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climates, and in development for freezing climates. In freezing climates, the elimination of storm drains can often still pay for enough land to construct swales (shallow water collecting ditches) or water impeding berms instead. This plan provides more land for homeowners and can offer more interesting topography for landscaping. Additionally, a
1725:. In a dry composting toilet, the waste is evaporated or digested to gas (mostly carbon dioxide) and vented, so a toilet produces only a few pounds of compost every six months. To control the odor, modern toilets use a small fan to keep the toilet under negative pressure, and exhaust the gasses to a vent pipe.
2381:
A similar scheme (multiphase cooling) can be by a multistage evaporative cooler. The air is passed through a spray of salt solution to dehumidify it, then through a spray of water solution to cool it, then another salt solution to dehumidify it again. The brine has to be regenerated, and that can be
2250:
can save large amounts of fuel. Also, small changes in lifestyle, such as doing laundry, dishes and bathing on sunny days, can greatly increase their efficiency. Pure solar heaters are especially useful for laundries, swimming pools and external baths, because these can be scheduled for use on sunny
1961:
to generate electricity. If the difference in elevation is above 30 metres (100 feet), and the stream runs in all seasons, this can provide continuous power with a small, inexpensive installation. Lower changes of elevation require larger installations or dams, and can be less efficient. Clogging at
1844:
Drainage systems are a crucial compromise between human habitability and a secure, sustainable watershed. Paved areas and lawns or turf do not allow much precipitation to filter through the ground to recharge aquifers. They can cause flooding and damage in neighbourhoods, as the water flows over the
1918:, laptop computers and gas-powered refrigerators save electricity, although gas-powered refrigerators are not very efficient. There are also superefficient electric refrigerators, such as those produced by the Sun Frost company, some of which use only about half as much electricity as a mass-market
1627:
In the classic Roman house ("Domus"), household water was provided from a cistern (the "impluvium"), which was a decorative feature of the atrium, the house's main public space. It was fed by downspout tiles from the inward-facing roof-opening (the "compluvium"). Often water lilies were grown in it
1208:
It is quite possible in all parts of
Australia to construct a 'house with no bills', which would be comfortable without heating and cooling, which would make its own electricity, collect its own water and deal with its own waste...These houses can be built now, using off-the-shelf techniques. It is
2323:
If a circular building is aerodynamically smooth, and cooler than the ground, it can be passively cooled by the "dome effect." Many installations have reported that a reflective or light-colored dome induces a local vertical heat-driven vortex that sucks cooler overhead air downward into a dome if
1942:, 5 metres or less in diameter. On a 30-metre (100-foot) tower, this turbine can provide enough power to supplement solar power on cloudy days. Commercially available wind turbines use sealed, one-moving-part AC generators and passive, self-feathering blades for years of operation without service.
1929:
can provide electric power. Solar roofs can be more cost-effective than retrofitted solar power, because buildings need roofs anyway. Modern solar cells last about 40 years, which makes them a reasonable investment in some areas. At a sufficient angle, solar cells are cleaned by run-off rain water
1367:
As an architect or engineer becomes more concerned with the disadvantages of transportation networks, and dependence on distant resources, their designs tend to include more autonomous elements. The historic path to autonomy was a concern for secure sources of heat, power, water and food. A nearly
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Living within an autonomous shelter may also require sacrifices in lifestyle or social opportunities. Even the most comfortable and technologically advanced autonomous homes could require alterations of residents' behavior. Some may not welcome the extra chores. The Vails described some clients'
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and then cool the building from the thermal mass during the day. It helps to be able to route cold air from a sky-facing radiator (perhaps an air heating solar collector with an alternate purpose) or evaporative cooler directly through the thermal mass. On clear nights, even in tropical areas,
1371:
Autonomous buildings can increase security and reduce environmental impacts by using on-site resources (such as sunlight and rain) that would otherwise be wasted. Autonomy often dramatically reduces the costs and impacts of networks that serve the building, because autonomy short-circuits the
2219:
Electric heaters and electric stoves may provide pollution-free heat (depending on the power source), but use large amounts of electricity. If enough electricity is provided by solar panels, wind turbines, or other means, then electric heaters and stoves become a practical autonomous design.
1875:
streets, storm drains can be omitted from the neighbourhood. This can save more than $ 800 per house (1970s) by eliminating storm drains. One way to use the savings is to purchase larger lots, which permits more amenities at the same cost. Permeable concrete is an established product in warm
1805:
to eliminate non reducing solids. Failure to pump a septic tank can cause overflow that damages the leach field, and contaminates ground water. Septic tanks may also require some lifestyle changes, such as not using garbage disposals, minimizing fluids flushed into the tank, and minimizing
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bottles. The tank is filled with hot water on sunny days, and made available at all times. Unlike a conventional tank water heater, the tank is filled only when there is sunlight. Good storage makes a smaller, higher-technology collector feasible. Such collectors can use relatively exotic
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and location. Passive solar techniques, alternative toilet and sewage systems, thermal massing designs, basement battery systems, efficient windowing, and the array of other design tactics require some degree of non-standard construction, added expense, ongoing experimentation and
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can also reduce the absolute amount of heat needed by a building. Several feet below the earth, temperature ranges from 4 °C (39 °F) in North Dakota to 26 °C (79 °F), in
Southern Florida. Wind breaks reduce the amount of heat carried away from a building.
1864:, the storm water system is combined with the sanitary sewer system. In the event of heavy precipitation, the load on the sewage treatment plant at the end of the pipe becomes too great to handle and raw sewage is dumped into holding tanks, and sometimes into surface water.
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can heat most buildings in even the mild and chilly climates. In colder climates, extra construction costs can be as little as 15% more than new, conventional buildings. In warm climates, those having less than two weeks of frosty nights per year, there is no cost impact.
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make it economical and sanitary to throw away sewage as part of the normal garbage collection service. They also reduce water use by half, and eliminate the difficulty and expense of septic tanks. However, they require the local landfill to use sanitary practices.
2141:-insulated windows permit normal-looking windows to provide passive solar heat without compromising insulation or structural strength. If a small heater is available for the coldest nights, a slab or basement cistern can inexpensively provide the required
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done economically with a low-temperature solar still. Multiphase evaporative coolers can lower the air's temperature by 50 °F (28 °C), and still control humidity. If the brine regenerator uses high heat, it also partially sterilises to the air.
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can be used to flush toilets and water outside plants. When tested, it approaches standards for potable water. In climates that freeze, the plants and aquaria need to be kept in a small greenhouse space. Good systems need about as much care as a large
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is that larger wind turbines have a lower per-watt cost than solar cells, provided there is wind. Turbine location is critical: just as some locations lack sun for solar cells, many areas lack enough wind to make a turbine pay for itself. In the
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turn excrement into a small amount of ash. They are cool to the touch, have no water and no pipes, and require an air vent in a wall. They are used in remote areas where use of septic tanks is limited, usually to reduce nutrient loads in lakes.
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in operation, and therefore cost-efficient, for the obvious reason that smaller energy needs are easier to satisfy off-grid. But they may substitute energy production or other techniques to avoid diminishing returns in extreme conservation.
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Refrigerators and air conditioners operating from the waste heat of a diesel engine exhaust, heater flue or solar collector are entering use. These use the same principles as a gas refrigerator. Normally, the heat from a flue powers an
1933:
Many areas have long winter nights or dark cloudy days. In these climates, a solar installation might not pay for itself or large battery storage systems are necessary to achieve electric self-sufficiency. In stormy or windy climates,
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into sanitized fertilizer for the fish tanks. As of
January 2010, the successor organization to the New Alchemists has a web page up as the "New Alchemy Institute". The PEI Ark has been abandoned and partially renovated several times.
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skirts of plastic insulation. The thermal mass of this system is sufficiently inexpensive and large that it can store enough summer heat to warm a building for the whole winter, and enough winter cold to cool the building in summer.
2308:
Annualized geo solar buildings often have buried, sloped water-tight skirts of insulation that extend 6 metres (20 ft) from the foundations, to prevent heat leakage between the earth used as thermal mass, and the surface.
2008:. An hour of charging usually provides a day of operation. Modern residential chargers permit the user to set the charging times, so the generator is quiet at night. Some generators automatically test themselves once per week.
1257:. They published the plans for all of these, with detailed design calculations and blueprints. The Ark used wind-based water pumping and electricity and was self-contained in food production. It had living quarters for people,
1615:
In many areas, it is difficult to keep a roof clean enough for drinking. To reduce dirt and bad tastes, systems use a metal collecting-roof and a "roof cleaner" tank that diverts the first 40 liters. Cistern water is usually
1973:
During times of low demand, excess power can be stored in batteries for future use. However, batteries need to be replaced every few years. In many areas, battery expenses can be eliminated by attaching the building to the
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are placed on exposed surfaces to further increase the house's temperature stability. The water system starts with rain water, processed for drinking, then washing, then plant watering, then toilet flushing, and finally
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into useful, odourless, sanitary compost. The process is sanitary because soil bacteria eat the human pathogens as well as most of the mass of the waste. Nevertheless, most health authorities forbid direct use of
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In all systems, a small supplementary heater increases personal security and reduces lifestyle impacts for a small reduction of autonomy. The two most popular heaters for ultra-high-efficiency houses are a small
1962:
the turbine intake can be a practical problem. The usual solution is a small pool and waterfall (a penstock) to carry away floating debris. Another solution is to utilize a turbine that resists debris, such as a
1473:
First and fundamentally, independence is a matter of degree. For example, eliminating dependence on the electrical grid is relatively easy. In contrast, running an efficient, reliable food source can be a chore.
1372:
multiplying inefficiencies of collecting and transporting resources. Other impacted resources, such as oil reserves and the retention of the local watershed, can often be cheaply conserved by thoughtful designs.
1728:
Some home sewage treatment systems use biological treatment, usually beds of plants and aquaria, that absorb nutrients and bacteria and convert greywater and sewage to clear water. This odor- and color-free
2109:
heating" is practical even in regions that get little or no sunlight in winter. It uses the ground beneath a building for thermal mass. Precipitation can carry away the heat, so the ground is shielded with
2671:"WHO | Nutrient minerals in drinking-water and the potential health consequences of consumption of demineralized and remineralized and altered mineral content drinking-water: Consensus of the meeting"
2145:. Passivhaus building codes, in particular, bring unusually good interior air quality, because the buildings change the air several times per hour, passing it through a heat exchanger to keep heat inside.
2051:
allow electricity to be generated from biomass. The plant can be dried, chopped and converted or burned as a whole, or it can be left alive so that waste saps from the plant can be converted by bacteria.
1820:
Incinerator systems are quite practical. The ashes are biologically safe, and less than 1/10 the volume of the original waste, but like all incinerator waste, are usually classified as hazardous waste.
2848:(i.e. 7.8 kWh/day) ALternatively, they use about 8 US gallons (30 L; 6.7 imp gal) of LP gas per month, which in most places is more expensive than the equivalent electricity.(2007-12-27)
1954:
of the United States, a 10-metre (33-foot) turbine can supply enough energy to heat and cool a well-built all-electric house. Economic use in other areas requires research, and possibly a site survey.
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Modern cisterns are usually large plastic tanks. Gravity tanks on short towers are reliable, so pump repairs are less urgent. The least expensive bulk cistern is a fenced pond or pool at ground level.
1996:
In areas that lack access to the grid, battery size can be reduced with a generator to recharge the batteries during energy droughts such as extended fogs. Auxiliary generators are usually run from
1383:
An autonomous structure is not always environmentally friendly. The goal of independence from support systems is associated with, but not identical to, other goals of environmentally responsible
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of 30 cubic metres (7,900 US gal). Many areas average 13 millimetres (0.51 in) of rain per week, and these can use a cistern as small as 10 cubic metres (2,600 US gal).
2312:
Less dramatic improvements are possible. Windows can be shaded in summer. Eaves can be overhung to provide the necessary shade. These also shade the walls of the house, reducing cooling costs.
1628:
to purify the water. Wealthy households often supplemented the rain with a small fountain fed from a city's cistern. The impluvium always had an overflow drain so it could not flood the house.
1348:
applied environmentally responsible building design to large commercial buildings, such as office buildings, making them largely self-sufficient in energy production. One major bank building (
2284:
and solar pre-heating can save 50–75% of the gas otherwise used. Also, some combinations provide redundant reliability by having several sources of heat. Some authorities advocate replacing
2237:
units recover heat from water drain lines. They increase a building's autonomy by decreasing the heat or fuel used to heat water. They are attractive because they have no lifestyle changes.
1502:
This section includes some minimal descriptions of methods, to give some feel for such a building's practicality, provide indexes to further information, and give a sense of modern trends.
1798:, and fluid is dispersed in the leach field. The leach field is usually under a yard growing grass. Septic tanks can operate entirely by gravity, and if well managed, are reasonably safe.
1194:
and are therefore safer and more comfortable during civil disaster or military attacks. For example, Off-grid buildings would not lose power or water if public supplies were compromised.
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experiences as inconvenient, irritating, isolating, or even as an unwanted full-time job. A well-designed building can reduce this issue, but usually at the expense of reduced autonomy.
1567:, a well-foot requires substantial power. However, advanced well-foots can reduce power usage by twofold or more from older models. Well water can be contaminated in some areas. The
2133:
building codes in Europe use high performance insulating windows, R-30 insulation, HRV ventilation, and a small thermal mass. With modest changes in the building's position, modern
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1985:
A grid-based building is less autonomous, but more economical and sustainable with fewer lifestyle sacrifices. In rural areas the grid's cost and impacts can be reduced by using
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In annualized geo solar systems, the solar collector is often separate from (and hotter or colder than) the living space. The building may actually be constructed from
1634:
Reducing autonomy reduces the size and expense of cisterns. Many autonomous homes can reduce water use below 10 US gallons (38 L) per person per day, so that in a
2748:
1544:. Greywater systems can halve the water use of most residential buildings; however, they require the purchase of a sump, greywater pressurization pump, and secondary
3093:
2713:
639:
3032:"'Annualized Geo-Solar Heating' as a Sustainable Residential-scale Solution for Temperate Climates with Less than Ideal Daily Heating Season Solar Availability."
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systems which can respectively irrigate the plants or help to store energy from the sun and redistribute it at night (when the greenhouses starts to cool down).
1638:
a month of water can be delivered inexpensively via truck. Self-delivery is often possible by installing fabric water tanks that fit the bed of a pick-up truck.
4505:
1589:. Rain water makes excellent soft washwater, but needs antibacterial treatment. If used for drinking, mineral supplements or mineralization is necessary.
3998:
3247:
3110:
How to Grow a
Complete Diet in Less Than 1000 Square Feet Dave Duhon & Cindy Gebhard, 1984, 200 pp. Ecology Action GROW BIOINTENSIVE(R) Publications
1756:
is an extremely advanced biological sewage system. It can turn sewage into air and water through microbial action. NASA plans to use it in the crewed
4500:
4432:
537:
2831:, "Natural Capitalism," ch. 5, p. 83. The cited development is Village Homes, Davis, California, built in the 1970s by Michael and Judy Corbett
2296:. However, this is usually impractical unless live-stock are on-site. The wastes of a single family are usually insufficient to produce enough
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A big disadvantage of complex biological sewage treatment systems is that if the house is empty, the sewage system biota may starve to death.
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2244:, so that the temperature of the water is consistent, and the amount is unlimited. This reduces life-style impacts at some cost in autonomy.
1300:, similar in intent to the Ark project, but organized as a for-profit venture, with construction details published in a series of 3 books by
522:
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the dome is vented properly (a single overhead vent, and peripheral vents). Some people have reported a temperature differential as high as
2126:. Some buildings have been aerodynamically designed so that convection via ducts and interior spaces eliminates any need for electric fans.
4465:
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3041:("Requested Paper for the Global Sustainable Building Conference 2005, Tokyo, Japan"). Greenershelter.org website. Retrieved on 2007-09-16.
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gas heat exchanger and vaporizer, the two essential new, not commercially available components of a waste heat driven refrigerator.
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Most autonomous buildings are designed to use insulation, thermal mass and passive solar heating and cooling. Examples of these are
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captures precipitation and uses the water to grow plants. It can be built into a new building or used to replace an existing roof.
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However, septic tanks remain popular because they permit standard plumbing fixtures, and require few or no lifestyle sacrifices.
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Since electricity is an expensive utility, the first step towards autonomy is to design a house and lifestyle to reduce demand.
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can support an adult from as little as 100 square meters of land per person, possibly requiring the use of organic farming and
2027:", a device that can generate hydrogen and oxygen when power is available, and combine these efficiently when power is needed.
1982:. Utility permission is required, but such cooperative generation is legally mandated in some areas (for example, California).
418:
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2909:"Potential Analysis of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems for Self-Sufficient Residential Use in Germany and the Czech Republic"
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The basic requirement for passive solar heating is that the solar collectors must face the prevailing sunlight (south in the
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system; however this can make cold drinking water warm, and in drier years may decrease the efficiency of the HVAC system.
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with a greywater system can supply its year-round water needs from its roof alone. In the driest areas, it might require a
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Ramirez
Camargo, Luis; Nitsch, Felix; Gruber, Katharina; Valdes, Javier; Wuth, Jane; Dorner, Wolfgang (January 2019).
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2844:(2007-12-27), while Dometic brand (formerly Servel brand) gas refrigerators cool only 8 cubic feet (0.23 m) for
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parallel path toward autonomy has been to start with a concern for environmental impacts, which cause disadvantages.
75:
2037:. They can be installed anywhere in the ground. They provide only low voltages and current. They were used to power
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possible to build a "house with no bills" for the same price as a conventional house, but it would be (25%) smaller.
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However drilling a well is an uncertain activity, with aquifers depleted in some areas. It can also be expensive.
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Food production has often been included in historic autonomous projects to provide security. Skilled, intensive
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A more modest "daily solar" design is practical. For example, for about a 15% premium in building costs, the
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As of 2018, most research and published articles concerning autonomous building focus on residential homes.
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Cogeneration is popular in new commercial buildings. In current cogeneration systems small gas turbines or
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is still in existence. B. Fuller left thousands of pages of notes to the university where he last taught.
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If enough electric power is available, cooling can be provided by conventional air conditioning using a
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Current practical, comfortable domestic water-heating systems combine a solar preheating system with a
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can create unlimited amounts of pure water from polluted water, ocean water, and even from humid air.
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can efficiently produce drinking water from ditch water or cistern water, especially high-efficiency
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are placed and used as thermal masses. Power, including electricity, heat and water heating, is from
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wiki, including links to a mailing list which frequently discusses autonomous design considerations.
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non-digestible solids flushed into the tank. For example, septic safe toilet paper is recommended.
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can replace or significantly supplement solar power. The average autonomous house needs only one
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In regions with sufficient rainfall, it is often more economical to design a building to use
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There are many methods of collecting and conserving water. Use reduction is cost-effective.
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are also sometimes included. Sometimes they are also outfitted with irrigation systems or
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were famous for the depth of research effort placed in their projects. Using conventional
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Autonomous buildings can address precipitation in a number of ways. If a water-absorbing
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2860:"Electricity self-sufficiency of single-family houses in Germany and the Czech Republic"
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Ramirez
Camargo, Luis; Nitsch, Felix; Gruber, Katharina; Dorner, Wolfgang (2018-10-15).
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Houses designed to cope with interruptions in civil services generally incorporate a
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in the 19th century. As appliance efficiencies increase, they may become practical.
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3449:
3373:
3358:
3343:
2976:
2884:
2859:
2824:
2418:
2281:
2270:
2267:
technologies, such as vacuum insulation, and reflective concentration of sunlight.
2183:
2142:
2095:
1979:
1957:
Some sites have access to a stream with a change in elevation. These sites can use
1951:
1935:
1334:
1313:
1258:
1239:
1187:
1071:
1061:
786:
726:
701:
681:
383:
323:
308:
268:
243:
203:
2845:
2841:
1481:
An autonomous house must be custom-built (or extensively retrofitted) to suit the
4585:
4227:
4184:
4158:
4098:
4078:
4073:
3948:
3908:
3893:
3838:
3763:
3733:
3728:
3544:
3409:
3328:
3050:
2820:
2575:
2477:
2414:
2289:
2285:
2213:
2209:
2191:
2157:, or a central hydronic (radiator) air heater with water recirculating from the
2069:
2005:
2001:
1958:
1919:
1849:
1787:
1652:
1412:
1356:
1290:
1168:
1164:
1096:
956:
931:
866:
816:
731:
711:
686:
649:
581:
238:
24:
3031:
2161:. Passivhaus designs usually integrate the heater with the ventilation system.
4341:
4263:
4194:
4163:
4038:
4008:
3938:
3888:
3858:
3843:
3818:
3723:
3523:
3419:
3338:
3278:
2747:. Translated by Morgan, Morris Hickey. Harvard University Press. p. 6.3.
2519:
2486: – Closed ecosystem at the Institute of Biophysics in Krasnoyarsk, Russia
2436:
2410:
2402:
2337:
2315:
Another trick is to cool the building's thermal mass at night, perhaps with a
2274:
2205:
2073:
2038:
1946:
1926:
1877:
1853:
1825:
1753:
1721:" for growing food. The risk is microbial and viral contamination, as well as
1667:
1560:
1491:
1270:
1250:
1243:
1101:
846:
771:
491:
328:
303:
283:
148:
2893:
4300:
3978:
3973:
3923:
3898:
3753:
3549:
2513:
2471:
2386:
2168:
2150:
1915:
1642:
1597:
1533:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1297:
1286:
1274:
1091:
991:
806:
570:
373:
153:
1794:. Sludge settles to the bottom of the septic tank, is partially reduced by
3177:
2370:
A truck trailer refrigerator operating from the waste heat of a tractor's
2277:. They usually get the heat from the exhaust of a generator or fuel cell.
2186:
to provide heating, often water heating, from the output of a natural gas
1273:
watered with fish water, and a closed-loop sewage reclamation system that
1174:
Advocates of autonomous building describe advantages that include reduced
4283:
4217:
3718:
3518:
3318:
3293:
3268:
2489:
2453:
2363:
powered from natural gas produce electricity and their exhaust drives an
2016:
1872:
1833:
1735:
1718:
1564:
1545:
1223:
1219:
1156:
1076:
871:
3194:
1281:
3793:
3465:
2925:
2908:
2375:
2297:
2263:
2134:
1997:
1861:
1829:
1780:
1765:
1635:
1609:
1586:
1572:
1482:
1330:
1266:
1262:
654:
503:
3128:
The PEI Ark used its fishponds as both thermal mass and water storage.
4470:
4222:
4028:
3778:
2483:
2398:
2293:
2259:
1641:
It can be convenient to use the cistern as a heat sink or trap for a
1593:
1541:
1537:
936:
856:
413:
2405:. Some proven intensive, low-effort food-production systems include
1670:
are available for yachts that convert seawater and electricity into
1387:. However, autonomous buildings also usually include some degree of
4485:
3918:
2963:
2779:. Grove City, PA: Joseph Jenkins, Inc.; 3rd edition. p. 255.
2774:
2583: – Solar collection system which provides heating and cooling
2468: – Engineering discipline of engineering systems of buildings
2138:
2059:
1895:
1887:
1761:
1713:
1700:
1682:
extract moisture from dry desert air and filter it to pure water.
1675:
1605:
1521:
1509:
1280:
1016:
576:
2840:
Sunfrost rates 15 cu ft (420 L). refrigerators at
2374:
was demonstrated by NRG Solutions, Inc. NRG developed a hydronic
2336:
discovered this effect with a simple house design adapted from a
2258:
system is to use a well-insulated holding tank. Some systems are
3993:
3913:
3180:- notes on design and comparison with the Vales' Southwell House
3119:
The PEI Ark was a greenhouse with fishponds and living quarters.
3051:
Capstone
Microturbine White-Paper (PDF) Retrieved on 2007-12-28.
2504: – Non-residential structures that are mostly built offsite
1757:
1749:
1646:
1601:
1559:
The classic solution with minimal life-style changes is using a
1321:
1309:
1305:
3220:
2545: – Astronautical use of materials harvested in outer space
2528: – Engineering discipline related to environmental science
3211:
2589: – Practice of growing crops in vertically stacked layers
1406:
18:
16:
Building designed to be independent from public infrastructure
3002:
2689:"Cistern Design, University of Alaska, referenced 2007-12-27"
2522: – Community with the goal of becoming more sustainable
2462: – Concept in the philosophy and politics of technology
1659:
designs, which separate the evaporator(s) and condenser(s).
2966:; see the specifications and manuals. Referenced 2007-12-27
2954:; see the specifications and manuals. Referenced 2007-12-27
1790:. The basic idea is to provide a small system with primary
1786:
The standard system is a tiled leach field combined with a
2776:
The
Humanure Handbook: A Guide to Composting Human Manure
1147:
is a building designed to be operated independently from
2951:
2554: – Small-scale heating and electric power creation
2547:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1600:
climates get at least 250 millimetres (9.8 in) of
1359:
was constructed to be autonomous and artistic as well.
1783:
are transmitted by poorly functioning sewage systems.
3141:
2015:
may someday permit inexpensive storage of power in a
1779:
Sewage handling is essential for public health. Many
2480: – Closed ecological research centre in Arizona
2456: – Type of design principles for human habitats
2175:
Rounded, aerodynamic buildings also lose less heat.
1624:
systems provide even better quality drinking water.
4558:
4524:
4451:
4355:
4203:
3706:
3392:
3254:
2178:An increasing number of commercial buildings use a
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2332:) between the inside of the dome and the outside.
2300:for anything more than small amounts of cooking.
1801:Septic tanks have to be pumped periodically by a
1395:and other renewable resources, producing no more
2595: – Energy efficiency standard for buildings
2216:, regardless of their other heating mechanisms.
1930:and therefore have almost no life-style impact.
3169:"Wind Power for Home and Business" by Paul Gipe
3162:version of an Autonomous House can be found at
3069:
3067:
3065:
1824:Traditional methods of sewage handling include
1556:that eliminate water usage in sewage disposal.
1526:A concrete under-floor cistern being installed.
1329:is recycled again for more plant watering. The
3074:Publications list of the New Alchemy Institute
2417:, while outdoor cultivation may be done using
2320:sky-facing radiators can cool below freezing.
1604:per year. This means that a typical one-story
1312:. This makes a wall that has large amounts of
3232:
2942:Paul Gipe, "Wind Power for Home and Business"
2474: – Global sum of all ecosystems on Earth
1167:, communication services, and in some cases,
1124:
8:
2242:thermostatic gas-powered flow-through heater
3026:
3024:
2064:Schematic of an active solar heating system
2019:in a vacuum. Research groups like Canada's
1585:, with supplementary water deliveries in a
1441:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3999:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
3248:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
3239:
3225:
3217:
3173:An opinion piece by Brenda and Robert Vale
2033:tap electric currents in the earth called
1892:Wind turbine on the roof in Manchester, UK
1536:systems reuse drained wash water to flush
1226:were inspired by the warnings of imminent
1182:. Some cited advantages satisfy tenets of
1131:
1117:
453:The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures
120:
2924:
2883:
2262:- insulated, acting something like large
1871:for each yard is combined with permeable
1860:London sewers or much of the old City of
1461:Learn how and when to remove this message
1246:" projects, the most famous of which was
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
4433:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
1848:Typically, elaborate, capital-intensive
538:Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers
3186:- precast concrete in home construction
2938:
2936:
2611:
2601: – Building without heating demand
2572: – Application of renewable energy
1399:than they consume, and other measures.
1242:techniques, they designed a series of "
1186:, not independence per se (see below).
132:
2498: – Sustainable housing architects
4306:Programmable communicating thermostat
2094:), and the building must incorporate
1852:networks are engineered to deal with
523:Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic
7:
4428:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
3184:Bad End 2 - 21st Century Hobbit Hole
1978:and operating the power system with
1439:adding citations to reliable sources
1190:buildings often rely very little on
47:adding citations to reliable sources
2626:. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd.
4289:Minimum efficiency reporting value
2013:passively stable magnetic bearings
1760:mission. Another method is NASA's
14:
4331:Standard temperature and pressure
4044:Packaged terminal air conditioner
3580:Passive daytime radiative cooling
3309:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
3003:"Firebee:Charge your USB Device!"
2566: – Type of insulated glazing
1490:, and also have an effect on the
1375:Autonomous buildings are usually
1296:The 1990s saw the development of
510:Profit over People: Neoliberalism
480:Future Primitive and Other Essays
3400:Absorption-compression heat pump
2101:A recent, somewhat experimental
1712:use bacteria to decompose human
1411:
1178:, increased security, and lower
982:
981:
23:
4295:Normal temperature and pressure
3675:Vapor-compression refrigeration
3030:Stephens, Don. September 2005.
2754:from the original on 2022-10-09
2502:Commercial modular construction
2273:systems produce hot water from
2023:are also working to develop a "
1548:. Some builders are installing
1234:a group calling themselves the
419:The Theory of the Leisure Class
34:needs additional citations for
2885:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.06.118
2098:to keep it warm in the night.
1856:. In some cities, such as the
1657:multiple effect humidification
389:Sustainable consumer behaviour
1:
4443:Testing, adjusting, balancing
4387:Building information modeling
4382:Building services engineering
3959:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
3487:Demand controlled ventilation
3435:Building insulation materials
2741:The Ten Books of Architecture
2510: – Flood control measure
1845:surface towards a low point.
1151:support services such as the
438:The Society of the Spectacle
4004:High-pressure cut-off switch
3555:Ice storage air conditioning
3476:Dedicated outdoor air system
3142:Buckminster Fuller Institute
2543:In-situ resource utilization
1680:Atmospheric water generators
1200:In 2002, British architects
623:Institute for Social Ecology
4347:Thermostatic radiator valve
4149:Thermostatic radiator valve
3660:Underfloor air distribution
3595:Radiant heating and cooling
3513:Energy recovery ventilation
3425:Automobile air conditioning
3289:Domestic energy consumption
1304:. The building material is
1159:, municipal water systems,
802:Anti-globalization movement
4673:
4496:Institute of Refrigeration
4377:Architectural technologist
3849:Electrostatic precipitator
3079:February 17, 2010, at the
2660:. Retrieved on 2010-01-10.
2227:
2072:and other technologies as
1989:systems (for example, the
1903:
1689:
1052:Natural resource economics
294:Feminist political ecology
224:Compulsive buying disorder
4549:Volatile organic compound
4408:Environmental engineering
4372:Architectural engineering
4174:Ultra-low particulate air
3759:Automatic balancing valve
3687:Variable refrigerant flow
3539:Heat recovery ventilation
3482:Deep water source cooling
2977:"Biolite Portable Stoves"
2819:Swales replacing drains:
2714:"The Roman House (Domus)"
2526:Environmental engineering
2466:Architectural engineering
2208:, or heat and power from
2049:thermoelectric generators
1340:1990s architects such as
692:Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen
199:Collaborative consumption
4657:Buildings and structures
4637:Sustainable architecture
4596:Template:Home automation
4418:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
4114:Solar-assisted heat pump
3714:Air conditioner inverter
3493:Displacement ventilation
3384:Vapour pressure of water
3369:Thermal destratification
3056:August 13, 2007, at the
2624:The New Autonomous House
2409:(indoors and outdoors).
2235:Hot water heat recycling
1987:single-wire earth return
1959:small hydropower systems
1218:In the 1970s, groups of
1002:Gross National Happiness
760:Related social movements
635:Rage Against the Machine
562:Organizations and groups
249:Criticism of advertising
4591:World Refrigeration Day
4438:Refrigerant reclamation
4367:Architectural acoustics
4311:Programmable thermostat
4243:Clean air delivery rate
4139:Thermal expansion valve
4054:Pressurisation ductwork
3964:Ground source heat pump
3405:Absorption refrigerator
3083:. Retrieved 2010-02-05.
2647:"New Alchemy Institute"
2620:Vale, Brenda and Robert
2124:straw-bale construction
1662:New technologies, like
1289:, featuring a recycled
1230:and starvation. In the
1022:Influence of mass media
952:Consumption (sociology)
947:Consumption (economics)
797:Anti-corporate activism
394:Sustainable consumption
229:Conspicuous consumption
4581:Glossary of HVAC terms
4543:Sick building syndrome
4423:Mechanical engineering
4134:Smoke exhaust ductwork
3565:Mixed-mode ventilation
3200:Self Sufficient Living
3195:Self Sufficiency Guide
3147:There is a section on
2773:Jenkins, J.C. (2005).
2677:on September 12, 2004.
2496:Brenda and Robert Vale
2460:Appropriate technology
2153:, which also provides
2065:
2025:regenerative fuel cell
1964:Gorlov helical turbine
1945:The main advantage of
1901:
1893:
1706:
1540:or to water lawns and
1527:
1519:
1293:
1211:
1202:Brenda and Robert Vale
599:Earth Liberation Front
543:So, What's Your Price?
518:The Cultural Creatives
4601:Template:Solar energy
4279:Intelligent buildings
4238:Carbon dioxide sensor
3625:Room air distribution
3445:Central solar heating
3164:reality.sculptors.com
2599:Zero heating building
2560: – Type of house
2254:The basic trick in a
2228:Further information:
2080:Passive solar heating
2063:
2021:Ballard Power Systems
1922:-rated refrigerator.
1904:Further information:
1899:
1891:
1704:
1571:eliminates unhealthy
1525:
1513:
1355:headquarters) in the
1284:
1206:
1176:environmental impacts
1032:Intentional community
862:Libertarian socialism
837:Fossil fuel phase-out
587:Deep Green Resistance
548:What Would Jesus Buy?
499:Escape from Affluenza
58:"Autonomous building"
4642:Sustainable building
4622:Building engineering
4403:Duct leakage testing
4393:Deep energy retrofit
4337:Thermographic camera
4274:Infrared thermometer
3749:Air source heat pump
3698:Water heat recycling
3264:Air changes per hour
3178:The Cropthorne House
3100:on February 4, 2010.
2593:Zero-energy building
2413:may be set up using
2188:reciprocating engine
2107:Annualized geo solar
2045:Microbial fuel cells
1925:Using a solar roof,
1910:Zero-energy building
1743:incinerating toilets
1723:heavy metal toxicity
1583:rainwater harvesting
1516:rainwater harvesting
1435:improve this section
1275:recycled human waste
1255:Prince Edward Island
1057:Non-monetary economy
977:Economic materialism
972:Ecological economics
429:The Affluent Society
379:Steady-state economy
349:Planned obsolescence
279:Ecological economics
43:improve this article
4647:Self-sustainability
4632:Low-energy building
4269:HVAC control system
4259:Home energy monitor
4233:Building automation
4019:Inverter compressor
3681:Variable air volume
3590:Passive ventilation
3560:Kitchen ventilation
3460:Constant air volume
3430:Autonomous building
2876:2018ApEn..228..902R
2256:solar water heating
2248:Solar water heaters
2092:Southern Hemisphere
2088:Northern Hemisphere
2011:Recent advances in
1976:electric power grid
1796:anaerobic digestion
1705:A composting toilet
1692:Anaerobic digestion
1569:Sono arsenic filter
1391:through the use of
1285:The bathroom of an
1145:autonomous building
1082:Subsistence economy
1007:Heterodox economics
927:Advanced capitalism
782:Anarcho-primitivism
767:Alter-globalization
747:Henry David Thoreau
434:One-Dimensional Man
299:Food loss and waste
289:Ethical consumerism
274:Earth Overshoot Day
234:Consumer capitalism
214:Commodity fetishism
169:Autonomous building
159:Alternative culture
4532:Indoor air quality
4476:ASTM International
4413:Hydronic balancing
4190:Wood-burning stove
4069:Radiator reflector
3854:Evaporative cooler
3665:Underfloor heating
3650:Thermal insulation
3205:2021-04-12 at the
3037:2006-10-31 at the
3007:firebeecharger.com
2926:10.3390/en12214185
2738:Vitruvius (1914).
2712:Becker, Jefferey.
2652:2006-08-18 at the
2431:do nothing farming
2411:Indoor cultivation
2365:absorptive chiller
2354:absorptive chiller
2340:, and adapted his
2334:Buckminster Fuller
2199:electric generator
2066:
1940:small wind turbine
1902:
1894:
1710:Composting toilets
1707:
1554:composting toilets
1528:
1520:
1294:
1228:resource depletion
1180:costs of ownership
1037:Left-wing politics
942:Consumer behaviour
877:Occupy Wall Street
470:Small Is Beautiful
189:Buddhist economics
142:Theories and ideas
4609:
4608:
4525:Health and safety
4104:Scroll compressor
4059:Process duct work
3814:Convection heater
3809:Condensing boiler
3739:Air-mixing plenum
3635:Solar combisystem
3471:Cross ventilation
3274:Building envelope
3153:Reality Sculptors
3149:Autonomous Houses
3094:"Path of Freedom"
2981:bioliteenergy.com
2964:Kohler Generators
2808:composting toilet
2786:978-0-9644258-3-5
2581:Solar combisystem
2564:Quadruple glazing
1968:Ossberger turbine
1900:A PV-solar system
1814:packaging toilets
1550:waterless urinals
1471:
1470:
1463:
1342:William McDonough
1141:
1140:
987:Economic problems
812:Diggers (theater)
777:Anarcho-communism
645:The Venus Project
475:To Have or to Be?
359:Political ecology
314:Green consumption
174:Billboard hacking
119:
118:
111:
93:
4664:
4571:Building science
4326:Smart thermostat
4321:Room temperature
3904:Fireplace insert
3610:Radon mitigation
3508:Electric heating
3503:District heating
3498:District cooling
3415:Air conditioning
3241:
3234:
3227:
3218:
3129:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3096:. Archived from
3090:
3084:
3071:
3060:
3048:
3042:
3028:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2887:
2855:
2849:
2846:325 W continuous
2838:
2832:
2817:
2811:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2753:
2746:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2701:on May 17, 2008.
2700:
2694:. Archived from
2693:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2673:. Archived from
2667:
2661:
2658:The Green Center
2644:
2638:
2637:
2616:
2587:Vertical farming
2548:
2538:Hydrogen station
2423:forest gardening
2361:stirling engines
2331:
2327:
2280:Heat recycling,
2165:Earth sheltering
2155:air conditioning
2113:
2035:telluric current
1792:sewage treatment
1647:air conditioning
1466:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1446:
1415:
1407:
1397:greenhouse gases
1393:renewable energy
1377:energy-efficient
1318:earth sheltering
1161:sewage treatment
1133:
1126:
1119:
1067:Post-materialism
985:
984:
902:Social anarchism
827:Environmentalism
742:Bernard Stiegler
737:E. F. Schumacher
697:Edward Goldsmith
512:and Global Order
495:
461:
449:
364:Post-consumerism
319:Hyperconsumerism
134:Anti-consumerism
121:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4566:ASHRAE Handbook
4554:
4538:Passive smoking
4520:
4453:
4447:
4359:
4357:
4351:
4205:
4199:
4180:Whole-house fan
4094:Run-around coil
4089:Reversing valve
4034:Mechanical room
4024:Kerosene heater
4014:Infrared heater
3944:Gasoline heater
3884:Fan filter unit
3799:Condensate pump
3784:Centrifugal fan
3702:
3605:Radiant heating
3600:Radiant cooling
3575:Passive cooling
3570:Microgeneration
3440:Central heating
3388:
3364:Thermal comfort
3256:
3250:
3245:
3207:Wayback Machine
3137:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3081:Wayback Machine
3072:
3063:
3058:Wayback Machine
3049:
3045:
3039:Wayback Machine
3029:
3022:
3012:
3010:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2986:
2984:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2962:
2958:
2950:
2946:
2941:
2934:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2839:
2835:
2818:
2814:
2810:for references.
2805:
2801:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2722:
2720:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2698:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2654:Wayback Machine
2645:
2641:
2634:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2552:Microgeneration
2546:
2508:Detention basin
2449:
2427:no-till farming
2407:urban gardening
2395:
2393:Food production
2329:
2325:
2317:whole-house fan
2306:
2232:
2230:Solar hot water
2226:
2122:, for example,
2111:
2090:, north in the
2058:
2031:Earth batteries
2004:, or sometimes
1912:
1886:
1842:
1777:
1731:reclaimed water
1699:
1694:
1688:
1664:reverse osmosis
1622:reverse osmosis
1575:in well water.
1508:
1500:
1467:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1432:
1416:
1405:
1365:
1216:
1149:infrastructural
1137:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1042:McDonaldization
1027:Informal sector
921:
913:
912:
911:
842:Green anarchism
792:Anti-capitalism
761:
753:
752:
751:
722:Donella Meadows
671:
661:
660:
659:
564:
554:
553:
552:
533:The Corporation
514:
511:
485:
465:Steal This Book
455:
439:
424:Brave New World
408:
400:
399:
398:
354:Right to repair
344:Overconsumption
334:Microgeneration
254:Culture jamming
209:Commodification
194:Buy Nothing Day
179:Buyer's remorse
164:Anti-capitalism
143:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4670:
4668:
4660:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4627:Human habitats
4624:
4614:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4546:
4540:
4535:
4528:
4526:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4457:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4316:Psychrometrics
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4292:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4213:Air flow meter
4209:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3989:Heating system
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3969:Heat exchanger
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3934:Gas compressor
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3869:Expansion tank
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3789:Ceramic heater
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3630:Solar air heat
3627:
3622:
3620:Renewable heat
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3536:
3531:
3529:Forced-air gas
3526:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3379:Thermodynamics
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3349:Psychrometrics
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3304:Gas compressor
3301:
3299:Fluid dynamics
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3258:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3244:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3170:
3167:
3158:Designs for a
3156:
3145:
3136:
3135:External links
3133:
3131:
3130:
3121:
3112:
3103:
3085:
3061:
3043:
3020:
2994:
2968:
2956:
2944:
2932:
2899:
2864:Applied Energy
2850:
2833:
2812:
2799:
2785:
2765:
2730:
2704:
2680:
2662:
2639:
2632:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2573:
2570:Renewable heat
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2540:
2535:
2532:Green building
2529:
2523:
2517:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2394:
2391:
2372:diesel exhaust
2346:geodesic domes
2342:Dymaxion house
2305:
2302:
2225:
2222:
2180:combined cycle
2057:
2054:
1906:Zero emissions
1885:
1882:
1841:
1838:
1812:Composting or
1776:
1773:
1698:
1695:
1687:
1684:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1496:
1494:of the space.
1469:
1468:
1419:
1417:
1410:
1404:
1401:
1389:sustainability
1385:green building
1364:
1361:
1261:tanks raising
1253:community for
1236:New Alchemists
1215:
1212:
1192:civil services
1184:green building
1153:electric power
1139:
1138:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1087:Sustainability
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
979:
974:
969:
967:Disneyfication
964:
962:Counterculture
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
923:
922:
919:
918:
915:
914:
910:
909:
907:Social ecology
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
852:Green politics
849:
844:
839:
834:
832:Food Not Bombs
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
763:
762:
759:
758:
755:
754:
750:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
717:Serge Latouche
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
677:Mauro Bonaiuti
673:
672:
667:
666:
663:
662:
658:
657:
652:
647:
642:
640:Reverend Billy
637:
632:
629:Monthly Review
625:
620:
613:
608:
601:
596:
593:Democracy Now!
589:
584:
579:
574:
566:
565:
560:
559:
556:
555:
551:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
508:
506:
501:
496:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
450:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
410:
409:
406:
405:
402:
401:
397:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
339:Non-possession
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
259:Do it yourself
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
145:
144:
141:
140:
137:
136:
130:
129:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4669:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4557:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4454:organizations
4450:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4398:Duct cleaning
4396:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4354:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4249:Control valve
4247:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4169:Turning vanes
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4144:Thermal wheel
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4109:Solar chimney
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3879:Fan coil unit
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3824:Cooling tower
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3670:Vapor barrier
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3645:Solar heating
3643:
3641:
3640:Solar cooling
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3615:Refrigeration
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3585:Passive house
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3455:Chilled water
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3354:Sensible heat
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3334:Noise control
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3314:Heat transfer
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3237:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3160:geodesic dome
3157:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3125:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3055:
3052:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2995:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2948:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2900:
2895:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2829:Hunter Lovins
2826:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2800:
2788:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2769:
2766:
2750:
2743:
2742:
2734:
2731:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2705:
2697:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2633:0-500-34176-1
2629:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2558:Passive house
2556:
2553:
2550:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2321:
2318:
2313:
2310:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2224:Water heating
2223:
2221:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2103:solar heating
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2062:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1936:wind turbines
1931:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1907:
1898:
1890:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1858:Victorian era
1855:
1851:
1846:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1737:
1732:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1696:
1693:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1672:potable water
1669:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1512:
1505:
1503:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1462:
1454:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1420:This section
1418:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1403:Disadvantages
1402:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1302:Mike Reynolds
1299:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1232:United States
1229:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
997:Green economy
995:
993:
990:
988:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
924:
917:
916:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
897:Slow movement
895:
893:
892:Situationists
890:
888:
885:
883:
882:Postmodernism
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
822:Eco-socialism
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
764:
757:
756:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
674:
670:
665:
664:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
630:
626:
624:
621:
619:
618:
617:Green Anarchy
614:
612:
609:
607:
606:
602:
600:
597:
595:
594:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
572:
568:
567:
563:
558:
557:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
513:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
493:
489:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
459:
454:
451:
447:
443:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
411:
407:Notable works
404:
403:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
369:Simple living
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
146:
139:
138:
135:
131:
127:
123:
122:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
4576:Fireproofing
4360:and services
4356:Professions,
4254:Gas detector
4154:Trickle vent
4129:Smoke damper
4124:Smoke canopy
4119:Space heater
4049:Plenum space
3984:Heating film
3864:Exhaust hood
3834:Dehumidifier
3774:Blast damper
3769:Barrier pipe
3744:Air purifier
3655:Thermosiphon
3534:Free cooling
3450:Chilled beam
3429:
3374:Thermal mass
3359:Stack effect
3344:Particulates
3324:Infiltration
3255:Fundamental
3190:Off-grid.net
3124:
3115:
3106:
3098:the original
3088:
3046:
3011:. Retrieved
3006:
2997:
2985:. Retrieved
2980:
2971:
2959:
2947:
2919:(21): 4185.
2916:
2912:
2902:
2867:
2863:
2853:
2842:0.27 kWh/day
2836:
2825:Amory Lovins
2815:
2802:
2790:. Retrieved
2775:
2768:
2756:. Retrieved
2740:
2733:
2721:. Retrieved
2718:Khan Academy
2717:
2707:
2696:the original
2683:
2675:the original
2665:
2657:
2642:
2623:
2614:
2435:
2419:permaculture
2396:
2384:
2380:
2369:
2358:
2350:
2322:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2282:cogeneration
2279:
2271:Cogeneration
2269:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2233:
2218:
2203:
2184:cogeneration
2177:
2174:
2163:
2159:water heater
2147:
2143:thermal mass
2128:
2117:
2100:
2096:thermal mass
2085:
2078:
2070:trombe walls
2067:
2043:
2029:
2010:
1995:
1984:
1980:net metering
1972:
1956:
1952:Great Plains
1944:
1932:
1924:
1913:
1866:
1847:
1843:
1840:Storm drains
1823:
1819:
1811:
1808:
1803:vacuum truck
1800:
1785:
1778:
1770:
1766:distillation
1748:
1740:
1727:
1708:
1661:
1653:Solar stills
1651:
1640:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1614:
1591:
1580:
1577:
1558:
1532:
1529:
1501:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1457:
1448:
1433:Please help
1421:
1382:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1339:
1314:thermal mass
1308:filled with
1295:
1240:construction
1217:
1207:
1199:
1196:
1173:
1169:public roads
1165:storm drains
1144:
1142:
1072:Productivism
1062:Permaculture
787:Anarcho-punk
727:Pierre Rabhi
702:Paul Goodman
682:Noam Chomsky
627:
615:
605:Fifth Estate
604:
591:
569:
384:Subvertising
324:Laconophilia
309:Gift economy
269:Durable good
264:Downshifting
244:Conviviality
204:Collapsology
184:Bioeconomics
168:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
4586:Warm Spaces
4228:Blower door
4206:and control
4204:Measurement
4185:Windcatcher
4159:Trombe wall
4099:Sail switch
4079:Refrigerant
4074:Recuperator
3949:Grease duct
3909:Freeze stat
3894:Fire damper
3764:Back boiler
3734:Air ionizer
3729:Air handler
3693:Ventilation
3545:Hybrid heat
3410:Air barrier
3329:Latent heat
2952:Eaton power
2870:: 902–915.
2821:Paul Hawken
2792:24 February
2656:(Website).
2576:Street Farm
2478:Biosphere 2
2437:Greenhouses
2415:hydroponics
2348:to use it.
2290:natural gas
2286:bottled gas
2214:bottled gas
2210:diesel fuel
2192:gas turbine
2002:natural gas
1927:solar cells
1920:energy star
1884:Electricity
1850:storm sewer
1826:pit toilets
1788:septic tank
1668:Watermakers
1618:chlorinated
1514:A domestic
1488:maintenance
1357:Netherlands
1335:solar power
1327:black water
1291:bottle wall
1097:Veblen good
957:Cooperative
932:Advertising
867:Neo-Luddism
817:Ecofeminism
732:John Ruskin
712:Ivan Illich
687:Erich Fromm
650:The Yes Men
582:CrimethInc.
484:Fight Club
456: [
239:Consumerism
99:August 2012
4616:Categories
4342:Thermostat
4264:Humidistat
4195:Zone valve
4164:TurboSwing
4039:Oil heater
4009:Humidifier
3939:Gas heater
3889:Fan heater
3859:Evaporator
3844:Economizer
3819:Compressor
3724:Air filter
3707:Components
3524:Forced-air
3420:Antifreeze
3393:Technology
3339:Outgassing
3279:Convection
2520:Ecovillage
2403:aeroponics
2338:grain silo
2275:waste heat
2206:wood stove
2169:windbreaks
2131:Passivhaus
2120:insulation
2039:telegraphs
1993:-system).
1947:wind power
1916:LED lights
1878:green roof
1854:stormwater
1764:-to-water
1754:bioreactor
1690:See also:
1492:psychology
1363:Advantages
1298:Earthships
1271:greenhouse
1251:bioshelter
1244:bioshelter
1204:said that
1102:Workaholic
1092:Sweatshops
1047:Mutual aid
847:Green left
772:Amateurism
707:André Gorz
329:Local food
304:Freeganism
284:Ecovillage
149:Asceticism
69:newspapers
4452:Industry
4301:OpenTherm
3979:Heat pump
3974:Heat pipe
3924:Fume hood
3899:Fireplace
3804:Condenser
3754:Attic fan
3550:Hydronics
3212:GreenSpec
3009:. Firebee
2983:. Biolite
2894:0306-2619
2514:Earthship
2472:Biosphere
2441:heat sink
2399:gardening
2387:heat pump
2151:heat pump
2074:skylights
1834:outhouses
1741:Electric
1643:heat pump
1620:, though
1598:temperate
1552:and even
1534:Greywater
1422:does not
1353:Amsterdam
1346:Ken Yeang
1287:Earthship
1224:engineers
1220:activists
1163:systems,
992:Frugality
807:Communism
611:Freecycle
571:Adbusters
374:Slow Food
154:Affluenza
4652:Building
4559:See also
4284:LonWorks
4218:Aquastat
4084:Register
4064:Radiator
3719:Air door
3519:Firestop
3319:Humidity
3294:Enthalpy
3284:Dilution
3269:Bake-out
3257:concepts
3203:Archived
3077:Archived
3054:Archived
3035:Archived
2913:Energies
2749:Archived
2650:Archived
2622:(2000).
2490:Building
2454:Arcology
2447:See also
2196:stirling
2105:system "
2017:flywheel
1873:concrete
1830:latrines
1781:diseases
1768:system.
1736:aquarium
1719:humanure
1697:Resource
1546:plumbing
1451:May 2021
1331:cisterns
1188:Off-grid
1157:gas grid
1077:Shopping
920:See also
872:New Left
126:a series
124:Part of
4358:trades,
3929:Furnace
3794:Chiller
3466:Coolant
3151:in the
2872:Bibcode
2376:ammonia
2304:Cooling
2298:methane
2264:thermos
2135:krypton
2056:Heating
1998:propane
1862:Toronto
1636:drought
1610:cistern
1587:drought
1573:arsenic
1565:drilled
1563:. Once
1542:gardens
1538:toilets
1498:Systems
1483:climate
1443:removed
1428:sources
1267:protein
1263:tilapia
1248:The Ark
1214:History
655:350.org
528:Evasion
504:No Logo
219:Commune
83:scholar
4511:SMACNA
4471:ASHRAE
4291:(MERV)
4245:(CADR)
4223:BACnet
4176:(ULPA)
4029:Louver
3954:Grille
3829:Damper
3779:Boiler
3677:(VCRS)
3478:(DOAS)
3013:12 May
2987:12 May
2892:
2783:
2758:13 May
2723:13 May
2630:
2484:BIOS-3
2429:, and
2294:biogas
2260:vacuum
2251:days.
2006:diesel
1832:, and
1686:Sewage
1594:desert
1518:system
1155:grid,
1012:HospEx
937:Barter
857:Hippie
669:People
414:Walden
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
4551:(VOC)
4545:(SBS)
4534:(IAQ)
4491:CIBSE
4486:BSRIA
4389:(BIM)
4333:(STP)
4297:(NTP)
3919:Freon
3689:(VRF)
3683:(VAV)
3541:(HRV)
3515:(ERV)
3489:(DCV)
3462:(CAV)
2752:(PDF)
2745:(PDF)
2699:(PDF)
2692:(PDF)
2607:Notes
2330:15 °F
2292:with
2182:with
2139:argon
2137:- or
1869:swale
1775:Waste
1762:urine
1714:feces
1676:brine
1606:house
1592:Most
1506:Water
1350:ING's
1322:Berms
1316:(see
1310:earth
1306:tires
1017:Illth
577:Crass
488:novel
460:]
90:JSTOR
76:books
4506:LEED
4466:AMCA
4461:AHRI
3994:HEPA
3914:Flue
3839:Duct
3140:The
3015:2018
2989:2018
2890:ISSN
2827:and
2806:See
2794:2019
2781:ISBN
2760:2018
2725:2018
2628:ISBN
2344:and
2326:8 °C
2167:and
2047:and
1991:MALT
1908:and
1758:Mars
1750:NASA
1674:and
1602:rain
1596:and
1561:well
1426:any
1424:cite
1344:and
1269:, a
1265:for
1259:fish
1222:and
887:Punk
492:film
446:film
442:book
62:news
4516:UMC
4501:IIR
4481:BRE
3874:Fan
2921:doi
2880:doi
2868:228
2288:or
2212:or
2194:or
2112:6 m
1966:or
1752:'s
1645:or
1437:by
1320:).
1143:An
45:by
4618::
3064:^
3023:^
3005:.
2979:.
2935:^
2917:12
2915:.
2911:.
2888:.
2878:.
2866:.
2862:.
2823:,
2716:.
2433:.
2425:,
2421:,
2389:.
2367:.
2201:.
2190:,
2076:.
2000:,
1970:.
1828:,
1738:.
1678:.
1337:.
1171:.
490:,
458:fr
444:,
128:on
3240:e
3233:t
3226:v
3166:.
3017:.
2991:.
2929:.
2923::
2896:.
2882::
2874::
2796:.
2762:.
2727:.
2636:.
2352:"
2328:(
1717:"
1464:)
1458:(
1453:)
1449:(
1445:.
1431:.
1132:e
1125:t
1118:v
494:)
486:(
448:)
440:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
