603:, etc.). More recent studies have shown the accuracy of SPECT in Alzheimer's diagnosis may be as high as 88%. In meta analysis, SPECT was superior to clinical exam and clinical criteria (91% vs. 70%) in being able to differentiate Alzheimer's disease from vascular dementias. This latter ability relates to SPECT's imaging of local metabolism of the brain, in which the patchy loss of cortical metabolism seen in multiple strokes differs clearly from the more even or "smooth" loss of non-occipital cortical brain function typical of Alzheimer's disease. Another recent review article showed that multi-headed SPECT cameras with quantitative analysis result in an overall sensitivity of 84-89% and an overall specificity of 83-89% in cross sectional studies and sensitivity of 82-96% and specificity of 83-89% for longitudinal studies of dementia.
307:
gamma photons to be emitted in opposite directions. A PET scanner detects these emissions "coincident" in time, which provides more radiation event localization information and, thus, higher spatial resolution images than SPECT (which has about 1 cm resolution). SPECT scans are significantly less expensive than PET scans, in part because they are able to use longer-lived and more easily obtained radioisotopes than PET.
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1124:, this allows location of tumors or tissues which may be seen on SPECT scintigraphy, but are difficult to locate precisely with regard to other anatomical structures. Such scans are most useful for tissues outside the brain, where location of tissues may be far more variable. For example, SPECT/CT may be used in
346:(EKG) to obtain differential information about the heart in various parts of its cycle, gated myocardial SPECT can be used to obtain quantitative information about myocardial perfusion, thickness, and contractility of the myocardium during various parts of the cardiac cycle, and also to allow calculation of
491:
SPECT imaging performed after stress reveals the distribution of the radiopharmaceutical, and therefore the relative blood flow to the different regions of the myocardium. Diagnosis is made by comparing stress images to a further set of images obtained at rest which are normally acquired prior to the
326:
To acquire SPECT images, the gamma camera is rotated around the patient. Projections are acquired at defined points during the rotation, typically every 3–6 degrees. In most cases, a full 360-degree rotation is used to obtain an optimal reconstruction. The time taken to obtain each projection is also
770:
Attenuation of the gamma rays within the patient can lead to significant underestimation of activity in deep tissues, compared to superficial tissues. Approximate correction is possible, based on relative position of the activity, and optimal correction is obtained with measured attenuation values.
635:
In the nuclear power sector, the SPECT technique can be applied to image radioisotope distributions in irradiated nuclear fuels. Due to the irradiation of nuclear fuel (e.g. uranium) with neutrons in a nuclear reactor, a wide array of gamma-emitting radionuclides are naturally produced in the fuel,
614:
scanning of the brain, which works to assess regional brain glucose metabolism, to provide very similar information about local brain damage from many processes. SPECT is more widely available, because the radioisotope used is longer-lasting and far less expensive in SPECT, and the gamma scanning
306:
SPECT is similar to PET in its use of radioactive tracer material and detection of gamma rays. In contrast with PET, the tracers used in SPECT emit gamma radiation that is measured directly, whereas PET tracers emit positrons that annihilate with electrons up to a few millimeters away, causing two
330:
Multi-headed gamma cameras can accelerate acquisition. For example, a dual-headed camera can be used with heads spaced 180 degrees apart, allowing two projections to be acquired simultaneously, with each head requiring 180 degrees of rotation. Triple-head cameras with 120-degree spacing are also
314:
may be used. If a patient is examined in another type of nuclear medicine scan, but the images are non-diagnostic, it may be possible to proceed straight to SPECT by moving the patient to a SPECT instrument, or even by simply reconfiguring the camera for SPECT image acquisition while the patient
745:
Reconstructed images typically have resolutions of 64×64 or 128×128 pixels, with the pixel sizes ranging from 3–6 mm. The number of projections acquired is chosen to be approximately equal to the width of the resulting images. In general, the resulting reconstructed images will be of lower
266:
Instead of just "taking a picture of anatomical structures", a SPECT scan monitors level of biological activity at each place in the 3-D region analyzed. Emissions from the radionuclide indicate amounts of blood flow in the capillaries of the imaged regions. In the same way that a plain
753:
Scanning is time-consuming, and it is essential that there is no patient movement during the scan time. Movement can cause significant degradation of the reconstructed images, although movement compensation reconstruction techniques can help with this. A highly uneven distribution of
594:
Because blood flow in the brain is tightly coupled to local brain metabolism and energy use, the Tc-exametazime tracer (as well as the similar Tc-EC tracer) is used to assess brain metabolism regionally, in an attempt to diagnose and differentiate the different causal pathologies of
735:
778:
Scatter of the gamma rays as well as the random nature of gamma rays can also lead to the degradation of quality of SPECT images and cause loss of resolution. Scatter correction and resolution recovery are also applied to improve resolution of SPECT images.
771:
Modern SPECT equipment is available with an integrated X-ray CT scanner. As X-ray CT images are an attenuation map of the tissues, this data can be incorporated into the SPECT reconstruction to correct for attenuation. It also provides a precisely
762:
is an alternative algorithm that is growing in importance, as it is less sensitive to artifacts and can also correct for attenuation and depth dependent blurring. Furthermore, iterative algorithms can be made more efficacious using the
754:
radiopharmaceutical also has the potential to cause artifacts. A very intense area of activity (e.g., the bladder) can cause extensive streaking of the images and obscure neighboring areas of activity. This is a limitation of the
290:
algorithm to the multiple projections, yielding a 3-D data set. This data set may then be manipulated to show thin slices along any chosen axis of the body, similar to those obtained from other tomographic techniques, such as
1876:
Human Health Campus, The official website of the
International Atomic Energy Agency dedicated to Professionals in Radiation Medicine. This site is managed by the Division of Human Health, Department of Nuclear Sciences and
1458:
Jacobsson Svärd
Staffan, Håkansson Ane, Bäcklin Anders, Osifo Otasowie, Willman Christopher, Jansson Peter (2005). "Nondestructive Experimental Determination of the Pin-Power Distribution in Nuclear Fuel Assemblies".
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Because SPECT permits accurate localisation in 3D space, it can be used to provide information about localised function in internal organs, such as functional cardiac or brain imaging.
587:
that emits gamma rays detectable by a gamma camera. Attaching it to exametazime allows it to be taken up by brain tissue in a manner proportional to brain blood flow, in turn allowing
623:
and "hot-lab" (automated chemistry lab for radiopharmaceutical manufacture), and then delivered immediately to scanning sites because of the natural short 110-minute half-life of
2655:
1547:
Biard B (2013). "Quantitative analysis of the fission product distribution in a damaged fuel assembly using gamma-spectrometry and computed tomography for the Phébus FPT3 test".
2182:
599:. Meta-analysis of many reported studies suggests that SPECT with this tracer is about 74% sensitive at diagnosing Alzheimer's disease vs. 81% sensitivity for clinical exam (
2477:
3358:
1502:
1283:
Bonte FJ, Harris TS, Hynan LS, Bigio EH, White CL (2006). "Tc-99m exametazime SPECT in the differential diagnosis of the dementias with histopathologic confirmation".
40:
4328:
4012:
2162:
1181:
322:
SPECT machine performing a total body bone scan. The patient lies on a table that slides through the machine, while a pair of gamma cameras rotate around her.
161:
information. This information is typically presented as cross-sectional slices through the patient, but can be freely reformatted or manipulated as required.
4142:
2484:
1915:
1361:
Henderson, Theodore (December 2012). "The diagnosis and evaluation of dementia and mild cognitive impairment with emphasis on SPECT perfusion neuroimaging".
4154:
619:, which are delivered to hospitals and scanning centers weekly to supply fresh radioisotope, FDG PET relies on FDG, which is made in an expensive medical
660:
purposes, to validate predictions of core simulation codes, or to study the behavior of the nuclear fuel in normal operation, or in accident scenarios.
3754:
2753:
1518:"A computerized method (UPPREC) for quantitative analysis of irradiated nuclear fuel assemblies with gamma emission tomography at the Halden reactor"
1128:
applications, where the technique is useful in locating ectopic parathyroid adenomas which may not be in their usual locations in the thyroid gland.
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1884:
Reference information on radioisotopes including those for SPECT; coordination and management of isotope production, availability, and distribution
4120:
172:) into the patient, normally through injection into the bloodstream. On occasion, the radioisotope is a simple soluble dissolved ion, such as an
503:: 72%) (in a review, not exclusively of SPECT MPI), and is comparable with (or better than) other non-invasive tests for ischemic heart disease.
63:
59:
4125:
2177:
1813:
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SPECT can be used to complement any gamma imaging study, where a true 3D representation can be helpful, such as tumor imaging, infection (
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Luo, S, Zhou, T (2014). "Superiorization of EM algorithm and its application in single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)".
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699:
576:
538:
404:
223:
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Dougall NJ, Bruggink S, Ebmeier KP (2004). "Systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of 99mTc-HMPAO-SPECT in dementia".
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1620:"D. Boulfelfel, R.M. Rangayyan, L.J. Hahn, R. Kloiber, Restoration of Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography Images"
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to be carried and bound to a place of interest in the body, where the ligand concentration is seen by a gamma camera.
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656:). These may be imaged using SPECT in order to verify the presence of fuel rods in a stored fuel assembly for
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4005:
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Willowson K, Bailey DL, Baldock C, 2008. "Quantitative SPECT reconstruction using CT-derived corrections".
180:, whose properties bind it to certain types of tissues. This marriage allows the combination of ligand and
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2194:
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45:
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Cerqueira M. D., Jacobson A. F. (1989). "Assessment of myocardial viability with SPECT and PET imaging".
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chloride. Following this, the heart rate is raised to induce myocardial stress, either by exercise on a
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Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a form of functional cardiac imaging, used for the diagnosis of
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Use of high energy gamma emission tomography for partial defect verification of spent fuel assemblies
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1646:"Preoperative 123I/99mTc-sestamibi subtraction SPECT and SPECT/CT in primary hyperparathyroidism"
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1234:
872:
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1890:
U.S. Department of Energy program for isotope production and production research and development
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The overall performance of SPECT systems can be performed by quality control tools such as the
282:
SPECT imaging is performed by using a gamma camera to acquire multiple 2-D images (also called
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176:(III). Usually, though, a marker radioisotope is attached to a specific ligand to create a
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1962:
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1762:
Frankle W. Gordon (2005). "Neuroreceptor
Imaging in Psychiatry: Theory and Applications".
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variable, but 15–20 seconds is typical. This gives a total scan time of 15–20 minutes.
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is a 2-dimensional (2-D) view of a 3-dimensional structure, the image obtained by a
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Because SPECT acquisition is very similar to planar gamma camera imaging, the same
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equipment is less expensive as well. While Tc is extracted from relatively simple
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receives less blood flow than normal myocardium. MPI is one of several types of
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1806:
Fundamentals of
Computerized Tomography: Image Reconstruction from Projections
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149:. It is very similar to conventional nuclear medicine planar imaging using a
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1752:"Dobutamine Stress Myocardial Perfusion Imaging in Coronary Artery Disease"
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1269:
1254:"Dobutamine stress myocardial perfusion imaging in coronary artery disease"
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resolution, have increased noise than planar images, and be susceptible to
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Isotope
Development & Production for Research and Applications (IDPRA)
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1407:
A tomographic measurement technique for irradiated nuclear fuel assemblies
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2012:
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1217:
Scuffham J W (2012). "A CdTe detector for hyperspectral SPECT imaging".
445:. The underlying principle is that under conditions of stress, diseased
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are possible with SPECT, just as with planar imaging techniques such as
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2002:
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Usually, the gamma-emitting tracer used in functional brain imaging is
541: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
407: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Collimator used to collimate gamma rays (red arrows) in a gamma camera
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MPI has been demonstrated to have an overall accuracy of about 83% (
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In some cases a SPECT gamma scanner may be built to operate with a
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A cardiac specific radiopharmaceutical is administered, e.g., Tc-
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CT image, which can provide additional anatomical information.
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A Siemens brand SPECT scanner, consisting of two gamma cameras.
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510:
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191:
1437:. Helsinki: Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety.
286:), from multiple angles. A computer is then used to apply a
1741:"Analytic and iterative reconstruction algorithms in SPECT"
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488:
can be used to reverse the effects of dipyridamole).
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2656:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
1431:Levai, F; DĂ©si, S; Tarvainen, M; Artt, R (1993).
164:The technique needs delivery of a gamma-emitting
591:to be assessed with the nuclear gamma camera.
27:Nuclear medicine tomographic imaging technique
3748:
3359:Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)
1909:
1225:(8). IOP Journal of Instrumentation: P08027.
1182:ISAS (Ictal-Interictal SPECT Analysis by SPM)
8:
1501:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
606:Tc-exametazime SPECT scanning competes with
1410:. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis.
1252:Elhendy, A; Bax, JJ; Poldermans, D (2002).
1153:, psychiatrist who uses SPECT for diagnoses
821:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
702:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
226:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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128:Single-photon emission computed tomography
38:
33:Single-photon emission computed tomography
1688:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 2012.
1661:
1587:
1203:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1032:Neuroendocrine or neurological tumor scan
841:Learn how and when to remove this message
722:Learn how and when to remove this message
557:Learn how and when to remove this message
423:Learn how and when to remove this message
246:Learn how and when to remove this message
4591:Orthogonal polarization spectral imaging
852:
107:
1193:
1120:, with coregistration of images. As in
275:is a 2-D view of 3-D distribution of a
3286:Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)
1824:Practical SPECT/CT in Nuclear Medicine
1494:
464:(Cardiolite, Bristol-Myers Squibb) or
29:
3291:Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE)
350:, stroke volume, and cardiac output.
112:SPECT image (bone tracer) of a mouse
44:A SPECT slice of the distribution of
7:
3715:
1764:International Review of Neurobiology
819:adding citations to reliable sources
700:adding citations to reliable sources
539:adding citations to reliable sources
405:adding citations to reliable sources
224:adding citations to reliable sources
3296:Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)
1882:National Isotope Development Center
783:Typical SPECT acquisition protocols
94:
4398:Sestamibi parathyroid scintigraphy
2256:Positron-emission tomography (PET)
1297:10.1097/01.rlu.0000222736.81365.63
631:Applications in nuclear technology
348:left ventricular ejection fraction
25:
2279:Neutron capture therapy of cancer
2178:Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG)
1706:American Journal of Roentgenology
1404:Jacobsson Svärd, Staffan (2004).
4653:
4652:
3714:
3703:
3702:
3690:
3379:Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)
1686:Nuclear Medicine Instrumentation
791:
672:
515:
381:
196:
4155:Cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
2468:Historical stockpiles and tests
1561:10.1016/j.nucengdes.2013.05.019
526:needs additional citations for
392:needs additional citations for
157:), but is able to provide true
4403:Radioactive iodine uptake test
3369:Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)
2251:Single-photon emission (SPECT)
1822:Jones / Hogg / Seeram (2013).
1549:Nuclear Engineering and Design
912:Phosphonates / Bisphosphonates
577:Technetium (99mTc) exametazime
362:) imaging, thyroid imaging or
1:
4383:Radionuclide ventriculography
3857:Lower gastrointestinal series
3849:Upper gastrointestinal series
3697:Nuclear technology portal
1776:10.1016/S0074-7742(05)67011-0
1534:10.1016/j.anucene.2017.06.025
1231:10.1088/1748-0221/7/08/P08027
4574:Optical coherence tomography
4496:Myocardial perfusion imaging
4084:Dental panoramic radiography
3559:Field-reversed configuration
3169:Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz
1576:Inverse Problems and Imaging
1177:Positron emission tomography
437:Myocardial perfusion imaging
373:Myocardial perfusion imaging
340:multi gated acquisition scan
301:positron emission tomography
3516:Aircraft Reactor Experiment
2463:States with nuclear weapons
1745:Journal of Nuclear Medicine
1258:Journal of Nuclear Medicine
648:) and activation products (
4710:
4679:3D nuclear medical imaging
4378:Ventilation/perfusion scan
3853:Small-bowel follow-through
3354:Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)
2478:Tests in the United States
1808:(2nd ed.). Springer.
1340:10.1176/appi.ajgp.12.6.554
1219:Journal of Instrumentation
1167:Magnetic resonance imaging
1126:sestamibi parathyroid scan
970:Sestamibi parathyroid scan
758:reconstruction algorithm.
636:such as fission products (
568:
472:or pharmacologically with
460:(Myoview, GE healthcare),
434:
293:magnetic resonance imaging
288:tomographic reconstruction
4648:
4619:Dynamic angiothermography
4363:
4287:Abdominal ultrasonography
3793:
3684:
3539:
3479:Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)
3374:Reduced-moderation (RMWR)
3339:
3181:Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)
2711:
2696:
2683:
1931:
1866:Resources in your library
1663:10.2967/jnumed.108.054858
1375:10.1017/S1092852912000636
933:Myocardial perfusion scan
617:technetium-99m generators
297:X-ray computed tomography
95:
37:
4609:Non-contact thermography
4388:Radionuclide angiography
4240:Doppler echocardiography
3384:Dual fluid reactor (DFR)
3000:Steam-generating (SGHWR)
2336:Electron-beam processing
1522:Annals of Nuclear Energy
1205:Medical Subject Headings
893:Time per projection (s)
760:Iterative reconstruction
756:filtered back projection
507:Functional brain imaging
145:imaging technique using
48:within a patient's brain
4393:Radioisotope renography
3499:Organic nuclear reactor
2671:Nuclear power phase-out
2594:Nuclear decommissioning
2534:Reactor-grade plutonium
2284:Targeted alpha-particle
2163:Accidents and incidents
1739:Bruyant, P. P. (2002).
1644:, Difilippo FP (2008).
1328:Am J Geriatr Psychiatry
1157:Functional neuroimaging
1118:conventional CT scanner
4428:Gastric emptying study
1598:10.3934/ipi.2014.8.223
742:
443:ischemic heart disease
323:
315:remains on the table.
263:
124:
116:
46:technetium exametazime
4089:X-ray motion analysis
3972:X-ray microtomography
3891:Hysterosalpingography
3798:Pneumoencephalography
2661:Anti-nuclear movement
1718:10.2214/ajr.153.3.477
864:Emission energy (keV)
737:
342:(MUGA). Triggered by
321:
261:
122:
111:
4614:Contact thermography
4324:Emergency ultrasound
4262:Transcranial Doppler
4013:Abdominal and pelvis
3569:Reversed field pinch
3364:Traveling-wave (TWR)
2848:Supercritical (SCWR)
2346:Gemstone irradiation
1516:Andersson P (2017).
1078:& technetium-99m
815:improve this section
696:improve this section
535:improve this article
401:improve this article
312:radiopharmaceuticals
220:improve this section
134:, or less commonly,
4581:Confocal microscopy
4459:Indium-111 WBC scan
4282:Echoencephalography
4018:Virtual colonoscopy
2734:Aqueous homogeneous
2529:Reprocessed uranium
2202:Safety and security
1758:2002 43: 1634–1646.
1684:Jennifer Prekeges.
1481:10.13182/NT05-A3632
1473:2005NucTe.151...70S
1090:labelled leucocytes
1012:Tc exametazime; ECD
873:Radiopharmaceutical
589:cerebral blood flow
451:cardiac stress test
182:radiopharmaceutical
4569:Optical tomography
4418:Dacryoscintigraphy
4413:Immunoscintigraphy
4052:Whole body imaging
3803:Dental radiography
3648:Dense plasma focus
2563:Actinide chemistry
2028:Isotope separation
1925:Nuclear technology
1461:Nuclear Technology
1047:13 hours or 8 days
884:Rotation (degrees)
743:
336:gated acquisitions
324:
264:
174:isotope of gallium
125:
117:
4666:
4665:
4628:Target conditions
4551:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4467:
4466:
4408:Bone scintigraphy
4373:Scintimammography
4368:Cholescintigraphy
4213:contrast-enhanced
4107:
4106:
4067:
4066:
4057:Full-body CT scan
3957:General operation
3936:
3935:
3906:Angiocardiography
3730:
3729:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3627:Magnetized-target
3524:
3523:
3487:
3486:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3258:
3257:
3142:
3141:
3074:
3073:
2679:
2678:
2634:
2633:
2503:
2502:
2490:Weapon-free zones
2317:
2316:
2309:Radiopharmacology
1852:Library resources
1815:978-1-85233-617-2
1747:43(10):1343-1358.
1109:
1108:
851:
850:
843:
732:
731:
724:
601:cognitive testing
567:
566:
559:
433:
432:
425:
364:bone scintigraphy
344:electrocardiogram
256:
255:
248:
106:
105:
85:OPS-301 code
16:(Redirected from
4701:
4656:
4655:
4479:
4361:
4351:
4235:Echocardiography
4094:Hounsfield scale
3947:
3866:Cholecystography
3791:
3782:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3734:
3718:
3717:
3706:
3705:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3605:
3564:Levitated dipole
3534:
3526:
3474:Helium gas (GFR)
3337:
3332:
3269:
3153:
3103:
3096:
3091:
3090:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2706:
2698:
2690:Nuclear reactors
2685:
2584:High-level (HLW)
2514:
2361:
2341:Food irradiation
2331:Atomic gardening
2224:
2207:Nuclear meltdown
2033:Nuclear material
2023:Fissile material
2018:Fertile material
1933:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1895:
1839:Phys. Med. Biol.
1819:
1802:Herman, Gabor T.
1797:
1750:Elhendy et al.,
1729:
1697:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1591:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1500:
1492:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1214:
1208:
1198:
1138:Jaszczak phantom
890:Image resolution
853:
846:
839:
835:
832:
826:
795:
787:
727:
720:
716:
713:
707:
676:
668:
583:is a metastable
562:
555:
551:
548:
542:
519:
511:
428:
421:
417:
414:
408:
385:
377:
299:(X-ray CT), and
251:
244:
240:
237:
231:
200:
192:
140:nuclear medicine
99:edit on Wikidata
79:
42:
30:
21:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4694:Medical physics
4669:
4668:
4667:
4662:
4644:
4623:
4595:
4543:
4529:PET mammography
4500:
4463:
4449:Gallium-67 scan
4444:Octreotide scan
4432:
4340:
4191:
4103:
4063:
3986:
3967:High-resolution
3932:
3896:Skeletal survey
3862:Cholangiography
3775:
3766:
3764:Medical imaging
3761:
3731:
3726:
3691:
3689:
3672:
3636:
3603:
3588:
3545:
3535:
3530:
3520:
3483:
3388:
3333:
3326:
3325:
3310:
3254:
3185:
3160:
3138:
3110:
3092:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3070:
3036:
3027:
3009:
2974:
2965:
2879:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2852:
2766:Natural fission
2720:
2719:
2707:
2702:
2692:
2675:
2651:Nuclear weapons
2630:
2589:Low-level (LLW)
2567:
2499:
2451:
2350:
2313:
2260:
2213:
2134:
2066:
1989:
1927:
1922:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1816:
1800:
1786:
1761:
1736:
1734:Further reading
1703:
1700:
1683:
1679:
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1634:
1624:
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1618:
1617:
1613:
1573:
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1541:
1515:
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1445:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1264:(12): 1634–46.
1251:
1250:
1246:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1146:
1134:
1132:Quality control
1114:
1072:White cell scan
847:
836:
830:
827:
812:
796:
785:
765:Superiorization
728:
717:
711:
708:
693:
677:
666:
658:IAEA safeguards
633:
608:fludeoxyglucose
573:
563:
552:
546:
543:
532:
520:
509:
492:stress images.
439:
429:
418:
412:
409:
398:
386:
375:
356:
252:
241:
235:
232:
217:
201:
190:
102:
75:
49:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4707:
4705:
4697:
4696:
4691:
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4663:
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4649:
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4642:
4637:
4631:
4629:
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4622:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4605:
4603:
4597:
4596:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4586:Endomicroscopy
4583:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4565:
4563:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4542:
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4461:
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4433:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4364:
4358:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4201:
4199:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4135:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4117:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3944:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3908:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3859:
3846:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3779:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3752:
3745:
3737:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3712:
3700:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3658:Muon-catalyzed
3655:
3650:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3607:
3598:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3555:
3553:
3547:
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3540:
3537:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3398:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3349:Integral (IFR)
3346:
3340:
3334:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3277:
3275:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3213:
3208:
3207:
3206:
3195:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3173:
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3158:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3140:
3139:
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3131:
3126:
3121:
3115:
3113:
3108:
3100:
3093:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2990:
2979:
2977:
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2966:
2964:
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2907:
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2898:
2884:
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2877:
2869:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2736:
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2728:
2722:
2721:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2701:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2666:Uranium mining
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2623:
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2616:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
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2581:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2539:Minor actinide
2536:
2531:
2520:
2518:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
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2459:
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2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2236:Autoradiograph
2232:
2230:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2199:
2198:
2197:
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2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1958:Atomic nucleus
1955:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:External links
1844:
1843:
1842:
1835:
1832:978-1447147022
1820:
1814:
1798:
1784:
1759:
1748:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1712:(3): 477–483.
1699:
1698:
1677:
1656:(12): 2012–7.
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1003:technetium-99m
1001:
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994:
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978:
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974:technetium-99m
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937:technetium-99m
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902:technetium-99m
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848:
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730:
729:
680:
678:
671:
665:
664:Reconstruction
662:
632:
629:
585:nuclear isomer
569:Main article:
565:
564:
523:
521:
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508:
505:
435:Main article:
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57:
51:
50:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4706:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4659:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4602:
4598:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4470:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4454:Ga-68-DOTATOC
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4343:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4267:Intravascular
4265:
4263:
4260:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4187:Synthetic MRI
4185:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4114:
4110:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3977:Electron beam
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3929:
3928:Orbital x-ray
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3824:
3823:Bronchography
3821:
3820:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3758:
3753:
3751:
3746:
3744:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3723:
3722:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3701:
3699:
3698:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3615:electrostatic
3613:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3533:
3527:
3517:
3514:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3394:Generation IV
3391:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3344:Breeder (FBR)
3342:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3330:
3321:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3249:
3246:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3089:
3082:
3077:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3030:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2968:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2846:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2646:Nuclear power
2644:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2627:
2626:Transmutation
2624:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2423:high-altitude
2421:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2413:Proliferation
2411:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2299:Brachytherapy
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2095:Cross section
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1845:
1841:53 3099–3112.
1840:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1785:9780123668684
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1642:Obuchowski NA
1636:
1633:
1621:
1615:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1369:(4): 188–89.
1368:
1364:
1363:CNS Spectrums
1357:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1334:(6): 554–70.
1333:
1329:
1322:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:Clin Nucl Med
1279:
1276:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1081:171 & 245
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
998:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
971:
968:
967:
963:
960:
957:
954:
951:
949:
946:tetrofosmin;
945:
942:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
903:
900:
897:
896:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
863:
861:
858:
855:
854:
845:
842:
834:
824:
820:
816:
810:
809:
805:
800:This section
798:
794:
789:
788:
782:
780:
776:
774:
768:
767:methodology.
766:
761:
757:
751:
749:
741:
736:
726:
723:
715:
705:
701:
697:
691:
690:
686:
681:This section
679:
675:
670:
669:
663:
661:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
630:
628:
626:
622:
618:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
572:
561:
558:
550:
540:
536:
530:
529:
524:This section
522:
518:
513:
512:
506:
504:
502:
498:
493:
489:
487:
486:aminophylline
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
454:
452:
448:
444:
438:
427:
424:
416:
406:
402:
396:
395:
390:This section
388:
384:
379:
378:
372:
370:
367:
365:
361:
353:
351:
349:
345:
341:
337:
332:
328:
320:
316:
313:
308:
304:
302:
298:
294:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
260:
250:
247:
239:
229:
225:
221:
215:
214:
210:
205:This section
203:
199:
194:
193:
187:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
141:
137:
133:
129:
121:
115:
110:
100:
91:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
72:
68:
65:
61:
58:
56:
52:
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
4689:Neuroimaging
4684:Radiobiology
4635:Acute stroke
4601:Thermography
4482:
4356:scintigraphy
4346:Radionuclide
4334:pre-hospital
4180:Tractography
4099:Radiodensity
4001:calcium scan
3962:Quantitative
3719:
3707:
3688:
3668:Pyroelectric
3622:Laser-driven
3402:Sodium (SFR)
3329:fast-neutron
3168:
2714:
2604:Reprocessing
2485:WMD treaties
2304:Radiosurgery
2274:Fast-neutron
2250:
2246:Scintigraphy
1877:Applications
1856:
1838:
1823:
1805:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1744:
1709:
1705:
1685:
1680:
1653:
1649:
1640:Neumann DR,
1635:
1623:. Retrieved
1614:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1552:
1548:
1542:
1525:
1521:
1511:
1497:cite journal
1467:(1): 70–76.
1464:
1460:
1453:
1433:
1426:
1406:
1399:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1291:(7): 376–8.
1288:
1284:
1278:
1261:
1257:
1247:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1196:
1172:Neuroimaging
1162:Gamma camera
1135:
1115:
1087:
860:Radioisotope
837:
831:January 2014
828:
813:Please help
801:
777:
769:
752:
744:
718:
712:January 2014
709:
694:Please help
682:
646:europium-154
634:
605:
593:
574:
571:Neuroimaging
553:
547:January 2014
544:
533:Please help
528:verification
525:
494:
490:
482:dipyridamole
466:Thallium-201
462:Tc-sestamibi
455:
440:
419:
413:January 2014
410:
399:Please help
394:verification
391:
368:
357:
333:
329:
325:
309:
305:
281:
277:radionuclide
273:gamma camera
265:
242:
236:January 2014
233:
218:Please help
206:
170:radionuclide
166:radioisotope
163:
155:scintigraphy
151:gamma camera
135:
131:
127:
126:
4524:Cardiac PET
4297:renal tract
4272:Gynecologic
4204:Techniques
4175:restriction
4150:Angiography
4133:Neurography
4079:Fluoroscopy
4025:Angiography
4006:angiography
3950:Techniques:
3911:Aortography
3901:Angiography
3881:Cystography
3871:Mammography
3813:Myelography
3808:Sialography
3777:radiography
3579:Stellarator
3543:confinement
3437:Superphénix
3264:Molten-salt
3216:VHTR (HTGR)
2993:HW BLWR 250
2959:R4 Marviken
2888:Pressurized
2858:Heavy water
2842:many others
2771:Pressurized
2726:Light water
2428:underground
2386:Disarmament
2294:Tomotherapy
2289:Proton-beam
2153:Power plant
2115:Temperature
1948:Engineering
1770:: 385–440.
1555:: 469–483.
1151:Daniel Amen
887:Projections
650:chromium-51
625:Fluorine-18
501:specificity
497:sensitivity
458:tetrofosmin
354:Application
284:projections
178:radioligand
143:tomographic
4673:Categories
4437:Full body:
4223:endoscopic
4197:Ultrasound
4126:functional
3923:Lymphogram
3918:Venography
3886:Arthrogram
3604:(acoustic)
3221:PBR (PBMR)
2609:Spent fuel
2599:Repository
2579:Fuel cycle
2546:Activation
2323:Processing
2190:Propulsion
2148:by country
2080:Activation
1756:J Nucl Med
1694:1449645372
1650:J Nucl Med
1625:10 January
1444:9514779754
1417:9155459447
1189:References
1076:indium-111
1040:iodine-131
1036:iodine-123
1000:Brain scan
877:Activity (
773:registered
642:barium-140
638:cesium-137
478:dobutamine
447:myocardium
188:Principles
153:(that is,
147:gamma rays
4640:Pregnancy
4519:Brain PET
4487:gamma ray
4423:DMSA scan
4277:Obstetric
4170:diffusion
4165:Sequences
4143:perfusion
4035:Pulmonary
3982:Cone beam
3876:Pyelogram
3574:Spheromak
3273:Fluorides
2937:IPHWR-700
2932:IPHWR-540
2927:IPHWR-220
2716:Moderator
2396:Explosion
2371:Arms race
2158:Economics
2110:Reflector
2105:Radiation
2100:Generator
2055:Plutonium
2008:Deuterium
1973:Radiation
1943:Chemistry
1606:119657086
1589:1209.6116
1582:: 88–97.
1528:: 88–97.
1239:250665467
1024:128 x 128
984:Sestamibi
948:Sestamibi
924:128 x 128
898:Bone scan
868:Half-life
802:does not
748:artifacts
683:does not
654:cobalt-58
621:cyclotron
474:adenosine
470:treadmill
360:leukocyte
207:does not
4658:Category
4510:positron
4030:Coronary
3709:Category
3663:Polywell
3594:Inertial
3551:Magnetic
3306:TMSR-LF1
3301:TMSR-500
3281:Fuji MSR
3241:THTR-300
3081:Graphite
2944:PHWR KWU
2910:ACR-1000
2838:IPWR-900
2821:ACPR1000
2816:HPR-1000
2806:CPR-1000
2781:APR-1400
2572:Disposal
2524:Actinide
2517:Products
2376:Delivery
2219:Medicine
2048:depleted
2043:enriched
2013:Helium-3
1978:ionizing
1804:(2009).
1794:16291028
1672:18997051
1489:98426662
1391:36441907
1383:22929226
1348:15545324
1313:39518497
1305:16785801
1270:12468513
1144:See also
1112:SPECT/CT
1088:in vitro
1084:67 hours
1015:555-1110
740:Sinogram
597:dementia
334:Cardiac
55:ICD-9-CM
4557:Optical
4539:PET-MRI
4319:Carotid
4314:Scrotal
4208:doppler
4138:Cardiac
4047:Thyroid
3991:Targets
3942:CT scan
3721:Commons
3632:Z-pinch
3602:Bubble
3584:Tokamak
3447:FBR-600
3427:CFR-600
3422:BN-1200
3088:coolant
3015:Organic
2900:CANDU 9
2897:CANDU 6
2865:coolant
2826:ACP1000
2801:CAP1400
2739:Boiling
2704:Fission
2551:Fission
2495:Weapons
2435:Warfare
2418:Testing
2408:History
2401:effects
2356:Weapons
2266:Therapy
2241:RadBall
2228:Imaging
2120:Thermal
2085:Capture
2072:Neutron
2060:Thorium
2038:Uranium
2003:Tritium
1983:braking
1963:Fission
1953:Physics
1936:Science
1726:2669461
1469:Bibcode
1102:64 x 64
1064:64 x 64
1009:6 hours
980:6 hours
961:64 x 64
943:6 hours
909:6 hours
823:removed
808:sources
704:removed
689:sources
499:: 85%;
303:(PET).
295:(MRI),
228:removed
213:sources
138:) is a
4534:PET-CT
4309:Breast
4304:Rectal
4228:duplex
4160:Breast
3997:Heart
3532:Fusion
3492:Others
3432:Phénix
3417:BN-800
3412:BN-600
3407:BN-350
3236:HTR-PM
3231:HTR-10
3211:UHTREX
3176:Magnox
3171:(UNGG)
3064:Lucens
3059:KS 150
2796:ATMEA1
2776:AP1000
2759:Kerena
2639:Debate
2391:Ethics
2381:Design
2364:Topics
2195:rocket
2173:Fusion
2168:Policy
2130:Fusion
2090:Poison
1968:Fusion
1854:about
1830:
1812:
1792:
1782:
1724:
1692:
1670:
1604:
1487:
1441:
1414:
1389:
1381:
1346:
1311:
1303:
1268:
1237:
1207:(MeSH)
1122:PET/CT
738:SPECT
610:(FDG)
331:used.
77:D01589
4561:Laser
4483:SPECT
4292:renal
4121:Brain
4072:Other
3772:X-ray
3653:Migma
3641:Other
3610:Fusor
3509:Piqua
3504:Arbus
3462:PRISM
3204:MHR-T
3199:GTMHR
3129:EGP-6
3124:AMB-X
3099:Water
3044:HWGCR
2983:HWLWR
2922:IPHWR
2893:CANDU
2754:ESBWR
2509:Waste
2473:Tests
2456:Lists
2440:Yield
2183:MMRTG
2140:Power
1857:SPECT
1696:p.189
1602:S2CID
1584:arXiv
1485:S2CID
1387:S2CID
1309:S2CID
1235:S2CID
1201:SPECT
856:Study
480:, or
269:X-ray
132:SPECT
97:[
18:SPECT
4329:FAST
4042:Head
3469:Lead
3452:CEFR
3442:PFBR
3324:None
3134:RBMK
3119:AM-1
3049:EL-4
3023:WR-1
3005:AHWR
2949:MZFR
2917:CVTR
2906:AFCR
2833:VVER
2791:APWR
2786:APR+
2749:ABWR
2619:cask
2614:pool
2556:LLFP
2445:TNTe
2125:Fast
1995:Fuel
1828:ISBN
1810:ISBN
1790:PMID
1780:ISBN
1722:PMID
1690:ISBN
1668:PMID
1627:2016
1503:link
1439:ISBN
1412:ISBN
1379:PMID
1344:PMID
1301:PMID
1266:PMID
1051:MIBG
806:any
804:cite
687:any
685:cite
652:and
644:and
211:any
209:cite
136:SPET
90:3-72
71:MeSH
64:92.1
60:92.0
4506:PET
4474:ECT
4472:3D/
4354:2D/
4255:ICE
4250:TEE
4245:TTE
4113:MRI
3844:DXR
3840:DXA
3835:KUB
3830:AXR
3818:CXR
3541:by
3457:PFR
3248:PMR
3226:AVR
3148:Gas
3086:by
3054:KKN
2988:ATR
2903:EC6
2863:by
2811:EPR
2744:BWR
1826:.
1772:doi
1714:doi
1710:153
1658:doi
1594:doi
1557:doi
1553:262
1530:doi
1526:110
1477:doi
1465:151
1371:doi
1336:doi
1293:doi
1227:doi
1105:30
1096:360
1067:30
1058:360
1055:400
1044:159
1038:or
1027:30
1018:360
1006:140
977:140
964:25
955:180
952:700
940:140
927:30
921:120
918:360
915:800
906:140
879:MBq
817:by
698:by
612:PET
537:by
403:by
222:by
168:(a
114:MIP
4675::
4512:):
4489:):
4218:3D
3786:2D
3191:He
3157:CO
3033:CO
2954:R3
1788:.
1778:.
1768:67
1766:.
1754:,
1743:.
1720:.
1708:.
1666:.
1654:49
1652:.
1648:.
1600:.
1592:.
1578:.
1551:.
1524:.
1520:.
1499:}}
1495:{{
1483:.
1475:.
1463:.
1385:.
1377:.
1367:17
1365:.
1342:.
1332:12
1330:.
1307:.
1299:.
1289:31
1287:.
1262:43
1260:.
1256:.
1233:.
1221:.
1140:.
1099:60
1093:18
1061:60
1021:64
958:60
750:.
640:,
627:.
581:Tc
579:.
476:,
453:.
366:.
279:.
159:3D
4559:/
4508:(
4485:(
3864:/
3855:/
3851:/
3842:/
3774:/
3756:e
3749:t
3742:v
3331:)
3327:(
3159:2
3111:O
3109:2
3107:H
3035:2
2975:O
2973:2
2971:H
2880:O
2878:2
2876:D
1917:e
1910:t
1903:v
1834:.
1818:.
1796:.
1774::
1728:.
1716::
1674:.
1660::
1629:.
1608:.
1596::
1586::
1580:8
1563:.
1559::
1536:.
1532::
1505:)
1491:.
1479::
1471::
1447:.
1420:.
1393:.
1373::
1350:.
1338::
1315:.
1295::
1272:.
1241:.
1229::
1223:7
881:)
844:)
838:(
833:)
829:(
825:.
811:.
725:)
719:(
714:)
710:(
706:.
692:.
560:)
554:(
549:)
545:(
531:.
484:(
426:)
420:(
415:)
411:(
397:.
249:)
243:(
238:)
234:(
230:.
216:.
130:(
101:]
62:-
20:)
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