Bibracte - Knowledge (XXG)

861: 1146: 1437:“The Druids usually hold aloof from war, and do not pay war‑taxes with the rest; they are excused from military service and exempt from all liabilities. Tempted by these great rewards, many young men assemble of their own motion to receive their training; many are sent by parents and relatives. Report says that in the schools of the Druids they learn by heart a great number of verses, and therefore some persons remain twenty years under training. The cardinal doctrine which they seek to teach is that souls do not die, but after death pass from one to another; and this belief, as the fear of death is thereby cast aside, they hold to be the greatest incentive to valour. Besides this, they have many discussions as touching the stars and their movement, the size of the universe and of the earth, the order of nature, the strength and the powers of the immortal gods, and hand down their lore to the young men.” 2781:

says that in the schools of the Druids they learn by heart a great number of verses, and therefore some persons remain twenty years under training. And they do not think it proper to commit these utterances to writing, although in almost all other matters, and in their public and private accounts, they make use of Greek letters. ... The cardinal doctrine which they seek to teach is that souls do not die, but after death pass from one to another; and this belief, as the fear of death is thereby cast aside, they hold to be the greatest incentive to valour. Besides this, they have many discussions as touching the stars and their movement, the size of the universe and of the earth, the order of nature, the strength and the powers of the immortal gods, and hand down their lore to the young men.

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BC the previous building was levelled and a vast platform was built which was surrounded by stone walls. In the centre the space was possibly occupied by a new central building. Next to this another platform was built, also surrounded by a stone wall, with an internal gallery built from wood. These constructions have been compared to other known public buildings and temples from the La Tène period, though the precise purpose of the buildings at Bibracte is yet to be determined. According to Hantrais et al. (2020) "The characteristics of this monumental construction indicate that it was certainly a public building with original architectural features and techniques. Yet, although this monumental building is very well documented archaeologically, its exact function remains enigmatic."

1566:. These elements formed a monumental urban project of the greatest importance. These public buildings date to the period between 50 and 40 BCE and between 35 and 25 BCE. At this date, the basilica and the square were carefully leveled and replaced by a large private residence, doubtless in connection with the move of the Aedui capital to Autun. The basilica of Bibracte confirms the exceptional importance of the site and revealed that the Romanization of the Aedui was considerably more rapid than previously believed. The basilica of Bibracte is currently the oldest representation of Roman monumental stone architecture in non-Mediterranean Europe. 508:, visited Bulliot, who shared with him his opinions about the location of Bibracte. Stoffel was not interested, but he commissioned Xavier Garenne, another member of the Aedui Society, to make a survey of Mont Beavray. At the same time, the Viscount of Aboville, the owner of the land, conducted research and shared it with the Archbishop of Reims, who was a member of the Aedui Society and a friend of Bulliot, though he did not share Bulliot's theory about the location of Bibracte. Interested by these investigations, the Archbishop shared the various findings with the Emperor who, in 1867, assigned Bulliot to do research at Mont Beavray and funded his work. 1813: 54: 942:, who proclaimed Bibracte a site of national interest in 1985. This term, invented for the occasion, allowed the site to be subsidized. The label of "national interest" was created afterward in order to designate exhibitions or sites which benefit from a program of diffusion and enlargement of the public by the Minister of Culture. This gives the necessary impetus to a project of excavations of European scope. Thus, in 1989, the European Archeological Center of Mont Beuvray was created, which includes the site, the museum, and the research center of 1726: 869: 3349: 61: 1482: 1637: 1616: 1774: 1801: 1580: 757: 631:, Bibracte was gradually abandoned by its inhabitants. However, cults continued to practise their rites in its temples and its fountains and its aristocratic residences were maintained. Two main hypotheses have been advanced concerning the abandonment of the site over several decades. Migration could have been caused by economic reasons or by a desire to integrate with the Roman model; a part of the dominant Aedui class, already pro-Roman during the 894:, who exercised his functions over the course of a year. He was forbidden from leaving the borders of the territory during this period, which prevented him from commanding the army outside the borders. This measure, along with that which authorized only one voice per aristocratic family in the senate, aimed to prevent any individual or their family from monopolizing the reins of power. The vergobret was publicly elected by a council directed by the 1762: 648: 1750: 1738: 1248: 1789: 1174: 2810:

deeds of famous men composed in heroic verse, but the Euhages, investigating the sublime, attempted to explain the secret laws of nature. The Druids, being loftier than the rest in intellect, and bound together in fraternal organisations, as the authority of Pythagoras determined, were elevated by their investigation of obscure and profound subjects, and scorning all things human, pronounced the soul immortal.

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downstream, continuing through a pipe. The supply of water, however, has not yet been discovered. The basin was waterproofed with a coat of red clay, precluding a feed from a spring, and no supply pipe has been found. The manner of granite carving is unusual and shows Mediterranean influences. It has similarities to later Gallo-Roman stone basins and could be considered the oldest known example of this type.

1360: 489: 823: 458:. This last theory was based on three major arguments. First, there is a connection between the names Bibracte and Beuvrect. Second, medieval chronicles situated the city at Beuvrect. This was reinforced by the existence of an annual fair on the first Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday of May, the age of which is attested to in texts from the 13th century. Finally, the discovery of pottery, coins, and the 1490: 181: 1145: 1321: 551: 38: 339: 2727:

Ones, for which they cite as authorities the Magicus of Aristotle and Sotion in the twenty-third book of his Succession of Philosophers. As to the Gymnosophists and Druids we are told that they uttered their philosophy in riddles, bidding men to reverence the gods, to abstain from wrongdoing, and to practise courage.

946:. It was inaugurated in 1995. The excavations were conducted by Vincent Guichard and put into practice by many French and foreign teams; the excavations notably concentrated on the Gallic neighborhood of Rebout, on the vast Gallo-Roman ensemble of the Pasture of the Convent and the Roman residence of the Horse Park. 2780:

The Druids usually hold aloof from war, and do not pay war‑taxes with the rest; they are excused from military service and exempt from all liabilities. Tempted by these great rewards, many young men assemble of their own motion to receive their training; many are sent by parents and relatives. Report

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The 2000 square meters of the exhibit in the museum are laid out over two stages. The first stage (and the first in the tour) recounts the discovery of the site and the place of Bibracte in the global context of the European Celtic culture. The majority of the following subjects are covered: war, the

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and opened to the public in 1996. Pierre-Louis Faloci is also the architect of Bibracte's Center of European Archeological Research, which was opened in 1994. The architectural design corresponds to the evolution of the ages of humanities: it has a base of carved stone, walls of polished stone, and a

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From 1865 to 1895, Gabriel Bulliot identified Bibracte in 1867 and began excavations there (notably the Celtic artisanal neighborhood surrounding the Rebout gate), with the aid of funds allocated by Napoleon III. In fact, having a passion for history, the emperor set off vast campaigns of excavations

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in the 19th century shifted scholarly opinion in favor of Mont Beuvray. In 1851, Bulliot communicated with the Congress of the French Society of Archeology about an ancient chapel (the Saint Martin chapel on Mont Beuvray) established to Christianize the Aedui. He also returned to Mont Beuvray to take

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they have their own eloquence and wise men called Druids. They claim to know the size of the earth and cosmos, the movements of the heavens and stars, and the will of the gods. They teach, in caves or hidden groves, many things to the nobles in a course of instruction lasting up to twenty years. One

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Predominantly made of wood and earth, the Gallic houses used stone only sparingly, which was saved for the ramparts. Little is known of the houses' structure as wood rots and decomposes. There are, however, stone constructions in the horse Park district, probably aristocratic residences and a public

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stone wall with a large entrance on the east side. On the terrace a 44-metre-long square building was constructed out of wood, with galleries surrounding a central courtyard. Around 30 BC a monumental building was erected in the central space and the galleries were replaced with a palisade. In c. 15

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The internal wall, discovered by Bulliot, is a Murus Gallicus that delimits an area of 135 hectares for a length of 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) per battlement. It is estimated that construction of the wall required more than 10,000 cubic meters of wood, between 10,000 and 20,000 cubic meters of earth

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Among all the Gallic peoples, generally speaking, there are three sets of men who are held in exceptional honour; the Bards, the Vates and the Druids. The Bards are singers and poets; the Vates, diviners and natural philosophers; while the Druids, in addition to natural philosophy, study also moral

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At the centre of the main road, in the area of the Pasture of the Monastery, stands a pink granite monumental basin which is thought to have had a sacred function. It could possibly represent a sacred point of the city's founding, or a water shrine. Water left the basin through the northern opening

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The recent research on the battlements, since 2005, has concentrated on a line of fortification downhill from the Gate of Rebout. Dating seems to indicate that this construction took place after that of the gate and therefore constituted an advance fortification. At the same time, some aristocratic

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in the 17th century provide another explanation for the name, but two of the inscriptions carved into the stone have disappeared and the authenticity of the third, engraved on a brass medallion, has been the object of debate. Some scholars of the era have cited other evidence to justify placing the

1714:. In this center, archeologists, students, and researchers congregate from all over Europe to excavate the site of Bibracte. The research center also accommodates the regional center for preservation of relics and archeological collections, becoming the reference center of Burgundy in this field. 1517:

was diverted. Over a surface area of 1.5 hectares, 70 funeral enclosures, used following incineration, were found, each having an eastern entry. The crematorium was found further south. Other funerary urns were discovered at the foot of the Rebout Gate, possibly the remains of a local aristocratic

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The battlement is punctuated by about fifteen gates, including the famous Gate of Rebout (20 meters (66 feet) in width and 40 meters (131 feet) in depth). The gate of Rebout was the first location excavated by Bulliot, where he worked for nine weeks, and was the first site for new excavations from

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style battlements, which excavations have been able to reconstruct. The city had a progression of two different surrounding walls and at least five restorations of the inner surrounding wall, revealed, among other things, by the study of the Rebout gate. Surprisingly, the inner encircling wall was

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The research done by Bulliot and Déchelette at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century recreated an organization of the site into neighborhoods, with construction mostly following a central road from the Gate of Rebout to the Great Gates. This organization differs from

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for hegemony over a large part of Gaul. These references were not impartial, since Rome had been allied with the Aedui, "our blood brothers", since at least the 2nd century BCE. Moreover, they maintained commercial links and military alliances: Rome helped the Aedui in the 2nd century to defeat an

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I think now a suitable time to describe the regions and situation of the Gauls Throughout these regions men gradually grew civilised and the study of the liberal arts flourished, initiated by the Bards, the Euhages and the Druids. Now, the Bards sang to the sweet strains of the lyre the valorous

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There are some who say that the study of philosophy had its beginning among the barbarians. They urge that the Persians have had their Magi, the Babylonians or Assyrians their Chaldaeans, and the Indians their Gymnosophists; and among the Celts and Gauls there are the people called Druids or Holy

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Philosophers, as we may call them, and men learned in religious affairs are unusually honoured among them and are called by them Druids. the belief of Pythagoras prevails among them, that the souls of men are immortal and that after a prescribed number of years they commence upon a new life, the

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At the center of Mont Beuvray, the plateau known as the Horse Park holds several Roman-style stone houses which were excavated in the 19th century. The houses include, in particular, the residence PC1 (so named by Bulliot), which is a veritable gold mine for the researchers. In fact, it developed

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Excavations in the neighborhoods known as the Côme Cauldron and the Champlain, near the Rebout Gate, have revealed a neighborhood dedicated to metalwork and to artisans' lodging. This metalworking seems to have been very specialized, incorporating blacksmiths, bronzeworkers, and enamellers, whose

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The early prospecting technique used by Bulliot was rudimentary. It consisted of observing the irregularities in the landscape, since the mountain was practically unchanged since the period under study. This allowed him to recreate a plan of the battlements with nearly no excavation. He used this

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Excavations on the site of Beuvray, in the region of the Champlain, and on the surrounding massifs revealed the existence of mines for the extraction of metals, including gold, iron, and tin ore. This research will continue and will attempt to restore the workshops for the smelting of the metals

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The outer wall encircles an area of 200 hectares and was the subject of research beginning in 1992 for initial probing. This archeological research revealed that the battlement originally had a height between four and five meters (13 and 16 feet) without its yet-unknown top (e.g., palisades or

1201:. At the present time, research has not been able to detect a trace of a method for locking the gate or a defensive device for it. Some hypotheses have advanced the idea of a double gate surmounted by a wooden guard tower like that of the Manching oppidum, but nothing has yet confirmed this. 841:

In the centre of the oppidum many cellars and certain public buildings that stored large quantities of cereals and wine imported from the southern countries have been found. One of these wooden cellars has recently been reconstructed. Without a doubt, it was in these buildings that the Aedui

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metal roof. One of the facades, which are large picture windows, is hidden by a wall of stone (on the valley side), while that which faces the site allows free view to the visitors. The museum has few proper collections, as many of those exhibited are loaned from other museums. The

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over a long distance, a problem which a double battlement would only have exacerbated. Moreover, the stone facing of the outer surrounding wall was reused for the construction of the second wall, meaning it is unlikely that Bibracte was surrounded by two walls at the same time.

1119:, the use of airborne laser scanners, which are unhindered by the vegetation and can recreate in minutes what usually takes weeks to do on the ground. This will be done in order to attempt to make a complete map of the city and to archive the topography of the location. 438:

Starting in the 16th century, a passion for local history arose among scholars, aristocrats, and clergy, which led to the question of the location of Bibracte. One theory placed Bibracte at Autun: the Gallic city at the site of the Gallo-Roman city. Another placed it at

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age of the oppida, Mediterranean commerce, and agriculture. The ground floor, which consists of several alcoves, recounts the life of the Aedui at Bibracte. Objects of daily life, jewelry, funereal urns, and artisanal workshops are reconstructed or exhibited there.

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which were extensions of the walls of the annexes of the basilica. On the west it was connected to the main road of Bibracte with another square, 17 meters on the side. Some architectural elements have been found that attest the presence of limestone columns with

1115:. Aerial and electromagnetic prospecting is made impossible by the forest and vegetation on the mountain since the end of grazing and the excavations of Joseph Déchelette, as well as the nature of the subsoil. One costly but faster technique, tested in 2007, is 860: 569:

Because the Aedui had the status of "friend of the Roman people," contacts with Roman merchants were probable before the conquest of Gaul by Julius Caesar. This privileged status prevented Bibracte from suffering much from conflict: in 58 BCE, at

1710:), is one of the most important libraries on the Celtic world. There is also an archeological depot there, the administration of the archeological park, several technical establishments, a lecture hall, and, in the village, a dining hall and several 1166:

towers) and an identical depth, and was preceded by a ditch between 2 and 4 metres (6.6 and 13.1 ft) deep and between 6 and 10 metres (20 and 33 ft) wide. A study was conducted between 1995 and 2002 with many probes along with those by the

635:, definitely realized the strategic importance of the new city located on the principal axes of communication and wanted to conform to the Roman model of flatland cities, while a more traditional population remained for a time on the Bibracte site. 1094:

Each university excavates the site as part of tri-annual projects consisting of several weeks of work on the terrain followed by a detailed study of the excavation and of the objects discovered, which are then stored at the site's research center.

834:: the man was audacious, his generosity made him popular, and he wanted political change. For years, he has had the control of the customs and all the other taxes of the Aedui, because when he bid, no one dared bid against him." The Aedui and the 299:

archaeological efforts, a training ground for young archaeologists, and a centre for interpreting Gaulish culture for a popular audience. Important international excavations have been undertaken at Mont Beuvray by teams from the universities of

1170:. The researchers were able to ascertain that this battlement was a Murus Gallicus that had been dismantled in order to construct the inner wall. The dating, however, remains imprecise, and places this event during the 2nd century. 1301:

type (the Italian rural residences) like PC33. However, it is still not known whether this was a residential neighborhood reserved for only the elite, since excavations have also revealed the presence of forges near the domus.

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Excavations conducted between 2012 and 2017 uncovered the remains of a large monumental public building dating to the La Tène period, c. 70 BC. In the first phase of construction (c. 70 BC) a terrace was built, surrounded by a

1239:, an area which had been little investigated at the time of Bulliot and Déchelette's research. This neighborhood will be the object of future excavations which will attempt to determine the function of the neighborhood. 638:

It is known from 13th century texts that a festival every first Monday of May survived. In the 15th and 16th centuries, a Franciscan convent was established on Mont Beuvray. It was abandoned, but the festival continued.

938:. Joseph Déchelette, the nephew of Bulliot, took up his work again from 1895 to 1907. He was killed during World War I and the excavations fell into neglect. In 1984, the excavations began again under the impetus of 1104:

technique to make a scale plan with the help of army topographers, who made a series of topographical recreations of the landscape. However, only the recreation of the Porrey neighborhood still exists to this day.

481:) at the summit of Mont Beuvray next to the chapel. He documented it and considered placing Bibracte at Mont Beuvray instead of Autun, contrary to the unanimous opinion of the Aedui Society. The publication of his 566:. Dating techniques have shown that the oppidum was founded at end of the 3rd century BCE, on an area of 200 hectares protected by the exterior rampart. An interior rampart was built later, for reasons unknown. 1293:, along with a system of sewers. In its final stage, the residence measured 55 by 67 meters, covering an area of around 3500 square meters, about four times the size of the domus found on the site of 4758: 811:. They allowed the diffusion of Roman products through Gaul as early as the 2nd century BCE, allowing their allies to benefit from their commerce with Rome and definitely with Greek colonies such as 4763: 1128:

that of oppida like Manching, where there is a regular urban framework; this is explained by the relief of the terrain, as the battlements encircle three summits with some relatively steep slopes.

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philosophy. ... not only the Druids, but others as well, say that men's souls, and also the universe, are indestructible, although both fire and water will at some time or other prevail over them.

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The oppidum of Bibracte has about ten springs and five fountains dating from the Gallic or Gallo-Roman periods. The Saint Pierre Fountain was a place of worship and pilgrimage, in which coins and

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role, since Caesar reports that he had "the right to life and death over his fellow citizens". Finally, it is thought that the vergobret was responsible for the administration of the territory.

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In addition, the Aedui installed a system of customs that taxed products passing through their territory to increase their wealth, as attested in the texts of Julius Caesar: "It was typical of

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PC1, for Parc aux Chevaux 1. Bulliot gave designations to the excavations by indicating the initials of the place of discovery, then giving a number for each building in an individual location

1472:"Augustodunum had been seized by armed cohorts of Sacrovir, whose intention was to enlist those cadets of the great Gallic families who were receiving a liberal education at the city-schools" 465:

Generally, the Autun hypothesis received the greatest approval at first. Moreover, Autun was renamed Bibracte after the French Revolution and remained so for some time. Only the research of

1505:) a hectare large has been exhumed, surrounded by a palisade and concentric ditches. Under the current chapel from the 19th century, the 1988 excavations discovered a Gallo-Roman temple. 949:

Specialists, researchers, professors and students from all over Europe come together on the site every summer to excavate different parts of the site. These have included, among others:

1297:. It is estimated that there were about fifteen domus' in this area, such as PC2, a smaller residence that faces PC1 on the other side of the central road. There are also homes of the 1232:

extracted outside the oppidum. In fact, given the specialization of the workshops in Bibracte, it seems that the metals arrived in bars which were therefore cast outside the oppidum.

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of their doctrines has become commonly known to the populace so that warriors might fight more bravely, that the spirit is eternal and another life awaits the spirits of the dead.

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Labaune, Yannick; Louis, Antoine; Brunet-Gaston, Véronique; Delor Ahu, Anne; Garcia, Jean-Pierre; Hostein, Anthony; Kasprzyk, Michel; Boisleve, Julien; Delencre, Florent (2008).

1398:'s statement that “there are indeed Druids in Gaul — for I knew one of them myself, Divitiacus, the Aeduan ... He claimed to have that knowledge of nature which the Greeks call 1420:

stated that the druids "investigated to the very highest point the Pythagorean philosophy" and foretold certain events "from calculations and numbers by the Pythagorean art".

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3) The basin has a length/breadth/height ratio of 3/1/0.5, equivalent to 36/12/6 units with a value of 30.4cm. A similar unit of measurement has been identified at the

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Located below the present-day museum parking lot, the necropolis underwent archaeological excavations, with the aim of saving it, when the museum was created and the

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in the year 58 BC. It was mentioned again in 52 BCE, when he was questioning the intentions of his Aedui allies, who had joined the revolt and crowned

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Stephan Fichtl, La ville celtique, Les oppida de 150 av. J.-C. à 15 ap. J.-C., éditions Errance, 2005, pp. 62–63 (évaluation réalisée d'après les calculs de

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Before the Roman conquest in 52 BC the great Celtic city of Bibracte had more than thirty thousand inhabitants, protected by a huge stone wall of the

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White, Raymond (January 1991). "Determining the orientation of Le Bassin Monumentale de Bibracte". In Almagro-Gorbea, Martin; Gran-Aymerich, Jean (eds.).

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Since 1984, the excavations have seemed to confirm Déchelette's and Bulliot's hypotheses in broad terms, while nevertheless contributing certain nuances.

4808: 4788: 3018: 659:, which underlined the many alliances held by the Aedui with neighboring peoples. Julius Caesar also mentioned the wars that set the Aedui against the 4803: 1725: 1518:

family. More cemeteries are presumably situated on the former site access paths, as was often the case at the time, but have not yet been excavated.

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1984 to 1986 which also studied the ditches adjoining the battlements. These excavations revealed five levels of different restorations, including a

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fought each other to control the Arar (now the Saône) because controlling the river allowed taxation of Roman and Celtic products traveling north.

776:: "Bibracte, I am sure, was the source and the guarantee of their power. Around Bibracte were very good roads, uniting the three biggest basins of 2182: 992: 3189:(The Sites of House 1 of the Horse Park (PC1). The Origins of the Oppidum in the Reign of Tiberius), Glux-en-Glenne : Bibracte, 2004, 472 p. 678:, in his classification of ancient peoples, included the site's residents under the name "Beavraisian", a category abandoned by modern scholars. 1017: 4798: 4513: 3314: 2588: 4813: 2315:"parc archéologique et centre de recherche – Bibracte en Bourgogne (Mont Beuvray) : archéologie gauloise / celtique, fouilles, musée" 2627: 373:(twice fortified). The latter version, however, is thought questionable from a strategic view, since it is very difficult to protect a 2513: 2953:

Christian Goudineau et Christian Peyre, Bibracte et les Éduens, À la découverte d'un peuple gaulois, éditions Errance, 1993, pp 84–89

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Christian Goudineau et Christian Peyre, Bibracte et les Éduens, À la découverte d'un peuple gaulois, éditions Errance, 1993, pp 90–94

2856: 2523: 2493: 1933: 1900: 996: 3019:"parc archéologique et centre de recherche – Bibracte en Bourgogne (Mont Beuvray) | Résumé de la dernière campagne de fouille" 1773: 1030: 3348: 966: 2460:

Almagro-Gorbea, Martin (January 1991). "La orientación topoastronómica". In Almagro-Gorbea, Martin; Gran-Aymerich, Jean (eds.).

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Almagro-Gorbea, Martin; Gran-Aymerich, Jean (January 1991). "Summary". In Almagro-Gorbea, Martin; Gran-Aymerich, Jean (eds.).

1749: 1737: 412: 112: 1800: 984: 880:. At the head of the Aedui state sat a senate comprising one member of each Aedui aristocratic family. What is today called 1453: 586:

supreme command of the Gallic armies. Despite this insurrection, Caesar treated the city mercifully after his victory at

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2) The basin has a geometric design based on two circles intersecting at 1/5 of their diameter, forming a precise 3:4:5

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In addition to this powerful alliance with Rome, the Aedui were part of a confederation of Celtic tribes that included:

516: 515:, whom he introduced to excavation, continued the work until 1907, comparing Bibracte to other sites in Europe such as 3042:

Anne-Marie Romero, Bibracte Archéologie d'une ville gauloise, Bibracte-Centre archéologique européen, 2006, pp 136–142

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Anne-Marie Romero, Bibracte Archéologie d'une ville gauloise, Bibracte-Centre archéologique européen, 2006, pp 87–89

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Anne-Marie Romero, Bibracte Archéologie d'une ville gauloise, Bibracte-Centre archéologique européen, 2006, pp 98–99

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in Burgundy. The site is an archaeological park at the centre of a protected forest. It is the focus of cooperative

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M. Szabo, L. Timar, D. Szabo, La basilique de Bibracte: un témoignage de l'architecture romaine en Gaule centrale,

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Anne-Marie Romero, Bibracte Archéologie d'une ville gaulois, Bibracte-Centre archéologique européen, 2006, pp 63–64

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of the Augustan era, the presence of an exceptional public monument, which was at the time unique in Gaul: a Roman

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constructed after the outer wall. The city, therefore, shrank in area from 200 to 135 hectares (494 to 334 acres).

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king of the Gauls at Bibracte. Inscriptions from the era announced that the capital of the Aedui received the name

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Another artisanal neighborhood has been found in the region of one of the summits of the site, at the Rock of the

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and an officer named Stoffel, charged by the Emperor with conducting investigations of the Roman victory over the

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et Christian Peyre, Bibracte et les Éduens, À la découverte d'un peuple gaulois, éditions Errance, 1993, pp 81–83

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Stephan Fichtl, La ville celtique, Les oppida de 150 av. J.-C. à 15 ap. J.-C., éditions Errance, 2005, pp 191–198

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Several summer exhibits have been featured at the museum, each addressing a precise subject of the Celtic world:

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Anne-Marie Romero, Bibracte Archéologie d'une ville gauloise, Bibracte-Centre archéologique européen, 2006, p.60

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Anne-Marie Romero, Bibracte Archéologie d'une ville gauloise, Bibracte-Centre archéologique européen, 2006, p16

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Maschner, H.D.G.; Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. Center for Archaeological Investigations (1996).

459: 4690: 4665: 4425: 3022: 2822: 1546:. It was connected on the east with a small square, 22 meters on a side, bordered to the north and south with 1197:). The latter has been the object of a reconstruction since 1996 which currently marks the entry into the old 1107:

In recent years, the same technique has been used in the Porrey neighborhood with more precise tools, such as

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Maumené (2018) suggests that the main axis of the basin is orientated towards a celestial alignment with the

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in Hungary, which were precursors of the cultural unification of the Celtic world and of the civilization of

485:, in which he revealed his convictions, was not taken seriously by the members of the Society of Archeology. 466: 3905: 3271: 3242:

The Monumental Basin of Mont Beuvray and its Possible Orientation towards the Constellation of Gemini (2019)

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et Christian Peyre, Bibracte et les Éduens, À la découverte d'un peuple gaulois, éditions Errance, 1993, p27

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Stephan Fichtl, La ville celtique, Les oppida de 150 av. J.-C. à 15 ap. J.-C., éditions Errance, 2005, p. 17

1088: 1057: 511:

Bulliot excavated the site from 1867 to 1905, removing all doubt about the location of Bibracte. His nephew

287:, is generally identified as ancient Bibracte. The site straddles the borders of the French départements of 269: 4395: 1563: 1481: 1457: 1368: 1079: 1070: 988: 939: 882: 616:

the geographer, writing a generation later than Caesar, identified Bibracte as again an Aedui stronghold.

559: 225: 3159:

L'oppidum de Bibracte. Guide du touriste et de l'archéologue au Mont Beuvray et au Musée de l'Hôtel Rolin

3089: 2234: 2056: 2031: 2008: 1966: 1588: 1335:

1) The minor axis of the basin is aligned with the winter solstice sunrise and summer solstice sunset.

3925: 3325: 3213: 1274: 1039: 1013: 2899:"Une schola monumentale découverte boulevard Frédéric-Latouche à Augustodunum / Autun (Saône-et-Loire)" 2541:"The Monumental Basin of Mont Beuvray and its Possible Orientation towards the Constellation of Gemini" 1636: 1048: 471: 262:, 25 kilometres away. Once abandoned, Bibracte remained undisturbed and unexamined until discovered by 4478: 2461: 2444: 2427: 444: 4503: 3230: 2681: 2314: 2284: 1339: 1167: 957: 675: 512: 273: 3940: 2793: 4695: 3935: 3383: 3308: 1954: 1854: 1615: 1604: 1423:

Some modern authors have suggested that Bibracte was the site of a druidic school, as described by

1346: 1228:

workshops had already been restored by Bulliot, and probably also involved goldsmiths and minters.

1021: 520: 1256:

building with columns, near the convent's pasture. These were probably constructed soon after the

668:

Arverni army and rose to their defense against the invasion of the Helvetii that precipitated the

4410: 4400: 3847: 3187:

Les sites de la maison 1 du Parc aux Chevaux (PC 1). Des origines de l'oppidum au règne de Tibère

3068: 2287:

et rectifiés par les données fournies lors de la reconstruction du rempart à la porte du Rebout).

1829: 1465: 1417: 1391: 1009: 975: 906: 603: 263: 239: 4536: 4488: 4460: 4435: 4415: 4172: 4034: 3855: 3412: 2341:"The PC15 Building: a Wood-Built Public Place at the Center of the Oppidum of Bibracte (France)" 232: 4498: 4445: 4380: 3605: 3259:

Water management in Bibracte (Saône-et-Loire), before and after the Roman Conquest (Borau 2020)

3235: 1593: 1579: 4370: 4287: 3995: 3667: 3406: 3402: 3363: 3194:

Les amphores de Bibracte, 2. Le commerce du vin chez les Eduens d'après les timbres d'amphores

2852: 2584: 2519: 2489: 2339:

Hantrais, Juliette; Barral, Philippe; Nouvel, Pierre; Thivet, Matthieu; Joly, Martine (2020).

1929: 1923: 1896: 756: 292: 3885: 3875: 3378: 876:

The political system of the Aedui was essentially structured according to indications in the

4470: 4375: 4362: 3860: 3643: 3625: 3417: 2574: 2552: 1600: 1560: 1390:

Almagro-Gorbea (2017) suggests that the Bibracte basin "seems to be correlated to the druid

713: 323:

On December 12, 2007, the site of Bibracte received the "Great Site of France" designation.

3777: 3522: 1892:

New Methods, Old Problems: Geographic Information Systems in Modern Archaeological Research

1839: 578:, forcing them to return to Switzerland and gradually be incorporated into what became the 488: 4773: 3782: 3203:, Glux-en-Glenne : Centre *Archéologique Européen du Mont Beuvray (CAE), 1999, 320 p. 769: 562:

were discovered, the oldest of which demonstrated human habitation on Mont Beuvray in the

351: 229: 162: 483:

Essay on the Roman System of Defense in the Aedui country between the Saône and the Loire

477:

more notes. He discovered what he thought was the embankment of a Roman camp (actually a

449: 3241: 2540: 1895:. Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. 1247: 647: 4793: 4430: 3910: 3747: 3662: 3592: 3444: 3003:

M. Reddé, La Gaule Chevelue entre César et Auguste, dans M. Christol et D. Darde dir.,

2739: 1703: 1413: 1380: 1342:

between the centre of the circles, the centre of the basin and the end of the basin.

1154: 1140: 1084: 971: 943: 796: 787:(the waterways were the fastest means of travel at the time) and taking after that the 720: 709: 327: 296: 1251:

Hypothetical reconstruction of a Gallic house, Bibracte, Museum of Celtic Civilisation

1173: 4747: 4650: 4044: 3832: 2570: 2246: 2202: 2165: 2128: 2098: 2082: 1849: 1424: 1298: 587: 583: 563: 417: 407: 251: 243: 1359: 4655: 4623: 4455: 3970: 3890: 3682: 3517: 3319: 3094:

Bibracte et les Éduens, À la découverte d'un peuple gaulois, éditions Errance, 1993

3051: 1442: 1376: 822: 624: 579: 497: 455: 421: 391: 255: 1489: 1352:

Based on these characteristics, it has been suggested that the basin represents a

1324:

Monumental Basin of Bibracte, built in the axis of the main street of the oppidum.

254:

was proclaimed head of the Gaulish coalition at Bibracte. A few decades after the

2578: 1890: 1447: 807:. The Aedui were located at a commercial crossroads between the Celtic world and 594:. These mentioned the names of certain notables of the Aedui aristocracy such as 426: 406:

Bibracte is mentioned only twice in Roman sources. The first mention is found in

4561: 3895: 3737: 3657: 3639: 3577: 3557: 3331: 3252: 3005:

L'expression du pouvoir au début de l'Empire. Autour de la Maison Carrée à Nîmes

2992: 1556: 1384: 1257: 1075: 918: 909:

came to Rome to plead the case of the Aedui during the Germanic invasion led by

697: 501: 454:. A third located the city on the slopes of Beuvrect or Bevrect, today known as 3258: 1320: 180: 4705: 4618: 4541: 4252: 4122: 4112: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4062: 4052: 4028: 3985: 3965: 3865: 3837: 3752: 3687: 3651: 3647: 3600: 3582: 3562: 3477: 3337: 1539: 1405: 1108: 910: 891: 812: 669: 632: 374: 272:

initiated the first excavations at the site between 1867 and 1895. His nephew

2963: 2222: : Des graines carbonisées ont été retrouvées dans une cave qui a brûlé. 1332:

The design of the basin has an astronomical and mathematical significance:

127: 114: 4720: 4613: 4571: 4546: 4526: 4483: 4385: 4352: 4347: 4312: 4302: 4257: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4222: 4197: 4182: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4072: 4024: 3980: 3915: 3807: 3792: 3712: 3707: 3497: 3492: 3472: 3462: 3427: 1869: 1859: 1620: 1543: 1535: 1409: 1383:. The boat-like shape of the basin might be related to the mythology of the 1290: 1278: 1194: 1190: 899: 887: 851: 726: 703: 599: 550: 301: 1707: 1526:

In the area of the Convent Pasture the excavations revealed, under a large

288: 925:. Therefore, it is thought that some druids held high military positions. 819:

and ceramics from Italy found in waste tanks and in the paving of houses.

4700: 4660: 4595: 4590: 4579: 4566: 4556: 4493: 4420: 4390: 4342: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4282: 4272: 4227: 4187: 4117: 4097: 4077: 4057: 4015: 4010: 4000: 3990: 3975: 3870: 3822: 3802: 3757: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3702: 3677: 3620: 3507: 3502: 3482: 3467: 3457: 1864: 1844: 1531: 1372: 1315: 1186: 1053: 922: 831: 788: 784: 628: 595: 575: 571: 505: 309: 247: 217: 205: 3121:

L'oppidum de Bibracte. Un bilan de onze années de recherches (1984–1996)

37: 4680: 4605: 4575: 4521: 4450: 4337: 4307: 4297: 4292: 4267: 4247: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4192: 4177: 4107: 3945: 3930: 3880: 3827: 3812: 3797: 3787: 3767: 3762: 3742: 3717: 3672: 3635: 3630: 3615: 3572: 3567: 3547: 3537: 3527: 3487: 3452: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3199:

Buchsenschutz O., Guillaumet J.-P., Ralston I. (sous la direction de),

3055: 1834: 1711: 1547: 1502: 1498: 1461: 1294: 1286: 1282: 1198: 1026: 1005: 962: 953: 914: 835: 816: 737: 686: 664: 660: 528: 478: 317: 196: 147: 2556: 1501:

were found. At the summit of the mountain, a Celtic place of worship (

435:) during the reign of Augustus, which gave rise to the current Autun. 338: 4710: 4685: 4675: 4628: 4551: 4440: 4277: 4262: 4102: 4067: 4020: 3960: 3950: 3920: 3900: 3817: 3772: 3697: 3692: 3542: 3532: 2144: 1395: 1311: 1236: 1044: 980: 777: 613: 574:

25 kilometers south of the site, Julius Caesar's armies defeated the

440: 358: 313: 221: 20: 2898: 2605: 2340: 905:

Furthermore, it is known that the druids held high functions since

864:

Coin representing Dumnorix with the inscription DVBNOCOV / DUBNOREX

590:. He stayed there during the winter of 52-51 BCE to write his 4734: 4715: 4585: 4147: 3610: 3512: 3422: 3373: 3294: 3238:- Detailed analysis of the Bibracte Basin (in Spanish and English) 1635: 1614: 1578: 1552: 1527: 1353: 1319: 1270: 1246: 1172: 1144: 1116: 1062: 1035: 895: 855: 821: 804: 800: 799:, passed through Aedui territory before joining the basins of the 792: 773: 730: 646: 620: 607: 540: 524: 395: 386: 337: 259: 213: 201: 192: 179: 172: 89: 1205:

tombs have been discovered between the two lines of battlements.

582:. In 52 BCE, an assembly of Gallic peoples at Bibracte gave 4531: 3955: 3552: 3368: 1982:

D'un point de vue phonétique également, Biffractus aurait donné

898:. Among the Aedui, it seems like the vergobret also exercised a 808: 741: 305: 209: 100: 24: 3267: 3182:, (Studies on Bibracte) Glux-en-Glenne: BIBRACTE, 2005, 313 p., 3173:

Works from the collection Archeological Excavations of Bibracte

610:. The city's industry boomed in the decades following the war. 3133:, 4, mars 1994, pp. 36–45 et 6, juin 1994, pp. 62–72 1587:

The site hosts the Museum of Celtic Civilization, designed by

690: 3166:

Manuel d'archéologie préhistorique, celtique et gallo-romaine

2794:"Ammianus Marcellinus, Roman Antiquities, Book 15, chapter 9" 2606:"Defenders of the Sun: The "Divine Twins" in Irish Mythology" 1702:

Located four kilometers from Mont Beuvray, in the commune of

2987:

V. Guichard, Chroniques des recherches sur le Mont Beuvray,

350:

is still poorly understood. The term may have come from the

3145:

Fouilles du Mont-Beuvray (ancienne Bibracte) de 1867 à 1895

3114:

La ville celtique, Les oppida de 150av. J.-C. à 15ap. J.-C.

1222: 815:. These exchanges are confirmed by the large quantities of 3231:

Bibracte, site archéologique, centre de recherche et musée

2181:

Modélisation des connaissances temporelles en archéologie

1394:, an expert in the philosophy of nature", in reference to 3168:, éditions Picard, Collection Grands manuels Picard, 2000 2318: 934:

to uncover sites of the Gallic War in order to write his

627:) 25 kilometers away c. 15 BCE, during the reign of 3263: 2365:, Bibracte-Centre archéologique européen, 2006, pp 67–69 2300:, Bibracte-Centre archéologique européen, 2006, pp 56–57 2740:"Pomponius Mela, The Situation of the World, 3.2.18-19" 1269:

from a wood construction (of Roman inspiration) into a

1223:

Artisans' neighborhoods of Côme Chaudron and Champlain

748:

Whose influence extended across a large part of Gaul.

460:

observations of the priest of Saint-Léger-sous-Beuvray

258:

conquest of Gaul, Bibracte was abandoned in favour of

4759:

Populated places disestablished in the 1st century BC

3178:

Guillaumet J.-P., Szabo M. (under the direction of),

3071:, an Aedui druid, is the only one whose name is known 4764:

1st-century BC disestablishments in the Roman Empire

1404:

Various classical authors referred to the druids as

4641: 4604: 4512: 4469: 4361: 4043: 3846: 3591: 3443: 3436: 3356: 3301: 2765:"Julius Caesar, The Gallic War, Book 6, chapter 14" 2628:"M. Tullius Cicero, Divination, Book 1, Section 90" 2484:. In Krausse, Dirk; Fernández-Götz, Manuel (eds.). 280:, continued the excavations between 1897 and 1907. 168: 158: 153: 143: 106: 96: 84: 76: 4754:Populated places established in the 3rd century BC 2823:"Hippolytus, The Refutation of All Heresies, XXII" 2711:"Diogenes Laertius, Lives of Eminent Philosophers" 1387:, which is also associated with the Divine Twins. 655:The power of the Aedui capital was related in the 2682:"Strabo, Geography, Book 4, chapter 4, section 4" 1684:2007: A round trip between Bibracte and Kathmandu 1640:Models of different oppida in the Bibracte Museum 1542:, displaying four rows of eight columns or eight 390:Aeduian oppidum on the site of Autun (the former 2488:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 336–350. 917:; he also directed the Aedui cavalry during the 3247:Novedades sobre el urbanismo de Bibracte (2005) 2230: 2228: 1470: 1435: 1349:in Germany and described as a 'Celtic foot'. 200:(fortified settlement), was the capital of the 3196:, Glux-en-Glenne : Bibracte, 2003, 375 p. 3109:, Bibracte-Centre archéologique européen, 2006 2653:"Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, Book 5" 1660:1999: The tombs of the last Celtic aristocrats 1485:Restored Saint Pierre Fountain, 1st century BC 16:Gallic fortified town and capital of the Aedui 3279: 3007:. Paris, 2009, pp. 85–96 en particulier p. 91 1371:, reflecting the religious importance of the 1177:Part of the Rebout gate. Reconstruction of a 492:Bibracte oppidum, birds-eye view illustration 330:type which enclosed an area of 135 hectares. 8: 2193:Histoire de la Gaule, 8 vol, Camille Jullian 2011:et Christian Peyre, Bibracte et les Éduens, 1969:et Christian Peyre, Bibracte et les Éduens, 1957:, La langue gauloise, éditions errance 1994. 1666:2001: The time of the Gauls in the provinces 394:), which was effectively the capital of the 381:Three inscriptions dedicated to the goddess 30: 3152:Les fouilles du Mont-Beuvray de 1897 à 1901 2482:"Founding rituals and myths in the Keltike" 2308: 2306: 2270: 2268: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1648:1995: Celtic Europe at the time of Bibracte 250:16 miles south of the fort. In 52 BC, 3440: 3286: 3272: 3264: 3107:Bibracte. Archéologie d'une ville gauloise 2964:http://www.bibracte.fr/index.php?langue=en 2115: 2113: 2111: 36: 29: 3161:, Picard (Paris), Dejussieu (Autun), 1903 3154:, Picard (Paris), Dejussieu (Autun), 1904 2962:Bibracte website, archaeological section 2375: 2373: 2371: 2363:Bibracte Archéologie d'une ville gauloise 2298:Bibracte Archéologie d'une ville gauloise 2220:Bibracte Archéologie d'une ville gauloise 2027: 2025: 2023: 2021: 1687:2008: Situlae, images of a vanished world 1099:Archeological prospecting on Mont Beuvray 558:During the excavations of the gate, five 3102:, éditions Errance, 1998, pp. 65–82 1928:. Oxford University Press. p. 158. 1488: 1480: 1358: 867: 859: 842:centralized their harvests and imports. 783:So, the Roman products traveling up the 755: 549: 487: 2921:"Tacitus, Annals, Book III, chapter 43" 2480:Almagro-Gorbea, Martin (January 1991). 1881: 1721: 1456:, which were dedicated to the study of 993:University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne 826:Reconstruction of a cellar at Bibracte 546:Chronology of the population of Beuvray 500:took an interest in the battles of the 1925:Handbook to Life in Prehistoric Europe 1583:Bibracte Museum of Celtic Civilization 1460:and law. The schools are mentioned by 1018:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich 929:Archeological research on Mont Beuvray 228:of the Aedui corresponded to the Late 3315:Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe 2580:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 2507: 2505: 2475: 2473: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 1672:2003: Blacksmiths and metal merchants 1654:1997: A look at the Celts in Slovenia 1493:Close-up of the Saint Pierre Fountain 7: 2873:"Julius Caesar, Gallic War, Book VI" 1755:Celtic house interior reconstruction 1743:Celtic house interior reconstruction 1731:Celtic house interior reconstruction 1657:1998: At the border of East and West 361:) followed by the collective suffix 3236:El Estanque Monumentale de Bibracte 3147:, Dejussieu (Autun), 2volumes, 1899 3123:, Gallia, 55, 1998, pp. 1–140 2518:. Pan Macmillan. pp. 124–125. 2463:El Estanque Monumentale de Bibracte 2446:El Estanque Monumentale de Bibracte 2429:El Estanque Monumentale de Bibracte 2038:, éditions Errance, 1998, pp. 65–82 2013:À la découverte d'un peuple gaulois 1971:À la découverte d'un peuple gaulois 554:View of Mont Beuvray from the north 4784:Populated places in pre-Roman Gaul 4779:Roman towns and cities in Burgundy 3131:L'Archéologue-Archéologie nouvelle 2976:Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 2583:. London: Routledge. p. 161. 1678:2005: Wine, the nectar of the Gods 14: 4809:Museums of ancient Rome in France 4789:Former populated places in France 3129:"Bibracte, capitale des Éduens", 1675:2004: The white gold of Hallstatt 1534:with three naves and an internal 1153:Bibracte was protected by strong 997:Pierre and Marie Curie University 4804:Archaeological museums in France 3347: 2669:soul entering into another body. 1811: 1799: 1787: 1772: 1760: 1748: 1736: 1724: 1607:have both been exhibited there. 443:and was defended by the scholar 60: 59: 52: 4769:1867 archaeological discoveries 2545:Journal of Skyscape Archaeology 2015:, éditions Errance, pp 1–6 1993 1408:, who possessed a knowledge of 1162:and about thirty tons of iron. 921:after the death of his brother 184:Plan of the oppidum of Bibracte 2843:Rankin, David (January 1987). 2486:Eurasia at the Dawn of History 2251:Commentaries on the Gallic War 2207:Commentaries on the Gallic War 2170:Commentaries on the Gallic War 2133:Commentaries on the Gallic War 2103:Commentaries on the Gallic War 2087:Commentaries on the Gallic War 878:Commentaries on the Gallic War 657:Commentaries on the Gallic War 602:of the Aedui, and his brother 592:Commentaries on the Gallic War 413:Commentaries on the Gallic War 204:and one of the most important 1: 3021:. bibracte.fr. Archived from 2849:Celts and the Classical World 2512:Robb, Graham (January 2013). 2317:. bibracte.fr. Archived from 1973:, éditions errance, 1993, p15 1651:1996: History seen from above 1575:Museum of Celtic Civilization 967:Université Libre de Bruxelles 772:writes these lines about the 212:. It was located near modern 2135:, Book VII, 90, Book VIII, 2 1681:2006: The treasures of women 1570:A window to the Celtic world 1441:The later Aeduan capital of 1363:Monumental Basin of Bibracte 1001:François Rabelais University 4814:Prehistoric sites in France 2978:, 2007, 37, 3, pp. 389–408. 1806:Excavations on Mont Beuvray 1794:Excavations on Mont Beuvray 1693:2010: The Gauls do the head 985:University of Franche-Comté 4830: 3253:Gaul by Jean-Claude Golvin 3185:Paunier D., Luginbühl T., 2851:. Routledge. p. 290. 2147:, Geography, Book IV, 3, 2 1309: 1138: 849: 733:, adjacent to the Arverni) 538: 283:The modern site, known as 18: 4799:Museums in Saône-et-Loire 4729: 3345: 3255:Illustrations of Bibracte 3143:Jacques Gabriel Bulliot, 3058:in the 1st millennium BCE 2845:"Religion and the Druids" 47: 35: 3116:, éditions Errance, 2005 2991:, 56, 2007, pp. 127–152 2604:Kelly, Eamonn P (2019). 2539:Maumené, Claude (2018). 1452:was the location of the 1031:Eötvös Loránd University 936:History of Julius Caesar 19:Not to be confused with 3119:K. Gruel et D. Vitali, 1669:2002: On Caesar's trail 1663:2000: The Gallic druids 1416:beliefs and practices. 1369:constellation of Gemini 1089:University of Edinburgh 1058:University of Ljubljana 651:The Aedui confederation 467:Jacques Gabriel Bulliot 433:the citadel of Augustus 346:The origin of the word 270:Jacques-Gabriel Bulliot 246:'s armies defeated the 2925:penelope.uchicago.edu/ 2877:penelope.uchicago.edu/ 2798:penelope.uchicago.edu/ 2769:penelope.uchicago.edu/ 2686:penelope.uchicago.edu/ 2657:penelope.uchicago.edu/ 2632:www.perseus.tufts.edu/ 2610:Irish Lives Remembered 1818:View from Mont Beuvray 1641: 1624: 1584: 1494: 1486: 1474: 1464:in his account of the 1439: 1364: 1325: 1252: 1181: 1150: 1080:University of Lausanne 1071:University of Zaragoza 989:University of Burgundy 913:on the account of the 873: 865: 827: 761: 652: 619:After the founding of 555: 535:History of the oppidum 493: 462:in 1725 supported it. 398:in the first century. 343: 238:In 58 BC, at the 185: 68:Location within France 3326:First Transalpine War 3098:Christian Goudineau, 3092:and Christian Peyre, 1922:McIntosh, J. (2009). 1639: 1618: 1582: 1492: 1484: 1362: 1323: 1250: 1176: 1149:The walls of Bibracte 1148: 1040:University of Bologna 1014:University of Leipzig 871: 863: 825: 759: 650: 553: 491: 402:Discovery of Bibracte 341: 276:, author of a famous 183: 77:Alternative name 23:, the oppidum of the 3100:Regards sur la Gaule 2036:Regards sur la Gaule 1515:route départementale 1340:Pythagorean triangle 1168:University of Vienna 1067:University of Madrid 958:University of Vienna 676:Gabriel de Mortillet 385:which were found at 369:) or from the Latin 278:Manuel d'Archéologie 128:46.92306°N 4.03750°E 3384:Gallo-Roman culture 3309:Battle of the Allia 3180:Études sur Bibracte 3164:Joseph Déchelette, 3150:Joseph Déchelette, 3105:Anne-Marie Romero, 3090:Christian Goudineau 3017:Ideal Productions. 2466:. pp. 283–286. 2449:. pp. 275–277. 2432:. pp. 239–240. 2409:Parc aux Chevaux 33 2361:Anne-Marie Romero, 2313:Ideal Productions. 2296:Anne-Marie Romero, 2235:Christian Goudineau 2218:Anne-Marie Romero, 2057:Christian Goudineau 2032:Christian Goudineau 2009:Christian Goudineau 1967:Christian Goudineau 1955:Pierre-Yves Lambert 1855:Oppidum of Manching 1605:Gundestrup cauldron 1589:Pierre-Louis Faloci 1347:oppidum of Manching 1022:University of Mainz 940:François Mitterrand 643:Influence and power 365:(cf. Irish, Gallic 124: / 32: 4666:Basel-Münsterhügel 3223:article "Bibracte" 3201:La Porte du Rebout 3157:Joseph Déchelette, 1830:Battle of Bibracte 1779:Construction of a 1767:Weaving and crafts 1642: 1632:Temporary exhibits 1625: 1611:Permanent exhibits 1585: 1538:with a peripheral 1495: 1487: 1466:Revolt of Sacrovir 1418:Hippolytus of Rome 1365: 1326: 1253: 1182: 1151: 1049:Rzeszów University 1010:University of Kiel 976:Masaryk University 874: 866: 828: 762: 653: 556: 494: 344: 342:Bibracte and Autun 264:modern archaeology 240:Battle of Bibracte 186: 4741: 4740: 4637: 4636: 3668:Bituriges Vivisci 2715:perseus.tufts.edu 2590:978-1-884964-98-5 2575:Adams, Douglas Q. 2571:Mallory, James P. 2557:10.1558/jsa.36228 2515:The Ancient Paths 2400:Parc au Chevaux 2 1840:Oppidum of Corent 1477:Places of worship 760:Imported amphorae 513:Joseph Déchelette 355:*bibro- / *bebro- 274:Joseph Déchelette 178: 177: 133:46.92306; 4.03750 42:Walls of Bibracte 4821: 3441: 3351: 3288: 3281: 3274: 3265: 3229: 3214:Bibracte website 3112:Stephan Fichtl, 3072: 3065: 3059: 3049: 3043: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3031: 3030: 3014: 3008: 3001: 2995: 2985: 2979: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2951: 2945: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2894: 2888: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2806: 2804: 2790: 2784: 2783: 2777: 2775: 2761: 2755: 2754: 2748: 2746: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2723: 2721: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2694: 2692: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2665: 2663: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2509: 2500: 2499: 2477: 2468: 2467: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2423: 2410: 2407: 2401: 2398: 2392: 2389: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2366: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2326: 2310: 2301: 2294: 2288: 2281: 2275: 2272: 2263: 2260: 2254: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2223: 2216: 2210: 2200: 2194: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2126: 2120: 2117: 2106: 2096: 2090: 2080: 2074: 2071: 2060: 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1700: 1698:Research center 1634: 1613: 1591: 1577: 1572: 1524: 1511: 1479: 1445: 1412:and adhered to 1400:'physiologia'". 1381:Gallic pantheon 1318: 1308: 1266: 1245: 1225: 1211: 1143: 1137: 1125: 1101: 931: 883:executive power 858: 848: 770:Camille Jullian 766:History of Gaul 754: 645: 548: 543: 537: 525:Velem-Zenst-Vid 523:in Germany and 469: 447: 424: 404: 336: 233:La Tène culture 163:Iron Age Europe 132: 130: 126: 123: 118: 115: 113: 111: 110: 72: 71: 70: 69: 66: 65: 64: 43: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4827: 4825: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4746: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4647: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4610: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4599: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4518: 4516: 4514:Eastern Europe 4510: 4509: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 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3690: 3685: 3680: 3675: 3670: 3665: 3663:Bituriges Cubi 3660: 3655: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3597: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3449: 3447: 3438: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3353: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3341: 3340:(50 BC–476 AD) 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3312: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3298: 3293: 3291: 3290: 3283: 3276: 3268: 3262: 3261: 3256: 3250: 3244: 3239: 3233: 3225: 3217: 3209: 3208:External links 3206: 3205: 3204: 3197: 3190: 3183: 3174: 3171: 3170: 3169: 3162: 3155: 3148: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3134: 3127: 3117: 3110: 3103: 3096: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3073: 3060: 3044: 3035: 3009: 2996: 2980: 2967: 2955: 2946: 2937: 2912: 2889: 2864: 2857: 2835: 2814: 2785: 2756: 2731: 2702: 2673: 2644: 2619: 2596: 2589: 2562: 2551:(2): 229–245. 2531: 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2380:(in French) 1986:et non pas 1623:sanctuary. 1592: [ 1446: [ 1414:Pythagorean 1258:Gallic Wars 1135:Battlements 1109:theodolites 1076:Switzerland 698:Brannovices 502:Gallic Wars 470: [ 448: [ 425: [ 371:biffractrus 131: / 107:Coordinates 4748:Categories 4706:Magetobria 4619:Tectosages 4542:Cornacates 4537:Britolagai 4489:Lactorates 4461:Votodrones 4436:Montunates 4416:Gennanates 4253:Savincates 4173:Cosuanetes 4123:Bodiontici 4113:Benacenses 4093:Ausuciates 4088:Aneuniates 4083:Ambisontes 4063:Adunicates 4053:Acitavones 4035:Vulgientes 4029:Tectosages 3986:Tricastini 3966:Segobrigii 3866:Allobroges 3856:Agesinates 3838:Viducasses 3753:Petrocorii 3688:Durocasses 3652:Eburovices 3648:Diablintes 3601:Abrincatui 3583:Viromandui 3563:Suessiones 3478:Caeracates 3338:Roman Gaul 3334:(58–50 BC) 3192:Olmer F., 3069:Diviciacos 3067:Note that 3029:2015-06-27 2325:2015-06-27 2285:Déchelette 1941:2015-06-27 1908:2015-06-27 1876:References 1561:Corinthian 1555:bases and 1540:ambulatory 1509:Necropolis 1430:Gallic War 1392:Diviciacus 1385:solar boat 1356:monument. 1310:See also: 1289:heated by 1264:Horse Park 919:Gallic War 911:Ariovistus 907:Diviciacus 892:magistrate 872:Aedui coin 850:See also: 670:Gallic War 633:Gallic War 604:Diviciacus 517:Stradonice 375:battlement 116:46°55′23″N 4721:Vertillum 4696:Entremont 4642:Pre-Roman 4614:Aigosages 4572:Scordisci 4547:Costoboci 4527:Arabiates 4499:Tarusates 4484:Cocosates 4471:Aquitania 4446:Subinates 4386:Arusnates 4381:Anesiates 4363:Cisalpina 4353:Vindelici 4348:Vesubiani 4313:Vediantii 4303:Triulatti 4258:Sebaginni 4243:Rucinates 4238:Quariates 4233:Nemeturii 4223:Nantuates 4198:Graioceli 4183:Eguiturii 4168:Ceutrones 4163:Caturiges 4158:Catubrini 4153:Catenates 4143:Calucones 4138:Brixentes 4133:Brigianii 4128:Brigantii 4073:Ambidravi 4025:Arecomici 3981:Tolosates 3916:Dexivates 3808:Tricasses 3793:Segusiavi 3713:Lemovices 3708:Latobrigi 3606:Ambiliati 3498:Catalauni 3493:Catuslugi 3473:Bellovaci 3463:Atrebates 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318:Leipzig 197:oppidum 159:Periods 154:History 148:Oppidum 4774:Oppida 4711:Noreia 4686:Cularo 4676:Bibrax 4651:Alesia 4629:Trocmi 4552:Gotini 4441:Orobii 4431:Marici 4376:Anauni 4278:Sentii 4263:Seduni 4103:Belaci 4068:Alauni 4045:Alpina 4021:Volcae 3961:Salyes 3951:Oxybii 3941:Memini 3921:Helvii 3911:Comani 3901:Cavari 3861:Albici 3833:Veneti 3818:Turoni 3773:Ruteni 3698:Gabali 3693:Esuvii 3626:Arouii 3543:Nervii 3533:Morini 2903:Gallia 2855: 2587: 2522: 2492: 2145:Strabo 1932: 1899: 1850:Alesia 1708:Nièvre 1396:Cicero 1312:Druids 1285:, and 1275:atrium 1237:Wyvern 1045:Poland 981:France 896:druids 797:Allier 791:, the 778:France 614:Strabo 606:, the 588:Alesia 529:oppida 441:Beaune 359:beaver 352:Celtic 314:Vienna 289:Nièvre 224:. 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