339:
two-stroke engine. A petroil-lubricated two-stroke requires lubrication according to its speed, but provides this lubrication according to the amount of its throttle opening. Where the engine operates at high RPM and low throttle (such as when coasting down a long hill), the lubrication provided may be inadequate. With the freewheel, a coasting engine could reduce its speed to idling, thus requiring only the small lubrication available from the closed, coasting, throttle. Freewheeling can also be used to help reduce high exhaust gas temperatures in two stroke models caused by prolonged use of the throttle at higher RPM.
642:
522:
31:
89:
163:
143:
38:, the standing pedals control the two forward gears (left pedal), reverse (center pedal), and the brake (right pedal). The steering-column levers control ignition timing (left) and the throttle (right). The large hand-levers set the rear-wheel parking brake and put the transmission in neutral (left) and control an after-market 2-speed transmission adapter (right).
293:
338:
from the driven shaft. This happens when the driven shaft rotates faster than the driveshaft. For example, Saab used a freewheel system in their earlier vehicles, to let the engine disconnect from the transmission while coasting. This was a feature added because of the limited lubrication in the
79:
or oil. Acetylene was preferred to oil, because its flame is resistant to both wind and rain. Acetylene headlights, which gave a strong green-tinted light, were popular until after World War I; even though the first electric headlights were introduced in 1898 (and those were battery-powered), it
492:
Some automatic transmission vehicles have extra controls that modify the choices made by the transmission system. These controls depend on the engine and road speed. Automatic gear selectors generally have a straight pattern, beginning at the most forward position with park, and running through
271:
car was introduced in
Britain which had a hand controlled speed governor, and a foot throttle which could override the action of the governor. Unlike modern throttle pedals this could be raised to accelerate the car or depressed to slow it, "and thus quick accelerations or retardations can be
1008:
350:
unavailable although it could be manually engaged or disengaged by a control in the foot-well. Fixed wheel engagement, using the foot, could be difficult, as it involved pulling a 'T handle' intended for manual operation. Some cars, such as the
255:
position when not depressed by the driver. Normally the throttle and brake are operated by the right foot, while the clutch is operated by the left foot. However, some drivers sometimes mistake the accelerator for the brake, leading to
690:'s 1949 innovation of the key-operated combination ignition-starter switch, the starter was operated by the driver pressing a button that was mounted on the floor or dashboard. This type of control has now returned with the use of
717:
In the past, all cars had manual controls for starting and running the engine. Now, modern cars not only have automated controls, but they also have controls that are not directly used to drive the vehicle. These controls include
694:. Early Chevrolet cars had the starter pedal to the right of the accelerator, with a secondary throttle control knob on the dashboard because it was difficult to operate the starter pedal and pump the gas pedal at the same time.
1005:
540:
to indicate driving parameters and the state of the mechanics. The placement of the instruments can vary. While they are usually mounted behind the steering wheel, they may also be mounted centrally below the
512:
As of 2013, most countries require turn signals to be included on all vehicles driven on public roadways. The turn signal lever is usually activated by a horizontal lever protruding from the steering column.
509:. Turn signals are activated by the driver to alert other drivers of their intent to turn or change lanes. While the modern turn signal was patented in 1938, electric turn-signal lights date back to 1907.
272:
effected" without interfering with the governed speed set using the hand control. The combination of governed engine speed with foot throttle override is in many ways similar to a modern
413:
to control the clutch. These systems still require the driver's input and involvement for manually changing gear ratios, though, and will not change gear automatically for the driver.
1073:
267:
Early cars had a hand lever to control the throttle, either directly, or by controlling an engine speed governor which in turn controlled both the throttle and timing. In 1900 the
80:
wasn't until high-wattage bulbs and more powerful car electrical generating systems were developed in the late 1910s that electric lighting systems entirely superseded acetylene.
933:
Pedal error crashes can occur when the driver steps on the accelerator when intending to apply the brake; the driver's foot slips off the edge of the brake onto the accelerator
911:
64:
While controls like steering wheels and pedals have existed since the invention of cars, other controls have developed and adapted to the demands of drivers. For example,
528:
dashboard with, left to right, controls for lighting and the horn, gauges for engine temperature, vehicle and engine speed, fuel level, and the windshield wiper control.
231:
there is often a hydraulic handbrake for the rear wheels, operated by a long, vertical lever extending to near the steering wheel. This is designed to facilitate
772:
auto racing, many vehicle parameters can be set by the driver during a race. Controls for these are mounted on the steering wheel, and can include controls for:
409:
are mechanically the same as a conventional manual transmission, but do not have a manually-operated clutch mechanism; instead facilitating the driver, by using
213:), and other less common arrangements. All of these controls pull on a spring-loaded cable and are held in place with a ratcheting mechanism until released.
247:, which controls fuel and air supply to the engine and is also known as the "accelerator" or "gas pedal", is normally the right-most floor pedal. It has a
745:
These controls vary in scope and design between different types of cars. They may also be located and operated differently in other road vehicles such as
653:
Before the appearance of the starter motor, engines were started by various difficult and dangerous methods. These methods included: wind-up springs,
841:
621:
rather than the traditional analog dial-type indicators. Depending on the type of vehicle, more specialized instruments may be used such as a
386:
that are chosen by locking selected gear pairs to the output shaft inside the transmission. Manual transmissions feature a driver-operated
749:, where the throttle is controlled by a hand lever and the gear shift is operated by a pedal. Some types of vehicle controls are found in
170:
Pallas interior with hydraulic gear selector mounted top right of steering column with a single spoke steering wheel. Note the so-called
394:
or shift lever, or, on a motorcycle; a hand-operated clutch lever, and a foot-operated gearshift lever. Historically, cars had a manual
346:
with the 1709 cc
Triumph engine. A minor drawback to the freewheel, particularly for drivers unfamiliar with the Saab, is that it makes
825:
426:
276:. In spite of this development, steering column mounted hand throttles remained common, especially in mass-produced cars such as the
1122:
585:
1224:
921:
777:
324:
957:
323:
vehicles there is a gear lever that engages a low-ratio gearbox. Other levers may switch between two- and four-wheel drive and
257:
618:
452:
284:
had a central throttle pedal with the clutch and brake to the right and left. Modern cruise control was invented in 1948.
109:
723:
155:
1028:
719:
626:
546:
116:. In 1898, steering wheels became a standard feature of Panhard et Levassor cars. They were introduced in the U.S. by
304:
1074:
Federal Motor
Vehicle Safety Standards; Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Associated Equipment: Final Rule 12/04/2007
641:
797:
474:
308:
217:
554:
439:(manual) gear shifting controls started to appear on mass-production cars in the early-1990s, starting with
182:
In modern cars the four-wheel braking system is controlled by a pedal to the left of the accelerator pedal.
131:
521:
1219:
654:
607:
603:
422:
206:
93:
69:
680:
395:
311:
or gearbox to change the speed-torque ratio and the direction of travel. This does not usually apply to
731:
666:
485:
151:
1214:
662:
506:
479:
297:
260:
and causing 16,000 accidents per year in the US. There are also drivers who intentionally practice
113:
65:
30:
781:
758:
611:
558:
533:
842:"Are We Losing Touch? A Comprehensive Comparison Test of Electric and Hydraulic Steering Assist"
617:
The layout and design of these instruments have evolved over the years by being implemented as
1162:
1135:
1118:
1036:
821:
697:
Some other historical engine controls, which are automated in modern passenger cars, were the
261:
221:
194:
342:
Freewheeling was retained in the four-stroke variant, until the end of production and in the
735:
320:
312:
1184:
890:
866:
280:. Later cars used both a foot pedal and a hand lever to set the minimum throttle. The 1918
1012:
867:"Volkswagen Golf Owners Manual - Electronic parking brake - Braking, stopping and parking"
702:
670:
550:
525:
421:
The desire for driver convenience led to the widespread implementation of the now-popular
88:
961:
189:
which operates the rear brakes only (or less commonly, the front brakes only, as in the
126:
helps drivers steer by augmenting the driver's steering effort. Power steering has used
706:
347:
316:
273:
268:
232:
130:
to reduce a driver's steering effort. However, hydraulic steering is being replaced by
123:
105:
1208:
1110:
773:
762:
691:
630:
622:
281:
252:
186:
175:
947:"The Wilson-Pilcher Petrol Cars", The Automotor Journal, April 16th, 1904, pp463-468
197:). This has traditionally been operated by a lever between the front seats called a
750:
595:
277:
162:
50:
35:
17:
1053:
1004:
Speed control device for resisting operation of the accelerator. Ralph R. Teetor.
463:, began appearing on mass-production automobiles in the mid-1990s; one example is
201:, but also appeared as a lever between the driver's seat and the door (as in the
785:
769:
739:
698:
565:
210:
202:
147:
142:
1085:
984:
746:
675:
658:
580:
570:
542:
473:, which is the same system used by Ferrari and BMW. The first mass-production
464:
431:
410:
391:
383:
335:
198:
167:
127:
46:
1098:
1040:
820:(1st MIT Press paperback ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. p. 34.
537:
502:
469:
436:
331:
248:
76:
134:, because it eliminates the hydraulic pump, and increases fuel efficiency.
727:
687:
575:
448:
352:
319:
can drive the vehicle both forward and backward from zero speed. In some
244:
228:
224:) are becoming more common, replacing cable-actuated mechanical systems.
292:
646:
590:
460:
440:
343:
190:
117:
387:
101:
916:
665:, one of the first motor cars manufactured in the United Kingdom.
640:
520:
291:
161:
87:
54:
1185:"An Inside Look at the Insanely Complex Formula 1 Steering Wheel"
754:
679:
for the first electric starter in
America in 1911. In 1912, the
355:, include a manual switch to engage or disengage the freewheel.
75:
Earlier versions of headlights and signal lights were fueled by
912:"NHTSA Safety Advisory: Reducing crashes caused by pedal error"
456:
58:
104:
sometimes on the left or right, sometimes in the centre. The
296:
A floor-mounted gear lever in a modern passenger car with a
154:
or stand on the floor. The arrangement is the same for both
683:
became the first
American car to have a starter installed.
425:
design in the 1940s, followed by the first mass-production
661:. In 1896, the first electric starter was installed on an
235:
rather than for parking, so lacks a ratcheting mechanism.
108:
was first used when Alfred
Vacheron competed in the 1894
493:
reverse, neutral, drive, and then to the lower gears.
614:, and the current status of various vehicle systems.
382:. Most automobile manual transmissions have several
657:, and human-powered techniques such as a removable
765:use automobile-style pedals to control the speed.
602:These gauges are supplemented by an assortment of
532:Vehicles are generally equipped with a variety of
1035:, vol. 131, no. 1, Hearst Magazines,
205:), a knob pulled away from the dash (as in the
561:found on road vehicles include the following:
477:design was introduced with the 4th-generation
68:became less common as technology relating to
8:
1022:
1020:
251:design – a spring, which returns it to the
174:brake pedal. (The pedal on the left is the
120:in 1899, and by 1908 were on most models.
100:The first automobiles were steered with a
141:
29:
808:
435:, in 1958. Automatic transmission with
943:
941:
606:that indicate the currently selected
505:, fog lamps, turn signals, and other
303:Vehicles that generate power with an
27:Car parts used to control the vehicle
7:
307:(ICE) are generally equipped with a
209:), a foot-operated pedal (as in the
1115:Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886–1930
427:continuously variable transmission
402:Semi-automatic / Clutchless manual
220:controlled by a switch (as in the
25:
1027:Markovitch, Alex (January 1969),
423:hydraulic automatic transmission
61:, used for driving and parking.
637:Starting and running the engine
1144:. Hearst Magazines. April 1949
258:sudden unintended acceleration
150:. Pedals either hang from the
1:
453:automated manual transmission
1117:. London: Grange-Universal.
920:. 2015-05-29. Archived from
407:Semi-automatic transmissions
216:In the 2000s, direct-acting
156:right- and left-hand traffic
1163:"1928 Chevy Owner's Manual"
1241:
390:pedal and a hand-operated
305:internal combustion engine
1137:"Chrysler Family Debut",
798:History of the automobile
673:later invented and filed
545:, or integrated into the
218:electronic parking brakes
891:"WRC Braking technology"
816:Flink, James J. (1990).
586:Engine temperature gauge
475:dual-clutch transmission
185:There is usually also a
1225:Automotive technologies
501:Cars have controls for
132:electric power steering
70:automatic transmissions
650:
608:transmission gear mode
529:
300:
207:Volkswagen Transporter
179:
159:
110:Paris–Rouen motor race
97:
96:with a tiller steering
94:Oldsmobile Curved Dash
45:are the components in
39:
1086:U.S. patent 2,122,508
1029:"Small Sporty Sedans"
681:Cadillac Model Thirty
676:U.S. patent 1,150,523
644:
524:
295:
165:
146:Standing pedals in a
145:
91:
33:
985:"1918 Stutz Bearcat"
753:. For example, some
732:in-car entertainment
497:Signals and lighting
486:direct-shift gearbox
334:that disengages the
66:manual transmissions
1099:U.S. patent 912,831
1006:US-Patent 2519859 A
780:, ignition timing,
759:light rail vehicles
713:Additional controls
655:gunpowder cylinders
507:automotive lighting
480:Volkswagen Golf R32
449:computer-controlled
447:system. Later, the
366:is also known as a
364:Manual transmission
298:manual transmission
114:Panhard et Levassor
18:Automobile controls
1011:2018-12-04 at the
958:"The Ford Model T"
818:The automobile age
782:regenerative brake
728:on-board computers
724:navigation systems
651:
612:check engine light
530:
483:in 2003, with the
301:
180:
160:
98:
49:and other powered
40:
1141:April 1949, p.122
1139:Popular Mechanics
1054:"Rover P4 Manual"
1033:Popular Mechanics
667:Charles Kettering
451:, single-clutch,
411:automation system
330:Some cars have a
313:electric vehicles
262:left-foot braking
72:became advanced.
16:(Redirected from
1232:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1183:Colson, Jordan.
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1159:
1153:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1132:
1126:
1108:
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1064:
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1050:
1044:
1043:
1024:
1015:
1002:
996:
995:
993:
991:
980:
974:
973:
971:
969:
960:. Archived from
954:
948:
945:
936:
935:
930:
929:
908:
902:
901:
899:
897:
887:
881:
880:
878:
877:
863:
857:
856:
854:
852:
838:
832:
831:
813:
736:windscreen wiper
720:air conditioning
678:
619:digital readouts
321:four-wheel drive
239:Throttle control
222:Volkswagen eGolf
21:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1205:
1204:
1203:
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1134:
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1097:
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1084:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1026:
1025:
1018:
1013:Wayback Machine
1003:
999:
989:
987:
982:
981:
977:
967:
965:
956:
955:
951:
946:
939:
927:
925:
910:
909:
905:
895:
893:
889:
888:
884:
875:
873:
865:
864:
860:
850:
848:
840:
839:
835:
828:
815:
814:
810:
806:
794:
715:
703:ignition timing
674:
639:
557:. The standard
551:climate control
536:mounted on the
526:Volkswagen Polo
519:
517:Instrumentation
499:
455:, pioneered by
419:
404:
361:
290:
241:
233:handbrake turns
140:
86:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1238:
1236:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1175:
1154:
1127:
1103:
1090:
1077:
1066:
1045:
1016:
997:
975:
964:on 10 May 2012
949:
937:
903:
882:
871:www.vwgolf.org
858:
846:Car and Driver
833:
827:978-0262560559
826:
807:
805:
802:
801:
800:
793:
790:
788:, and others.
714:
711:
707:spark arrestor
638:
635:
610:, the generic
604:warning lights
600:
599:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
518:
515:
498:
495:
418:
415:
403:
400:
368:manual gearbox
360:
357:
348:engine braking
315:because their
289:
286:
274:cruise control
269:Wilson-Pilcher
240:
237:
195:Citroën Xantia
139:
136:
124:Power steering
106:steering wheel
85:
82:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1237:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1220:Vehicle parts
1218:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1176:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1123:1-59084-491-2
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:G.N. Georgano
1107:
1104:
1100:
1094:
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1087:
1081:
1078:
1075:
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1030:
1023:
1021:
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1010:
1007:
1001:
998:
986:
979:
976:
963:
959:
953:
950:
944:
942:
938:
934:
924:on 2016-12-26
923:
919:
918:
913:
907:
904:
892:
886:
883:
872:
868:
862:
859:
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843:
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823:
819:
812:
809:
803:
799:
796:
795:
791:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
774:brake balance
771:
766:
764:
763:PCC streetcar
760:
756:
752:
751:rail vehicles
748:
743:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
712:
710:
708:
704:
700:
695:
693:
692:keyless entry
689:
684:
682:
677:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
648:
643:
636:
634:
632:
631:battery level
628:
624:
623:trip computer
620:
615:
613:
609:
605:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
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562:
560:
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428:
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340:
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
299:
294:
287:
285:
283:
282:Stutz Bearcat
279:
275:
270:
265:
263:
259:
254:
250:
246:
238:
236:
234:
230:
225:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
187:parking brake
183:
177:
176:parking brake
173:
169:
164:
157:
153:
149:
144:
137:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
95:
90:
83:
81:
78:
73:
71:
67:
62:
60:
56:
52:
51:road vehicles
48:
44:
37:
32:
19:
1192:. Retrieved
1188:
1178:
1166:. Retrieved
1157:
1146:. Retrieved
1140:
1136:
1130:
1114:
1106:
1093:
1080:
1069:
1057:. Retrieved
1048:
1032:
1000:
988:. Retrieved
978:
966:. Retrieved
962:the original
952:
932:
926:. Retrieved
922:the original
915:
906:
894:. Retrieved
885:
874:. Retrieved
870:
861:
849:. Retrieved
845:
836:
817:
811:
778:differential
767:
744:
716:
696:
685:
671:Henry Leland
652:
649:crank holder
627:fuel economy
616:
601:
596:Oil pressure
555:audio system
547:center stack
531:
511:
500:
491:
484:
478:
468:
444:
430:
420:
406:
405:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:
341:
329:
325:differential
309:transmission
302:
288:Transmission
278:Ford Model T
266:
242:
226:
215:
184:
181:
171:
122:
99:
74:
63:
43:Car controls
42:
41:
36:Ford Model T
1194:27 December
983:Leno, Jay.
896:27 December
851:12 December
786:rev limiter
770:Formula One
747:motorcycles
740:touchscreen
699:choke valve
566:Speedometer
534:instruments
429:(CVT), the
384:gear ratios
372:stick shift
211:Nissan Leaf
203:Porsche 911
193:and in the
148:Saab Sonett
47:automobiles
1215:Auto parts
1209:Categories
1148:2013-09-30
990:5 November
928:2017-01-02
876:2023-09-05
804:References
659:hand-crank
629:gauge, or
581:Fuel gauge
571:Tachometer
549:above the
543:windshield
465:Alfa Romeo
432:Variomatic
392:gear stick
336:driveshaft
199:hand brake
168:Citroen DS
128:hydraulics
53:, such as
1041:0032-4558
761:like the
633:display.
538:dashboard
503:headlamps
470:Selespeed
445:Tiptronic
437:manumatic
417:Automatic
396:overdrive
332:freewheel
249:fail-safe
77:acetylene
1168:30 March
1113:(1985).
1059:29 March
1009:Archived
968:29 March
792:See also
742:panels.
688:Chrysler
576:Odometer
398:switch.
376:standard
353:Rover P4
245:throttle
229:rallying
172:mushroom
152:bulkhead
84:Steering
686:Before
647:Packard
591:Ammeter
461:Ferrari
441:Porsche
344:Saab 99
327:locks.
191:Saab 99
138:Braking
118:Packard
34:In the
1121:
1039:
824:
738:, and
705:, and
663:Arnold
559:gauges
388:clutch
378:, and
359:Manual
317:motors
102:tiller
55:trucks
1189:Wired
917:NHTSA
755:trams
645:1917
598:gauge
380:stick
166:1969
112:in a
92:1904
59:buses
1196:2017
1170:2014
1119:ISBN
1061:2014
1037:ISSN
992:2016
970:2014
898:2017
853:2016
822:ISBN
757:and
669:and
553:and
459:and
253:idle
243:The
57:and
768:In
467:'s
457:BMW
443:'s
227:In
1211::
1187:.
1031:,
1019:^
940:^
931:.
914:.
869:.
844:.
784:,
776:,
734:,
730:,
726:,
722:,
709:.
701:,
625:,
489:.
374:,
370:,
264:.
178:).
1198:.
1172:.
1151:.
1125:.
1063:.
994:.
972:.
900:.
879:.
855:.
830:.
158:.
20:)
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