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reading and writing activity in which students document the relevant research process (). It builds students' critical literacy. The documentation materials for literature go beyond narrative texts and likely include informational texts, primary sources, and multimedia. The process typically involves both internet and hands-on library research. When authenticating historical fiction in particular, readers consider the extent that the major historical events, as well as the culture portrayed (e.g., the language, clothing, food, gender roles), are believable for the period.
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provenance, perhaps by having witnessed the item in its creator's possession. With autographed sports memorabilia, this could involve someone attesting that they witnessed the object being signed. A vendor selling branded items implies authenticity, while they may not have evidence that every step in the supply chain was authenticated. Centralized authority-based trust relationships back most secure internet communication through known public certificate authorities; decentralized peer-based trust, also known as a
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authenticated need not be electronic in nature as an authentication chip can be mechanically attached and read through a connector to the host e.g. an authenticated ink tank for use with a printer. For products and services that these secure coprocessors can be applied to, they can offer a solution that can be much more difficult to counterfeit than most other options while at the same time being more easily verified.
593:) can help prove or disprove the authenticity of the document. However, text, audio, and video can be copied into new media, possibly leaving only the informational content itself to use in authentication. Various systems have been invented to allow authors to provide a means for readers to reliably authenticate that a given message originated from or was relayed by them. These involve authentication factors like:
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687:) knows (or doesn't know) about a compromise is irrelevant. However, it is not known whether these cryptographically based authentication methods are provably secure, since unanticipated mathematical developments may make them vulnerable to attack in the future. If that were to occur, it may call into question much of the authentication in the past. In particular, a
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727:. A computer system that is supposed to be used only by those authorized must attempt to detect and exclude the unauthorized. Access to it is therefore usually controlled by insisting on an authentication procedure to establish with some degree of confidence the identity of the user, granting privileges established for that identity.
639:, where information from a different author is passed off as a person's own work. A common technique for proving plagiarism is the discovery of another copy of the same or very similar text, which has different attribution. In some cases, excessively high quality or a style mismatch may raise suspicion of plagiarism.
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is distinct from that of authentication. Whereas authentication is the process of verifying that "you are who you say you are", authorization is the process of verifying that "you are permitted to do what you are trying to do". While authorization often happens immediately after authentication (e.g.,
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analysis of the materials used, or compare the style of construction or decoration to other artifacts of similar origin. The physics of sound and light, and comparison with a known physical environment, can be used to examine the authenticity of audio recordings, photographs, or videos. Documents can
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The second type of authentication is comparing the attributes of the object itself to what is known about objects of that origin. For example, an art expert might look for similarities in the style of painting, check the location and form of a signature, or compare the object to an old photograph. An
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on the item, which is a legally protected marking, or any other identifying feature which aids consumers in the identification of genuine brand-name goods. With software, companies have taken great steps to protect from counterfeiters, including adding holograms, security rings, security threads and
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Attribute comparison may be vulnerable to forgery. In general, it relies on the facts that creating a forgery indistinguishable from a genuine artifact requires expert knowledge, that mistakes are easily made, and that the amount of effort required to do so is considerably greater than the amount of
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Packaging and labeling can be engineered to help reduce the risks of counterfeit consumer goods or the theft and resale of products. Some package constructions are more difficult to copy and some have pilfer indicating seals. Counterfeit goods, unauthorized sales (diversion), material substitution
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can be used for authentication in consumer electronics, network authentication, license management, supply chain management, etc. Generally, the device to be authenticated needs some sort of wireless or wired digital connection to either a host system or a network. Nonetheless, the component being
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Conventional computer systems authenticate users only at the initial log-in session, which can be the cause of a critical security flaw. To resolve this problem, systems need continuous user authentication methods that continuously monitor and authenticate users based on some biometric trait(s). A
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As the weakest level of authentication, only a single component from one of the three categories of factors is used to authenticate an individual's identity. The use of only one factor does not offer much protection from misuse or malicious intrusion. This type of authentication is not recommended
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In computer science, a user can be given access to secure systems based on user credentials that imply authenticity. A network administrator can give a user a password, or provide the user with a key card or other access devices to allow system access. In this case, authenticity is implied but not
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The
European Central Bank (ECB) has defined strong authentication as "a procedure based on two or more of the three authentication factors". The factors that are used must be mutually independent and at least one factor must be "non-reusable and non-replicable", except in the case of an inherence
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In literacy, authentication is a readers’ process of questioning the veracity of an aspect of literature and then verifying those questions via research. The fundamental question for authentication of literature is – Does one believe it? Related to that, an authentication project is therefore a
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The ways in which someone may be authenticated fall into three categories, based on what is known as the factors of authentication: something the user knows, something the user has, and something the user is. Each authentication factor covers a range of elements used to authenticate or verify a
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or e-authentication, refers to a group of processes where the confidence for user identities is established and presented via electronic methods to an information system. The digital authentication process creates technical challenges because of the need to authenticate individuals or entities
383:. These attributes are known as behavioral biometrics and could be used to verify or identify users implicitly and continuously on smartphones. The authentication systems that have been built based on these behavioral biometric traits are known as active or continuous authentication systems.
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For example, using a bank card (something the user has) along with a PIN (something the user knows) provides two-factor authentication. Business networks may require users to provide a password (knowledge factor) and a pseudorandom number from a security token (ownership factor). Access to a
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of evidence presented. This can be accomplished through a written evidence log, or by testimony from the police detectives and forensics staff that handled it. Some antiques are accompanied by certificates attesting to their authenticity. Signed sports memorabilia is usually accompanied by a
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such as pharmaceuticals, perfume, and clothing can use all forms of authentication to prevent counterfeit goods from taking advantage of a popular brand's reputation. As mentioned above, having an item for sale in a reputable store implicitly attests to it being genuine, the first type of
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The first type of authentication is accepting proof of identity given by a credible person who has first-hand evidence that the identity is genuine. When authentication is required of art or physical objects, this proof could be a friend, family member, or colleague attesting to the item's
680:'s top computer security official noting that "few" fingerprint readers have not already been tricked by one spoof or another. Hybrid or two-tiered authentication methods offer a compelling solution, such as private keys encrypted by fingerprint inside of a USB device.
475:. A QR Code alone is easy to verify but offers a weak level of authentication as it offers no protection against counterfeits unless scan data is analyzed at the system level to detect anomalies. To increase the security level, the QR Code can be combined with a
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factor and must also be incapable of being stolen off the
Internet. In the European, as well as in the US-American understanding, strong authentication is very similar to multi-factor authentication or 2FA, but exceeding those with more rigorous requirements.
467:
Observatory on
Infringements of Intellectual Property Rights categorizes the main anti-counterfeiting technologies on the market currently into five main categories: electronic, marking, chemical and physical, mechanical, and technologies for digital media.
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Historically, fingerprints have been used as the most authoritative method of authentication, but court cases in the US and elsewhere have raised fundamental doubts about fingerprint reliability. Outside of the legal system as well, fingerprints are easily
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Multi-factor authentication involves two or more authentication factors (something you know, something you have, or something you are). Two-factor authentication is a special case of multi-factor authentication involving exactly two factors.
424:, whereby a third party taps into the communication stream, and poses as each of the two other communicating parties, in order to intercept information from each. Extra identity factors can be required to authenticate each party's identity.
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e.g., a token and credentials, such as a user name. He or she is then permitted to perform online transactions within an authenticated session with a relying party, where they must provide proof that he or she possesses one or more
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authentication. The second type of authentication might involve comparing the quality and craftsmanship of an item, such as an expensive handbag, to genuine articles. The third type of authentication could be the presence of a
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In art and antiques, certificates are of great importance for authenticating an object of interest and value. Certificates can, however, also be forged, and the authentication of these poses a problem. For instance, the son of
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Security research has determined that for a positive authentication, elements from at least two, and preferably all three, factors should be verified. The three factors (classes) and some of the elements of each factor are:
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De
Marsico, Maria; Fartade, Eduard Gabriel; Mecca, Alessio (2018). "Feature-based Analysis of Gait Signals for Biometric Recognition - Automatic Extraction and Selection of Features from Accelerometer Signals".
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Life-cycle maintenance – the CSP is charged with the task of maintaining the user's credential over the course of its lifetime, while the subscriber is responsible for maintaining his or her authenticator(s).
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Enrollment – an individual applies to a credential service provider (CSP) to initiate the enrollment process. After successfully proving the applicant's identity, the CSP allows the applicant to become a
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screening of height, weight, facial, and fingerprint checks (several inherence factor elements) plus a PIN and a day code (knowledge factor elements), but this is still a two-factor authentication.
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person's identity before being granted access, approving a transaction request, signing a document or other work product, granting authority to others, and establishing a chain of authority.
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In a computer data context, cryptographic methods have been developed which are not spoofable if the originator's key has not been compromised. That the originator (or anyone other than an
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incorporate hard-to-duplicate physical features, such as fine printing or engraving, distinctive feel, watermarks, and holographic imagery, which are easy for trained receivers to verify.
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1522:. Compared to other solutions, "It's basically like leaving the password to your computer everywhere you go, without you being able to control it anymore", one of the hackers comments.
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tags that can be activated or detected by devices at exit points and require specialized tools to deactivate. Anti-counterfeiting technologies that can be used with packaging include:
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Patel, Vishal M.; Chellappa, Rama; Chandra, Deepak; Barbello, Brandon (July 2016). "Continuous User
Authentication on Mobile Devices: Recent progress and remaining challenges".
1333:. Baldini, Gianmarco., Nai Fovino, Igor., Satta, Riccardo., Tsois, Aris., Checchi, Enrico., European Commission. Joint Research Centre. Luxembourg: Publications Office. 2015.
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to help indicate that the package and contents are not counterfeit; these too are subject to counterfeiting. Packages also can include anti-theft devices, such as dye-packs,
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when logging into a computer system), this does not mean authorization presupposes authentication: an anonymous agent could be authorized to a limited action set.
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Recent research has shown the possibility of using smartphones sensors and accessories to extract some behavioral attributes such as touch dynamics,
79:, the act of indicating a person or thing's identity, authentication is the process of verifying that identity. It might involve validating personal
2266:
2211:
1376:
Eliasson, C; Matousek (2007). "Noninvasive
Authentication of Pharmaceutical Products through Packaging Using Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy".
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as a layered authentication approach relying on two or more authenticators to establish the identity of an originator or receiver of information.
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1041:
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400:(NIST) has created a generic model for digital authentication that describes the processes that are used to accomplish secure authentication:
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125:, a common problem is verifying that a given artifact was produced by a certain person or in a certain place or period of history. In
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Mahfouz, Ahmed; Mahmoud, Tarek M.; Eldin, Ahmed Sharaf (2017). "A survey on behavioral biometric authentication on smartphones".
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and tampering can all be reduced with these anti-counterfeiting technologies. Packages may include authentication seals and use
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sequence (there are assorted definitions of what is sufficient), signature, face, voice, unique bio-electric signals, or other
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is often used to cryptographically guarantee that a message has been signed by the holder of a particular private key.
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The authentication of information can pose special problems with electronic communication, such as vulnerability to
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Encrypted micro-particles – unpredictably placed markings (numbers, layers and colors) not visible to the human eye
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Currency and other financial instruments commonly use this second type of authentication method. Bills, coins, and
169:, the well-known art-forger, forged the work of his father and provided a certificate for its provenance as well.
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1998:
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589:, typewritten text, or recording is available, then the medium itself (or its packaging – anything from a box to
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The third type of authentication relies on documentation or other external affirmations. In criminal courts, the
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Survey of techniques for the fight against counterfeit goods and
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) infringement
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1983:
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A military police officer checks a driver's identification card before allowing her to enter a military base.
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528:– graphics printed on seals, patches, foils or labels and used at the point of sale for visual verification
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be verified as being created on ink or paper readily available at the time of the item's implied creation.
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180:, and counterfeiting can reduce the incentive for falsification, depending on the risk of getting caught.
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study used behavioural biometrics based on writing styles as a continuous authentication method.
152:, on the other hand, might use carbon dating to verify the age of an artifact, do a chemical and
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129:, verifying a user's identity is often required to allow access to confidential data or systems.
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may be questioned when a new attack on the cryptography underlying the signature is discovered.
1146:
Proceedings of the 7th
International Conference on Pattern Recognition Applications and Methods
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1906:
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1595:"New NIST Publications Describe Standards for Identity Credentials and Authentication Systems"
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for financial or personally relevant transactions that warrant a higher level of security.
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certificate of authenticity. These external records have their own problems of forgery and
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2008:
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Li, Ling (March 2013). "Technology designed to combat fakes in the global supply chain".
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864:"An Efficient Remote User Password Authentication Scheme based on Rabin's Cryptosystem"
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fingerprinting – uniquely coded microscopic materials that are verified from a database
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Color-shifting ink or film – visible marks that switch colors or texture when tilted
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has been striving to establish technical specifications for strong authentication.
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and educate consumers help ensure that authentic products are sold and used. Even
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NSA KAL-55B Tactical
Authentication System used by the U.S. military during the
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1943:
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765:"What is Authentication? Definition of Authentication, Authentication Meaning"
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1307:"EUIPO Observatory publishes Anti-counterfeiting Technology Guide | Lexology"
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that are robust to copy attempts and can be authenticated with a smartphone.
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on packages, labels, and nameplates, however, is subject to counterfeiting.
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41:
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1225:"Draft NIST Special Publication 800-63-3: Digital Authentication Guideline"
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1963:
1921:
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1578:"Electronic Authentication Guideline – NIST Special Publication 800-63-2"
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seals and tapes – destructible or graphically verifiable at point of sale
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Counterfeit products are often offered to consumers as being authentic.
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1973:
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and are also vulnerable to being separated from the artifact and lost.
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1148:. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications. pp. 630–637.
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1288:
European
Observatory on Infringements of Intellectual Property Rights
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786:
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184:
829:"Authentication Projects for Historical Fiction: Do you believe it?"
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systems – use codes to link products to the database tracking system
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Micro-printing – second-line authentication often used on currencies
1193:
828:
585:
can involve imitating the style of a famous author. If an original
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Authentication – After becoming a subscriber, the user receives an
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701:
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464:
431:
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40:
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1603:
1479:. United States: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
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114:
452:, have been sold as being legitimate. Efforts to control the
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Inherence: Something the user is or does (e.g., fingerprint,
1725:
552:
DNA tracking – genes embedded onto labels that can be traced
1038:"FIDO Alliance Passes 150 Post-Password Certified Products"
939:
Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council (2008).
549:
Water indicators – become visible when contacted with water
1063:
Authorship verification using deep belief network systems
723:
One familiar use of authentication and authorization is
1470:
Moenssens, Andre A.; Meagher, Stephen B. (2014). "13".
1227:. National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA.
1006:"Recommendations for the Security of Internet Payments"
236:
Knowledge: Something the user knows (e.g., a password,
132:
Authentication can be considered to be of three types:
620:, such as a passphrase, in the content of the message.
597:
A difficult-to-reproduce physical artifact, such as a
1520:
Get your German Interior Minister's fingerprint, here
259:
Ownership: Something the user has (e.g., wrist band,
1541:"Best Practices for Creating a Secure Guest Account"
978:. National Counterintelligence and Security Center.
2288:
2227:
2037:
1737:
1637:
941:"Authentication in an Internet Banking Environment"
471:Products or their packaging can include a variable
463:In their anti-counterfeiting technology guide, the
113:Authentication is relevant to multiple fields. In
1181:Journal of Information Security and Applications
1061:Brocardo ML, Traore I, Woungang I, Obaidat MS. "
95:, or ensuring that a product or document is not
540:UV printing – marks only visible under UV light
391:The term digital authentication, also known as
1570:National Institute of Standards and Technology
1087:
1085:
973:"National Information Assurance (IA) Glossary"
440:label on an electronics box for authentication
398:National Institute of Standards and Technology
252:(the user must answer a question or pattern),
2255:Java Authentication and Authorization Service
2205:
1615:
827:McTigue, E.; Thornton, E.; Wiese, P. (2013).
8:
2406:Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol
1284:"EUIPO Anti-Counterfeiting Technology Guide"
564:2d barcodes – data codes that can be tracked
161:profit that can be gained from the forgery.
75:of a computer system user. In contrast with
2316:Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol
1305:Linsner, Bristows LLP-Marc (2 March 2021).
448:, such as electronics, music, apparel, and
2212:
2198:
2190:
1622:
1608:
1600:
1460:. New York: Pearson/Merrill/Prentice Hall.
327:very-high-security system might require a
2166:Security information and event management
1192:
1153:
635:The opposite problem is the detection of
2267:Simple Authentication and Security Layer
971:Committee on National Security Systems.
91:, determining the age of an artifact by
1458:The effective teaching of language arts
862:Ranjan, Pratik; Om, Hari (2016-05-06).
753:
346:National Information Assurance Glossary
1354:
1231:from the original on 13 September 2016
643:Literacy and literature authentication
396:remotely over a network. The American
2143:Host-based intrusion detection system
1040:. InfoSecurity Magazine. 2016-04-05.
985:from the original on 21 November 2016
920:from the original on 20 December 2016
67:, "author") is the act of proving an
7:
2458:
2394:Password-authenticated key agreement
1018:from the original on 6 November 2016
822:
820:
799:"Digital Authentication: The Basics"
759:
757:
2273:Security Support Provider Interface
2174:Runtime application self-protection
805:from the original on 14 August 2016
2412:Remote Access Dial In User Service
2345:Extensible Authentication Protocol
1438:How Anti-shoplifting Devices Work"
83:, verifying the authenticity of a
25:
2106:Security-focused operating system
1518:, UK; Dan Goodin; 30 March 2008;
1252:"Fake Holograms a 3-D Crime Wave"
172:Criminal and civil penalties for
63:, "real, genuine", from αὐθέντης
2457:
2448:
2447:
2418:Resource Access Control Facility
2400:Password Authentication Protocol
2305:Authentication and Key Agreement
2261:Pluggable Authentication Modules
1902:Insecure direct object reference
1590:from the original on 2013-10-03.
1496:from the original on 22 May 2022
1294:from the original on 2021-03-17.
868:Wireless Personal Communications
851:from the original on 2015-07-07.
2424:Secure Remote Password protocol
2156:Information security management
1547:from the original on 2017-11-07
1094:IEEE Signal Processing Magazine
1044:from the original on 2016-06-17
953:from the original on 2010-05-05
510:electronic article surveillance
344:The United States government's
194:often require establishing the
45:ATM user authenticating himself
2329:Central Authentication Service
246:personal identification number
1:
2249:Generic Security Services API
271:, cell phone with a built-in
2494:Applications of cryptography
2279:XCert Universal Database API
1425:10.1016/j.bushor.2012.11.010
1250:Graham, Marty (2007-02-07).
1072:". Int J Commun Syst. 2017.
652:History and state-of-the-art
303:Single-factor authentication
2161:Information risk management
2082:Multi-factor authentication
1638:Related security categories
1574:U.S. Department of Commerce
666:National Cryptologic Museum
318:Multi-factor authentication
312:Multi-factor authentication
27:Act of proving an assertion
2527:
2138:Intrusion detection system
2096:Computer security software
1752:Advanced persistent threat
1473:The Fingerprint Sourcebook
1203:10.1016/j.jisa.2017.10.002
446:Counterfeit consumer goods
315:
279:, or cell phone holding a
106:
29:
2443:
2311:CAVE-based authentication
1723:
1717:Digital rights management
1011:. European Central Bank.
880:10.1007/s11277-016-3342-5
629:public-key infrastructure
488:secure key storage device
422:man-in-the-middle attacks
393:electronic authentication
367:Continuous authentication
57:
1862:Denial-of-service attack
1757:Arbitrary code execution
1155:10.5220/0006719106300637
1114:10.1109/msp.2016.2555335
910:"How to Tell – Software"
30:Not to be confused with
2499:Computer access control
2072:Computer access control
2024:Rogue security software
1687:Electromagnetic warfare
1004:European Central Bank.
737:Authentication protocol
450:counterfeit medications
2351:Host Identity Protocol
2118:Obfuscation (software)
1847:Browser Helper Objects
1731:
1527:10 August 2017 at the
1456:Norton, D. E. (2004).
1361:: CS1 maint: others (
707:
668:
481:copy detection pattern
441:
428:Product authentication
387:Digital authentication
223:Authentication factors
46:
2113:Data-centric security
1994:Remote access trojans
1729:
705:
659:
435:
350:strong authentication
340:Strong authentication
44:
2045:Application security
1939:Privilege escalation
1807:Cross-site scripting
1660:Cybersex trafficking
1631:Information security
1378:Analytical Chemistry
742:Electronic signature
625:electronic signature
335:Authentication types
219:color shifting ink.
1692:Information warfare
1650:Automotive security
1447:, HowStuffWorks.com
1106:2016ISPM...33...49P
833:The Reading Teacher
578:Information content
89:digital certificate
2237:BSD Authentication
2101:Antivirus software
1969:Social engineering
1934:Polymorphic engine
1887:Fraudulent dialers
1792:Hardware backdoors
1732:
1543:. 31 August 2016.
1443:2006-04-27 at the
1068:2017-03-22 at the
769:The Economic Times
708:
669:
442:
377:keystroke dynamics
250:challenge–response
81:identity documents
47:
2471:
2470:
2187:
2186:
2149:Anomaly detection
2054:Secure by default
1907:Keystroke loggers
1842:Drive-by download
1730:vectorial version
1697:Internet security
1645:Computer security
1413:Business Horizons
1390:10.1021/ac062223z
1340:978-92-79-54543-6
1165:978-989-758-276-9
845:10.1002/trtr.1132
613:, or fingerprint.
502:security printing
477:digital watermark
458:security printing
438:security hologram
254:security question
192:rules of evidence
142:cryptographic key
16:(Redirected from
2516:
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2207:
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2058:Secure by design
1989:Hardware Trojans
1822:History sniffing
1812:Cross-site leaks
1707:Network security
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801:. Cryptomathic.
797:Turner, Dawn M.
794:
779:
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761:
689:digitally signed
583:Literary forgery
381:gait recognition
269:implanted device
238:partial password
196:chain of custody
167:Han van Meegeren
127:computer science
59:
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1712:Copy protection
1702:Mobile security
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1576:(August 2013).
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710:The process of
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544:Track and trace
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413:authenticators.
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288:retinal pattern
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1563:External links
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1419:(2): 167–177.
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316:Main article:
313:
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281:software token
277:software token
273:hardware token
265:security token
257:
224:
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211:Consumer goods
144:for instance.
107:Main article:
104:
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77:identification
71:, such as the
50:Authentication
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410:authenticator
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361:FIDO Alliance
357:
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298:identifiers).
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150:archaeologist
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93:carbon dating
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51:
43:
37:
36:Authorization
33:
19:
18:Authenticated
2220:
2123:Data masking
2076:
1682:Cyberwarfare
1549:. Retrieved
1535:
1519:
1516:The Register
1515:
1510:
1498:. Retrieved
1472:
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1457:
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1406:
1381:
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1371:
1330:
1325:
1314:. Retrieved
1310:
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1267:. Retrieved
1255:
1245:
1233:. Retrieved
1219:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1145:
1138:
1100:(4): 49–61.
1097:
1093:
1057:
1046:. Retrieved
1032:
1020:. Retrieved
999:
987:. Retrieved
966:
955:. Retrieved
934:
922:. Retrieved
913:
904:
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867:
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836:
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807:. Retrieved
772:. Retrieved
768:
722:
709:
682:
670:
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634:
581:
498:
485:
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454:supply chain
443:
419:
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230:
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209:
207:guaranteed.
205:
189:
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159:
146:
138:web of trust
134:
131:
123:anthropology
112:
64:
60:
49:
48:
32:Authenticity
2367:LAN Manager
2063:Misuse case
1897:Infostealer
1872:Email fraud
1837:Data breach
1672:Cybergeddon
924:11 December
662:Vietnam War
534:Serialized
405:subscriber.
97:counterfeit
61:authentikos
2478:Categories
2239:(BSD Auth)
2128:Encryption
2004:Web shells
1944:Ransomware
1892:Hacktivism
1655:Cybercrime
1551:2017-11-06
1500:3 November
1316:2021-03-18
1269:2020-04-24
1194:1801.09308
1048:2016-06-13
957:2009-12-31
774:2020-11-15
748:References
637:plagiarism
611:stationery
609:, special
587:manuscript
567:RFID chips
242:passphrase
109:Provenance
58:αὐθεντικός
2509:Packaging
2396:protocols
2357:IndieAuth
2292:protocols
1959:Shellcode
1954:Scareware
1802:Crimeware
1762:Backdoors
1357:cite book
1349:948769705
1264:1059-1028
1187:: 28–37.
1122:1053-5888
888:0929-6212
674:spoofable
607:watermark
603:signature
526:Holograms
508:tags, or
495:Packaging
296:biometric
216:trademark
69:assertion
65:authentes
2453:Category
2414:(RADIUS)
2362:Kerberos
2340:Diameter
2335:CRAM-MD5
2251:(GSSAPI)
2133:Firewall
2038:Defenses
1964:Spamming
1949:Rootkits
1922:Phishing
1882:Exploits
1585:Archived
1545:Archived
1525:Archived
1491:Archived
1441:Archived
1398:17297975
1292:Archived
1235:9 August
1229:Archived
1211:21265344
1130:14179050
1066:Archived
1042:Archived
1022:9 August
1013:Archived
989:9 August
980:Archived
948:Archived
918:Archived
896:21912076
849:Archived
809:9 August
803:Archived
731:See also
692:contract
685:attacker
536:barcodes
348:defines
119:antiques
73:identity
2463:Commons
2435:Woo–Lam
2322:MS-CHAP
2318:(CHAP)
2245:(eAuth)
1974:Spyware
1917:Payload
1912:Malware
1852:Viruses
1832:Botnets
1739:Threats
1102:Bibcode
676:, with
517:Taggant
473:QR Code
329:mantrap
261:ID card
248:(PIN),
201:perjury
185:cheques
178:forgery
103:Methods
87:with a
85:website
2504:Notary
2430:TACACS
2420:(RACF)
2408:(PEAP)
2390:(OIDC)
2383:OpenID
2374:(NTLM)
2281:(XUDA)
2275:(SSPI)
2269:(SASL)
2257:(JAAS)
2168:(SIEM)
2145:(HIDS)
2029:Zombie
1766:Bombs
1747:Adware
1483:
1396:
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1337:
1262:
1209:
1162:
1128:
1120:
894:
886:
121:, and
52:(from
2426:(SRP)
2402:(PAP)
2378:OAuth
2353:(HIP)
2347:(EAP)
2331:(CAS)
2307:(AKA)
2263:(PAM)
2014:Worms
2009:Wiper
1927:Voice
1775:Logic
1588:(PDF)
1581:(PDF)
1494:(PDF)
1477:(PDF)
1256:Wired
1207:S2CID
1189:arXiv
1126:S2CID
1016:(PDF)
1009:(PDF)
983:(PDF)
976:(PDF)
951:(PDF)
944:(PDF)
892:S2CID
573:chips
465:EUIPO
174:fraud
54:Greek
2300:ACF2
2230:APIs
1780:Time
1770:Fork
1502:2022
1481:ISBN
1394:PMID
1363:link
1345:OCLC
1335:ISBN
1260:ISSN
1237:2016
1160:ISBN
1118:ISSN
1024:2016
991:2016
926:2016
884:ISSN
811:2016
599:seal
506:RFID
379:and
359:The
1785:Zip
1421:doi
1386:doi
1199:doi
1150:doi
1110:doi
1074:doi
876:doi
841:doi
623:An
571:NFC
479:or
292:DNA
115:art
34:or
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1572:,
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756:^
664:–
627:;
616:A
605:,
601:,
486:A
436:A
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275:,
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244:,
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