-stamp to "sign" their documents. American President
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1332:"Sporting Materiality: Commodification and Fan Agency in Collections, Memorabilia, Jerseys, and Dirt"
601:
351:
17:
141:
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1176:"How to Determine the Difference Between a Real and Fake Autograph: Terminology and Photo Examples"
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Under British law, the appearance of signatures (not the names themselves) may be protected under
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Celebrities sometimes authorized secretaries to sign their correspondence. In the early months of
89:
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replicate. A 1988 book that explores the production of impressive fake manuscripts pertaining to
393:: Autograph Manuscript (hand-written; such as the draft of a play, research paper or music sheet)
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Some celebrities still enjoy signing autographs for free for fans. Many people who stand outside
308:. This is one of the main reasons for some celebrities only giving their signatures for a fee.
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471:: A printer's sheet of paper folded once to make two leaves, double quarto size or larger.
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1448:"Nationals install new autograph policy in response to coronavirus - The Washington Post"
658:, and many other personalities who have a high volume of correspondence with the public.
1668:"Signs of the Times: Autographs of luminaries: from Lincoln to Liberace", Steve Kemper,
1468:"NFL reveals protocols that ban autographs and jersey exchanges, but no changes in-game"
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1742:, the international community of collectors who collect autographs of world leaders
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160:
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405:: Autograph Musical Quotation Signed (hand-written and signed by same individual)
369:: Autograph Document (hand-written by the person to be collected, but not signed)
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of famous persons. Some of the most popular categories of autograph subjects are
1434:"Houston Astros change autograph signing process out of caution for coronavirus"
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266:
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381:: Autograph Letter (hand-written by the person to be collected, but not signed)
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was an actor during the 1940s, he had his mother sign his name to much of his
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by Santosh Kumar Lahoti, Reesha Books International Pub., 2009, : India.
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Play Ball, Mr. President: A Century of Baseballs Signed by U.S. Presidents
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by Charles Hamilton, 2 vols., Bender Pub., 1984 (Vol. 1) and 1996 (Vol. 2).
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411:: Autograph Note (no salutation or closing, usually shorter than a letter)
399:: Autograph Manuscript Signed (hand-written and signed by same individual)
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have their secretaries sign their letters and photographs for them. When
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220:
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423:: Autograph Postcard Signed (hand-written and signed by same individual)
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by Charles Hamilton, 2 vols., Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1983, 634 pages.
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Quality forgeries have been made for many of Europe's past rulers. The
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did not sign at all in public, and only sparingly at private sessions.
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227:
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autographs. Baldwin is a highly skilled forger of sports memorabilia.
387:: Autograph Letter Signed (hand-written and signed by same individual)
281:; signers of the Charter of the European Common Union; signers of the
980:
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255:
239:
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417:: Autograph Note Signed (hand-written and signed by same individual)
375:: Autograph Document Signed (written and signed by same individual)
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had several rubber signature stamps which were used on awards and
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frequently used a rubber stamp while he was a senator. Presidents
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1682:"The Tumultuous Life and Love of Salvador Dali", Meryle Secrest,
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Since the early 1950s almost all American presidents have had an
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497:
16:"Autograph collection" redirects here. For the hotel chain, see
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edited by John Taylor, The Manuscript Society, 1990, 172 pages.
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by Charles Hamilton, Simon & Schuster Pub., 1973, 95 pages.
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265:
winners) or general topics (military leaders participating in
25:
1709:
1632:
Ieri Ho Visto Il Duce: Trilogia dell'iconografia mussoliniana
288:
Collecting autographs may be in decline with fans preferring
1614:
War Between the States: Autographs and Biographical Sketches
1484:
Forging History: The Detection of Fake Letters and Documents
808:
Some deceivers cut pages from books that American President
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was sentenced to two years in prison for the sale of forged
1739:
1730:, online autograph community and celebrity address database
1727:
1544:
Word Shadows of the Great: The Lure of Autograph Collecting
1532:
Big Name Hunting: A Beginners Guide to Autograph Collecting
1201:"Found authentic Apollo 11 memorabilia online? Not so fast"
1157:"More Fake Autographs and COAs Have Oregon Detectives Busy"
261:
Some collectors may specialize in specific fields (such as
1721:
1586:
by Robert Lindsey, Simon & Schuster, 1988, 397 pages.
1675:"The Surreal World of Salvador Dali", Stanley Meisler,
1540:
by Charles Hamilton, Harper & Row, 1979, 279 pages.
1691:
Can You Ever Forgive Me? Memoirs of a Literary Forger
1522:
by Charles Hamilton, Eriksson Pub., 1968, 282 pages.
202:
A little boy stares at a boxing autograph collection
1253:"Elvis, Beatles top list of most-forged autographs"
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
23:
Practice of collecting autographs of famous persons
1556:by Robert Pelton, Betterway Pub., 1987, 160 pages.
931:Autograph collecting during the COVID-19 pandemic
1628:by S.S. Hitkari, Phulkari Pub., 1999, 112 pages.
852:'s autograph in a copy of her 1945 autobiography
600:In the 1952 U.S. presidential election, General
1341:– via Florida State University Libraries.
1592:by H.K. Thompson, Amber Pub., 1976, 198 pages.
1574:by Robert Notlep, Crown Pub., 1968, 240 pages.
269:) or specific documents (e.g., signers of the
1616:by Jim Hayes, Palmetto Pub., 1989, 464 pages.
1103:"Steve Martin abandons pre-signed autographs"
781:, though not handwritten by Houston himself.
8:
1651:Appletons' Cyclopaedia of American Biography
1596:Leaders and Personalities of the Third Reich
1562:by John Taylor, Tuttle Co., 1968, 147 pages.
1364:
1362:
1305:"Lack of intent seen in flubs at auctions"
1034:"Joe Dimaggio's rings bats and thee shots"
777:Texan paper currency was signed in ink by
567:as well. Collectors should be cautious of
1608:The Robot that Helped to Make a President
1578:The Complete Book of Autograph Collecting
1353:"Why Meghan Markle Can't Sign Autographs"
1228:"Expert casts doubt on Hillary signature"
1006:"Are selfies the death of the autograph?"
649:The Robot That Helped to Make a President
285:German or Japanese surrender documents).
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
1724:, UK based autograph dealer association.
1554:Collecting Autographs For Fun and Profit
796:, a 1931 painting by the Spanish artist
179:autographing the body of one of her fans
1330:Andon, Stephen Patrick (May 11, 2011).
996:
488:Duplication, forging and authentication
908:signed autographs to one person each.
447:: Photograph Signed or Postcard Signed
1704:Real Autograph Collectors Club (RACC)
1602:The Guinness Book of World Autographs
1393:be protected by copyright; it is the
749:applied his name to lesser documents.
7:
1580:by George Sullivan, 1971, 154 pages.
1510:by George Sullivan, 1977, 223 pages.
1504:, Crown Publishers, 1980, 278 pages.
1397:of the signature which is protected.
54:adding citations to reliable sources
1653:ed. by James Wilson, 6 vols., 1888.
1590:Dönitz at Nuremberg: A Re-Appraisal
1117:"Depp named 'best autograph giver'"
1079:A.J. Daulerio (February 26, 2009).
279:Israeli Declaration of Independence
137:signing autographs for fans in 2022
1626:Autographs of Indian Personalities
1280:"An Outbreak of Forged Signatures"
1143:"GarboForever - Garbo's Signature"
187:A rugby ball signed by all of the
14:
1528:by Mary Benjamin, 1963, 345 pages
1004:Franklin, Cory (6 October 2016).
1604:by Ray Rawlins, 1997, 244 pages.
1373:. Cavendish Publishing. p.
1032:Anderson, Dave (11 March 1999).
702:and Pennsylvania colony founder
694:used them, along with President
575:, and it may appear to be real.
30:
1740:World Leaders Autograph Society
1566:Autograph Collector's Checklist
1526:Autographs: A Key to Collecting
870:Bill Daniels v. Mastro Auctions
41:needs additional citations for
1498:Great Forgers and Famous Fakes
1421:United States Copyright Office
912:Copyright status of signatures
211:is the practice of collecting
1:
1734:Collect autographs for profit
1665:by Dan Cohen, 2008, 48 pages.
706:used a deceiving hand stamp.
271:Charter of the United Nations
1560:From the White House Inkwell
1492:University of Oklahoma Press
1226:Sandys, Susan (4 Jan 2013).
965:Autograph Collector Magazine
728:chief, used similar stamps.
496:One method commonly seen on
1520:Scribblers & Scoundrels
1174:Gee, Cee (3 October 2011).
925:United States Copyright Law
619:Portrait of U.S. President
587:, U.S. Army Chief of Staff
1782:
1610:by Charles Hamilton, 1965.
1508:Making Money in Autographs
1423:. Retrieved 15 March 2011.
1369:Spilsbury, Sallie (2000).
882:American Revolutionary War
698:(c. 1916). England's King
148:signing autographs in 2014
15:
1736:, Free guide and tutorial
876:Other authenticity issues
793:The Persistence of Memory
692:Franklin Delano Roosevelt
1538:The Signature of America
952:National Football League
1572:The Autograph Collector
1284:The W. H. Auden Society
1161:Sports Collectors Daily
192:2006 Tri Nations Series
167:for a young fan in 2018
853:
739:sign their documents.
628:
579:Secretarial signatures
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65:"Autograph collecting"
1645:Who's Who in America,
1634:ed. Ermanno Alberti.
1584:A Gathering of Saints
1550:Co., 1930, 300 pages.
1514:Collecting Autographs
941:Major League Baseball
844:
827:Franklin D. Roosevelt
651:by Charles Hamilton.
618:
519:A Gathering of Saints
459:: Typed Letter Signed
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1710:RACC Trusted Sellers
1686:magazine, Oct. 1986.
1679:magazine, Apr. 2005.
1672:magazine, Nov. 1997.
1060:. September 19, 2006
895:British royal family
611:Autopen autographing
602:Dwight D. Eisenhower
352:Charles A. Lindbergh
209:Autograph collecting
50:improve this article
18:Autograph Collection
1620:American Autographs
1548:Frederick A. Stokes
1546:by Thomas Madigan,
1453:The Washington Post
1278:Mendelson, Edward.
1123:. December 17, 2007
573:facsimile autograph
465:: Typed Note Signed
453:: Signed Photograph
1494:, 1994, 173 pages.
1488:Kenneth W. Rendell
1415:2011-03-05 at the
1355:. 19 January 2018.
1259:. 27 December 2012
1105:. 6 December 2011.
1039:The New York Times
854:
790:magazine explored
741:Many forgeries of
688:Theodore Roosevelt
665:acknowledged that
629:
589:George C. Marshall
569:clipped signatures
549:American Civil War
350:, and the aviator
204:
196:
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1657:Autograph, Please
1163:. 25 August 2011.
948:American Football
937:COVID-19 pandemic
880:Forgers buy real
784:The October 1986
755:Charles Lindbergh
718:Nikita Khrushchev
674:Deceptive devices
594:Douglas MacArthur
296:Commercialization
277:; signers of the
275:U.S. Constitution
273:; signers of the
244:religious leaders
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1502:Charles Hamilton
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1410:Copyright Basics
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1478:Further reading
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1436:. 7 March 2020.
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1417:Wayback Machine
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48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1761:Memorabilia
1722:aftal.co.uk
1684:Smithsonian
1677:Smithsonian
1670:Smithsonian
1315:January 10,
1127:January 10,
1087:January 10,
1064:January 10,
802:Smithsonian
787:Smithsonian
779:Sam Houston
771:Walt Disney
737:secrétaires
564:Confederate
558:All of the
547:During the
534:movie stars
481:quarto(4to)
475:octavo(8vo)
348:Greta Garbo
344:Paul Newman
267:World War I
263:Nobel Prize
232:movie stars
217:politicians
1766:Collecting
1750:Categories
1395:appearance
1083:. Deadspin
1081:"Deadspin"
992:References
859:RR Auction
846:Vaudeville
735:had their
700:Henry VIII
661:Astronaut
641:golf balls
252:astronauts
248:scientists
213:autographs
189:All Blacks
135:Arch Enemy
76:newspapers
1756:Signature
1728:StarTiger
1716:uacc.info
1641:Who's Who
1371:Media Law
1289:8 January
1263:5 January
1237:8 January
1232:NZ Herald
1211:5 January
889:Babe Ruth
637:baseballs
627:signature
503:Babe Ruth
323:Pete Rose
302:premieres
292:instead.
1643:series;
1413:Archived
1257:ABC NEWS
1121:BBC News
1054:"GO.com"
1017:23 April
976:Khelrtva
958:See also
769:creator
761:and the
743:Napoleon
542:fan mail
358:Glossary
306:souvenir
228:athletes
224:soldiers
221:military
165:baseball
157:Baseball
106:May 2015
1693:, 2008.
747:scribes
716:cards.
633:autopen
625:autopen
515:Mormons
507:Beatles
290:selfies
256:authors
236:artists
175:Singer
159:player
90:scholar
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560:Union
469:folio
194:squad
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1647:etc.
1379:ISBN
1339:2016
1317:2012
1291:2021
1265:2021
1239:2021
1213:2021
1187:2016
1129:2012
1089:2012
1066:2012
1058:ESPN
1019:2019
935:The
904:and
720:and
690:and
667:NASA
639:and
562:and
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457:TLS
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415:ANS
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373:ADS
52:by
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