36:
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fragmentation," in which clastic fragments are driven by superheated steam from ground water mixed with the other gases released from the magma. The authors characterize Phase 3 as "the most voluminous and widespread in the whole of Somma-Vesuvius's eruptive history." Some facies a few cm thick were
275:
According to
Giardino, the problem of establishing a reliable date results from the differences of calibration – organic samples (such as charcoal: 1880–1680 BC) versus soil facies (1684–1535 BC). He prefers the earlier as the more reliable date. The Avellino Eruption separates archaeologically the
696:
Giuseppe
Mastrolorenzo, Pierpaolo Petrone, Lucia Pappalardo and Michael F. Sheridan, The Avellino 3780-yr-B.P. Catastrophe as a Worst-Case Scenario for a Future Eruption at Vesuvius. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Vol. 103, No. 12 (Mar. 21, 2006),
261:
continues, with each scientist claiming to have obtained "the latest". Consistency with previous and subsequent work remains elusive. Since a real and very precise calendar date of the eruption must have existed, variation in estimations can only be the result of limitations to the carbon-dating
671:
Papers in
Italian Archaeology VI: Communities and Settlements from the Neolithic to the Early Medieval Period: Proceedings of the 6th Conference of Italian Archaeology held at the University of Groningen, Groningen Institute of Archaeology, the Netherlands, April 15–17,
450:
Sulpizio, R.; Bonasia, R.; Dellino, P.; Mele, D.; Di Vito, M. A.; La Volpe, L. (23 February 2010). "The Pomici di
Avellino eruption of Somma–Vesuvius (3.9 ka BP). Part II: sedimentology and physical volcanology of pyroclastic density current deposits — Abstract".
240:
The overall results of the
Avellino eruption were catastrophic and widespread. The deposit thickness of ash and other eruptive material ranges from 15m close to the vent to 50 cm around Avellino, and creating a subaquaeous debris-flow in the bay of Naples.
279:
A study published in 1990 by Vogel and others suggested that the
Avellino eruption partly caused the climatic disturbances of the 1620s BC, dates verified by tree-ring series and ice-core layers. The authors had just obtained carbon dates of 3360±40
212:
The "assessment of volcanological factors" in one scientific study reconstructs a minimum eruption time of 3 hours in which an initial explosion raised a column of ash 23 km (75,000 ft) and deposited about 0.32 km of white
669:
217:("the white pumice phase"), while a second, more intense explosion raised a column to 31 km (102,000 ft) depositing 1.25 km of grey pumice ("the grey pumice phase"). These pumices appearing in
679:
565:
Vogel, J. S.; Cornell, W.; Nelson, D.E.; Southon, J.R. (1990). "Letters to Nature: Vesuvius/Avellino, one possible source of seventeenth century BC climatic disturbances — Abstract".
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method, which, given a plenitude of reliably emplaced samples, can only produce a date within a window of roughly 500 years in a maximum elapsed time of roughly 4000 years or
668:
Giardino, Claudio (2005). "The Island of Capri in the Gulf of Naples between the 5th and the 2nd
Millennium BC". In Attema, Peter; Nijboer, Albert; Zifferero, Andrea (eds.).
232:(PDC's) of Phases 1 and 2 were generated by "magmatic fragmentation" and had "small dispersal areas" mainly on the slopes of Vesuvius. Phase 3 was created by "
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730:
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The date of the
Avellino eruption remains to be determined with a precision greater than about 500 years within the framework of the Early/Middle
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715:
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369:
Sevink, Jan; et al. (2011), "Robust date for the Bronze Age
Avellino eruption (Somma-Vesuvius): 3945 ± 10 calBP (1995 ± 10 calBC)",
181:
40:
Thousands of footprints in the pyroclastic surge deposits of the
Avellino eruption testify to an en masse exodus from the disaster zone.
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735:
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of animals and people, as well as skeletons. The residents had hastily abandoned the village, leaving it to be buried under
636:"Vesuvius' Next Eruption May Put Metro Naples at Risk – Lesson from Katrina is need to focus on "maximum probable hazard""
405:"Apulian Bronze Age pottery as a long-distance indicator of the Avellino Pumice eruption (Vesuvius, Italy) — Abstract"
64:
93:
745:
611:"An ancient Bronze Age village and a bucket (3500 bp) destroyed by the pumice eruption in Avellino (Nola-Campania)"
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125:
635:
20:
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710:
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found 25 km (16 mi) from the source. The vent was 2 km (1.2 mi) west of today's center.
678:. BAR International Series 1452 (II). Vol. II. Oxford: Archaeopress. pp. 625–632. Archived from
292:. The hypothesis remains unverifiable a generation later, due to the overall imprecision of the dates.
284:, or 1617–1703 calibrated BC. They were suggesting a coincidence of a number of eruptions, such as the
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496:"The Avellino 3780-yr-B.P. catastrophe as a worst-case scenario for a future eruption at Vesuvius"
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Giuseppe Mastrolorenzo; Pierpaolo Petrone; Lucia Pappalardo; Michael F. Sheridan (January 2006).
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432:
258:
614:
253:. A range of 2000–1500 BC includes the great majority of estimates. Ample opportunity to obtain
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dates from charcoal and soil buried under the deposits has existed and still exists. Sporadic
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of 6, making it larger and more catastrophic than Vesuvius's more famous and well-documented
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settlements. The remarkably well-preserved remains of one were discovered in May 2001 at
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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pottery can be used to establish the relative chronology of pottery phases.
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Early Bronze Age in Campania from the Middle Bronze Age.
228:(deposits from the eruption) distinguishes three phases.
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Cioni, Raffaello; Levi, Sara; Sulpizio, Roberto (2000).
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134:
124:
75:
63:
55:
45:
28:
409:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
16:Plinian eruption of the Somma-Vesuvius complex
8:
184:. It is the source of the Avellino pumice (
142:settlements within and throughout the area.
575:(6266). Nature Publishing Group: 534–537.
415:(1). London: Geological Society: 159–177.
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529:
519:
552:
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176:1995 BC. It is estimated to have had a
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646:from the original on 24 December 2006
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192:) deposits extensively found in the
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138:Devastated and preserved Italian
731:2nd-millennium BC natural events
34:
391:10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.02.001
300:The eruption destroyed several
208:Characteristics of the eruption
157:Hut at the site of the village
1:
429:10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.171.01.13
336:and ash in much the same way
173:
640:State University of New York
721:Volcanic eruptions in Italy
716:Prehistoric volcanic events
296:The Nola bronze-age village
762:
371:Quaternary Science Reviews
18:
726:20th-century BC disasters
473:10.1007/s00445-009-0340-4
150:
33:
21:Avellino (disambiguation)
521:10.1073/pnas.0508697103
453:Bulletin of Volcanology
312:by French and Italian
189:
736:Geography of Campania
350:Mount Vesuvius topics
340:was later preserved.
459:(5). Springer: 559.
245:Date of the eruption
224:A 2008 study of the
19:For other uses, see
581:1990Natur.344..534V
512:2006PNAS..103.4366M
465:2010BVol...72..559S
421:2000GSLSP.171..159C
383:2011QSRv...30.1035S
377:(9–10): 1035–1046,
105: /
697:pp. 4366–4370
555:, pp. 628–629
259:radiocarbon dating
190:Pomici di Avellino
746:Plinian eruptions
506:(12): 4366–4370.
230:Pyroclastic flows
166:Avellino eruption
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109:40.817°N 14.400°E
29:Avellino Eruption
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306:Croce del Papa
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182:79 AD eruption
170:Mount Vesuvius
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687:. Retrieved
680:the original
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648:. Retrieved
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172:occurred in
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226:lithofacies
112: /
705:Categories
689:2010-06-13
650:2006-12-08
621:2006-12-08
356:References
330:footprints
302:Bronze Age
251:Bronze Age
140:Bronze Age
59:1995±10 BC
481:129725019
437:129583954
326:livestock
290:Santorini
272:(12.5%).
255:Carbon-14
644:Archived
540:16537390
344:See also
202:Campania
198:Avellino
84:Campania
76:Location
597:4368499
577:Bibcode
531:1450177
508:Bibcode
461:Bibcode
417:Bibcode
379:Bibcode
338:Pompeii
316:, with
267:⁄
219:Apulian
186:Italian
100:14°24′E
97:40°49′N
46:Volcano
595:
568:Nature
538:
528:
479:
435:
334:pumice
215:pumice
194:comune
135:Impact
80:Naples
683:(PDF)
676:(PDF)
593:S2CID
477:S2CID
433:S2CID
308:near
88:Italy
672:2003
536:PMID
322:pots
318:huts
310:Nola
164:The
65:Type
56:Date
585:doi
573:344
526:PMC
516:doi
504:103
469:doi
425:doi
413:171
387:doi
288:on
200:in
196:of
178:VEI
168:of
126:VEI
707::
642:.
638:.
591:.
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498:.
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467:.
457:72
455:.
431:.
423:.
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407:.
385:,
375:30
373:,
324:,
320:,
282:BP
204:.
188::
174:c.
86:,
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653:.
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269:8
265:1
130:6
23:.
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