33:
365:
2817:
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118:, this technique may be used to determine the tissue (or cell) localization of a radioactive substance, either introduced into a metabolic pathway, bound to a receptor or enzyme, or hybridized to a nucleic acid. Applications for autoradiography are broad, ranging from biomedical to environmental sciences to industry.
316:. The leaf tissue is then exposed to autoradiographic film (or emulsion) to produce an image. Images will show distinct vein patterns if sugar accumulation is concentrated in leaf veins (apoplastic movement), or images will show a static-like pattern if sugar accumulation is uniform throughout the leaf (
209:
respectively, may be introduced to living cells to determine the timing of several phases of the cell cycle. RNA or DNA viral sequences can also be located in this fashion. These probes are usually labeled with P, P, or S. In the realm of behavioral endocrinology, autoradiography can be used to
153:
autoradiography, radioligand was directly applying on frozen tissue sections without administration to the subject. Thus it cannot follow the distribution, metabolism and degradation situation completely in the living body. But because target in the cryosections is widely exposed and can direct
86:
or microradiography, in which the sample is marked using an external source. Some autoradiographs can be examined microscopically for localization of silver grains (such as on the interiors or exteriors of cells or organelles) in which the process is termed micro-autoradiography. For example,
397:
from the lagoon that was left on a photographic plate overnight. The film was exposed by alpha radiation produced from the fish's scales, evidence that plutonium, mimicking calcium, had been distributed throughout the fish. Blandy promptly ordered that all further decontamination work be
342:
is used to inspect aircraft components for small defects. Krypton-85 is allowed to penetrate small cracks, and then its presence is detected by autoradiography. The method is called "krypton gas penetrant imaging". The gas penetrates smaller openings than the liquids used in
251:
to specific amino acids of proteins, and such modification can lead to a drastic change in the stability or the function of a protein in the cell. Protein phosphorylation can be detected on an autoradiograph, after incubating the protein in vitro with the appropriate
393:, in charge of radiation safety, had difficulty persuading Vice Admiral William H. P. Blandy to abandon the cleanup and with it the surviving target ships. On August 10, Warren showed Blandy an autoradiograph made by a
1580:
372:
makes its own X-ray. The bright area is a meal of fresh algae. The rest of the body has absorbed and distributed enough plutonium to make the scales radioactive. The fish was alive and apparently healthy when
145:
if the ligand is administered into the circulation (with subsequent tissue removal and sectioning) or applied to the tissue sections, respectively. Once the receptor density is known,
76:
gas detectors or rare-earth phosphorimaging systems. The film or emulsion is apposed to the labeled tissue section to obtain the autoradiograph (also called an autoradiogram). The
1768:
1295:
1590:
2471:
971:(1 November 1976). "Photographic image intensification by autoradiography". Applied Optics. 15 (11): 2860–2865. Bibcode:1976ApOpt..15.2860A. doi:10.1364/ao.15.002860.
32:
922:
686:
McCarthy D, Minner C, Bernstein H, Bernstein C (1976). "DNA elongation rates and growing point distributions of wild-type phage T4 and a DNA-delay amber mutant".
1275:
389:
in 1946 was far more difficult than the U.S. Navy had prepared for. Though the task's futility became apparent and the danger to cleanup crews mounted, Colonel
197:
The distribution of RNA transcripts in tissue sections by the use of radiolabeled, complementary oligonucleotides or ribonucleic acids ("riboprobes") is called
1597:
1028:
457:
Rupassara, S. I., R.A. Larson, G.K. Sims, and K.A. Marley. 2002 Degradation of atrazine by hornwort in aquatic systems. Bioremediation
Journal 6(3): 217-224.
194:
autoradiography were performed after administration of radioligand in the body, which can decrease the artifacts and are closer to the inner environment.
1363:
336:
where the exact 3-dimensional localization of the radiation source is provided by careful use of coincidence counting, gamma counters and other devices.
1866:
280:, autoradiography can be used to determine sugar accumulation in leaf tissue. Sugar accumulation, as it relates to autoradiography, can described the
210:
determine hormonal uptake and indicate receptor location; an animal can be injected with a radiolabeled hormone, or the study can be conducted
72:
substance. Alternatively, the autoradiograph is also available as a digital image (digital autoradiography), due to the recent development of
1290:
990:
955:
236:
was also measured by autoradiography as 749 nucleotides per second during the period of exponential DNA increase at 37 °C (99 °F).
2112:
2029:
2105:
1575:
1540:
467:
Kuhar M, Yamamura HI (July 1976). "Localization of cholinergic muscarinic receptors in rat brain by light microscopic radioautography".
149:
autoradiography can also be used to determine the anatomical distribution and affinity of a radiolabeled drug towards the receptor. For
2727:
2311:
1391:
1270:
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570:
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1021:
348:
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2056:
1960:
1846:
1314:
1014:
647:"Deoxyribonucleic acid fiber autoradiography as a technique for studying the replication of the mammalian chromosome"
2514:
2193:
1711:
1668:
1520:
2166:
2809:
2491:
2100:
1883:
923:"Krypton Gas Penetrant Imaging - A Valuable Tool for Ensuring Structural Integrity in Aircraft Engine Components"
510:
Young WS, Kuhar MJ (December 1979). "A new method for receptor autoradiography: opioid receptors in rat brain".
364:
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2581:
2481:
2393:
1602:
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1448:
1260:
344:
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2200:
1977:
1783:
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and Îł-32P-ATP. The radiolabeled phosphate of latter is incorporated into the protein which is isolated via
2476:
1763:
1307:
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1923:
1851:
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prefix indicates that the radioactive substance is within the sample, as distinguished from the case of
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1970:
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1001:
Patent US4101780 Treating silver with a radioactive sulfur compound such as thiourea or derivatives
41:
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802:
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703:
668:
617:
584:
527:
484:
428:
417:"Optimization of a new scintillation gas detector used to localize electrons emitted by 99mTc"
260:
and visualized on an autoradiograph of the gel. (See figure 3. of a recent study showing that
69:
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1731:
1696:
1453:
1443:
1331:
1319:
1160:
1155:
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83:
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1988:
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1547:
1340:
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1197:
1075:
1065:
390:
248:
244:
2066:
872:
833:
723:"Complex regulation of CREB-binding protein by homeodomain-interacting protein kinase 2"
2549:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2269:
2176:
2145:
2127:
1651:
1557:
1503:
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1401:
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968:
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61:
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2005:
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856:
797:
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699:
523:
480:
415:
Barthe N, Coulon P, Hennion C, Ducassou D, Basse-Cathalinat B, Charpak G (May 1999).
309:
99:
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496:
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1416:
1358:
1285:
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1107:
631:
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741:
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discontinued. Warren wrote home, "A self X ray of a fish ... did the trick."
2691:
2338:
1928:
1435:
1406:
721:
Kovacs KA, Steinmann M, Halfon O, Magistretti PJ, Cardinaux JR (November 2015).
394:
369:
289:
183:
171:
127:
27:
Radiograph made by recording radiation emitted by samples on photographic plates
17:
1000:
339:
179:
65:
890:
881:
841:
788:
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2049:
2039:
1167:
1120:
1085:
765:"Phloem Loading in the Tulip Tree. Mechanisms and Evolutionary Implications"
313:
202:
175:
158:
autoradiography is still a quick and easy method to screen drug candidates,
2544:
806:
749:
432:
226:
was measured by autoradiography as 33 nucleotides per second. The rate of
908:
672:
588:
2775:
2569:
2418:
2413:
2353:
2022:
1950:
1933:
1918:
1893:
1636:
1125:
780:
763:
Goggin, Fiona L.; Medville, Richard; Turgeon, Robert (February 1, 2001).
707:
663:
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103:
36:
Autoradiography of a coronal brain slice, taken from an embryonal rat.
78:
2348:
2343:
2323:
2303:
2288:
2171:
1908:
1888:
1856:
1006:
571:
10.1002/(SICI)1098-2825(1997)11:1<2::AID-JCLA2>3.0.CO;2-F
253:
130:
to determine the tissue distributions of receptors is termed either
1898:
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2722:
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2044:
2034:
363:
333:
265:
163:
53:
37:
31:
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2135:
1945:
1903:
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movement, or an active phloem-loading strategy. Sugars, such as
285:
2641:
1813:
1800:
1010:
328:
This autoradiographic approach contrasts to techniques such as
2219:
2083:
822:
Annual Review of Plant
Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology
820:
Van Bel, A J E (June 1993). "Strategies of Phloem
Loading".
284:
used in a plant. For example, if sugars accumulate in the
946:, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, p.
943:
Operation
Crossroads: The Atomic Tests at Bikini Atoll
377:
The task of radioactive decontamination following the
312:
with , and then absorbed into leaf tissue by simple
222:
The rate of DNA replication in a mouse cell growing
2753:
2705:
2662:
2604:
2505:
2435:
2384:
2375:
2302:
2268:
2259:
2218:
2211:
2191:
2144:
2126:
2082:
1987:
1969:
1837:
1751:
1684:
1629:
1620:
1568:
1476:
1467:
1434:
1377:
1339:
1330:
1251:
1183:
1106:
1048:
288:of a leaf, it is expected that the leaves have few
166:
ligands. The ligands are generally labeled with H (
1769:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
985:(3rd ed.). New York: Elsevier North Holland.
87:micro-autoradiography was used to examine whether
60:produced by the pattern of decay emissions (e.g.,
555:"In situ hybridization: methods and applications"
857:"The absence of phloem loading in willow leaves"
855:Turgeon, R.; Medville, R. (September 29, 1998).
861:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2472:Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR)
1022:
8:
272:Detection of sugar movement in plant tissue
40:-binding marker is highly expressed in the
2638:
2449:
2381:
2265:
2215:
2208:
1984:
1810:
1797:
1626:
1473:
1336:
1045:
1029:
1015:
1007:
1003:". Google Patents. Retrieved 26 June 2014.
247:means the posttranslational addition of a
201:. Radioactive precursors of DNA and RNA, -
898:
880:
796:
662:
578:
602:Davenport, Anthony P. (March 25, 2005).
407:
2399:Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR)
967:Original publication by sole inventor
2404:Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE)
7:
2828:
240:Detection of protein phosphorylation
199:in situ hybridization histochemistry
2409:Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR)
834:10.1146/annurev.pp.44.060193.001345
292:connections which is indicative of
1369:Positron-emission tomography (PET)
25:
1392:Neutron capture therapy of cancer
1291:Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG)
230:DNA elongation in phage-infected
2827:
2816:
2815:
2803:
2492:Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR)
349:fluorescent penetrant inspection
1581:Historical stockpiles and tests
445:Encyclopedia of Life Sciences:
2482:Energy Multiplier Module (EM2)
1364:Single-photon emission (SPECT)
1:
2810:Nuclear technology portal
983:Techniques of Autoradiography
742:10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.08.001
106:layer surrounding the plant.
91:was being metabolized by the
2672:Field-reversed configuration
2282:Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz
700:10.1016/0022-2836(76)90346-6
524:10.1016/0006-8993(79)90442-6
481:10.1016/0006-8993(76)90399-1
2629:Aircraft Reactor Experiment
1576:States with nuclear weapons
940:Weisgall, Jonathan (1994),
605:Receptor Binding Techniques
68:) from a distribution of a
2877:
2467:Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR)
1591:Tests in the United States
154:contact with radioligand,
2797:
2652:
2592:Stable Salt Reactor (SSR)
2487:Reduced-moderation (RMWR)
2452:
2294:Advanced gas-cooled (AGR)
1824:
1809:
1796:
1044:
981:Rogers, Andrew W (1979).
2497:Dual fluid reactor (DFR)
2113:Steam-generating (SGHWR)
1449:Electron-beam processing
882:10.1073/pnas.95.20.12055
553:Jin L, Lloyd RV (1997).
345:dye penetrant inspection
143:receptor autoradiography
122:Receptor autoradiography
2612:Organic nuclear reactor
1784:Nuclear power phase-out
1707:Nuclear decommissioning
1647:Reactor-grade plutonium
1397:Targeted alpha-particle
1276:Accidents and incidents
282:phloem-loading strategy
218:Rate of DNA replication
651:J. Histochem. Cytochem
374:
360:Unintentional exposure
45:
1774:Anti-nuclear movement
367:
264:is phosphorylated by
35:
2682:Reversed field pinch
2477:Traveling-wave (TWR)
1961:Supercritical (SCWR)
1459:Gemstone irradiation
781:10.1104/pp.125.2.891
664:10.1177/23.7.1095649
387:Operation Crossroads
262:CREB-binding protein
128:radiolabeled ligands
1847:Aqueous homogeneous
1642:Reprocessed uranium
1315:Safety and security
873:1998PNAS...9512055T
867:(20): 12055–12060.
42:subventricular zone
2761:Dense plasma focus
1676:Actinide chemistry
1141:Isotope separation
1038:Nuclear technology
969:Askins, Barbara S.
614:10.1385/1592599273
375:
52:is an image on an
46:
2843:
2842:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2740:Magnetized-target
2637:
2636:
2600:
2599:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2371:
2370:
2255:
2254:
2187:
2186:
1792:
1791:
1747:
1746:
1616:
1615:
1603:Weapon-free zones
1430:
1429:
1422:Radiopharmacology
992:978-0-444-80063-3
957:978-1-55750-919-2
929:on July 20, 2008.
608:. Vol. 306.
355:Historical events
16:(Redirected from
2868:
2831:
2830:
2819:
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2808:
2807:
2806:
2718:
2677:Levitated dipole
2647:
2639:
2587:Helium gas (GFR)
2450:
2445:
2382:
2266:
2216:
2209:
2204:
2203:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1819:
1811:
1803:Nuclear reactors
1798:
1697:High-level (HLW)
1627:
1474:
1454:Food irradiation
1444:Atomic gardening
1337:
1320:Nuclear meltdown
1146:Nuclear material
1136:Fissile material
1131:Fertile material
1046:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1008:
996:
961:
960:
937:
931:
930:
925:. Archived from
919:
913:
912:
902:
884:
852:
846:
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817:
811:
810:
800:
769:Plant Physiology
760:
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543:
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464:
458:
455:
449:
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437:
436:
412:
381:nuclear test at
324:Other techniques
278:plant physiology
84:historadiography
58:nuclear emulsion
21:
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2205:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2183:
2149:
2140:
2122:
2087:
2078:
1992:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1965:
1879:Natural fission
1833:
1832:
1820:
1815:
1805:
1788:
1764:Nuclear weapons
1743:
1702:Low-level (LLW)
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975:Further reading
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736:(11): 2252–60.
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685:
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645:Hand R (1975).
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559:J Clin Lab Anal
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391:Stafford Warren
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249:phosphate group
245:Phosphorylation
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18:Autoradiographs
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2462:Integral (IFR)
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1841:
1835:
1834:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1779:Uranium mining
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1661:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1652:Minor actinide
1649:
1644:
1633:
1631:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1578:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1478:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1383:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1349:Autoradiograph
1345:
1343:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1322:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1158:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1071:Atomic nucleus
1068:
1063:
1058:
1052:
1050:
1042:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1011:
1005:
1004:
997:
991:
976:
973:
963:
962:
956:
932:
914:
847:
828:(1): 253–281.
812:
775:(2): 891–899.
755:
730:Cell Signaling
713:
678:
637:
622:
594:
545:
502:
459:
450:
447:Phosphorimager
438:
406:
405:
403:
400:
368:A radioactive
361:
358:
356:
353:
325:
322:
290:plasmodesmatal
273:
270:
241:
238:
219:
216:
186:). Compare to
123:
120:
111:
108:
100:microorganisms
62:beta particles
50:autoradiograph
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2873:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2836:
2835:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2728:electrostatic
2726:
2725:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2507:Generation IV
2504:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2457:Breeder (FBR)
2455:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2434:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2374:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2195:
2190:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2081:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1759:Nuclear power
1757:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1739:Transmutation
1737:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1536:high-altitude
1534:
1533:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1526:Proliferation
1524:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1412:Brachytherapy
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1208:Cross section
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1002:
998:
994:
988:
984:
979:
978:
974:
972:
970:
959:
953:
949:
945:
944:
936:
933:
928:
924:
918:
915:
910:
906:
901:
896:
892:
888:
883:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
851:
848:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
816:
813:
808:
804:
799:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
759:
756:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
724:
717:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
694:(4): 963–81.
693:
689:
682:
679:
674:
670:
665:
660:
657:(7): 475–81.
656:
652:
648:
641:
638:
633:
629:
625:
623:1-59259-927-3
619:
615:
611:
607:
606:
598:
595:
590:
586:
581:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
549:
546:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
518:(2): 255–70.
517:
513:
506:
503:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
475:(2): 229–43.
474:
470:
463:
460:
454:
451:
448:
442:
439:
434:
430:
427:(5): 868–75.
426:
422:
418:
411:
408:
401:
399:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
371:
366:
359:
354:
352:
350:
346:
341:
337:
335:
331:
323:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
271:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
250:
246:
239:
237:
235:
234:
229:
225:
217:
215:
213:
208:
204:
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
152:
148:
144:
141:
140:
135:
134:
129:
121:
119:
117:
109:
107:
105:
101:
98:
94:
90:
85:
81:
80:
75:
74:scintillation
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
2856:Radiobiology
2832:
2820:
2801:
2781:Pyroelectric
2735:Laser-driven
2515:Sodium (SFR)
2442:fast-neutron
2281:
1827:
1717:Reprocessing
1598:WMD treaties
1417:Radiosurgery
1387:Fast-neutron
1359:Scintigraphy
1348:
982:
966:
942:
935:
927:the original
917:
864:
860:
850:
825:
821:
815:
772:
768:
758:
733:
729:
716:
691:
687:
681:
654:
650:
640:
604:
597:
562:
558:
548:
515:
511:
505:
472:
468:
462:
453:
441:
424:
420:
410:
383:Bikini Atoll
378:
376:
338:
327:
310:radiolabeled
275:
243:
232:
223:
221:
211:
196:
191:
187:
155:
150:
146:
142:
137:
131:
125:
113:
110:Applications
95:plant or by
77:
49:
47:
29:
2861:Radiography
2692:Stellarator
2656:confinement
2550:Superphénix
2377:Molten-salt
2329:VHTR (HTGR)
2106:HW BLWR 250
2072:R4 Marviken
2001:Pressurized
1971:Heavy water
1955:many others
1884:Pressurized
1839:Light water
1541:underground
1499:Disarmament
1407:Tomotherapy
1402:Proton-beam
1266:Power plant
1228:Temperature
1061:Engineering
395:surgeonfish
370:surgeonfish
320:movement).
286:minor veins
184:radioiodine
126:The use of
70:radioactive
2850:Categories
2717:(acoustic)
2334:PBR (PBMR)
1722:Spent fuel
1712:Repository
1692:Fuel cycle
1659:Activation
1436:Processing
1303:Propulsion
1261:by country
1193:Activation
688:J Mol Biol
565:(1): 2–9.
421:J Nucl Med
402:References
340:Krypton-85
318:symplastic
294:apoplastic
66:gamma rays
2687:Spheromak
2386:Fluorides
2050:IPHWR-700
2045:IPHWR-540
2040:IPHWR-220
1829:Moderator
1509:Explosion
1484:Arms race
1271:Economics
1223:Reflector
1218:Radiation
1213:Generator
1168:Plutonium
1121:Deuterium
1086:Radiation
1056:Chemistry
891:0027-8424
842:1040-2519
789:0032-0889
512:Brain Res
469:Brain Res
373:captured.
314:diffusion
203:thymidine
97:epiphytic
2822:Category
2776:Polywell
2707:Inertial
2664:Magnetic
2419:TMSR-LF1
2414:TMSR-500
2394:Fuji MSR
2354:THTR-300
2194:Graphite
2057:PHWR KWU
2023:ACR-1000
1951:IPWR-900
1934:ACPR1000
1929:HPR-1000
1919:CPR-1000
1894:APR-1400
1685:Disposal
1637:Actinide
1630:Products
1489:Delivery
1332:Medicine
1161:depleted
1156:enriched
1126:Helium-3
1091:ionizing
807:11161046
750:26247811
540:21647100
497:36648292
433:10319763
306:mannitol
302:fructose
258:SDS-PAGE
228:phage T4
224:in vitro
212:in vitro
188:in vitro
172:fluorine
156:in vitro
151:in vitro
147:in vitro
139:in vitro
93:hornwort
89:atrazine
56:film or
2834:Commons
2745:Z-pinch
2715:Bubble
2697:Tokamak
2560:FBR-600
2540:CFR-600
2535:BN-1200
2201:coolant
2128:Organic
2013:CANDU 9
2010:CANDU 6
1978:coolant
1939:ACP1000
1914:CAP1400
1852:Boiling
1817:Fission
1664:Fission
1608:Weapons
1548:Warfare
1531:Testing
1521:History
1514:effects
1469:Weapons
1379:Therapy
1354:RadBall
1341:Imaging
1233:Thermal
1198:Capture
1185:Neutron
1173:Thorium
1151:Uranium
1116:Tritium
1096:braking
1076:Fission
1066:Physics
1049:Science
909:9751789
869:Bibcode
673:1095649
632:3691391
589:9021518
580:6760707
385:during
298:sucrose
233:E. coli
207:uridine
192:ex vivo
168:tritium
133:in vivo
116:biology
104:biofilm
102:in the
2645:Fusion
2605:Others
2545:Phénix
2530:BN-800
2525:BN-600
2520:BN-350
2349:HTR-PM
2344:HTR-10
2324:UHTREX
2289:Magnox
2284:(UNGG)
2177:Lucens
2172:KS 150
1909:ATMEA1
1889:AP1000
1872:Kerena
1752:Debate
1504:Ethics
1494:Design
1477:Topics
1308:rocket
1286:Fusion
1281:Policy
1243:Fusion
1203:Poison
1081:Fusion
989:
954:
907:
897:
889:
840:
805:
795:
787:
748:
708:789903
706:
671:
630:
620:
587:
577:
538:
532:228806
530:
495:
489:938940
487:
431:
308:, are
254:kinase
176:carbon
174:), C (
170:), F (
2766:Migma
2754:Other
2723:Fusor
2622:Piqua
2617:Arbus
2575:PRISM
2317:MHR-T
2312:GTMHR
2242:EGP-6
2237:AMB-X
2212:Water
2157:HWGCR
2096:HWLWR
2035:IPHWR
2006:CANDU
1867:ESBWR
1622:Waste
1586:Tests
1569:Lists
1553:Yield
1296:MMRTG
1253:Power
900:21764
798:64890
726:(PDF)
628:S2CID
536:S2CID
493:S2CID
379:Baker
334:SPECT
304:, or
266:HIPK2
205:and -
178:) or
164:SPECT
79:auto-
54:X-ray
38:GAD67
2582:Lead
2565:CEFR
2555:PFBR
2437:None
2247:RBMK
2232:AM-1
2162:EL-4
2136:WR-1
2118:AHWR
2062:MZFR
2030:CVTR
2019:AFCR
1946:VVER
1904:APWR
1899:APR+
1862:ABWR
1732:cask
1727:pool
1669:LLFP
1558:TNTe
1238:Fast
1108:Fuel
987:ISBN
952:ISBN
905:PMID
887:ISSN
838:ISSN
803:PMID
785:ISSN
746:PMID
704:PMID
669:PMID
618:ISBN
585:PMID
528:PMID
485:PMID
429:PMID
347:and
332:and
162:and
2654:by
2570:PFR
2361:PMR
2339:AVR
2261:Gas
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