1360:
900:
632:
4194:
1248:
32:
353:
142:
131:
266:. In the 20th century, such an approach was gradually superseded by the academic method, and the term "Man of Letters" became disused, replaced by the generic term "intellectual", describing the intellectual person. The archaic term is the basis of the names of several academic institutions which call themselves
593:
Generally speaking, the record of these scholar-gentlemen has been a worthy one. It was good enough to be praised and imitated in 18th century Europe. Nevertheless, it has given China a tremendous handicap in their transition from government by men to government by law, and personal considerations in
874:
said that academics had become ill-equipped for participating in public discourse, and that journalists usually are "more politically alert and knowledgeable than sociologists, economists, and especially ... political scientists". That, because the universities of the U.S. are bureaucratic, private
295:
appeared with higher frequency in the literature. Collini writes about this time that "mong this cluster of linguistic experiments there occurred ... the occasional usage of 'intellectuals' as a plural noun to refer, usually with a figurative or ironic intent, to a collection of people who might be
1095:(1885â1971) identified the intelligentsia as the privileged social class who provide revolutionary leadership. By means of intelligible and accessible interpretation, the intellectuals explain to the workers and peasants the "Who?", the "How?" and the "Why?" of the social, economic and political
780:
movement in France, intellectuals within the country were often maligned for having specific areas of expertise while discussing general subjects like democracy. Intellectuals increasingly claimed to be within marginalized groups rather than their spokespeople, and centered their activism on the
926:
said that the participation of academic public intellectuals in the public life of society is characterized by logically untidy and politically biased statements of the kind that would be unacceptable to academia. He concluded that there are few ideologically and politically independent public
1326:
promises" and that such broad-vision philosophies "succeeded in inspiring the imagination of the intellectuals" to change and improve their societies. According to Hayek, intellectuals disproportionately support socialism for idealistic and utopian reasons that cannot be realized in practice.
416:
in 1898. Nevertheless, by 1930 the term "intellectual" passed from its earlier pejorative associations and restricted usages to a widely accepted term and it was because of the
Dreyfus Affair that the term also acquired generally accepted use in English.
282:
reports that 'I wish I may be well enough to listen to these intellectuals'. Over the course of the 19th century, other variants of the already established adjective 'intellectual' as a noun appeared in
English and in French, where in the 1890s the noun
685:
said that the "true intellectual is, therefore, always an outsider, living in self-imposed exile, and on the margins of society". Public intellectuals usually arise from the educated Ă©lite of a society; although the North
American usage of the term
1309:
wrote that "journalists, teachers, ministers, lecturers, publicists, radio commentators, writers of fiction, cartoonists, and artists" form an intellectual social class whose function is to communicate the complex and specialized knowledge of the
1053:) is to be the source of progressive ideas for the transformation of society: providing advice and counsel to the political leaders, interpreting the country's politics to the mass of the population (urban workers and peasants). In the pamphlet
1267:
said: "We do wrong to our own minds, when we carry out scientific difficulties down to the arena of popular dissension". In his view, it was necessary for the sake of social, economic and political stability "to separate the serious,
1143:
said that intellectuals are the moral conscience of their age; that their moral and ethical responsibilities are to observe the socio-political moment, and to freely speak to their society, in accordance with their consciences.
768:
with the vital reality of the contemporary world, i.e. participation in the public affairs of society. Consequently, being designated as a public intellectual is determined by the degree of influence of the designator's
1116:-based", the intellectuals, who create and preserve knowledge, are "spokesmen for different social groups, and articulate particular social interests". That intellectuals occur in each social class and throughout the
731:
said that politics and intellectuals can be linked, but that moral responsibility for the intellectual's ideas, even when advocated by a politician, remains with the intellectual. Therefore, it is best to avoid
180:, either as a creator or as a mediator, the intellectual participates in politics, either to defend a concrete proposition or to denounce an injustice, usually by either rejecting, producing or extending an
829:, said that professional sociology has failed by giving insufficient attention to resolving social problems, and that a dialogue between the academic and the layman would bridge the gap. An example is how
1075:
and the urban industrial workers in order to integrate them to the revolution because "the history of all countries shows that the working class, exclusively by its own efforts, is able to develop only
849:, the Pinochet régime allowed professional opportunities for some liberal and left-wing social scientists to work as politicians and as consultants in effort to realize the theoretical economics of the
744:
that might harm and that have harmed civil society; that intellectuals be mindful of the social and cultural ties created with their words, insights and ideas; and should be heard as social critics of
337:
in the 1830s". An intellectual class in Europe was socially important, especially to self-styled intellectuals, whose participation in society's arts, politics, journalism, and educationâof either
1463:(2010) that intellectuals, who are producers of knowledge, not material goods, tend to speak outside their own areas of expertise, and yet expect social and professional benefits from the
708:(1963) made significant contribution to the notion of public intellectual by historically and conceptually delineating the idea of private and public. Controversial, in the same year, was
1446:
argued that intellectuals become embittered leftists because their superior intellectual work, much rewarded at school and at university, are undervalued and underpaid in the capitalist
1191:
describes the intellectuals of Latin
America as people from an identifiable social class, who have been conditioned by that common experience and thus are inclined to share a set of
716:
of modern society, all intellectuals have the duty to doubt everything that is obvious, to make relative all authority, to ask all those questions that no one else dares to ask".
669:
problems of society, and, as such, are expected to be impartial critics who can "rise above the partial preoccupation of one's own professionâand engage with the global issues of
3270:
636:"Role of Intellectuals in Public Life", panel featuring Michael Ignatieff, Russell Jacoby, Roger Kimball, Susie Linfield, Alex Star, Ellen Willis and Alan Wolfe, March 1, 2001
1176:
211:
but is not synonymous with "an academic". A "man of letters" was a literate man, able to read and write, and thus highly valued in the upper strata of society in a time when
760:
The determining factor for a "thinker" (historian, philosopher, scientist, writer, artist) to be considered a public intellectual is the degree to which the individual is
345:, or ethnic sentimentâconstitute "vocation of the intellectual". Moreover, some intellectuals were anti-academic, despite universities (the academy) being synonymous with
1276:
for the general public". This expresses a dichotomy, derived from Plato, between public knowledge and private knowledge, "civic culture" and "professional culture", the
468:
said that "Intellectuals are not defined according to the jobs they do, but the manner in which they act, the way they see themselves, and the values that they uphold.
1434:: most intellectuals believed in socialism while businessmen expected economic privileges. In his essay "Why Do Intellectuals Oppose Capitalism?" (1998), the American
1084:, socialist theory was the product of the "educated representatives of the propertied classes", of "revolutionary socialist intellectuals", such as were Karl Marx and
267:
2223:
846:
1773:
Jennings, Jeremy; Kemp-Welch, Tony (1997). "The
Century of the Intellectual: From Dreyfus to Salman Rushdie". In Jennings, Jeremy; Kemp-Welch, Tony (eds.).
3998:
3873:
2064:"Public Praises Science; Scientists Fault Public, Media: Section 4: Scientists, Politics and Religion â Pew Research Center for the People & the Press"
781:
social problems relevant to their areas of expertise (such as gender relations in the case of psychologists). A similar shift occurred in China after the
3883:
2494:
4141:
307:, the intellectual class responsible for upholding and maintaining the national culture, the secular equivalent of the Anglican clergy. Likewise, in
3039:
1467:
derived from possessing professional expertise. In relation to other professions, public intellectuals are socially detached from the negative and
3990:
3928:
2242:
Intellectual
Politics and Cultural Conflict in the Romantic Period: Scottish Whigs, English Radicals and the Making of the British Public Sphere
3970:
3301:
2947:
1269:
3965:
3975:
4008:
1435:
1400:
242:) denotation broadened to mean "specialized", a man who earned his living writing intellectually (not creatively) about literature: the
879:
to the student", who then does not know "how to gauge what is going on in the general struggle for power in modern society". Likewise,
614:, composed of scholar-bureaucrats (scholars, professionals, and technicians) who administered the dynastic rule of the Joseon dynasty.
4156:
4136:
4115:
1730:
1703:
821:, the public intellectual connects scholarly research to the practical matters of solving societal problems. The British sociologist
412:
to the public; thenceforward, "intellectual" became common, yet initially derogatory, usage; its French noun usage is attributed to
231:, a social institution, usually run by a hostess, meant for the edification, education, and cultural refinement of the participants.
4120:
4003:
3846:
2666:
2515:
2461:
2339:
2141:
2014:
1782:
115:
3868:
4248:
2867:
3858:
2618:
1603:
927:
intellectuals, and disapproved public intellectuals who limit themselves to practical matters of public policy, and not with
883:
criticized the quality of participation of intellectuals in public discourse as an example of the "civic irresponsibility of
782:
53:
1024:
of those possessing intellectual formation (schooling, education), and who were
Russian society's counterpart to the German
2915:
96:
4258:
4233:
4151:
3923:
3918:
3402:
1340:
1101:âthe ideological totality of societyâand its practical, revolutionary application to the transformation of their society.
49:
1112:'s conception of the intelligentsia to include political leadership in the public sphere. That because "all knowledge is
68:
4146:
3980:
3945:
3896:
3620:
1404:
1219:
866:
854:
749:
4100:
4090:
3957:
3165:
342:
2220:
75:
4080:
3419:
2940:
2045:
1322:
because the socialists offered "broad visions; the spacious comprehension of the social order, as a whole, which a
1211:
449:
1450:. Thus, intellectuals turn against capitalism despite enjoying more socioeconomic status than the average person.
42:
4223:
4105:
4045:
2656:
1459:
333:
literate, antiestablishment lay intelligentsia is one of the more significant phenomena of the social history of
2535:
In Search of the
Liberal Moment: Democracy, Anti-totalitarianism, and Intellectual Politics in France since 1950
4218:
4050:
4040:
3397:
3209:
1344:
1296:
82:
4253:
4197:
4095:
4030:
2814:
2811:
1468:
1160:
773:, opinions, and options of action (social, political, ideological), and by affinity with the given thinker.
300:
19:
This article is about the term for a practician of intellect. For the process of developing intellect, see
4055:
3684:
3426:
2894:
classified by profession, discipline, scholastic citations, media affiliation, number of web hits and sex.
2764:
2399:
1510:
Jennings, Jeremy and Kemp-Welch, Tony. "The
Century of the Intellectual: From Dreyfus to Salman Rushdie",
1339:
to repress political dissent. Intellectuals were targeted by the Nazis, the communist regime in China, in
1234:
and champion the poor and downtrodden . utonomy is much harder to demonstrate if you come from a poor or
818:
2418:
64:
4110:
4085:
4075:
4065:
4060:
3913:
2981:
2933:
2343:
2327:
1260:
1021:
635:
393:
165:
1403:", Chomsky analyzes the intellectual culture in the U.S., and argues that it is largely subservient to
1222:
and social status as a status group they must be autonomous in order to be credible as intellectuals:
1055:
4263:
4243:
4171:
4166:
4070:
3940:
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3285:
3251:
3236:
3072:
3019:
2780:
2672:
2347:
1336:
1026:
578:
145:
2902:
1479:(1872â1970), who advised the British government against national rearmament in the years before the
278:
The earliest record of the
English noun "intellectual" is found in the 19th century, where in 1813,
4238:
3555:
3360:
3335:
3315:
3219:
2599:
The Intellectuals And The Masses: Pride and Prejudice Among the Literary Intelligentsia, 1880â1939.
2298:
1392:
838:
761:
509:
322:
224:
1092:
1080:
consciousness" and will settle for the limited, socio-economic gains so achieved. In Russia as in
1001:), or by nationality (American intellectuals, French intellectuals, IberoâAmerican intellectuals,
577:
to perform the tasks of daily governance. Such civil servants earned academic degrees by means of
3712:
3694:
3689:
3677:
3511:
3330:
3310:
3280:
3062:
3034:
2843:
The Wind from the East: French Intellectuals, the Culture Revolution and the Legacy of the 1960s.
2760:
2753:(1999; English edition 2014); highly influential study of intellectuals in the French Resistance
2699:
2281:
1897:
1858:
1264:
1252:
1129:
1081:
1042:
611:
534:
491:
413:
701:
610:(the "middle people"), in accordance with the Confucian system. Socially, they constituted the
234:
In the late 19th century, when literacy was relatively common in European countries such as the
368:
4228:
3717:
3635:
3372:
3325:
3263:
3092:
2662:
2511:
2503:
2457:
2435:
2335:
2137:
2010:
2002:
1889:
1778:
1726:
1699:
1599:
1359:
1255:
proposed segregating the intellectuals from the public sphere of society in the United States.
1238:
background , calls to join the wealthy in common cause appear to betray one's class origins.
1168:
1164:
932:
903:
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737:
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228:
157:
1720:
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2714:
2375:
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2363:
1850:
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1476:
1372:
1319:
1215:
1140:
1085:
826:
799:
574:
569:
487:
2469:
Anxious Intellects: Academic Professionals, Public Intellectuals, and Enlightenment Values.
3906:
3598:
3409:
3155:
3145:
2807:
2754:
2739:
2634:
2387:
2383:
2227:
1942:
1423:
1364:
1323:
1306:
1277:
1156:
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940:
884:
871:
822:
709:
425:
346:
326:
89:
20:
2158:
728:
2525:
2302:
396:(1870â1940), marked the full emergence of the "intellectual in public life", especially
3863:
3807:
3646:
3603:
3531:
3275:
3246:
3171:
3125:
3067:
3024:
2709:
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2614:
2577:
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1447:
1443:
1412:
1408:
1192:
1188:
1113:
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958:
952:
928:
923:
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564:
530:
405:
401:
385:
377:
373:
313:
263:
255:
235:
203:
2454:
True Crime: Rodolfo Walsh and the Role of the Intellectual in Latin American Politics.
1841:
McLennan, Gregor (2004). "Traveling With Vehicular Ideas: The Case of the Third Way".
1351:, the Khmer Rouge, and in conflicts in Bangladesh, the former Yugoslavia, and Poland.
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3704:
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The Social Scientist As Public Intellectual: Critical Reflections In A Changing World
1862:
1674:
1619:
1472:
1454:
1439:
1299:
1273:
1231:
1204:
1195:(values and ethics); that ninety-four per cent of intellectuals come either from the
1159:, ideological stupidity, and poor planning hampered by ideology. In her memoirs, the
1132:
and that as a social class the "intellectuals view themselves as autonomous from the
990:
880:
842:
785:
from the "universal intellectual" (who plans better futures from within academia) to
741:
472:
433:
432:, especially when the intellectual's activities exerted positive consequences in the
397:
363:
1375:
noted that "the Intellectual is someone who meddles in what does not concern them" (
1367:
identified the intelligentsia and the business class as interfering with capitalism.
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3664:
3433:
3352:
3102:
3009:
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1152:
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429:
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389:
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259:
185:
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2689:
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2485:
2415:
Globalizing knowledge: Intellectuals, universities and publics in transformation
2359:
1854:
1464:
1427:
1416:
1284:
1235:
1227:
1200:
1077:
1072:
1064:
1035:
986:
794:
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682:
582:
545:
457:
453:
358:
338:
31:
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required the participation of the intellectuals to explain the complexities of
352:
3747:
3087:
2310:
2063:
1523:
1431:
1388:
1348:
1288:
1226:
It is relatively easy to demonstrate autonomy, if you come from a wealthy or
1117:
1097:
982:
858:
789:("grassroots") intellectuals, the latter group represented by such figures as
770:
724:
662:
567:
in the period from 206 BC until AD 1912, the intellectuals were the
505:
461:
445:
421:
247:
141:
130:
1893:
420:
In the 20th century, the term intellectual acquired positive connotations of
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3788:
3755:
3727:
3615:
3610:
3546:
3521:
3468:
3382:
3097:
3029:
2440:
The New Radicalism in America, 1889â1963: The Intellectual as a Social Type.
2351:
1396:
1315:
1311:
1125:
1109:
1068:
998:
994:
978:
834:
666:
654:
517:
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173:
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and so increased the intellectual understanding of the public, by means of
3802:
3774:
3760:
3627:
3593:
3551:
3536:
3496:
3241:
1820:
1283:
In the United States, members of the intellectual status class have been
1121:
966:
745:
720:
549:
513:
475:, as a descriptive term of person, personality, and profession, the word
441:
437:
330:
212:
181:
161:
134:
1901:
1877:
1155:
misunderstand the reality of society and so are doomed to the errors of
736:
intellectuals who offer 'universal insights' to resolve the problems of
296:
identified in terms of their intellectual inclinations or pretensions."
223:: the French participants inâsometimes referred to as "citizens" ofâthe
3798:
3783:
3779:
3541:
3491:
3483:
3473:
3377:
3365:
3224:
3120:
3114:
1571:
1292:
974:
658:
607:
334:
177:
169:
2324:. Glencoe, Illinois: The Free Press. Anthology with many contributors.
1422:
In "An Interview with Milton Friedman" (1974), the American economist
1314:
to the general public. He argued that intellectuals were attracted to
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3516:
3456:
3451:
3258:
1172:
936:
914:
777:
733:
713:
639:
599:
553:
501:
251:
2276:
The New Public Intellectual: Politics, Theory, and the Public Sphere
1775:
Intellectuals in Politics: From the Dreyfus Affair to Salman Rushdie
1378:
L'intellectuel est quelqu'un qui se mĂȘle de ce qui ne le regarde pas
861:, abandoning the political neutrality of the academic intellectual.
2742:(1989). "World War I as Fulfillment: Power and the Intellectuals,"
657:
of society, in addition to an academic career. Regardless of their
3578:
3506:
3057:
2611:, ed. Theolord Roszak. New York: Pantheon Books, pp. 254â298.
1395:, they are the ideological administrators, the most threatened by
1358:
1246:
830:
670:
606:, who knew how to read and write, and had been designated, as the
351:
279:
243:
129:
2856:
1878:"Review of Minjian: The Rise of China's Grassroots Intellectuals"
3588:
3130:
1576:(Second (1989) ed.). Oxford English Dictionary. June 2012 .
1534:
The Intellectuals in France: From the Dreyfus Affair to Our Days
1501:
Third Edition, A. Bullock & S. Trombley, Eds. (1999) p. 433.
573:("Scholar-gentlemen"), who were civil servants appointed by the
308:
3832:
3189:
2929:
2925:
2692:(1958). "Intellectuals, Catholics, and the Intellectual Life,"
2217:
The Intellectual: A Phenomenon in Multidimensional Perspectives
653:
describes the intellectual participating in the public-affairs
2304:
The Future of the Intellectuals and the Rise of the New Class.
1695:
The Chinese Mind: Essentials of Chinese Philosophy and Culture
25:
2725:(1958). "Intellectuals, Experts, and the Classless Society,"
2542:
Inventing Herself: Claiming A Feminist Intellectual Heritage.
1529:
Les Intellectuels en France. De lâaffaire Dreyfus Ă nos jours
1981:
Revolution, Democracy, Socialism: Selected Writings of Lenin
665:
expertise, public intellectuals address and respond to the
1558:
The New Cassel's FrenchâEnglish, EnglishâFrench Dictionary
1387:
expressed the view that "intellectuals are specialists in
690:
includes the university academics. The difference between
2050:
The Intellectual: The Positive Power of Negative Thinking
1175:
attempt to overthrow a traditional order in the name of
2922:âdiscussion of public intellectuals in the 21st century.
2259:
Intellectuals and the State in Twentieth-Century Mexico.
556:
and Raja-Maharaja (kings-emperors) came to the meeting,
1475:
derived from their ideas. Sowell gives the example of
589:
philosophers. Historian Wing-Tsit Chan concludes that:
201:
The term "man of letters" derives from the French term
2773:
Shenfield, Arthur A. (1970). "The Ugly Intellectual,"
1272:
of professionals from their responsibility supplying
2868:"Richard Posner's table of 600+ public intellectuals"
2274:
Di Leo, Jeffrey R., and Peter Hitchcock, eds. (2016)
16:
Person who engages in critical thinking and reasoning
4129:
4021:
3989:
3956:
3882:
3845:
3746:
3703:
3663:
3645:
3564:
3482:
3442:
3351:
3344:
3299:
3202:
3048:
3002:
2607:(1968). "The Responsibility of Intellectuals." In:
943:, nor with matters of moral and spiritual outrage.
892:
624:
544:The word intellectual is found in Indian scripture
215:was rare. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the term
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
329:said that "the emergence of a socially alienated,
148:was one of the foremost intellectuals of his time.
698:is participation in the realm of public affairs.
548:in the Bachelorette meeting (Swayamvara Sava) of
1224:
591:
172:of society, and who proposes solutions for its
2684:The Reckless Mind â Intellectuals in Politics.
2654:Kidder, David S., Oppenheim, Noah D., (2006).
1635:
1633:
1335:Totalitarian governments manipulate and apply
719:An intellectual usually is associated with an
2941:
2430:The Intellectuals On The Road To Class Power.
1651:
1649:
1641:Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society
1305:In "The Intellectuals and Socialism" (1949),
1280:and the life of ordinary people in society.
804:
8:
3625:
2845:Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
2787:Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
2254:New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers.
2208:New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers.
1969:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1749:, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2006.
1527:
1499:The New Fontana dictionary of Modern Thought
1376:
483:Educated; erudition for developing theories;
290:
284:
2637:(1949). "The Intellectuals and Socialism,"
2322:The Intellectuals: A Controversial Portrait
1768:
1766:
1764:
1230:background. You simply need to disown your
558:Nipuna Buddhijibina (perfect intellectuals)
541:, a term which is sometimes applied today.
3851:
3842:
3829:
3348:
3199:
3186:
2999:
2948:
2934:
2926:
2533:Sawyer, S., and Iain Stewart, eds. (2016)
2495:"The Rise & Fall of the Intellectual,"
706:Structural Transformation of Public Sphere
2785:Soviet Intellectuals and Political Power.
2508:Public Intellectuals: A Study of Decline.
2293:The Intelligentsia and the Intellectuals.
2159:"Why do intellectuals oppose capitalism?"
1960:
1958:
1956:
1831:, ed. Philip Rieff, Garden City, NY, 1969
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1203:and that only six per cent come from the
1139:Addressing their role as a social class,
408:directly addressing the matter of French
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
2833:"The Vanishing Man of Letters: Part Two"
2831:Whittington-Egan, Richard (2003-10-01).
2826:"The Vanishing Man of Letters: Part One"
2824:Whittington-Egan, Richard (2003-08-01).
2510:Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
2490:Cleveland: The World Publishing Company.
2449:Newbury Park, Calif.: Sage Publications.
2157:Nozick, Robert (JanuaryâFebruary 1998).
1937:
1935:
909:Public Intellectuals: A Study of Decline
602:(1392â1910), the intellectuals were the
140:
2734:German Intellectuals and the Nazi Past.
2315:The Rise and Fall of the Man of Letters
1817:Der Intellektuelle und die Gesellschaft
1663:. London and New York: Continuum Press.
1546:The Oxford English Reference Dictionary
1491:
957:Socially, intellectuals constitute the
498:, law, medicine, and science, etc.; and
2736:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1661:Where Have All The Intellectuals Gone?
1596:Absent Minds. Intellectuals in Britain
889:
621:
325:workers. For Germany, the theologian
2639:The University of Chicago Law Review,
2552:Shame and Glory of the Intellectuals.
1692:Charles Alexander Moore, ed. (1967).
1179:, formulated by vain intellectuals".
776:After the failure of the large-scale
594:Chinese government have been a curse.
7:
2651:New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
2235:Marxism, Intellectuals and Politics.
2136:. Penguin Books India. p. 206.
2086:The University of Chicago Law Review
1536:), Paris: Armand Colin, 2002, p. 10.
833:intellectuals worked to reestablish
54:adding citations to reliable sources
2857:The Responsibility of Intellectuals
2744:The Journal of Libertarian Studies,
2661:Emmaus, Pennsylvania: Rodale Books
2417:(Stanford University Press). 424pp
2342:. Highly ideological criticisms of
2320:Huszar, George B. de, ed., (1960).
2084:"The Intellectuals and Socialism",
1598:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1401:The Responsibility of Intellectuals
1104:The Italian communist theoretician
1049:function of the intellectuals (the
679:Representations of the Intellectual
388:(1894â1906), an identity crisis of
176:problems. Coming from the world of
3191:
2641:Vol. XVI, No. 3, pp. 417â433.
2619:"Do Public Intellectuals Matter?,"
2476:Intellectuals and the Public Good.
2261:Austin: University of Texas Press.
1949:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1514:, Routledge: New York (1997) p. 1.
1091:The Hungarian Marxist philosopher
887:, especially academic intellect".
847:military dictatorship of 1973â1990
14:
2797:New Haven: Yale University Press.
2777:, Vol. XVI, No. 1, pp. 9â14.
2765:"The Revolutionary Intellectual,"
2751:The French Writers' War 1940â1953
2631:New Haven: Yale University Press.
2252:The Treason of the Intellectuals.
1624:The Twilight of the Intellectuals
1430:and intellectuals are enemies of
1407:. He is particularly critical of
1287:characterized as people who hold
464:(condescension). The sociologist
4193:
4192:
2746:Vol. IX, No. 1, pp. 81â125.
2686:New York: New York Review Books.
2592:The Flight of the Intellectuals.
2487:The Decline of the Intellectual.
2291:Gella, Aleksander, Ed., (1976).
1167:wrote that the anti-monarchical
898:
630:
537:, intellectuals could be called
30:
2729:Vol. II, No. 1, pp. 33â39.
2696:Vol. II, No. 1, pp. 40â53.
2574:New York: Frederick A. Praeger.
2530:. New York: Doubleday & Co.
2442:New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
2206:The Opium of the Intellectuals.
2066:. People-press.org. 9 July 2009
1777:. Routledge. pp. 100â110.
1411:and technocrats, who provide a
875:businesses, they "do not teach
299:In early 19th-century Britain,
268:Colleges of Letters and Science
184:, and by defending a system of
41:needs additional citations for
3834:
2812:"Intellectuals and Highbrows,"
1823:, 20 March 1963, reprinted in
1548:Second Edition, (1996) p. 130.
1526:and Sirinelli, Jean-François.
1251:The Congregational theologian
1020:â1870s), where it denotes the
857:was contingent upon political
581:, and were often also skilled
1:
2804:Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
2334:. New York: Harper Perennial
2295:California: Sage Publication.
1719:The Korea Foundation (2016).
1573:Discover the Story of English
1295:political perspectives about
1014:
712:'s definition: "As the court-
533:, at least starting from the
490:in the fields of philosophy,
2770:Vol. CXXV, pp. 320â330.
2474:Misztal, Barbara A. (2007).
2413:Kennedy, Michael D. (2015).
2307:New York: The Seabury Press.
1947:The Sociological Imagination
1876:BĂ©ja, Jean-Philippe (2020).
1825:The Intellectual and Society
1331:Persecution of intellectuals
867:The Sociological Imagination
372:asking the French President
317:(1860sâ1870s), who were the
289:) formed from the adjective
2821:, Vol. XV, pp. 52, 92.
2657:The Intellectual Devotional
2649:In the Shadows of Tomorrow.
2478:Cambridge University Press.
2452:McCaughan, Michael (2000).
2447:Intellectuals and Politics.
2233:Bates, David, ed., (2007).
1983:(Pluto Press, London: 2008)
1855:10.1080/0308514042000285251
1278:intellectual sphere of life
1151:said that the intellectual
1071:ideology to the uneducated
922:The American legal scholar
448:, without resorting to the
362:(13 January 1898) featured
156:is a person who engages in
4285:
3040:Weberian (three-component)
2916:"The Optimist's Book Club"
2629:Intellectuals in Politics.
2627:Hamburger, Joseph (1966).
2540:Showalter, Elaine (2001).
2288:Columbia University Press.
1036:enlightened middle classes
950:
424:, derived from possessing
254:, et al. Examples include
219:came to be applied to the
18:
4188:
3854:
3841:
3828:
3198:
3185:
2998:
2969:
2903:"Here's a Few You Missed"
2594:New York: Melville House.
2226:24 September 2015 at the
2185:Intellectuals and Society
2032:A view from Latin America
2009:. London: HarperCollins.
1967:Intellect and Public Life
1919:. Rowman and Littlefield.
1915:Gattone, Charles (2006).
1512:Intellectuals in Politics
1460:Intellectuals and Society
1065:vanguard-party revolution
947:Intellectual status class
907:interview with Posner on
897:
805:
783:Tiananmen Square Massacre
727:. The Czech intellectual
629:
560:appeared at the meeting.
479:identifies three traits:
227:, which evolved into the
4162:Pre-industrial East Asia
2802:The Public Intellectual.
2749:Sapiro, GisĂšle. (2014).
2719:New York: Vintage Books.
2704:The Burden of Bad Ideas.
2679:Cambridge: Polity Press.
2677:Intellectuals and Power.
2493:Piereson, James (2006).
2445:Lemert, Charles (1991).
2432:Sussex: Harvester Press.
2240:Benchimol, Alex. (2016)
2221:Inter-Disciplinary Press
2030:Smith, Peter H. (2017).
2007:The Downing Street Years
1594:Collini, Stefan (2006).
1399:." In his 1967 article "
1345:Romanian Communist Party
311:Russia, there arose the
238:, the "Man of Letters" (
3210:Administrative detainee
2572:The Revolt of the Mind.
2500:, Vol. XXV, p. 52.
2286:The Defeat of the Mind.
2271:Sydney: Quadrant Books.
2269:The Last Intellectuals.
1965:Bender, Thomas (1993).
1679:Knowledge and Decisions
1626:. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee.
1469:unintended consequences
1371:The French philosopher
301:Samuel Taylor Coleridge
192:Etymological background
4249:Positions of authority
3626:
2920:The New Haven Advocate
2835:. Contemporary Review.
2828:. Contemporary Review.
2732:Moses, A. Dirk (2009)
2706:New York: Ivan R. Dee.
2609:The Dissenting Academy
2582:The House of Intellect
2471:Duke University Press.
2467:Michael, John (2000).
2317:. New York: Macmillan.
2257:Camp, Roderic (1985).
2132:Chomsky, Noam (2003).
1745:Etzioni, Amitai. Ed.,
1528:
1415:justification for the
1377:
1368:
1259:The 19th-century U.S.
1256:
1240:
1187:The American academic
1147:The British historian
1108:(1891â1937) developed
1063:(1870â1924) said that
853:, but their access to
596:
381:
291:
285:
149:
138:
4167:Pre-industrial Europe
2800:Small, Helen (2002).
2781:Shlapentokh, Vladimir
2768:The Atlantic Monthly,
2601:Chicago Review Press.
2554:Boston: Beacon Press.
2456:Latin America Bureau
1943:Mills, Charles Wright
1722:Koreana â Winter 2015
1698:. U of Hawaii Press.
1391:, they are basically
1362:
1250:
394:French Third Republic
355:
144:
133:
4259:Sociology of culture
4234:Intellectual history
4024: or countries
3835:By country or region
3073:Class discrimination
2880:on 22 September 2015
2682:Lilla, Mark (2003).
2597:Carey, John (2005).
2244:(London: Routledge).
2099:"Papers of Interest"
1747:Public Intellectuals
1393:political commissars
1337:anti-intellectualism
1136:" of their society.
1032:bourgeoisie éclairée
965:organised either by
579:imperial examination
552:. Immediately after
486:Productive; creates
392:nationalism for the
146:Erasmus of Rotterdam
50:improve this article
3556:Vanniar (Chieftain)
2863:, 23 February 1967.
2740:Rothbard, Murray N.
2584:. New York: Harper.
2566:Aczél, Tamås &
2282:Finkielkraut, Alain
2134:Understanding Power
2118:Annie Cohen-Solal,
1843:Economy and Society
1639:Williams, Raymond.
1570:"Littérateur, n.".
1417:crimes of the state
1274:usable philosophies
1171:(1789â1799) was "a
1056:What Is to Be Done?
845:governments of the
793:, social scientist
650:public intellectual
618:Public intellectual
225:Republic of Letters
4137:18th-century Spain
3991:Standard of living
3695:Upper middle class
3690:Lower middle class
3281:Political prisoner
3063:Chattering classes
3035:Spoon class theory
2761:Shapiro, J. Salwyn
2700:MacDonald, Heather
2673:Laruelle, François
2622:Prospect Magazine,
2504:Posner, Richard A.
2436:Lasch, Christopher
2299:Gouldner, Alvin W.
2163:Cato Policy Report
2052:. Cambridge: Icon.
2034:. The New History.
2003:Thatcher, Margaret
1457:wrote in his book
1369:
1265:Edwards Amasa Park
1257:
1253:Edwards Amasa Park
1214:said that because
1193:common assumptions
1130:political spectrum
1082:Continental Europe
1043:Marxist philosophy
1030:and to the French
877:critical reasoning
817:In the matters of
803:editor Ding Dong (
612:petite bourgeoisie
535:Carolingian Empire
492:literary criticism
414:Georges Clemenceau
382:
356:The front page of
150:
139:
4206:
4205:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4017:
4016:
3824:
3823:
3820:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3718:Lumpenproletariat
3220:illegal immigrant
3181:
3180:
3093:Classless society
2795:Caviar and Ashes.
2498:The New Criterion
2237:London: Palgrave.
2122:, Gallimard, 1989
2108:. 18 August 2014.
1815:Ralf Dahrendorf,
1413:pseudo-scientific
1409:social scientists
1341:communist Romania
1169:French Revolution
1165:Margaret Thatcher
1038:of those realms.
1027:BildungsbĂŒrgertum
933:public philosophy
920:
919:
825:, an exponent of
756:Public engagement
738:political economy
677:of the time". In
645:
644:
570:Scholar-officials
504:; creates art in
158:critical thinking
137:(c.â470 â 399 BC)
126:
125:
118:
100:
4276:
4224:1810s neologisms
4196:
4195:
4023:
3924:Mexican-American
3852:
3843:
3830:
3631:
3574:Business magnate
3464:Knowledge worker
3349:
3237:dual or multiple
3200:
3187:
3141:Social exclusion
3136:Social cleansing
3050:
3000:
2989:Economic classes
2950:
2943:
2936:
2927:
2912:
2893:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2879:
2873:. Archived from
2872:
2808:Strunsky, Simeon
2715:The Captive Mind
2544:London: Picador.
2527:On Intellectuals
2368:Bertrand Russell
2189:
2188:
2177:
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2170:
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1999:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1979:Le Blanc, Paul.
1977:
1971:
1970:
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1930:
1927:
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1920:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1873:
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1866:
1838:
1832:
1829:On Intellectuals
1813:
1807:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1770:
1759:
1758:Bauman, 1987: 2.
1756:
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1543:
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1531:
1521:
1515:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1481:Second World War
1477:Bertrand Russell
1380:
1373:Jean-Paul Sartre
1320:social democracy
1216:cultural capital
1141:Jean-Paul Sartre
1086:Friedrich Engels
1019:
1016:
1009:originated from
902:
901:
890:
827:public sociology
808:
807:
800:Yanhuang Chunqiu
673:, judgment, and
634:
633:
622:
575:Emperor of China
488:cultural capital
440:responsibility,
343:internationalist
303:coined the term
294:
288:
209:homme de lettres
197:"Man of letters"
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
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4219:Intellectualism
4209:
4208:
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4202:
4176:
4125:
4013:
3985:
3952:
3936:Underprivileged
3878:
3837:
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3742:
3699:
3659:
3641:
3560:
3478:
3438:
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3295:
3194:
3193:
3177:
3156:Social position
3146:Social mobility
3044:
2994:
2965:
2964:
2954:
2901:(2 July 2004).
2897:
2891:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2866:
2853:
2848:
2710:Milosz, Czeslaw
2690:Lukacs, John A.
2645:Huizinga, Johan
2578:Barzun, Jacques
2562:
2560:Further reading
2557:
2524:, Ed., (1969).
2424:Konrad, George
2388:Lillian Hellman
2384:Victor Gollancz
2228:Wayback Machine
2197:
2192:
2179:
2178:
2174:
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2106:Mises Institute
2101:
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1497:
1493:
1489:
1424:Milton Friedman
1365:Milton Friedman
1357:
1333:
1307:Friedrich Hayek
1285:demographically
1245:
1185:
1157:logical fallacy
1106:Antonio Gramsci
1017:
1007:intelligentsiya
955:
949:
941:public theology
899:
893:External videos
872:C. Wright Mills
823:Michael Burawoy
815:
758:
742:public policies
710:Ralf Dahrendorf
702:JĂŒrgen Habermas
631:
625:External videos
620:
527:
525:Historical uses
422:social prestige
384:In France, the
376:to resolve the
366:'s open letter
347:intellectualism
327:Alister McGrath
276:
199:
194:
122:
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21:intellectualism
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4254:Social classes
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4142:Ancient Greece
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4009:Home-ownership
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3864:American Dream
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3276:Migrant worker
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3192:By demographic
3190:
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3175:
3172:Status Anxiety
3168:
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3128:
3126:Ranked society
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3095:
3090:
3085:
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3075:
3070:
3068:Class conflict
3065:
3060:
3054:
3052:
3051: topics
3046:
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3025:Mudsill theory
3022:
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2852:
2851:External links
2849:
2847:
2846:
2839:Wolin, Richard
2836:
2829:
2822:
2805:
2798:
2788:
2778:
2775:The Modern Age
2771:
2758:
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2737:
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2723:Molnar, Thomas
2720:
2707:
2697:
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2632:
2625:
2615:Grayling, A.C.
2612:
2602:
2595:
2585:
2575:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2548:Viereck, Peter
2545:
2538:
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2519:
2501:
2491:
2482:Molnar, Thomas
2479:
2472:
2465:
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2443:
2433:
2422:
2411:
2392:Cyril Connolly
2325:
2318:
2308:
2296:
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2279:
2272:
2265:Coleman, Peter
2262:
2255:
2245:
2238:
2231:
2211:Basov, Nikita
2209:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2190:
2187:. Basic Books.
2181:Sowell, Thomas
2172:
2149:
2142:
2124:
2111:
2090:
2077:
2055:
2037:
2022:
2015:
1994:
1985:
1972:
1952:
1931:
1922:
1907:
1888:(4): 285â287.
1868:
1833:
1808:
1799:
1790:
1783:
1760:
1751:
1738:
1732:979-1156041573
1731:
1711:
1705:978-0824800758
1704:
1684:
1681:. Basic Books.
1675:Sowell, Thomas
1666:
1645:
1629:
1620:Kramer, Hilton
1611:
1604:
1579:
1562:
1550:
1538:
1516:
1503:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1453:The economist
1448:market economy
1444:Cato Institute
1363:The economist
1356:
1353:
1347:(PCR) and the
1332:
1329:
1324:planned system
1297:guns-or-butter
1270:technical role
1261:Congregational
1244:
1241:
1189:Peter H. Smith
1184:
1181:
1177:abstract ideas
1061:Vladimir Lenin
1051:intelligentsia
1022:social stratum
1011:Tsarist Russia
959:intelligentsia
953:Intelligentsia
951:Main article:
948:
945:
924:Richard Posner
918:
917:
911:, June 2, 2002
895:
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565:Imperial China
531:Latin language
526:
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499:
484:
406:Anatole France
402:Octave Mirbeau
386:Dreyfus affair
378:Dreyfus affair
314:intelligentsia
275:
274:"Intellectual"
272:
264:Thomas Carlyle
256:Samuel Johnson
236:United Kingdom
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65:"Intellectual"
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4022:Other regions
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3847:United States
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3309:
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3298:
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3286:Socioeconomic
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3174:
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3162:
3161:Social stigma
3159:
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3151:Social orphan
3149:
3147:
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3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
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3110:
3109:Nouveau riche
3106:
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3083:Class traitor
3081:
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3078:Class society
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3015:Gilbert model
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2899:Barton, Laura
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2520:
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2516:0-674-01246-1
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2423:
2420:
2419:online review
2416:
2412:
2410:, and others.
2409:
2405:
2404:Kenneth Tynan
2401:
2400:James Baldwin
2397:
2396:Norman Mailer
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2380:Edmund Wilson
2377:
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2349:
2345:
2341:
2340:0-06-091657-5
2337:
2333:
2332:Intellectuals
2329:
2328:Johnson, Paul
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2300:
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2278:. (Springer).
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2249:
2248:Benda, Julien
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2222:
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2210:
2207:
2203:
2202:Aron, Raymond
2200:
2199:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2169:(1): 1, 9â11.
2168:
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2143:9780143029915
2139:
2135:
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2100:
2094:
2091:
2088:(Spring 1949)
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2051:
2047:
2046:Fuller, Steve
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2018:
2016:0-8317-5448-6
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1849:(4): 484â99.
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1806:Bourdieu 1989
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1560:(1962) p. 88.
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1473:public policy
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1212:Steven Fuller
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473:Thomas Sowell
471:According to
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450:manipulations
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61:Find sources:
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39:This article
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4172:Soviet Union
4147:Ancient Rome
4004:Homelessness
3929:Upper Middle
3801: /
3782: /
3773: /
3738:Working poor
3634:
3621:Robber baron
3444:Intellectual
3443:
3434:Royal family
3398:Ancient Rome
3252:second-class
3170:
3113:
3112: /
3107:
3103:High society
3010:Elite theory
2987:
2980:
2973:
2960:Social class
2919:
2908:The Guardian
2906:
2882:. Retrieved
2875:the original
2861:Noam Chomsky
2842:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2801:
2794:
2791:Shore, Marci
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2598:
2591:
2588:Berman, Paul
2581:
2571:
2568:MĂ©ray, Tibor
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2408:Noam Chomsky
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2195:Bibliography
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2093:
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2068:. Retrieved
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2006:
1997:
1992:Scriven 1993
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1882:China Review
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1797:McKee (2001)
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1774:
1754:
1746:
1741:
1725:. íê”ê”ì ê”ë„ìŹëš.
1721:
1714:
1694:
1687:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1640:
1623:
1614:
1595:
1572:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1533:
1519:
1511:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1458:
1452:
1438:philosopher
1421:
1385:Noam Chomsky
1383:
1370:
1334:
1304:
1282:
1258:
1228:aristocratic
1225:
1210:Philosopher
1209:
1199:or from the
1197:middle class
1186:
1161:Conservative
1153:social class
1149:Norman Stone
1146:
1138:
1134:ruling class
1103:
1096:
1090:
1054:
1047:social class
1040:
1031:
1025:
1018: 1860s
1006:
1005:). The term
1002:
971:conservatism
963:status class
956:
935:, or public
921:
908:
904:
865:
863:
851:Chicago Boys
816:
798:
786:
775:
759:
729:VĂĄclav Havel
718:
705:
700:
695:
692:intellectual
691:
688:intellectual
687:
678:
663:professional
649:
648:
646:
603:
600:Joseon Korea
597:
592:
568:
562:
557:
543:
538:
528:
477:intellectual
476:
470:
466:Frank Furedi
430:intelligence
419:
410:antisemitism
383:
367:
357:
323:white-collar
319:status class
312:
304:
298:
292:intellectuel
277:
260:Walter Scott
239:
233:
220:
216:
208:
202:
200:
154:intellectual
153:
151:
127:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
4264:Stereotypes
4244:Occupations
4091:New Zealand
3808:Untouchable
3733:Proletariat
3723:Pea-pickers
3673:Bourgeoisie
3361:Aristocracy
3247:naturalized
3242:native-born
2819:Vanity Fair
2727:Modern Age,
2694:Modern Age,
2635:Hayek, F.A.
2537:(Springer).
2311:Gross, John
1524:Ory, Pascal
1465:halo effect
1436:libertarian
1428:businessmen
1263:theologian
1236:proletarian
1201:upper class
1163:politician
1078:trade-union
1073:proletariat
987:reactionary
837:within the
795:Yu Jianrong
791:Wang Xiaobo
771:motivations
683:Edward SaĂŻd
546:Mahabharata
458:paternalism
454:demagoguery
390:antisemitic
374:FĂ©lix Faure
339:nationalist
240:littérateur
4239:Lord Byron
4213:Categories
4081:Luxembourg
3971:Inequality
3636:Superclass
3427:Hereditary
3403:Post-Roman
3394:Patrician
3264:adolescent
3088:Classicide
2428:. (1979).
2215:. (2010).
1605:0199291055
1487:References
1432:capitalism
1426:said that
1397:dissidence
1389:defamation
1349:Securitate
1118:right-wing
1098:status quo
995:democratic
983:liberalism
859:pragmatism
843:neoliberal
839:right-wing
762:implicated
725:philosophy
723:or with a
661:fields or
506:literature
462:incivility
446:solidarity
398:Ămile Zola
369:J'AccuseâŠ!
364:Ămile Zola
248:journalist
204:belletrist
168:about the
166:reflection
106:March 2021
76:newspapers
4106:Sri Lanka
3999:Education
3966:Household
3859:Affluence
3794:Rat tribe
3756:Ant tribe
3728:Precariat
3713:Lazzaroni
3655:Bohemians
3616:Overclass
3611:Old money
3547:Spartiate
3522:Kshatriya
3512:Hashashin
3469:Professor
3410:Political
3383:Oligarchy
3373:Hanseaten
3291:Stateless
3271:Convicted
3203:By status
3166:Subaltern
3098:Euthenics
3030:New class
2911:. London.
2570:. (1959)
2364:Hemingway
1894:1680-2012
1863:145227353
1355:Criticism
1316:socialism
1312:scientist
1126:left-wing
1110:Karl Marx
1069:socialist
999:communism
979:socialism
905:Booknotes
885:intellect
835:democracy
667:normative
655:discourse
647:The term
587:Confucian
539:litterati
518:sculpture
496:sociology
426:intellect
174:normative
4229:Academia
4198:Category
4130:Historic
4051:Colombia
4041:Cambodia
3976:Personal
3874:Mobility
3803:Freedman
3789:Plebeian
3775:Prisoner
3761:Commoner
3647:Creative
3628:Seigneur
3594:Nobility
3552:Vanniyar
3537:Pendekar
3497:Cossacks
3131:Snobbery
3003:Theories
2884:1 August
2841:(2010).
2810:(1921).
2793:(2009).
2763:(1920).
2712:(1990).
2702:(2001).
2675:(2014).
2647:(1936).
2624:No. 206.
2617:(2013).
2590:(2010).
2580:(1959).
2550:(1953).
2506:(2002).
2484:(1961).
2438:(1997).
2344:Rousseau
2330:(1990).
2313:(1969).
2301:(1979).
2284:(1995).
2250:(2003).
2224:Archived
2183:(2010).
2070:14 April
2048:(2005).
2005:(1993).
1945:(1959).
1902:26959862
1821:Die Zeit
1677:(1980).
1659:(2004).
1622:(1999).
1218:confers
1124:and the
1059:(1902),
967:ideology
870:(1959),
746:politics
721:ideology
696:academic
681:(1994),
659:academic
604:literati
550:Draupadi
514:painting
502:Artistic
442:altruism
359:L'Aurore
244:essayist
221:literati
213:literacy
182:ideology
162:research
135:Socrates
4269:Thought
4101:Romania
4096:Nigeria
3981:Poverty
3884:Classes
3869:History
3780:Peasant
3766:Outcast
3705:Working
3685:Burgher
3542:Samurai
3532:OcÄlĆtl
3492:Chhetri
3484:Warrior
3474:Scholar
3388:Russian
3378:Magnate
3366:Aristoi
3345:By type
3232:Citizen
3225:refugee
3121:Poverty
3115:Parvenu
3049:Related
3020:Marxian
2982:Stratum
2815:Part II
2783:(1990)
2360:Tolstoy
2348:Shelley
2267:(2010)
2204:(1962)
1442:of the
1343:by the
1293:leftist
1289:liberal
1173:utopian
1128:of the
975:fascism
969:(e.g.,
831:Chilean
787:minjian
766:engaged
734:utopian
714:jesters
608:chungin
335:Germany
309:Tsarist
305:clerisy
178:culture
170:reality
90:scholar
4056:France
4036:Belize
4031:Africa
3958:Income
3914:Middle
3907:Gentry
3771:Outlaw
3678:Petite
3665:Middle
3599:Landed
3584:Gentry
3517:Knight
3457:Priest
3452:Clergy
3415:Family
3353:Ruling
3302:collar
3259:Clique
2975:Status
2890:
2665:
2514:
2460:
2376:Sartre
2372:Brecht
2338:
2140:
2120:Sartre
2013:
1900:
1892:
1861:
1781:
1729:
1702:
1643:(1983)
1602:
1232:status
1122:centre
1120:, the
1045:, the
1034:, the
1003:et al.
937:ethics
929:values
915:C-SPAN
797:, and
778:May 68
640:C-SPAN
554:Arjuna
520:, etc.
494:, and
444:, and
252:critic
250:, the
246:, the
186:values
164:, and
92:
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4152:Aztec
4111:Tibet
4086:Nepal
4076:Italy
4066:India
4061:Haiti
4046:China
3946:Under
3941:Lower
3919:Black
3902:Donor
3897:Black
3892:Upper
3799:Slave
3748:Under
3604:Petty
3579:Elite
3566:Upper
3507:Harii
3502:CuÄuh
3336:White
3316:Green
3215:Alien
3058:Caste
2878:(PDF)
2871:(PDF)
2859:, by
2426:et al
2356:Ibsen
2213:et al
2102:(PDF)
1898:JSTOR
1859:S2CID
1827:, in
1405:power
1220:power
939:, or
855:power
750:power
740:with
675:taste
671:truth
510:music
438:moral
280:Byron
229:salon
97:JSTOR
83:books
4071:Iran
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3589:Lord
3527:Nair
3420:List
3331:Pink
3321:Grey
3311:Blue
3300:By "
2886:2006
2663:ISBN
2512:ISBN
2458:ISBN
2352:Marx
2336:ISBN
2138:ISBN
2072:2010
2011:ISBN
1890:ISSN
1779:ISBN
1727:ISBN
1700:ISBN
1600:ISBN
1291:-to-
961:, a
764:and
748:and
694:and
460:and
428:and
404:and
262:and
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3326:New
1851:doi
1471:of
1381:).
1318:or
1041:In
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864:In
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585:or
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