811:, while the secretary translated to Greek. An issue against this possibility is that the letters do not show signs of Aramaic speech patterns turned into Greek ones; if this occurred, then the secretary modified the message sufficiently well to turn the passage into Greek idiom and style rather than Aramaic idiom and style. Another raised possibility is that a Greek-writing associate of Peter was summarizing his general thoughts yet essentially writing the letter themselves. Finally, it is possible that the author was a disciple of Peter who wrote later in Peter's honor, especially if the date of composition is believed to be well after Peter's death (such as 2 Peter). The issue with the final two is that the letters directly identify themselves as being directly from Peter; if a coauthor was involved, the letters would be more properly identified as coming from the coauthor under Peter's guidance or inspiration. Additionally, for the final possibility of a disciple writing in Peter's honor, any proof that such an unknown author indeed knew Peter closely, rather than simply giving his own personal views to Peter, has long since vanished.
788:, literacy was rare, the ability to write rarer still, and the ability to write detailed philosophical tracts (rather than simple receipts and contracts) rarest of all. What advanced literacy training did exist was almost exclusively taught to the children of the elite in large towns such as Jerusalem, rather than fishermen in small towns. Consequently, most scholars find Acts' claim that Peter was uneducated credible. While it is of course possible that Peter embarked upon adult education later in his life after the time period Acts described, such a feat would have been highly unusual for the era. Even if Peter did pursue education later in life, there is little indication that Peter would have learnt or spoken fluent Greek in his livelihood before Jesus's call, as multilingualism was generally seen only in towns closely involved in trade. So Peter would not only have had to learn writing, but also a new language.
994:
1369:(who maintains that Peter was the author) writes that, for most experts, "the issue of authorship is already settled, at least negatively: the apostle Peter did not write this letter" and that "the vast bulk of NT scholars adopt this perspective without much discussion". Werner Kümmel exemplifies this position, stating, "It is certain, therefore, that 2 Pet does not originate with Peter, and this is today widely acknowledged", as does
39:
682:
1318:, 1:5 with Jude 3; 1:12 with Jude 5; 2:1 with Jude 4; 2:4 with Jude 6; 2:6 with Jude 7; 2:10–11 with Jude 8–9; 2:12 with Jude 10; 2:13–17 with Jude 11–13; 3:2f with Jude 17f; 3:14 with Jude 24; and 3:18 with Jude 25. Because the Epistle of Jude is much shorter than 2 Peter, and due to various stylistic details, the scholarly consensus is that Jude was the source for the similar passages of 2 Peter.
796:
leader rather than a writer. Peter is not usually associated with writing epistles in various 1st-, 2nd-, and 3rd-century
Christian works (with the obvious exception of the four allegedly Petrine epistles themselves), and later works wishing to invoke Peter's authority usually used homilies, dialogues, and revelations often attributed to other writers such as Clement.
2108:"Pseudonymity does not lessen the importance of this writing as a witness to Peter, If anything, it enhances its importance since it implies that some 20 or 30 years after his death Peter's name could still be thought to carry weight and be invoked to instruct Christian churches, especially in the area of Asia Minor (...) addressed is not Petrine Territory."
800:
thoughts while the secretary turned it into a proper Greek letter. In one version of this, Peter did learn spoken Greek, but dictated the letters to a secretary capable of writing Greek. This still assumes a truly impressive leap in education for Peter late in his life; the epistle 1 Peter is in fluent Greek and the author well acquainted with the
904:, who is mentioned towards the end of the epistle: "By Silvanus, our faithful brother, as I account him, I have written unto you briefly" (5:12). In the following verse the author includes greetings from "she that is in Babylon, elect together with you," taken for the church "in Babylon", which may be an early use of this Christian title for
1297:
A minority of scholars have disagreed with this position and put forward reasons in support of genuine
Petrine authorship. They argue that the letter did not fit a specific pattern of what they consider pseudepigraphy. The Transfiguration lacks the embellishment which E. M. B. Green argues was common
1187:
The author's use of Peter's name demonstrates the authority associated with Peter. The author also claims to have witnessed the sufferings of Christ (1 Peter 5:1) and makes allusions to several historical sayings of Jesus indicative of eyewitness testimony (e.g., compare Luke 12:35 with 1 Peter 1:13,
799:
There exist a number of possibilities whereby Peter could have been the source of the epistles attributed to him without directly writing them. The "secretary" hypothesis is the most common of these, that Peter either dictated to a literate associate or perhaps even just summarized the gist of his
1403:
are attributed by Peter. In early
Christianity, Peter's authority on matters of doctrine was unquestionable, so attributing favored theological views to Peter was reasonably common as a way to buttress arguments that the writer's version of Christian doctrine was the correct one. That said, the
1381:
wrote that "most modern scholars do not think that the apostle Peter wrote this letter. Indeed, for no other letter in the New
Testament is there a greater consensus that the person who is named as the author could not, in fact, be the author." Despite this broad denial by the majority of modern
795:
where Peter says "we have written down ", although this tradition may itself have been affected by belief Peter (and the others included with "we"?) wrote 1 Peter, and thus not be an independent source. More generally, early
Christian tradition generally remembers Peter as a preacher and church
743:, in which scholars have sought to determine the exact authors of the New Testament letters. The vast majority of biblical scholars think the two epistles do not share the same author, due to wide differences in Greek style and views between the two letters. Most scholars today conclude that
1288:
The assumed theology and intellectual background is also markedly different from both 1 Peter and references to Peter elsewhere: 2 Peter features a "markedly gentile
Christian theology, which is in dialogue with views of Greek philosophical cosmology," with no references to Judaism.
1386:
points to the fact that 2 Peter's acceptance to the canon by early
Christians presumes that they were sure that Peter wrote it. In the end, Carson and Moo point to the controversy reflective of this issue, stating, "We are therefore left with the choice of accepting the letter's
932:
Many scholars believe the author was not Peter, but an unknown author writing after Peter's death. Estimates for the date of composition range from 60 to 112 AD. Most critical scholars are skeptical that the apostle Simon Peter, the fisherman on the
1221:) (spelling the name differently from 1 Peter or the rest of the New Testament, except for Acts 15:14). Elsewhere, the author clearly presents himself as the Apostle Peter, stating that the Lord revealed to him the approach of his own death (
2344:
The majority position of scholarship that 2 Peter is a pseudepigraph is apparent from the quotations given in the remainder of the paragraph, namely the comments by Daniel
Wallace, Werner Kümmel, Stephen Harris, Douglas Moo and D.A.
1419:). These other three epistles may well have been created only due to the popularity of 1 Peter elevating the idea of Peter as a letter writer within early Christianity. Some other (non-letter) works attributed to Peter include the
1306:, as if Peter was recalling from memory, and notes that the epistle uses similar language to Peter's speeches in Acts. An uncommon title, "our beloved brother," is given to Paul, where later literature used other titles.
1847:
It is widely held today that the book was not written by Simon Peter. Boring claims that this is the general opinion among critical scholars, outside the ranks of those who disallow forgery in the New
Testament on general
1770:
However, authentic
Petrine authorship is widely disputed, with most scholars agreeing that Peter likely did not actually write either of the letters named for him in the New Testament—especially II
1273:), and weak external support. In addition, specific passages offer further clues in support of pseudepigraphy, namely the author's assumption that his audience is familiar with multiple Pauline epistles (
365:
912:. Some scholars argue that there is no evidence that Rome was called Babylon by the Christians until the Book of Revelation was published, i.e. c. 90–96 AD and therefore conclude that
1325:
argued that the text we have today is a composite, including points taken from the Epistle of Jude, but that it contains a genuine “Petrine fragment”, which he identified as
1257:
Although 2 Peter internally purports to be a work of the apostle, most biblical scholars have concluded that Peter is not the author, and instead consider the epistle
1439:
which survives only as quoted fragments. For these, there is no debate: both scholars and traditionalist Christians believe that none of them were written by Peter.
1404:
form of an epistle was a fairly rare one to attribute to Peter. There are only two other extant epistles attributed to Peter in early Christian writings: the
2176:
Frey, Jörg (2024). "Petrine Traditions and Petrine Authorship Constructions in Early Christianity". In Maier, Daniel C.; Frey, Jörg; Kraus, Thomas J. (eds.).
343:
390:
1554:
Virtually no authorities defend the Petrine authorship of 2 Peter, which is believed to have been written by an anonymous churchman in Rome about 150 C.E.
1524:
Most scholars believe that 1 Peter is pseudonymous (written anonymously in the name of a well-known figure) and was produced during postapostolic times.
1036:
1694:
In recent years, however, the emerging consensus is that the letter had its origin in a Petrine circle that revered the teaching and memory of Peter.
710:
506:
412:
2259:
312:
193:
188:
2154:
2418:
2200:
2019:
1990:
1954:
1885:
Although most scholars seem to suspect that both 1 and 2 Peter are pseudonymous, 1 Peter receives more kindness from interpreters in general.
1871:
1833:
1796:
1756:
1717:
1680:
1643:
1606:
1547:
1517:
1490:
993:
180:
2470:
1345:
Most scholars believe that 1 Peter and 2 Peter were not written by the same author(s). 1 Peter is essentially traditional, drawing on key
441:
740:
211:
2454:
Carson, D.A., and Douglas J. Moo. An Introduction to the New Testament, second edition. HarperCollins Canada; Zondervan: 2005. p. 663
2410:
1913:
359:
224:
1810:
Almost all non-evangelical scholars claim Peter did not write the letter, and some who identify themselves as evangelicals agree.
635:
116:
755:
An issue common to both epistles of Peter, as well as various non-canonical works that claim to be written by Peter, is whether
2405:
Carson, D.A., and Douglas J. Moo. An Introduction to the New Testament, second edition. HarperCollins Canada; Zondervan: 2005.
1137:
675:
545:
307:
2485:
384:
957:; thus the use of the Septuagint helps define the audience. The Septuagint was a Greek translation that had been created at
2354:
829:
511:
1329:. Finally, some scholars have proposed that differences in style could be explained by Peter having employed different
1021:
2480:
1428:
976:
703:
550:
1321:
Other scholars argue that even if 2 Peter used Jude, that does not exclude Petrine authorship. On remaining points,
1575:
1432:
1583:
1391:
claim to have been written by the apostle Peter or viewing it as a forgery hardly deserving of canonical status."
1405:
630:
38:
1226:
575:
396:
354:
198:
1353:, and wisdom sayings, some of which are found elsewhere in the New Testament. 2 Peter, however, favors a more
1302:
books. Michael Kruger argues that the voice of God in the Transfiguration is similar but not identical to the
2243:
i.e. “the blessed Paul”, “the blessed and glorious Paul”, and “the sanctified Paul right blessed”, cited in:
1400:
1373:, who states that "irtually no authorities defend the Petrine authorship of 2 Peter." Evangelical scholars
1210:
1106:
1061:
873:
732:
600:
585:
535:
370:
170:
158:
139:
1238:
1056:
1011:
881:
825:
728:
696:
659:
651:
595:
565:
402:
375:
103:
2335:
Paul Barnett, Jesus and the Rise of Early Christianity (Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1999), 303–07.
1365:
The great majority of scholars agree that Peter has not written this letter. For example, textual critic
1326:
1274:
1230:
2432:
1657:
the consensus of modern scholarship is that this letter cannot cannot have been written by Peter himself
1565:
1413:
845:
590:
580:
479:
2148:
1089:
1937:
Adams, Sean A. (2015). "The Tradition of Peter's Literacy: Acts, 1 Peter, and Petrine Literature". In
1246:
1222:
2475:
2296:
The Westminster dictionary of New Testament and early Christian literature, David Edward Aune, p. 256
1322:
1282:
1278:
1234:
1218:
1079:
1031:
857:
849:
530:
516:
431:
338:
265:
2309:(1961), pp. 10–11; ibid., ‘The Second Epistle General of Peter and the General Epistle of Jude’, in
1420:
1409:
1130:
1046:
1041:
1016:
954:
921:
897:
861:
560:
555:
540:
521:
456:
451:
244:
1382:
scholars, other scholars view the arguments of the majority to be largely inconclusive. Likewise,
1731:
Most scholars flat out reject Petrine authorship of 2 Peter, while a goodly number doubt 1 Peter.
909:
885:
860:
alluded to this letter, then it must have been written before the mid-2nd century. However, the
760:
736:
664:
646:
605:
421:
240:
134:
124:
832:
of Jesus", and the view that the epistle was written by St. Peter is attested to by a number of
1784:
1709:
The People, the Land, and the Future of Israel: Israel and the Jewish People in the Plan of God
1633:
2414:
2406:
2196:
2096:
2015:
1986:
1950:
1919:
1909:
1867:
1861:
1829:
1823:
1792:
1752:
1744:
1713:
1707:
1676:
1670:
1639:
1602:
1596:
1543:
1513:
1486:
1480:
1383:
1366:
1160:
497:
436:
203:
2137:
2007:
2445:"Pauline Authorship and the Pastoral Epistles: Implications for Canon," BBR 5 (1995): 105–23
2390:
2186:
2041:
2014:. Fathers of the Church Patristic Series. Catholic University of America Press. p. 17.
1370:
1303:
1101:
942:
869:
407:
348:
326:
255:
175:
129:
1620:
Despite the overwhelming consensus of biblical scholarship in rejecting Petrine authorship
2228:
2158:
1906:
Forged: Writing in the Name of God – Why the Bible's authors are not who we think they are
1579:
1424:
1315:
1262:
1026:
1973:
Novensen, Matthew V. (2015). "Why Are There Some Petrine Epistles Rather Than None?". In
1749:
The World's Greatest Religious Leaders: How Religious Figures Helped Shape World History
1333:(secretaries) for each epistle, or if Peter wrote the second letter himself, while using
1261:. Reasons for this include its linguistic differences from 1 Peter, its apparent use of
1217:(in some translations, 'Simeon' or 'Shimon'), a servant and an apostle of Jesus Christ" (
969:. A historical Jew in Galilee would not have heard Scripture in this form, it is argued.
953:
translation, an unlikely source for historical Peter the apostle, but appropriate for a
1378:
1350:
1334:
1265:, possible allusions to 2nd-century gnosticism, encouragement in the wake of a delayed
1258:
1242:
1156:
1123:
1111:
1084:
938:
934:
833:
570:
446:
260:
51:
22:
2177:
1281:), and his differentiation between himself and "the apostles of the Lord and Savior" (
1163:, on the other hand, argues for an even later date, such as during the persecution of
2464:
2366:
1978:
1942:
1266:
1002:
792:
94:
89:
2253:
4th ed. (Leicester: Apollos, 1990), p. 826; references to quotes from antiquity are
2059:
1825:
Forgery and Counter-forgery: The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics
1374:
1193:
1189:
946:
877:
686:
302:
297:
286:
108:
63:
961:
for the use of those Jews who could not easily read the Hebrew and Aramaic of the
1537:
1507:
1095:
1214:
984:
785:
764:
756:
744:
872:, suggesting they were not yet being read in the Western churches. Unlike the
1974:
1938:
1569:
1330:
966:
958:
950:
841:
801:
777:
625:
275:
73:
1923:
1601:. The Expositor's Bible Commentary. Zondervan Academic. p. unpaginated.
2254:
1299:
917:
781:
2136:
What are they saying about the Catholic Epistles?, Philip B. Harner, p. 49
1595:
Charles, Daryl; Thatcher, Tom; Longman, Tremper; Garland, David E. (2017).
2191:
937:, actually wrote the epistle, because of the urbane cultured style of the
747:
was the author of neither of the two epistles that are attributed to him.
1354:
1164:
853:
837:
280:
1233:), that he had previously written another epistle to the same audience (
2234:
Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 42.4 (1999), pp. 645–71.
913:
808:
492:
292:
78:
2283:
T. Callan, "Use of the Letter of Jude by the Second Letter of Peter",
1863:
Least of the Apostles: Paul and His Legacies in Earliest Christianity
1346:
1172:
962:
945:
of Nazareth. The letter contains about thirty-five references to the
487:
270:
784:, a comparatively small and likely monolingual town. In the era of
2122:
Lane, Dennis; Schreiner, Thomas (2016). "Introduction to 1 Peter".
1159:, the majority scholarly view is that it should be dated to 70–90.
901:
807:
Another version that assumes less of Peter is that he dictated in
68:
30:
1361:
Issue of authorship of 2 Peter already settled for most scholars
941:
and the lack of any personal detail suggesting contact with the
905:
1860:
Case, Brendan W.; Glass, William; Campbell, Douglas A. (2022).
1635:
Beginning from Jerusalem: Christianity in the Making, Volume 2
896:
One theory is that 1 Peter was written by a secretary such as
759:
even had the capability to write them. Peter is described in
1277:), his implication that the Apostolic generation has passed (
876:, the authorship of which was debated in antiquity (see also
2279:
2277:
880:), there was little debate about Peter's authorship of the
780:". More generally, Peter is agreed to be a fisherman from
2247:
The Epistle of St Jude and the Second Epistle of St Peter
2085:
A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings
1539:
Understanding the Bible: a reader's guide and reference
828:
identifies himself in the opening verse as "Peter, an
2322:
Ben Witherington III, “A Petrine Source in 2 Peter”,
2099:, Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.
1672:
New Testament Theology: Exploring Diversity and Unity
2185:. Studies on Early Christian Apocrypha 21. Peeters.
1675:. Presbyterian Publishing Corporation. p. 373.
2087:. 2d ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
2112:(David Noel Freedman, ed) vol 5, ("O-Sh"), p. 262.
776:) can be literally translated as "unlettered" or "
2355:Second Peter: Introduction, Argument, and Outline
1908:. HarperOne. p. 52–77; 133–141.
1791:. B&H Publishing Group. p. unpaginated.
2394:Understanding the Bible: a reader's introduction
1357:style and is dependent on more obscure sources.
868:170 did not contain this, and a number of other
1747:. In Hendrix, Scott E.; Okeja, Uchenna (eds.).
2150:A Historical Introduction To The New Testament
1412:and the Letter of Peter to James (part of the
804:, the Greek translation of the Old Testament.
2324:Society of Biblical Literature Seminar Papers
1314:2 Peter shares a number of passages with the
1131:
704:
8:
2430:"Reflections on the Authorship of 2 Peter,"
2396:, 2nd ed. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. p. 354.
2057:Quotations from these scholars are given in
2171:
2169:
2167:
1968:
1966:
771:
1138:
1124:
971:
711:
697:
331:
17:
2190:
1985:. William B. Eerdmans. pp. 146–157.
1949:. William B. Eerdmans. pp. 130–145.
1899:
1897:
1895:
1893:
763:as "uneducated and ordinary" (NRSV). The
1706:Bock, Darrell L.; Glaser, Mitch (2014).
1474:
1472:
1337:(Silas) as an amanuensis for the first.
1468:
1448:
1071:
1000:
983:
949:, all of which, however, come from the
420:
29:
2126:. Wheaton, IL: Crossway. p. 2401.
1866:. Pickwick Publications. p. 166.
1598:1 and 2 Peter, 1, 2, and 3 John, Jude
7:
2083:Ehrman, Bart D. The New Testament:
2046:An Introduction to the New Testament
1712:. Kregel Publications. p. 136.
1225:), that he was an eyewitness of the
1213:opens by identifying the author as "
2010:. In Halton, Thomas Patrick (ed.).
1571:"24. Apocalyptic and Accommodation"
1151:Pseudepigraphy written around 70–90
791:There is a line in the 2nd-century
2179:The Apocalypse of Peter in Context
1743:Laine Hamilton, Stephanie (2018).
1253:Clues in support of pseudepigraphy
820:Author identifies himself as Peter
741:authorship of the Pauline epistles
725:authorship of the Petrine epistles
14:
2251:Introduction to the New Testament
1638:. Eerdmans. p. unpaginated.
1542:. Mayfield Pub. Co. p. 295.
1479:Moyise, Steve (9 December 2004).
1310:Relation between 2 Peter and Jude
2311:Tyndale New Testament Commentary
2249:(1907), p. 166; Donald Guthrie,
1783:Holman Bible Publishers (2019).
1293:Arguments for Petrine authorship
1205:Author presents himself as Peter
992:
750:
680:
37:
1455:Attributed to multiple sources:
1183:Authority associated with Peter
856:, who was martyred in 156, and
676:Outline of Bible-related topics
1485:. A&C Black. p. 116.
1155:If the epistle is taken to be
385:Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia
1:
512:Historical-grammatical method
2231:The Authenticity of 2 Peter,
1482:The Old Testament in the New
892:Theory of Silvanus as author
2471:Biblical authorship debates
2008:"VIII. Mark the Evangelist"
1983:Peter in Early Christianity
1947:Peter in Early Christianity
1789:KJV Apologetics Study Bible
1429:Gnostic Apocalypse of Peter
2502:
1536:Stephen L. Harris (1980).
1506:Stephen L. Harris (1992).
1433:Arabic Apocalypse of Peter
739:, parallel to that of the
507:Allegorical interpretation
1751:. ABC-CLIO. p. 526.
1669:Matera, Frank J. (2007).
1632:Dunn, James D.G. (2020).
1582:. Accessed 22 July 2013.
1512:. Mayfield. p. 388.
1406:Letter of Peter to Philip
772:
2371:Early Christian Writings
2064:Early Christian Writings
1828:. OUP USA. p. 240.
1822:Ehrman, Bart D. (2013).
1395:Other Petrine literature
751:Peter's ability to write
397:Novum Testamentum Graece
199:Composition of the Torah
2110:Anchor Bible Dictionary
1745:"Peter (d. mid-60s CE)"
1584:Lecture 24 (transcript)
1509:Understanding the Bible
1401:New Testament apocrypha
1245:"our beloved brother" (
1211:Second Epistle of Peter
1192:with 1 Peter 2:12, and
928:Use of Greek and Hebrew
920:was intended. See also
874:Second Epistle of Peter
882:First Epistle of Peter
826:First Epistle of Peter
660:Criticism of the Bible
403:Documentary hypothesis
2486:Petrine-related books
2433:Evangelical Quarterly
2287:85 (2004), pp. 42–64.
2192:10.2143/9789042952096
2006:Saint Jerome (1999).
1904:Ehrman, Bart (2011).
1408:(part of the Gnostic
1341:Two different authors
888:in the 18th century.
846:Clement of Alexandria
413:NT textual categories
2307:2 Peter Reconsidered
2217:2 Peter Reconsidered
1323:Ben Witherington III
1196:with 1 Peter 3:14).
908:, familiar from the
884:until the advent of
850:Origen of Alexandria
360:Internal consistency
266:Samaritan Pentateuch
2326:(1985), pp. 187–92.
2257:47.1 and Polycarp,
2229:Michael J. Kruger,
1421:Apocalypse of Peter
1410:Nag Hammadi library
1047:Incident at Antioch
955:Hellenized audience
922:Syriac Christianity
735:) is a question in
194:New Testament canon
189:Old Testament canon
117:Chapters and verses
2481:Canonical epistles
2391:Harris, Stephen L.
2157:2010-06-21 at the
2097:Harris, Stephen L.
2012:On Illustrious Men
1349:, key chapters of
910:Book of Revelation
886:biblical criticism
824:The author of the
737:biblical criticism
665:Biblical authority
546:Capital punishment
422:Biblical criticism
391:Rahlfs' Septuagint
95:New Testament (NT)
90:Old Testament (OT)
2419:978-0-310-23859-1
2202:978-90-429-5208-9
2147:Grant, Robert M.
2021:978-0-8132-0100-9
1992:978-0-8028-7171-8
1956:978-0-8028-7171-8
1873:978-1-6667-3133-0
1835:978-0-19-992803-3
1798:978-1-5359-3476-3
1758:978-1-4408-4138-5
1719:978-0-8254-4362-6
1682:978-0-664-23044-9
1645:978-1-4674-6061-3
1608:978-0-310-53209-5
1549:978-0-87484-472-6
1519:978-1-55934-083-0
1492:978-0-567-08199-5
1399:Various works of
1259:pseudepigraphical
1241:), and he called
1161:Stephen L. Harris
1148:
1147:
1037:Vision of a sheet
745:Peter the Apostle
721:
720:
536:Conspiracy theory
465:
464:
204:Mosaic authorship
2493:
2455:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2437:
2428:
2422:
2403:
2397:
2388:
2382:
2381:
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2377:
2363:
2357:
2352:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2327:
2320:
2314:
2305:E. M. B. Green,
2303:
2297:
2294:
2288:
2281:
2272:
2241:
2235:
2226:
2220:
2215:E. M. B. Green,
2213:
2207:
2206:
2194:
2184:
2173:
2162:
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1371:Stephen L Harris
1304:synoptic gospels
1243:Paul the Apostle
1140:
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1012:Walking on water
996:
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943:historical Jesus
870:General epistles
862:Muratorian Canon
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408:Synoptic problem
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256:Dead Sea scrolls
217:Petrine epistles
212:Pauline epistles
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1327:2 Peter 1:12–21
1316:Epistle of Jude
1312:
1295:
1275:2 Peter 3:15–16
1255:
1231:2 Peter 1:16–18
1227:Transfiguration
1207:
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1185:
1157:pseudepigraphal
1153:
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930:
894:
852:(185–253). If
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1367:Daniel Wallace
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793:Acts of Peter
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652:Infallibility
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551:Homosexuality
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53:
50:
49:
45:
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40:
36:
35:
32:
28:
24:
20:
19:
16:
2450:
2441:
2431:
2426:
2401:
2393:
2386:
2374:. Retrieved
2370:
2361:
2350:
2340:
2331:
2323:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2292:
2284:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2230:
2224:
2216:
2211:
2178:
2149:
2143:
2132:
2123:
2117:
2109:
2104:
2092:
2084:
2079:
2067:. Retrieved
2063:
2053:
2045:
2037:
2025:. Retrieved
2011:
2001:
1982:
1946:
1932:
1905:
1884:
1877:. Retrieved
1862:
1855:
1846:
1839:. Retrieved
1824:
1817:
1809:
1802:. Retrieved
1788:
1778:
1769:
1762:. Retrieved
1748:
1738:
1730:
1723:. Retrieved
1708:
1701:
1693:
1686:. Retrieved
1671:
1664:
1656:
1649:. Retrieved
1634:
1627:
1619:
1612:. Retrieved
1597:
1590:
1561:
1553:
1538:
1531:
1523:
1508:
1501:
1481:
1451:
1436:
1415:
1398:
1388:
1375:D. A. Carson
1364:
1344:
1320:
1313:
1296:
1287:
1270:
1256:
1247:2 Peter 3:15
1223:2 Peter 1:14
1208:
1194:Matthew 5:10
1190:Matthew 5:16
1186:
1176:
1168:
1154:
1094:
1051:
987:in the Bible
947:Hebrew Bible
931:
895:
878:Antilegomena
865:
823:
806:
798:
790:
767:
754:
724:
722:
619:Perspectives
480:Hermeneutics
395:
383:
303:Luther Bible
298:Gothic Bible
287:Vetus Latina
285:
241:Translations
216:
181:Hebrew canon
109:Antilegomena
104:Deuterocanon
15:
2476:Saint Peter
1975:Bond, Helen
1939:Bond, Helen
1566:Dale Martin
1414:Clementine
1389:prima facie
1283:2 Peter 3:2
1279:2 Peter 3:4
1235:2 Peter 3:1
1219:2 Peter 1:1
1215:Simon Peter
1032:Restoration
844:(150–222),
840:(140–203),
786:Roman Judea
765:Koine Greek
517:Inspiration
355:Historicity
313:by language
245:manuscripts
2465:Categories
2152:, chap. 14
1848:principle.
1463:References
1331:amanuenses
1300:apocryphal
1171:95) or of
1107:In Judaism
1096:Quo vadis?
1042:Liberation
1017:Confession
967:proselytes
965:, and for
959:Alexandria
951:Septuagint
842:Tertullian
802:Septuagint
778:illiterate
773:ἀγράμματοι
768:agrammatoi
522:Literalism
432:Historical
339:Archeology
276:Septuagint
171:Authorship
159:Authorship
2421:. p. 659.
2367:"2 Peter"
2255:1 Clement
2060:"1 Peter"
1924:639164332
1785:"1 Peter"
918:Euphrates
782:Capernaum
761:Acts 4:13
647:Inerrancy
457:Canonical
452:Redaction
344:Artifacts
125:Apocrypha
54:and books
2260:Ad Phil.
2219:, p. 27.
2155:Archived
2048:, p. 722
1981:(eds.).
1945:(eds.).
1416:Homilies
1355:allusive
1335:Silvanus
1271:parousia
1165:Domitian
1112:In Islam
1052:Epistles
977:a series
975:Part of
902:Silvanus
854:Polycarp
838:Irenaeus
596:Violence
581:Serpents
571:Prophecy
566:Muhammad
281:Peshitta
271:Targumim
23:a series
21:Part of
2345:Carson.
2313:(1987).
2285:Biblica
2271:. 12.2.
2265:Ad Phil
1576:YouTube
1239:1 Peter
1102:Primacy
1062:2 Peter
1057:1 Peter
1001:In the
916:on the
914:Babylon
830:apostle
809:Aramaic
733:2 Peter
729:1 Peter
636:Quranic
631:Islamic
626:Gnostic
601:Warfare
591:Slavery
531:Alcohol
493:Midrash
437:Textual
293:Vulgate
79:Ketuvim
74:Nevi'im
2417:
2409:
2376:22 May
2269:Ad Eph
2199:
2069:22 May
2027:22 May
2018:
1989:
1953:
1922:
1912:
1879:22 May
1870:
1841:22 May
1832:
1804:21 May
1795:
1771:Peter.
1764:21 May
1755:
1725:21 May
1716:
1688:21 May
1679:
1651:21 May
1642:
1614:21 May
1605:
1546:
1516:
1489:
1431:, the
1427:, the
1423:, the
1351:Isaiah
1347:Psalms
1237:; cf.
1179:112).
1173:Trajan
1027:Denial
963:Tanakh
900:or by
858:Papias
561:Incest
541:Ethics
498:Pardes
488:Pesher
442:Source
371:Places
366:People
349:Dating
176:Dating
130:Jewish
64:Tanakh
52:Canons
25:on the
2183:(PDF)
1443:Notes
1085:Sword
1080:Cross
1072:Other
985:Peter
939:Greek
757:Peter
606:Women
556:Humor
376:Names
69:Torah
31:Bible
2415:ISBN
2407:ISBN
2378:2023
2197:ISBN
2071:2023
2029:2023
2016:ISBN
1987:ISBN
1951:ISBN
1920:OCLC
1910:ISBN
1881:2023
1868:ISBN
1843:2023
1830:ISBN
1806:2023
1793:ISBN
1766:2023
1753:ISBN
1727:2023
1714:ISBN
1690:2023
1677:ISBN
1653:2023
1640:ISBN
1616:2023
1603:ISBN
1544:ISBN
1514:ISBN
1487:ISBN
1377:and
1263:Jude
1209:The
1090:Tomb
906:Rome
898:Mark
731:and
723:The
576:Rape
447:Form
243:and
2187:doi
1574:on
1298:in
1285:).
1249:).
864:of
586:Sex
2467::
2413:,
2369:.
2276:^
2195:.
2166:^
2062:.
2044:,
1977:;
1965:^
1941:;
1918:.
1892:^
1883:.
1845:.
1808:.
1787:.
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1729:.
1692:.
1655:.
1618:.
1578:.
1552:.
1522:.
1471:^
1177:c.
1169:c.
924:.
866:c.
836::
140:NT
135:OT
2380:.
2205:.
2189::
2161:.
2073:.
2031:.
1995:.
1959:.
1926:.
1495:.
1269:(
1229:(
1175:(
1167:(
1139:e
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1125:v
770:(
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712:e
705:t
698:v
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