22:
354:
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107:, this technique may be used to determine the tissue (or cell) localization of a radioactive substance, either introduced into a metabolic pathway, bound to a receptor or enzyme, or hybridized to a nucleic acid. Applications for autoradiography are broad, ranging from biomedical to environmental sciences to industry.
305:. The leaf tissue is then exposed to autoradiographic film (or emulsion) to produce an image. Images will show distinct vein patterns if sugar accumulation is concentrated in leaf veins (apoplastic movement), or images will show a static-like pattern if sugar accumulation is uniform throughout the leaf (
198:
respectively, may be introduced to living cells to determine the timing of several phases of the cell cycle. RNA or DNA viral sequences can also be located in this fashion. These probes are usually labeled with P, P, or S. In the realm of behavioral endocrinology, autoradiography can be used to
142:
autoradiography, radioligand was directly applying on frozen tissue sections without administration to the subject. Thus it cannot follow the distribution, metabolism and degradation situation completely in the living body. But because target in the cryosections is widely exposed and can direct
75:
or microradiography, in which the sample is marked using an external source. Some autoradiographs can be examined microscopically for localization of silver grains (such as on the interiors or exteriors of cells or organelles) in which the process is termed micro-autoradiography. For example,
386:
from the lagoon that was left on a photographic plate overnight. The film was exposed by alpha radiation produced from the fish's scales, evidence that plutonium, mimicking calcium, had been distributed throughout the fish. Blandy promptly ordered that all further decontamination work be
331:
is used to inspect aircraft components for small defects. Krypton-85 is allowed to penetrate small cracks, and then its presence is detected by autoradiography. The method is called "krypton gas penetrant imaging". The gas penetrates smaller openings than the liquids used in
240:
to specific amino acids of proteins, and such modification can lead to a drastic change in the stability or the function of a protein in the cell. Protein phosphorylation can be detected on an autoradiograph, after incubating the protein in vitro with the appropriate
382:, in charge of radiation safety, had difficulty persuading Vice Admiral William H. P. Blandy to abandon the cleanup and with it the surviving target ships. On August 10, Warren showed Blandy an autoradiograph made by a
1569:
361:
makes its own X-ray. The bright area is a meal of fresh algae. The rest of the body has absorbed and distributed enough plutonium to make the scales radioactive. The fish was alive and apparently healthy when
134:
if the ligand is administered into the circulation (with subsequent tissue removal and sectioning) or applied to the tissue sections, respectively. Once the receptor density is known,
65:
gas detectors or rare-earth phosphorimaging systems. The film or emulsion is apposed to the labeled tissue section to obtain the autoradiograph (also called an autoradiogram). The
1757:
1284:
1579:
2460:
960:(1 November 1976). "Photographic image intensification by autoradiography". Applied Optics. 15 (11): 2860–2865. Bibcode:1976ApOpt..15.2860A. doi:10.1364/ao.15.002860.
21:
911:
675:
McCarthy D, Minner C, Bernstein H, Bernstein C (1976). "DNA elongation rates and growing point distributions of wild-type phage T4 and a DNA-delay amber mutant".
1264:
378:
in 1946 was far more difficult than the U.S. Navy had prepared for. Though the task's futility became apparent and the danger to cleanup crews mounted, Colonel
186:
The distribution of RNA transcripts in tissue sections by the use of radiolabeled, complementary oligonucleotides or ribonucleic acids ("riboprobes") is called
1586:
1017:
446:
Rupassara, S. I., R.A. Larson, G.K. Sims, and K.A. Marley. 2002 Degradation of atrazine by hornwort in aquatic systems. Bioremediation
Journal 6(3): 217-224.
183:
autoradiography were performed after administration of radioligand in the body, which can decrease the artifacts and are closer to the inner environment.
1352:
325:
where the exact 3-dimensional localization of the radiation source is provided by careful use of coincidence counting, gamma counters and other devices.
1855:
269:, autoradiography can be used to determine sugar accumulation in leaf tissue. Sugar accumulation, as it relates to autoradiography, can described the
199:
determine hormonal uptake and indicate receptor location; an animal can be injected with a radiolabeled hormone, or the study can be conducted
61:
substance. Alternatively, the autoradiograph is also available as a digital image (digital autoradiography), due to the recent development of
1279:
979:
944:
225:
was also measured by autoradiography as 749 nucleotides per second during the period of exponential DNA increase at 37 °C (99 °F).
2101:
2018:
2094:
1564:
1529:
456:
Kuhar M, Yamamura HI (July 1976). "Localization of cholinergic muscarinic receptors in rat brain by light microscopic radioautography".
138:
autoradiography can also be used to determine the anatomical distribution and affinity of a radiolabeled drug towards the receptor. For
2716:
2300:
1380:
1259:
610:
559:
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1010:
337:
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1989:
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1385:
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2150:
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1502:
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435:
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2455:
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2220:
2045:
1949:
1835:
1303:
1003:
636:"Deoxyribonucleic acid fiber autoradiography as a technique for studying the replication of the mammalian chromosome"
2503:
2182:
1700:
1657:
1509:
2155:
2798:
2480:
2089:
1872:
912:"Krypton Gas Penetrant Imaging - A Valuable Tool for Ensuring Structural Integrity in Aircraft Engine Components"
499:
Young WS, Kuhar MJ (December 1979). "A new method for receptor autoradiography: opioid receptors in rat brain".
353:
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1966:
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and Îł-32P-ATP. The radiolabeled phosphate of latter is incorporated into the protein which is isolated via
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1912:
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prefix indicates that the radioactive substance is within the sample, as distinguished from the case of
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1747:
1705:
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1447:
1375:
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1959:
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990:
Patent US4101780 Treating silver with a radioactive sulfur compound such as thiourea or derivatives
30:
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791:
773:
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692:
657:
606:
573:
516:
473:
417:
406:"Optimization of a new scintillation gas detector used to localize electrons emitted by 99mTc"
249:
and visualized on an autoradiograph of the gel. (See figure 3. of a recent study showing that
58:
2665:
1720:
1685:
1442:
1432:
1320:
1308:
1149:
1144:
1134:
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508:
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220:
72:
46:
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1977:
1805:
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1690:
1536:
1329:
1221:
1186:
1064:
1054:
379:
237:
233:
2055:
861:
822:
712:"Complex regulation of CREB-binding protein by homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2"
2538:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2258:
2165:
2134:
2116:
1640:
1546:
1492:
1457:
1390:
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957:
568:
543:
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50:
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2703:
1994:
1400:
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888:
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688:
512:
469:
404:
Barthe N, Coulon P, Hennion C, Ducassou D, Basse-Cathalinat B, Charpak G (May 1999).
298:
88:
528:
485:
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1405:
1347:
1274:
1226:
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620:
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discontinued. Warren wrote home, "A self X ray of a fish ... did the trick."
2680:
2327:
1917:
1424:
1395:
710:
Kovacs KA, Steinmann M, Halfon O, Magistretti PJ, Cardinaux JR (November 2015).
383:
358:
278:
172:
160:
116:
16:
Radiograph made by recording radiation emitted by samples on photographic plates
989:
328:
168:
54:
879:
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830:
777:
2675:
2038:
2028:
1156:
1109:
1074:
754:"Phloem Loading in the Tulip Tree. Mechanisms and Evolutionary Implications"
302:
191:
164:
147:
autoradiography is still a quick and easy method to screen drug candidates,
2533:
795:
738:
421:
215:
was measured by autoradiography as 33 nucleotides per second. The rate of
897:
661:
577:
2764:
2558:
2407:
2402:
2342:
2011:
1939:
1922:
1907:
1882:
1625:
1114:
769:
752:
Goggin, Fiona L.; Medville, Richard; Turgeon, Robert (February 1, 2001).
696:
652:
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127:
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81:
77:
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602:
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121:
104:
92:
25:
Autoradiography of a coronal brain slice, taken from an embryonal rat.
67:
2337:
2332:
2312:
2292:
2277:
2160:
1897:
1877:
1845:
995:
560:
10.1002/(SICI)1098-2825(1997)11:1<2::AID-JCLA2>3.0.CO;2-F
242:
119:
to determine the tissue distributions of receptors is termed either
1887:
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2711:
2374:
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2033:
2023:
352:
322:
254:
152:
42:
26:
20:
2235:
2124:
1934:
1892:
285:
movement, or an active phloem-loading strategy. Sugars, such as
274:
2630:
1802:
1789:
999:
317:
This autoradiographic approach contrasts to techniques such as
2208:
2072:
811:
Annual Review of Plant
Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology
809:
Van Bel, A J E (June 1993). "Strategies of Phloem
Loading".
273:
used in a plant. For example, if sugars accumulate in the
935:, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, p.
932:
Operation
Crossroads: The Atomic Tests at Bikini Atoll
366:
The task of radioactive decontamination following the
301:
with , and then absorbed into leaf tissue by simple
211:
The rate of DNA replication in a mouse cell growing
2742:
2694:
2651:
2593:
2494:
2424:
2373:
2364:
2291:
2257:
2248:
2207:
2200:
2180:
2133:
2115:
2071:
1976:
1958:
1826:
1740:
1673:
1618:
1609:
1557:
1465:
1456:
1423:
1366:
1328:
1319:
1240:
1172:
1095:
1037:
277:of a leaf, it is expected that the leaves have few
155:
ligands. The ligands are generally labeled with H (
1758:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
974:(3rd ed.). New York: Elsevier North Holland.
76:micro-autoradiography was used to examine whether
49:produced by the pattern of decay emissions (e.g.,
544:"In situ hybridization: methods and applications"
846:"The absence of phloem loading in willow leaves"
844:Turgeon, R.; Medville, R. (September 29, 1998).
850:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2461:Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)
1011:
8:
261:Detection of sugar movement in plant tissue
29:-binding marker is highly expressed in the
2627:
2438:
2370:
2254:
2204:
2197:
1973:
1799:
1786:
1615:
1462:
1325:
1034:
1018:
1004:
996:
992:". Google Patents. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
236:means the posttranslational addition of a
190:. Radioactive precursors of DNA and RNA, -
887:
869:
785:
651:
567:
591:Davenport, Anthony P. (March 25, 2005).
396:
2388:Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)
956:Original publication by sole inventor
2393:Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE)
7:
2817:
229:Detection of protein phosphorylation
188:in situ hybridization histochemistry
2398:Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)
823:10.1146/annurev.pp.44.060193.001345
281:connections which is indicative of
1358:Positron-emission tomography (PET)
14:
1381:Neutron capture therapy of cancer
1280:Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG)
219:DNA elongation in phage-infected
2816:
2805:
2804:
2792:
2481:Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)
338:fluorescent penetrant inspection
1570:Historical stockpiles and tests
434:Encyclopedia of Life Sciences:
2471:Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)
1353:Single-photon emission (SPECT)
1:
2799:Nuclear technology portal
972:Techniques of Autoradiography
731:10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.08.001
95:layer surrounding the plant.
80:was being metabolized by the
2661:Field-reversed configuration
2271:Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz
689:10.1016/0022-2836(76)90346-6
513:10.1016/0006-8993(79)90442-6
470:10.1016/0006-8993(76)90399-1
2618:Aircraft Reactor Experiment
1565:States with nuclear weapons
929:Weisgall, Jonathan (1994),
594:Receptor Binding Techniques
57:) from a distribution of a
2866:
2456:Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)
1580:Tests in the United States
143:contact with radioligand,
2786:
2641:
2581:Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)
2476:Reduced-moderation (RMWR)
2441:
2283:Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)
1813:
1798:
1785:
1033:
970:Rogers, Andrew W (1979).
2486:Dual fluid reactor (DFR)
2102:Steam-generating (SGHWR)
1438:Electron-beam processing
871:10.1073/pnas.95.20.12055
542:Jin L, Lloyd RV (1997).
334:dye penetrant inspection
132:receptor autoradiography
111:Receptor autoradiography
2601:Organic nuclear reactor
1773:Nuclear power phase-out
1696:Nuclear decommissioning
1636:Reactor-grade plutonium
1386:Targeted alpha-particle
1265:Accidents and incidents
271:phloem-loading strategy
207:Rate of DNA replication
640:J. Histochem. Cytochem
363:
349:Unintentional exposure
34:
1763:Anti-nuclear movement
356:
253:is phosphorylated by
24:
2671:Reversed field pinch
2466:Traveling-wave (TWR)
1950:Supercritical (SCWR)
1448:Gemstone irradiation
770:10.1104/pp.125.2.891
653:10.1177/23.7.1095649
376:Operation Crossroads
251:CREB-binding protein
117:radiolabeled ligands
1836:Aqueous homogeneous
1631:Reprocessed uranium
1304:Safety and security
862:1998PNAS...9512055T
856:(20): 12055–12060.
31:subventricular zone
2750:Dense plasma focus
1665:Actinide chemistry
1130:Isotope separation
1027:Nuclear technology
958:Askins, Barbara S.
603:10.1385/1592599273
364:
41:is an image on an
35:
2832:
2831:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2729:Magnetized-target
2626:
2625:
2589:
2588:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2360:
2359:
2244:
2243:
2176:
2175:
1781:
1780:
1736:
1735:
1605:
1604:
1592:Weapon-free zones
1419:
1418:
1411:Radiopharmacology
981:978-0-444-80063-3
946:978-1-55750-919-2
918:on July 20, 2008.
597:. Vol. 306.
344:Historical events
2857:
2820:
2819:
2808:
2807:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2707:
2666:Levitated dipole
2636:
2628:
2576:Helium gas (GFR)
2439:
2434:
2371:
2255:
2205:
2198:
2193:
2192:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1808:
1800:
1792:Nuclear reactors
1787:
1686:High-level (HLW)
1616:
1463:
1443:Food irradiation
1433:Atomic gardening
1326:
1309:Nuclear meltdown
1135:Nuclear material
1125:Fissile material
1120:Fertile material
1035:
1020:
1013:
1006:
997:
985:
950:
949:
926:
920:
919:
914:. Archived from
908:
902:
901:
891:
873:
841:
835:
834:
806:
800:
799:
789:
758:Plant Physiology
749:
743:
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588:
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571:
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532:
496:
490:
489:
453:
447:
444:
438:
432:
426:
425:
401:
370:nuclear test at
313:Other techniques
267:plant physiology
73:historadiography
47:nuclear emulsion
2865:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2854:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2793:
2791:
2774:
2738:
2705:
2690:
2647:
2637:
2632:
2622:
2585:
2490:
2435:
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2427:
2412:
2356:
2287:
2262:
2240:
2212:
2194:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2172:
2138:
2129:
2111:
2076:
2067:
1981:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1954:
1868:Natural fission
1822:
1821:
1809:
1804:
1794:
1777:
1753:Nuclear weapons
1732:
1691:Low-level (LLW)
1669:
1601:
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1452:
1415:
1362:
1315:
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1168:
1091:
1029:
1024:
982:
969:
966:
964:Further reading
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725:(11): 2252–60.
714:
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634:Hand R (1975).
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590:
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548:J Clin Lab Anal
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380:Stafford Warren
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238:phosphate group
234:Phosphorylation
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2760:Muon-catalyzed
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2451:Integral (IFR)
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1796:
1795:
1790:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1768:Uranium mining
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1677:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1641:Minor actinide
1638:
1633:
1622:
1620:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1567:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1467:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1338:Autoradiograph
1334:
1332:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1246:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1147:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1060:Atomic nucleus
1057:
1052:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1031:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1000:
994:
993:
986:
980:
965:
962:
952:
951:
945:
921:
903:
836:
817:(1): 253–281.
801:
764:(2): 891–899.
744:
719:Cell Signaling
702:
667:
626:
611:
583:
534:
491:
448:
439:
436:Phosphorimager
427:
395:
394:
392:
389:
357:A radioactive
350:
347:
345:
342:
314:
311:
279:plasmodesmatal
262:
259:
230:
227:
208:
205:
175:). Compare to
112:
109:
100:
97:
89:microorganisms
51:beta particles
39:autoradiograph
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2862:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2825:
2824:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2717:electrostatic
2715:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2496:Generation IV
2493:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2446:Breeder (FBR)
2444:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2432:
2423:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2351:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2184:
2179:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2132:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1807:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1748:Nuclear power
1746:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1729:
1728:Transmutation
1726:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1525:high-altitude
1523:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1515:Proliferation
1513:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1401:Brachytherapy
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1310:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1197:Cross section
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1002:
1001:
998:
991:
987:
983:
977:
973:
968:
967:
963:
961:
959:
948:
942:
938:
934:
933:
925:
922:
917:
913:
907:
904:
899:
895:
890:
885:
881:
877:
872:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
840:
837:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
805:
802:
797:
793:
788:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
748:
745:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
713:
706:
703:
698:
694:
690:
686:
683:(4): 963–81.
682:
678:
671:
668:
663:
659:
654:
649:
646:(7): 475–81.
645:
641:
637:
630:
627:
622:
618:
614:
612:1-59259-927-3
608:
604:
600:
596:
595:
587:
584:
579:
575:
570:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
538:
535:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
507:(2): 255–70.
506:
502:
495:
492:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
464:(2): 229–43.
463:
459:
452:
449:
443:
440:
437:
431:
428:
423:
419:
416:(5): 868–75.
415:
411:
407:
400:
397:
390:
388:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
360:
355:
348:
343:
341:
339:
335:
330:
326:
324:
320:
312:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
260:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
235:
228:
226:
224:
223:
218:
214:
206:
204:
202:
197:
193:
189:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
141:
137:
133:
130:
129:
124:
123:
118:
110:
108:
106:
98:
96:
94:
90:
87:
83:
79:
74:
70:
69:
64:
63:scintillation
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
32:
28:
23:
19:
2845:Radiobiology
2821:
2809:
2790:
2770:Pyroelectric
2724:Laser-driven
2504:Sodium (SFR)
2431:fast-neutron
2270:
1816:
1706:Reprocessing
1587:WMD treaties
1406:Radiosurgery
1376:Fast-neutron
1348:Scintigraphy
1337:
971:
955:
931:
924:
916:the original
906:
853:
849:
839:
814:
810:
804:
761:
757:
747:
722:
718:
705:
680:
676:
670:
643:
639:
629:
593:
586:
551:
547:
537:
504:
500:
494:
461:
457:
451:
442:
430:
413:
409:
399:
372:Bikini Atoll
367:
365:
327:
316:
299:radiolabeled
264:
232:
221:
212:
210:
200:
185:
180:
176:
144:
139:
135:
131:
126:
120:
114:
102:
99:Applications
84:plant or by
66:
38:
36:
18:
2850:Radiography
2681:Stellarator
2645:confinement
2539:Superphénix
2366:Molten-salt
2318:VHTR (HTGR)
2095:HW BLWR 250
2061:R4 Marviken
1990:Pressurized
1960:Heavy water
1944:many others
1873:Pressurized
1828:Light water
1530:underground
1488:Disarmament
1396:Tomotherapy
1391:Proton-beam
1255:Power plant
1217:Temperature
1050:Engineering
384:surgeonfish
359:surgeonfish
309:movement).
275:minor veins
173:radioiodine
115:The use of
59:radioactive
2839:Categories
2706:(acoustic)
2323:PBR (PBMR)
1711:Spent fuel
1701:Repository
1681:Fuel cycle
1648:Activation
1425:Processing
1292:Propulsion
1250:by country
1182:Activation
677:J Mol Biol
554:(1): 2–9.
410:J Nucl Med
391:References
329:Krypton-85
307:symplastic
283:apoplastic
55:gamma rays
2676:Spheromak
2375:Fluorides
2039:IPHWR-700
2034:IPHWR-540
2029:IPHWR-220
1818:Moderator
1498:Explosion
1473:Arms race
1260:Economics
1212:Reflector
1207:Radiation
1202:Generator
1157:Plutonium
1110:Deuterium
1075:Radiation
1045:Chemistry
880:0027-8424
831:1040-2519
778:0032-0889
501:Brain Res
458:Brain Res
362:captured.
303:diffusion
192:thymidine
86:epiphytic
2811:Category
2765:Polywell
2696:Inertial
2653:Magnetic
2408:TMSR-LF1
2403:TMSR-500
2383:Fuji MSR
2343:THTR-300
2183:Graphite
2046:PHWR KWU
2012:ACR-1000
1940:IPWR-900
1923:ACPR1000
1918:HPR-1000
1908:CPR-1000
1883:APR-1400
1674:Disposal
1626:Actinide
1619:Products
1478:Delivery
1321:Medicine
1150:depleted
1145:enriched
1115:Helium-3
1080:ionizing
796:11161046
739:26247811
529:21647100
486:36648292
422:10319763
295:mannitol
291:fructose
247:SDS-PAGE
217:phage T4
213:in vitro
201:in vitro
177:in vitro
161:fluorine
145:in vitro
140:in vitro
136:in vitro
128:in vitro
82:hornwort
78:atrazine
45:film or
2823:Commons
2734:Z-pinch
2704:Bubble
2686:Tokamak
2549:FBR-600
2529:CFR-600
2524:BN-1200
2190:coolant
2117:Organic
2002:CANDU 9
1999:CANDU 6
1967:coolant
1928:ACP1000
1903:CAP1400
1841:Boiling
1806:Fission
1653:Fission
1597:Weapons
1537:Warfare
1520:Testing
1510:History
1503:effects
1458:Weapons
1368:Therapy
1343:RadBall
1330:Imaging
1222:Thermal
1187:Capture
1174:Neutron
1162:Thorium
1140:Uranium
1105:Tritium
1085:braking
1065:Fission
1055:Physics
1038:Science
898:9751789
858:Bibcode
662:1095649
621:3691391
578:9021518
569:6760707
374:during
287:sucrose
222:E. coli
196:uridine
181:ex vivo
157:tritium
122:in vivo
105:biology
93:biofilm
91:in the
2634:Fusion
2594:Others
2534:Phénix
2519:BN-800
2514:BN-600
2509:BN-350
2338:HTR-PM
2333:HTR-10
2313:UHTREX
2278:Magnox
2273:(UNGG)
2166:Lucens
2161:KS 150
1898:ATMEA1
1878:AP1000
1861:Kerena
1741:Debate
1493:Ethics
1483:Design
1466:Topics
1297:rocket
1275:Fusion
1270:Policy
1232:Fusion
1192:Poison
1070:Fusion
978:
943:
896:
886:
878:
829:
794:
784:
776:
737:
697:789903
695:
660:
619:
609:
576:
566:
527:
521:228806
519:
484:
478:938940
476:
420:
297:, are
243:kinase
165:carbon
163:), C (
159:), F (
2755:Migma
2743:Other
2712:Fusor
2611:Piqua
2606:Arbus
2564:PRISM
2306:MHR-T
2301:GTMHR
2231:EGP-6
2226:AMB-X
2201:Water
2146:HWGCR
2085:HWLWR
2024:IPHWR
1995:CANDU
1856:ESBWR
1611:Waste
1575:Tests
1558:Lists
1542:Yield
1285:MMRTG
1242:Power
889:21764
787:64890
715:(PDF)
617:S2CID
525:S2CID
482:S2CID
368:Baker
323:SPECT
293:, or
255:HIPK2
194:and -
167:) or
153:SPECT
68:auto-
43:X-ray
27:GAD67
2571:Lead
2554:CEFR
2544:PFBR
2426:None
2236:RBMK
2221:AM-1
2151:EL-4
2125:WR-1
2107:AHWR
2051:MZFR
2019:CVTR
2008:AFCR
1935:VVER
1893:APWR
1888:APR+
1851:ABWR
1721:cask
1716:pool
1658:LLFP
1547:TNTe
1227:Fast
1097:Fuel
976:ISBN
941:ISBN
894:PMID
876:ISSN
827:ISSN
792:PMID
774:ISSN
735:PMID
693:PMID
658:PMID
607:ISBN
574:PMID
517:PMID
474:PMID
418:PMID
336:and
321:and
151:and
2643:by
2559:PFR
2350:PMR
2328:AVR
2250:Gas
2188:by
2156:KKN
2090:ATR
2005:EC6
1965:by
1913:EPR
1846:BWR
937:242
884:PMC
866:doi
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