518:– the rectangular street system of the focus of the Roman town. Much of the area within the walls was not a densely occupied city at all, but rather, like Rome itself, was occupied by "urban villas', large houses surrounded by substantial tracts of garden and small-holdings. The more recent work also uncovered a remarkable palace building, much of the centre of the Roman town, and outside the walls a canal and roadway leading from the nearby lake, doubtless assisting in the transport of stone from the Jura by lake and canal, and cemeteries and aqueducts outside the line of the Roman walls. Pro Aventico is also responsible for the constant round of restoration of the buildings opened up in the early part of the 20th century, including sections of the wall and the original Roman tower-raised and protected through its use as a mediaeval watch tower, and the northern gate.
28:
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gone, the location of the altar and the fountain as well as the partially reconstructed canopy are also visible on the podium. The rear of the podium is on the north side of the Avenue Jomini. The rest of the temple site is covered by the Avenue, though the floor plan of the temple is laid out in stones embedded in the road. Based on reconstructions, many of the dimensions of the temple are known. The podium was 1.8 metres (5.9 ft) high, with a cella that was about 20 metres (66 ft) high and covered with a four sided roof. The cella is surrounded by a narrow
671:
426:, a former supporter of Galba who was now at the head of a Vitellian invasion of Italy, launched a massive punitive campaign, crushing the Helvetii at Mount Vocetius, killing and enslaving thousands. Aventicum was then besieged and quickly surrendered. The city was nearly ordered destroyed by the Romans, but owing to the pleas of one Claudius Cossus, a Helvetian envoy to Vitellius, and, as Tacitus puts it, "of well-known eloquence" the city was spared.
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of
Germanic tribes, whose dialects became the basis for Swiss German. In the 6th century some Christian life continued in the acropolis of the Roman town: the amphitheatre became a fortress as did the theatre. By the 7th century, however, the focus of the church had moved to Lausanne, Aventicum is only mentioned as an old ruined city though it had fallen into ruins previously. Over the following centuries it is mentioned but always as ruins.
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and the gates and one tower of the wall. With the advent of the national highway scheme in the late 1960s a programme of rescue archaeology was set up under the association Pro
Aventico under the remarkably capable direction of Professor Hans Bogli, after whom the Roman museum has since been named. Early work uncovered the Forum and associated temple area including a possible "Capitolium".
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1541:
748:(7.9 ft) is the height of the podium. The hall for the seating area was 64 by 83.35 metres (210.0 ft × 273.5 ft) and the roof height was 19.50 metres (64.0 ft), also with a 2.4 metres (7.9 ft) podium. The outer courtyard was 15.14 by 104.58 metres (49.7 ft × 343.1 ft).
794:
The temple is partly restored. A section of the foundation of the south wall of the cella, originally 10.8 by 9.4 metres (35 ft × 31 ft), and part of the podium, originally 20.2 by 20.4 metres (66 ft × 67 ft), are visible today. While the stairs leading up the podium are
602:
The theatre was built during the early 2nd century in an area that was previously occupied by scattered houses. It was rebuilt and renovated numerous times, though details are unclear. In the last third of the 3rd century it was rebuilt as a fortified refuge and a moat was added. It was used for this
459:
was a town that was a specific residential location for legionaries who upon retirement were granted land and became citizens. This encouraged land development and stability and not least the extension of Roman culture. Previously, Aventicum had been the capital of a non-citizen nation. The increased
504:
in 1802, which shows the old town behind. Archaeology benefited curiously from the First and Second World Wars when foreigners interned in
Switzerland, and local unemployed, were engaged to excavate the main buildings of the Roman city and to renovate and open to the public the theatre, "Cigognier"
488:
led an archaeological expedition to
Aventicum and in 1788 he put his discoveries on display. His discoveries encouraged many treasure seekers to travel to Aventicum to search for artefacts. In response to the finds, the Musée Vespasien was opened in 1824. In 1838, it was taken over by the Canton of
480:
sacked the city in the 280s, and neither
Aventicum nor its hinterland recovered from both the impact of the attack and the subsequent changes of the Roman frontier which no longer granted security to the area. By the collapse of Rome in the 5th century, this area was already fully under the control
578:
were added. On the east side a monumental main portal was built out of massive stone cubes. The expanded amphitheatre was (without the outer courtyard or the east main portal) 105.01 by 92.11 metres (344.5 ft × 302.2 ft), while the arena floor remained the same size. The outer walls
148:
settlements having been found. In the largest site, the piles extend over an area of 460 square metres (5,000 sq ft) thus forming a large station or village. A great number of objects have been found buried in the mud amongst the piles, consisting of implements of stone and bone, such as
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was built with a gap in the wall which showed the
Cigognier Temple to the audience. The theatre was used for comedies and tragedies, but there is also a "cult niche" at the foot of the audience's section with the stage forming an altar. This indicates that the theatre may have also been used for
791:. The temple worships Mercury as the god of travellers and trade and being located on the main street through the city would have been visited by both. Its close proximity to the Cigognier Temple, the center of worship for the Imperial Cult, indicates that this temple was also an important one.
747:
The
Cigognier Temple is the largest temple in Aventicum. The outer dimensions were 111.58 by 118.80 metres (366.1 ft × 389.8 ft). The temple was 42.17 by 27.36 metres (138.4 ft × 89.8 ft), the height of the roof peak was 23.1 metres (76 ft) of which 2.4 metres
306:
By 5 AD there was a dock on the shore of Lake Murten, which is the first evidence of a settlement at
Aventicum. A grave has also been discovered in the city that dates to 15 AD. During that time there was a small settlement built, in the north east corner of modern Avenches, in the Roman square
570:
floor was laid out and flattened. This first structure had 24 rows of seats built mostly of wood rising up the hillside. The stairs, the wall around the arena floor, the upper walls, and the entrances were built of stone. The outer walls of the amphitheatre measured 98.85 by 85.94 metres
369:, or capital of Helvetia. It acquired this title most probably on account of its comparatively advanced state of civilization and its conspicuous position on the main route between Italy and Germany. It was also the centre of a network of well used military roads. Aventicum and
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with a neighbouring seating area hall, with three rows of seats. A wall surrounded the entire complex except toward the south which formed the outer courtyard. The wall had a gate that connected the temple to the
Theatre and the new, main east–west road in the city.
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facade with pillars that are .51 metres (1.7 ft) in diameter, 4.5 metres (15 ft) high and the trusses above the pillars were 1.16 metres (3.8 ft) thick. The entrance to the temple was set off with 4 pillars (.89 metres (2.9 ft) in diameter).
287:, which was given up in the 1st century BC. The second was the Bois de Châtel, which was fortified in the second half of the 1st century BC. The Bois de Châtel would be destroyed early in the 1st century AD and the population moved to Aventicum.
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and animal combat as well as staged hunts. It served political, social and religious purposes and was a central feature of most Roman towns. As the capital city, the amphitheatre in
Aventicum was quite large.
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hatchets, chisels, needles, awls, besides a vast quantity of the bones of animals. The pottery is a coarse, dark red kind of earthenware containing numerous grains of quartz, and there are 12 or 15 varieties.
112:
in 72 AD, whereupon it entered its golden age. The town wall was 5.6 km (3.5 mi) long but was impracticable for defensive purposes and was doubtless intended as a display of the status of the city.
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During the Year of Four Emperors (69 AD) Vitellius, who nearly ordered Aventicum destroyed, was the third. The fourth, Vespasian, had a much more positive influence on Aventicum. While he was born in
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The main road through Aventicum ran from east to west. The east gate was built during the reign of Vespasian. The gate was built to protect and control the road before the city walls were built.
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posts that support the walls. It appears that the temple wasn't part of the original plan of Aventicum and so it may have been added under the direction of Trajan. Trajan had served with the
273:
During the following half century, the Helvetii would become increasingly romanized. During this time, there were two settlements near where Aventicum would be founded. The first was the
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area is 17.75 metres (58.2 ft) across and 21 metres (69 ft) deep. The capacity of the theatre was about 12,000 people, with over 50 rows for seating. It was entered through 11
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highway, further portions of the Roman town were discovered. In 1987 the road was moved to avoid the site. Further and extensive work over the succeeding decades opened up much of the
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were now used as legionary garrisons, or relocated. While the exact date of the founding of Aventicum is not exact, it was likely established during or shortly after Augustus' reign.
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is nearly square instead of a more rectangular shape. The Temple is raised above the ground on a podium. The cella was surrounded by pillars and the entrance was crowned with a
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The second phase expanded the amphitheatre considerably. A total of 31 rows of stone seats were built, which increased the capacity to about 16,000. The walls were expanded and
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During the 4th century the amphitheater was abandoned and much of the structure was removed and used as construction material. In the 11th century the Bishop of Lausanne had a
449:, was a banker on a small scale in Aventicum, where Vespasian lived for some time. About two years after Vespasian was declared emperor, he raised Aventicum to the status of a
571:(324.3 ft × 282.0 ft) and the arena floor was 51.63 by 38.40 metres (169.4 ft × 126.0 ft). The first amphitheatre could hold about 9,000 people.
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of Aventicum. They were built during the expansion to a colony, sometime after 77 AD. They were financed by a wealthy romanized Helvetii family known as the Camilli.
258:). This colony was most likely established as a means for controlling one of the two important military access routes between the Helvetian territory and the rest of
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state. At the temple the Roman Empire, symbolized by the divine Emperor, would be worshipped by the citizens and inhabitants of the state. Supporting this theory, a
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662:(covered entrances) which each had two arched passageways. At the bottom of the spectators seating there was a 1.6 metres (5.2 ft) wide box for the nobility.
365:. Tacitus, writing about 69 AD, speaks of the Helvetians as originally a Gallic people, renowned for their valour and exploits in war, and he designates Aventicum
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instigated a new Helvetian migration, in which the entire tribe was to leave their territory (which is now described as corresponding more or less to the
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and favouring Vitellius, stole the pay of a Helvetian garrison, which prompted the Helvetians to intercept the messengers and detain a Roman detachment.
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In 1710, Marquard Wild was the first to argue that Aveticum had been the capital of Helvetia, and not Antre as was formerly believed. In 1783–86 the
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The Roman Temple of the Grange-des-Dîmes dates from the end of the 1st or the early 2nd century. It was built on the site of an earlier 1st-century
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The area around Aventicum was occupied before the Romans founded the city. There have been numerous lake-dwellings discovered within the adjoining
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In 1884, the association Pro Aventico was founded with a goal of discovering and preserving the ruins. Aventicum was a well-known location in the
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It was built in two stages, first about 130 AD then expanded around 165 AD. The first amphitheatre was built when the hillside was terraced. The
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The Helvetii probably reached southern Germany around the year 111 BC and soon invaded Gaul. During their invasion of the Roman province
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or background wall had three doors leading to the relatively small (10 by 7 metres (33 ft × 23 ft)) stage building (
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and enjoyed a certain inner autonomy, including the defence of certain strongholds by their own troops. In the civil war and
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in the Civitas Helvetiorum. However, the Helvetii came into conflict once more with Rome shortly after the death of emperor
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in 52 BC. Sometime between 50 and 45 BC, the Romans founded Colonia Iulia Equestris at the site of the Helvetian settlement
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built over the east entrance, starting at about the 20th row of benches. This tower is now the home of the Roman Museum.
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Near to the line of the Roman walls, and benefiting from reuse of stone from the walls is the small Romanesque church in
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in Rome. Finally, the temple was built near the Theatre, which also may have had a role in the worship of the Emperor.
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was found hidden in drains on the site of the temple. Additionally, the temple was laid out in the same manner as the
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353:. The former territories of the Helvetii and their inhabitants were, by this time, as romanised as the rest of Gaul.
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The Cigognier Temple was built as a massive and impressive temple and may have been the chief temple of the
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120:. His terse chronicle, spanning the years 455 to 581, is one of the few sources for the 6th-century
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since at least 1642. The nest was removed during a restoration in 1978, but the name has remained.
634:(spectator seating) are nearly horseshoe shaped. The actual stage is a simple wooden platform. The
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In the 1st century AD Aventicum and the Helvetii land was incorporated into the Roman province of
330:(41–54 AD), a trade route was completed spanning from Italy to the recently conquered province of
207:) and establish supremacy over all of Gaul. They marched from their villages, but were stalled by
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In the Christian era Aventicum was the seat of a bishopric. The most famous of its bishops was
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The theatre is 106.25 metres (348.6 ft) wide and 66.4 metres (218 ft) deep. The
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of the temple rose high above the north courtyard. The actual temple was built on a high
128:, in 585, Marius moved the seat from Aventicum, due to the rapid decline of the city, to
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During the first three-quarters of the 1st century AD, Aventicum became a center of the
172:(19th century) celebrating the Helvetian victory over the Romans at Agen (107 BC) under
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brought ushered in a golden age for Aventicum. During this time Aventicum was known as
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in the early 1st century AD, as the capital of the recently conquered territory of the
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Apologie pour la vieille cité d'Avenche ou Aventicum en Suisse, au canton de Berne...
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Vaud, renamed the Roman Museum, and installed in the tower of the Amphitheatre.
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83:(Helvetia or Civitas Helvetiorum). Its remains are beside the modern town of
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311:(14–37 AD). Aventicum would have grown in 16-17 AD as the Roman legion camp
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Wild, Marquard; Johann Heinrich Huber; Eugène Olivier; Carl Howald (1710).
410:; unaware of his death, they refused to accept the authority of his rival,
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in 107 BC and killed the consul. They continued to march into Spain, Gaul,
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Switzerland during the Roman era, showing Aventicum and the Helvetii region
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in 68 AD. Like the other Gallic tribes, the Helvetii were organised as a
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The temple was started in 98 AD, the first year of the reign of Emperor
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chapel. The temple is built in a typical Roman fashion, however the
338:. This route passed through Aventicum allowing the city to expand.
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required to provide soldiers, but not granted Roman citizenship.
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98:, across the road that connected Italy to Britain, built under
1204:(illustrated ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 465.
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The Theatre with the modern town of Avenches in the background
106:, who grew up there, Aventicum was raised to the status of a
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style. However, this site can only be dated to the reign of
907:
The Helvetii-From the Gallic Wars to the Battle of Bibracte
562:
Entering the arena floor from the monumental east entrance
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were the starting points for all mile-stones in Helvetia.
223:. There Caesar caught up and defeated the Helvetii in the
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or Baths at the Forum) were located directly east of the
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The temple was built with a wide inner courtyard with an
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and four pillars that supported a canopy over a statue.
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Miles (Mar-Aug 1888), 415 Quotes from Tacitus, Hist. 08
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Die Helvetier zwingen die Römer unter dem Joch hindurch
166:
The Helvetians force the Romans to pass under the yoke
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1111:
J.M.W. Turner: Sketchbooks, Drawings and Watercolours
644:) which is built projecting out behind the wall. The
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The Temple of the Grange-des-Dîmes (2nd century AD)
550:, as was common in the Roman Empire, was used for
215:. The Helvetii then marched around and across the
614:The theatre is built in the style of a classical
735:running along the long axis. The eight pillared
678:The name of the temple (Cigognier) comes from a
1624:Populated places established in the 1st century
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542:The amphitheatre could hold up to 16,000 people
1579:1st-century establishments in the Roman Empire
775:The temple was, most likely, dedicated to the
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870:"AVENTICUM, THE ROMAN METROPOLIS OF HELVETIA"
649:"dedicating plays" for religious ceremonies.
603:purpose until the middle of the 4th century.
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787:combination of Mercury and the gallic god
768:. Inside the temple there was an altar, a
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502:Avenches: the Roman Column,'Le Cicognier'
242:The Helvetii likely lost their status as
1271:Avenches-Temple of the Grange-des-Dîmes
699:gold bust of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius
508:In 1985, during the construction of the
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18:
1536:
1008:Dictionary of Greek and Roman geography
860:
682:'s nest that had occupied the top of a
455:, granting exceptional civic status. A
31:Carved limestone objects from Aventicum
1619:Museums of ancient Rome in Switzerland
1594:Former populated places in Switzerland
1201:Roman Theatres: An Architectural Study
1629:Roman towns and cities in Switzerland
1584:Ancient Roman theatres in Switzerland
246:six years later, when they supported
219:, to an area near the Aeduan oppidum
7:
1059:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
971:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
930:Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
850:List of cities founded by the Romans
79:was the largest town and capital of
1574:Archaeological sites in Switzerland
1449:Archaeological Sites in Switzerland
1089:Avenches L’Association Pro Aventico
1036:Aventicum-from ruins to rediscovery
948:Aventicum-History of a Capital City
184:, they defeated a Roman army under
1011:. Little, Brown & Co. p.
579:were 18 metres (59 ft) high.
16:Archaeological site in Switzerland
14:
402:which followed Nero's death, the
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445:country near Reate. His father,
357:Creation of the Helvetii capital
1599:Geography of the canton of Vaud
262:, blocking passage through the
1609:History museums in Switzerland
90:The city was probably created
1:
1614:Museums in the canton of Vaud
868:Miles, E. J. (Mar–Aug 1888).
810:Roman city wall and east gate
1414:Map of the city of Aventicum
1380: : St. Marius Aventicus
1339:Avenches-Baths at the Forum
845:Switzerland in the Roman era
102:. Under the rule of Emperor
1242:September 26, 2008, at the
1133:September 26, 2008, at the
472:Destruction and rediscovery
466:Pia Flavia Constans Emerita
377:) located on the shores of
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1359:February 26, 2008, at the
1325:February 25, 2008, at the
1291:February 26, 2008, at the
1254:February 25, 2008, at the
1234:Avenches-Cigognier Temple
1184:February 25, 2008, at the
1145:February 25, 2008, at the
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1347:November 9, 2008, at the
1313:November 9, 2008, at the
1279:November 9, 2008, at the
1172:November 9, 2008, at the
1094:January 31, 2009, at the
716:analysis of the numerous
153:Migration of the Helvetii
1363:accessed 23 January 2009
1329:accessed 23 January 2009
1295:accessed 23 January 2009
1258:accessed 23 January 2009
1188:accessed 22 January 2009
1149:accessed 22 January 2009
1101:accessed 22 January 2009
897:Miles (Mar-Aug 1888) 415
674:Cigognier Temple pillars
622:modifications. Both the
598:The Theatre of Aventicum
341:It later became part of
283:between Lake Murten and
168:). Romantic painting by
1634:Roman towns in Germania
1387:Roman Museum Aventicum
486:Marquess of Northampton
291:Foundation of Aventicum
199:In 58 BC, the nobleman
1401:Musée Romain Avenches
1384:Roman Museum Aventicum
1125:Avenches-Amphitheatre
992:Tacitus Hist. 1.67-69.
829:Thermen von En Perruet
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1377:Catholic Encyclopedia
874:Archaeological Review
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447:Titus Flavius Sabinus
424:Aulus Caecina Alienus
400:Year of Four Emperors
345:and then part of the
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136:Prehistoric Aventicum
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1198:Sear, Frank (2006).
827:The Baths (known as
326:During the reign of
315:was built (today in
211:on the banks of the
124:. Shortly after the
1397:(Avenches Tourisme)
1305:Avenches-East Gate
815:City wall and gates
781:Mercurius Cissonius
714:dendrochronological
695:civitas Helvetiorum
404:civitas Helvetiorum
186:L. Cassius Longinus
144:, with at least 16
118:Marius Aventicensis
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225:Battle of Bibracte
182:Gallia Narbonensis
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375:Colonia Equestris
351:Maxima Sequanorum
343:Germania Superior
295:In the course of
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1408:(in German)
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1394:(in German)
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777:Gallo-Roman
620:Gallo-Roman
584:tower house
379:Lake Geneva
146:stilt house
142:Lake Murten
122:Burgundians
57: /
1568:Categories
1514:Vindonissa
1479:Noviodunum
884:2009-01-24
856:References
797:colonnaded
724:along the
722:Roman army
494:Grand Tour
420:Vindonissa
406:supported
347:Diocletian
321:Vindonissa
313:Vindonissa
281:Mont Vully
252:Noviodunum
63: (
41:46°52′48″N
1519:Vitudurum
1499:Petinesca
1469:Aventicum
789:Cissonius
785:syncretic
659:vomitoria
654:orchestra
625:orchestra
552:gladiator
441:, in the
439:Falacrina
412:Vitellius
334:over the
332:Britannia
244:foederati
230:foederati
201:Orgetorix
190:Agendicum
104:Vespasian
92:ex nihilo
77:Aventicum
65:Aventicum
44:7°02′56″E
1604:Helvetii
1589:Avenches
1494:Octodure
1489:Lousonna
1357:Archived
1345:Archived
1323:Archived
1311:Archived
1289:Archived
1277:Archived
1252:Archived
1240:Archived
1182:Archived
1170:Archived
1143:Archived
1131:Archived
1092:Archived
1005:(1854).
839:See also
770:fountain
766:pediment
628:and the
523:Donatyre
478:Alemanni
328:Claudius
309:Tiberius
297:Augustus
254:(modern
221:Bibracte
176:command.
174:Divico's
130:Lausanne
100:Claudius
96:Helvetii
85:Avenches
1546:History
1532:Portals
1504:Turicum
1484:La Tène
1053:Italian
965:Italian
924:Italian
800:portico
737:portico
590:Theatre
576:alcoves
529:Remains
515:insulae
462:colonia
457:colonia
452:colonia
432:Colonia
395:civitas
276:oppidum
268:Sundgau
236:civitas
194:Noricum
109:colonia
1208:
1047:French
1041:German
1018:19 May
959:French
953:German
918:French
912:German
758:gallic
741:podium
733:avenue
710:Trajan
684:pillar
443:Sabine
414:. The
301:oppida
833:Forum
823:Baths
762:cella
726:Rhine
680:stork
631:cavea
568:arena
408:Galba
264:Rhône
213:Rhône
188:near
1206:ISBN
1078:s.n.
1050:and
1038:in
1020:2009
962:and
950:in
921:and
909:in
783:, a
779:god
546:The
496:and
476:The
390:Nero
371:Nyon
260:Gaul
256:Nyon
1013:350
718:oak
279:on
1570::
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164:(
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