524:, and transformation. By enhancing the metabolic capabilities of their hosts, bacteriophages contribute to the recycling of organic matter, influencing the availability of nutrients for other organisms in the ecosystem. Lytic viruses in particular have been shown to increase ammonium oxidation, nitric oxide reduction, nitrification, and denitrification to balance nutrient levels in nitrogen polluted environments. Nutrient-enriched wetlands contain AMGs related to sulfur transport and metabolism. AMG modification of host processes is another means other than the viral shunt by which viruses can directly impact biogeochemical cycles.
378:
105:. Photosynthetic machinery for other reaction centers and electron transport are also found in many viruses infecting phototrophs. Phages encode for nearly all genes involved in carbon metabolism. In particular, viruses redirect host metabolism to increase dNTP biosynthesis for viral genome replication.
134:
Virus survival through inclusion of AMGs is governed by the laws of natural selection and has been made highly selective through co-evolution with their hosts. As such, the AMGs that confer a fitness advantage to the virus's ability to infect a host and reproduce will be more abundant. AMG abundance
213:
A virus's host range determines which host it can acquire AMGs from. Additionally, the abundance of a host surrounding a virus will affect its likelihood to acquire genes from the host. Virus populations increasingly occupy lytic lifestyles as bacterial production increases. The strong evolutionary
284:
Since AMGs originate in hosts, distinguishing host and viral genes is critical for their study. This is not easily achieved as cultivation of viral-host systems in a laboratory setting proves challenging if even possible. Additionally, filtering out cellular sequences before entry in bioinformatic
204:
environments, AMGs can confer fitness advantages for both host and viruses under relatively nutrient-limited conditions compared to sediment and strong ultraviolet stress of water. In sunlit versus dark ocean waters, AMGs in distinct pathways are unequally distributed to reprogram host energy
553:. The ability of viruses to confer new metabolic traits to their hosts enhances the resilience of microbial communities facing shifts in temperature, nutrient availability, or other environmental stressors. AMGs can also serve as a genetic pool in shaping the evolution of their hosts.
2058:
Millard AD, Zwirglmaier K, Downey MJ, Mann NH, Scanlan DJ (September 2009). "Comparative genomics of marine cyanomyoviruses reveals the widespread occurrence of
Synechococcus host genes localized to a hyperplastic region: implications for mechanisms of cyanophage evolution".
121:
metabolic pathways. This includes genes typically involved in transport and assembly. Major representatives of this class are involved in balancing TCA cycle intermediates. Additionally, the acquisition of biogenic elements outside of carbon like phosphate, governed by
74:(KEGG). AMGs do not encompass metabolic genes involved in typical viral functions, such as nucleotide and protein metabolism since their functions achieve direct viral reproduction, rather than augmenting host function to indirectly enhance it.
309:. ViromeQC can display contamination for the dataset overall and DRAM-v assigns a confidence score for the AMG being on a viral MAG. Viral identification is most popularly performed by VIBRANT, VirSorter2, DeepVirFinder, and CheckV.
536:
capacities of their hosts can influence the abundance and distribution of specific microbial taxa. In turn, this shapes the overall composition of microbial communities, with potential cascading effects on higher
205:
production and viral replication based on available nutrients. In sedimentary environments, carbon and sulfur metabolism AMGs are typically more prevalent to outcompete other organisms for the abundant resources.
297:
due to their many shared properties at this step of analysis. The extent to which they have contaminated existing viral databases is unknown. Some genes have distinctions between host and viral versions such as
329:
g15-g18 has been classified as locales where multiple AMGs have been inserted. Possible AMG contexts can be divided into locally collinear blocks (LCBs), or homologous regions shared by multiple
109:
can induce starvation by converting glucose-6-phosphate to glycogen, forcing the host to compensate by deriving ribulose-5-phosphate from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate.
2202:
Zimmerman AE, Howard-Varona C, Needham DM, John SG, Worden AZ, Sullivan MB, et al. (January 2020). "Metabolic and biogeochemical consequences of viral infection in aquatic ecosystems".
305:
easing the task of computational distinction. The most definitive way developed to determine gene origin has been identification of taxonomically informative genes colocalized on assembled
495:
pathways, influencing the transmission of signals related to energy status, nutrient availability, or stress. By modulating these signaling pathways, AMGs can indirectly regulate
352:
occur about twice as frequently as virus to host gene transfers due to a higher number viral recipients than donors. The vast majority of gene transfer occurs in double-stranded
70:
AMGs employ diverse functions including pathways not involved in metabolism despite what the name suggests. They are categorized in two classes based on their presence in the
2151:
Li Y, Xiong L, Yu H, Xiang Y, Wei Y, Zhang Q, Ji X (March 2023). "Biogeochemical sulfur cycling of virus auxiliary metabolic genes involved in
Napahai plateau wetland".
333:
without rearrangements. AMGs have been found in just one or up to 14 LCBs. Those found in more diverse contexts have also shown up in variable locales within the LCB.
549:
AMGs play a crucial role in microbial adaptation to environmental changes. In extreme environments, AMGs can encode for alternate energy pathways such as subunits of
50:) carry AMGs that have been acquired from their immediate host as well as more distantly-related bacteria. Cyanophage AMGs support a variety of functions including
269:
399:
1611:"Expanding standards in viromics: in silico evaluation of dsDNA viral genome identification, classification, and auxiliary metabolic gene curation"
1665:"VIBRANT: automated recovery, annotation and curation of microbial viruses, and evaluation of viral community function from genomic sequences"
200:
Pathways utilizing nutrients found in low concentrations in the local environment are generally found in higher abundance in the virus. In
192:
capacity has also been correlated to AMG diversity. Aphotic viral communities possess greater AMG diversity than those in the photic zone.
62:
synthesis and metabolism. AMGs also have broader ecological impacts beyond their host including their influence on biogeochemical cycling.
1806:
Zolfo M, Pinto F, Asnicar F, Manghi P, Tett A, Bushman FD, Segata N (December 2019). "Detecting contamination in viromes using ViromeQC".
1510:"The marine prochlorophyte Prochlorococcus contributes significantly to phytoplankton biomass and primary production in the Sargasso Sea"
1714:
Forterre P, Soler N, Krupovic M, Marguet E, Ackermann HW (January 2013). "Fake virus particles generated by fluorescence microscopy".
174:
viruses, on the other hand, may employ AMGs to improve host fitness and virulence due to their often longer lifespan in the cell as a
2245:
Anantharaman K, Duhaime MB, Breier JA, Wendt KA, Toner BM, Dick GJ (May 2014). "Sulfur oxidation genes in diverse deep-sea viruses".
232:, accounting for up to 50% of primary production in the marine environment. As such, many AMGs characterized have been discovered in
154:
viruses tend to use AMGs to repurpose host cell metabolism and steal nutrients when in high cell density. Therefore, AMGs related to
425:
214:
connection between viruses and their hosts makes AMG acquisition mirror the host's own adaptation to its environment over time.
126:, are prevalent for this class. Confidence of AMG identification for Class II AMGs is reduced without a database for reference.
31:
during infection so that the phage can replicate more efficiently. For instance, bacteriophages that infect the abundant marine
550:
403:
451:, which control the rate at which specific genes are transcribed into mRNA, thereby impacting the levels of corresponding
927:
Brum JR, Sullivan MB (March 2015). "Rising to the challenge: accelerated pace of discovery transforms marine virology".
290:
135:
is largely dictated by the lifestyle of the virus, environmental conditions surrounding it, and host characteristics.
388:
1125:"Depth-stratified functional and taxonomic niche specialization in the 'core' and 'flexible' Pacific Ocean Virome"
407:
392:
761:"Comparative metagenomic analyses reveal viral-induced shifts of host metabolism towards nucleotide biosynthesis"
341:
1351:"Modeling ecological drivers in marine viral communities using comparative metagenomics and network analyses"
2368:
55:
521:
972:"Prevalence and evolution of core photosystem II genes in marine cyanobacterial viruses and their hosts"
2315:
2254:
2160:
2068:
1762:
1521:
1362:
1305:
1248:
1136:
664:
513:
448:
2373:
1859:
Guo J, Bolduc B, Zayed AA, Varsani A, Dominguez-Huerta G, Delmont TO, et al. (February 2021).
286:
1560:
Shaffer M, Borton MA, McGivern BB, Zayed AA, La Rosa SL, Solden LM, et al. (September 2020).
2339:
2288:
2227:
2184:
2040:
1841:
1214:
952:
690:
244:
DRAM-v is the standard for AMG annotation of metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) identified as
2331:
2280:
2219:
2176:
2133:
2084:
2032:
1990:
1941:
1892:
1861:"VirSorter2: a multi-classifier, expert-guided approach to detect diverse DNA and RNA viruses"
1833:
1788:
1731:
1696:
1642:
1591:
1537:
1490:
1441:
1390:
1331:
1274:
1206:
1162:
1105:
1054:
1023:"Phage auxiliary metabolic genes and the redirection of cyanobacterial host carbon metabolism"
1003:
944:
902:
860:
792:
741:
710:"Phage auxiliary metabolic genes and the redirection of cyanobacterial host carbon metabolism"
682:
629:
571:
517:
456:
229:
1074:"Three Prochlorococcus cyanophage genomes: signature features and ecological interpretations"
325:
that most commonly surround specific AMGs. Hyperplastic regions including the region between
90:
is almost a ubiquitous photosynthetic AMG for the photosystem Il reaction center D1 found in
2323:
2270:
2262:
2211:
2168:
2123:
2115:
2076:
2024:
1980:
1972:
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772:
731:
721:
672:
619:
586:
1021:
Thompson LR, Zeng Q, Kelly L, Huang KH, Singer AU, Stubbe J, Chisholm SW (September 2011).
708:
Thompson LR, Zeng Q, Kelly L, Huang KH, Singer AU, Stubbe J, Chisholm SW (September 2011).
1562:"DRAM for distilling microbial metabolism to automate the curation of microbiome function"
1237:"Seasonal time bombs: dominant temperate viruses affect Southern Ocean microbial dynamics"
829:"Viral community-wide auxiliary metabolic genes differ by lifestyles, habitats, and hosts"
444:
224:
183:
171:
167:
147:
98:
42:
1459:
Emerson JB, Roux S, Brum JR, Bolduc B, Woodcroft BJ, Jang HB, et al. (August 2018).
2319:
2258:
2164:
2072:
2013:"The genomic content and context of auxiliary metabolic genes in marine cyanomyoviruses"
1766:
1525:
1366:
1309:
1252:
1140:
885:
Hurwitz BL, U'Ren JM (June 2016). "Viral metabolic reprogramming in marine ecosystems".
668:
608:"The genomic content and context of auxiliary metabolic genes in marine cyanomyoviruses"
2363:
1985:
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828:
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760:
736:
709:
492:
364:, and wide host breadth. Additionally, unicellular hosts more commonly transfer genes.
302:
201:
189:
51:
2128:
2103:
1509:
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activity, leading to changes in the rate of metabolic flux through specific pathways.
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1845:
1533:
1218:
648:
538:
233:
218:
92:
36:
32:
20:
1961:"CheckV assesses the quality and completeness of metagenome-assembled viral genomes"
970:
Sullivan MB, Lindell D, Lee JA, Thompson LR, Bielawski JP, Chisholm SW (July 2006).
956:
2343:
1609:
Pratama AA, Bolduc B, Zayed AA, Zhong ZP, Guo J, Vik DR, et al. (2021-06-14).
694:
59:
2292:
1185:"Systematic evaluation of horizontal gene transfer between eukaryotes and viruses"
1959:
Nayfach S, Camargo AP, Schulz F, Eloe-Fadrosh E, Roux S, Kyrpides NC (May 2021).
1090:
988:
344:(HGT) from host to virus allows for AMGs to be acquired. Gene transfer from host
2028:
624:
607:
377:
179:
170:
viruses, in part due to their larger host range and higher infection frequency.
163:
159:
151:
143:
102:
86:. In particular, these genes are found in photosynthesis and carbon metabolism.
47:
2172:
1976:
1910:
Ren J, Song K, Deng C, Ahlgren NA, Fuhrman JA, Li Y, et al. (March 2020).
1877:
1751:"Membrane vesicles in natural environments: a major challenge in viral ecology"
1681:
1426:
1355:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1201:
1184:
1027:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
845:
714:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2306:
Rohwer F, Thurber RV (May 2009). "Viruses manipulate the marine environment".
2215:
1927:
1819:
1727:
1476:
898:
533:
496:
476:
299:
248:. DRAM-v searches the following databases for AMGs that match the input MAGs:
155:
28:
2104:"Mauve: multiple alignment of conserved genomic sequence with rearrangements"
1541:
827:
Luo XQ, Wang P, Li JL, Ahmad M, Duan L, Yin LZ, et al. (November 2022).
186:
viruses allows for more AMG transfer but also lowers overall gene diversity.
2266:
2012:
1375:
1039:
726:
591:
361:
353:
345:
2335:
2284:
2223:
2180:
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2036:
1994:
1945:
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1837:
1792:
1774:
1735:
1700:
1646:
1595:
1494:
1445:
1394:
1335:
1278:
1260:
1235:
Brum JR, Hurwitz BL, Schofield O, Ducklow HW, Sullivan MB (February 2016).
1210:
1166:
1148:
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1058:
1007:
948:
906:
864:
796:
745:
686:
633:
1577:
1317:
777:
175:
82:
Class I AMGs encode for metabolism pathways in the cell and are found in
24:
2327:
2011:
Crummett LT, Puxty RJ, Weihe C, Marston MF, Martiny JB (December 2016).
1828:
1627:
1294:"Lysogeny in nature: mechanisms, impact and ecology of temperate phages"
940:
606:
Crummett LT, Puxty RJ, Weihe C, Marston MF, Martiny JB (December 2016).
2119:
468:
452:
257:
150:
viruses have different lifestyles which impact what AMGs they acquire.
1072:
Sullivan MB, Coleman ML, Weigele P, Rohwer F, Chisholm SW (May 2005).
2275:
480:
472:
357:
318:
306:
265:
1292:
Howard-Varona C, Hargreaves KR, Abedon ST, Sullivan MB (July 2017).
677:
652:
276:
can then be referenced to classify annotated AMGs through VIBRANT.
349:
330:
294:
245:
1461:"Host-linked soil viral ecology along a permafrost thaw gradient"
1410:"Metabolic reprogramming by viruses in the sunlit and dark ocean"
178:. Gene density in these viruses is higher when compared to their
326:
322:
273:
261:
253:
249:
118:
83:
71:
1912:"Identifying viruses from metagenomic data using deep learning"
1183:
Irwin NA, Pittis AA, Richards TA, Keeling PJ (February 2022).
653:"Marine ecosystems: bacterial photosynthesis genes in a virus"
371:
117:
Class II AMGs encode for peripheral functions absent from the
889:. Environmental microbiology * Special Section: Megaviromes.
1349:
Hurwitz BL, Westveld AH, Brum JR, Sullivan MB (July 2014).
2153:
Environmental
Science and Pollution Research International
570:
Breitbart MY, Thompson LR, Suttle CA, Sullivan MB (2007).
479:
reactions. This interaction can either enhance or inhibit
1749:
Soler N, Krupovic M, Marguet E, Forterre P (March 2015).
1514:
Deep Sea
Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
516:
in multiple environments through nutrient degradation,
166:
viruses also encompass a more diverse set of AMGs than
2102:
Darling AC, Mau B, Blattner FR, Perna NT (July 2004).
1408:
Hurwitz BL, Hallam SJ, Sullivan MB (November 2013).
1123:Hurwitz BL, Brum JR, Sullivan MB (February 2015).
321:. Current research is being done to determine the
759:Enav H, Mandel-Gutfreund Y, BĂŠjĂ O (March 2014).
2006:
2004:
572:"Exploring the Vast Diversity of Marine Viruses"
1555:
1553:
1551:
880:
878:
876:
874:
1663:Kieft K, Zhou Z, Anantharaman K (June 2020).
1658:
1656:
1178:
1176:
317:AMGs are not randomly distributed throughout
8:
1230:
1228:
922:
920:
918:
916:
406:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
158:and transport are found more abundantly in
822:
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2127:
1984:
1935:
1886:
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1827:
1782:
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1636:
1626:
1585:
1508:Goericke R, Welschmeyer NA (1993-11-01).
1484:
1435:
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1384:
1374:
1325:
1268:
1200:
1156:
1099:
1089:
1048:
1038:
997:
987:
854:
844:
786:
776:
735:
725:
676:
623:
590:
426:Learn how and when to remove this message
285:pipelines is not possible with cellular
562:
72:Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
647:Mann NH, Cook A, Millard A, Bailey S,
182:counterparts. Higher rates of HGT in
7:
404:adding citations to reliable sources
532:The ability of AMGs modulating the
356:since they have large and flexible
14:
2081:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2009.01966.x
376:
887:Current Opinion in Microbiology
551:dissimilatory sulfite reductase
293:are unable to distinguish from
27:cells. AMGs modulate host cell
447:by modulating the activity of
1:
2204:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
1534:10.1016/0967-0637(93)90104-B
1091:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030144
989:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040234
929:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
512:AMGs have a large impact on
491:AMGs may be integrated into
471:that directly interact with
2029:10.1016/j.virol.2016.09.016
625:10.1016/j.virol.2016.09.016
2390:
2173:10.1007/s11356-023-25408-8
2061:Environmental Microbiology
1977:10.1038/s41587-020-00774-7
1878:10.1186/s40168-020-00990-y
1682:10.1186/s40168-020-00867-0
1427:10.1186/gb-2013-14-11-r123
1202:10.1038/s41564-021-01026-3
846:10.1186/s40168-022-01384-y
439:Transcriptional regulation
2216:10.1038/s41579-019-0270-x
1928:10.1007/s40484-019-0187-4
1820:10.1038/s41587-019-0334-5
1728:10.1016/j.tim.2012.10.005
1477:10.1038/s41564-018-0190-y
899:10.1016/j.mib.2016.04.002
545:Adaptation to environment
19:(AMGs) are found in many
17:Auxiliary metabolic genes
342:Horizontal gene transfer
196:Environmental conditions
2267:10.1126/science.1252229
1376:10.1073/pnas.1319778111
1040:10.1073/pnas.1102164108
727:10.1073/pnas.1102164108
592:10.5670/oceanog.2007.58
508:Biogeochemicalc cycling
503:Ecological implications
236:of these host systems.
1775:10.1038/ismej.2014.184
1716:Trends in Microbiology
1566:Nucleic Acids Research
1261:10.1038/ismej.2015.125
1149:10.1038/ismej.2014.143
337:Acquisition mechanisms
280:Cellular contamination
228:are the most abundant
1318:10.1038/ismej.2017.16
778:10.1186/2049-2618-2-9
514:biogeochemical cycles
449:transcription factors
1965:Nature Biotechnology
1916:Quantitative Biology
1808:Nature Biotechnology
467:Certain AMGs encode
400:improve this section
368:Mechanisms of action
360:, co-evolution with
287:gene transfer agents
2328:10.1038/nature08060
2320:2009Natur.459..207R
2259:2014Sci...344..757A
2165:2023ESPR...3044430L
2159:(15): 44430â44438.
2073:2009EnvMi..11.2370M
1767:2015ISMEJ...9..793S
1628:10.7717/peerj.11447
1578:10.1093/nar/gkaa621
1526:1993DSRI...40.2283G
1465:Nature Microbiology
1367:2014PNAS..11110714H
1361:(29): 10714â10719.
1310:2017ISMEJ..11.1511H
1253:2016ISMEJ..10..437B
1189:Nature Microbiology
1141:2015ISMEJ...9..472H
941:10.1038/nrmicro3404
669:2003Natur.424..741M
528:Community structure
497:metabolic processes
443:AMGs may influence
2120:10.1101/gr.2289704
520:, transportation,
493:cellular signaling
487:Signaling pathways
457:metabolic pathways
23:but originated in
2314:(7244): 207â212.
2253:(6185): 757â760.
1814:(12): 1408â1412.
1572:(16): 8883â8900.
1520:(11): 2283â2294.
1033:(39): E757âE764.
720:(39): E757âE764.
463:Enzyme modulation
436:
435:
428:
291:membrane vesicles
230:picocyanobacteria
56:carbon metabolism
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2235:
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2141:
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2114:(7): 1394â1403.
2099:
2093:
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2067:(9): 2370â2387.
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1755:The ISME Journal
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1340:
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1329:
1304:(7): 1511â1520.
1298:The ISME Journal
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1272:
1241:The ISME Journal
1232:
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1222:
1204:
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1129:The ISME Journal
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2108:Genome Research
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678:10.1038/424741a
651:(August 2003).
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445:gene expression
441:
432:
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397:
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315:
313:Genomic context
282:
242:
225:Prochlorococcus
211:
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141:
132:
115:
99:Prochlorococcus
80:
68:
43:Prochlorococcus
12:
11:
5:
2387:
2385:
2377:
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2371:
2369:Bacteriophages
2366:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2298:
2237:
2194:
2143:
2094:
2050:
2000:
1971:(5): 578â585.
1951:
1902:
1851:
1798:
1761:(4): 793â796.
1741:
1706:
1652:
1601:
1547:
1500:
1471:(8): 870â880.
1451:
1414:Genome Biology
1400:
1341:
1284:
1247:(2): 437â449.
1224:
1195:(2): 327â336.
1172:
1135:(2): 472â484.
1115:
1064:
1013:
962:
935:(3): 147â159.
912:
870:
802:
751:
700:
639:
598:
585:(2): 135â139.
561:
560:
558:
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546:
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539:trophic levels
529:
526:
518:mineralization
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506:
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488:
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433:
384:
382:
375:
369:
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338:
335:
314:
311:
303:photosynthesis
281:
278:
272:Viral RefSeq.
241:
240:Identification
238:
210:
207:
197:
194:
190:Photosynthesis
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114:
111:
79:
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67:
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21:bacteriophages
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663:(6950): 741.
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416:November 2023
409:
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385:This section
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268:, VOGDB, and
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219:Synechococcus
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93:Synechococcus
89:
85:
77:
75:
73:
65:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:
39:
38:
37:Synechococcus
34:
33:cyanobacteria
30:
26:
22:
18:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2210:(1): 21â34.
2207:
2203:
2197:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2020:
2016:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1922:(1): 64â77.
1919:
1915:
1905:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1829:11572/246053
1811:
1807:
1801:
1758:
1754:
1744:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1672:
1668:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1569:
1565:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1468:
1464:
1454:
1420:(11): R123.
1417:
1413:
1403:
1358:
1354:
1344:
1301:
1297:
1287:
1244:
1240:
1192:
1188:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1081:
1078:PLOS Biology
1077:
1067:
1030:
1026:
1016:
979:
976:PLOS Biology
975:
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886:
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611:
601:
582:
579:Oceanography
578:
565:
548:
531:
522:assimilation
511:
490:
475:involved in
466:
455:involved in
442:
422:
413:
398:Please help
386:
340:
316:
283:
243:
223:
217:
216:
212:
209:Host factors
199:
188:
142:
133:
123:
116:
106:
97:
91:
87:
81:
69:
60:nucleic acid
41:
35:
16:
15:
2023:: 219â229.
1084:(5): e144.
982:(8): e234.
893:: 161â168.
618:: 219â229.
354:DNA viruses
103:cyanophages
48:cyanophages
2374:Metabolism
2358:Categories
1865:Microbiome
1722:(1): 1â5.
1669:Microbiome
1621:: e11447.
839:(1): 190.
833:Microbiome
765:Microbiome
557:References
362:eukaryotes
346:eukaryotes
300:cyanophage
156:metabolism
29:metabolism
2276:1912/6700
2232:207894289
2189:256192280
2045:205652754
1871:(1): 37.
1846:208191024
1675:(1): 90.
1542:0967-0637
1219:245616252
534:metabolic
477:metabolic
387:does not
184:lysogenic
172:Temperate
168:lysogenic
162:viruses.
148:lysogenic
139:Lifestyle
130:Abundance
25:bacterial
2336:19444207
2285:24789974
2224:31690825
2181:36692711
2138:15231754
2089:19508343
2037:27693926
2017:Virology
1995:33349699
1946:34084563
1897:33522966
1838:31748692
1793:25314322
1736:23140888
1701:32522236
1647:34178438
1596:32766782
1495:30013236
1446:24200126
1395:25002514
1336:28291233
1279:26296067
1211:34972821
1167:25093636
1110:15828858
1059:21844365
1008:16802857
957:32998525
949:25639680
907:27088500
865:36333738
797:24666644
771:(1): 9.
746:21844365
687:12917674
649:Clokie M
634:27693926
612:Virology
469:proteins
453:proteins
176:prophage
113:Class II
2344:4397295
2316:Bibcode
2255:Bibcode
2247:Science
2161:Bibcode
2069:Bibcode
1986:8116208
1937:8172088
1888:7852108
1784:4817693
1763:Bibcode
1692:7288430
1638:8210812
1587:7498326
1522:Bibcode
1486:6786970
1437:4053976
1386:4115555
1363:Bibcode
1327:5520141
1306:Bibcode
1270:4737935
1249:Bibcode
1158:4303639
1137:Bibcode
1101:1079782
1050:3182688
999:1484495
856:9636769
788:4022391
737:3182688
695:4411495
665:Bibcode
473:enzymes
408:removed
393:sources
358:genomes
350:viruses
331:viruses
319:genomes
307:contigs
295:viruses
258:UniProt
246:viruses
78:Class I
66:Classes
2342:
2334:
2308:Nature
2293:692770
2291:
2283:
2230:
2222:
2187:
2179:
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2126:
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734:
693:
685:
657:Nature
632:
481:enzyme
266:MEROPS
234:phages
202:marine
2364:Genes
2340:S2CID
2289:S2CID
2228:S2CID
2185:S2CID
2041:S2CID
1842:S2CID
1615:PeerJ
1215:S2CID
953:S2CID
691:S2CID
575:(PDF)
327:genes
323:genes
180:lytic
164:Lytic
160:lytic
152:Lytic
144:Lytic
2332:PMID
2281:PMID
2220:PMID
2177:PMID
2134:PMID
2085:PMID
2033:PMID
1991:PMID
1942:PMID
1893:PMID
1834:PMID
1789:PMID
1732:PMID
1697:PMID
1643:PMID
1592:PMID
1538:ISSN
1491:PMID
1442:PMID
1391:PMID
1332:PMID
1275:PMID
1207:PMID
1163:PMID
1106:PMID
1055:PMID
1004:PMID
945:PMID
903:PMID
861:PMID
793:PMID
742:PMID
683:PMID
630:PMID
391:any
389:cite
289:and
274:KEGG
270:NCBI
262:CAZy
254:KEGG
250:Pfam
222:and
146:and
124:pstS
119:KEGG
107:glgA
96:and
88:psbA
84:KEGG
40:and
2324:doi
2312:459
2271:hdl
2263:doi
2251:344
2212:doi
2169:doi
2124:PMC
2116:doi
2077:doi
2025:doi
2021:499
1981:PMC
1973:doi
1932:PMC
1924:doi
1883:PMC
1873:doi
1824:hdl
1816:doi
1779:PMC
1771:doi
1724:doi
1687:PMC
1677:doi
1633:PMC
1623:doi
1582:PMC
1574:doi
1530:doi
1481:PMC
1473:doi
1432:PMC
1422:doi
1381:PMC
1371:doi
1359:111
1322:PMC
1314:doi
1265:PMC
1257:doi
1197:doi
1153:PMC
1145:doi
1096:PMC
1086:doi
1045:PMC
1035:doi
1031:108
994:PMC
984:doi
937:doi
895:doi
851:PMC
841:doi
783:PMC
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732:PMC
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.