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593:. Pumice was also used in the early book-making industry to prepare parchment paper and leather bindings. There is high demand for pumice, particularly for water filtration, chemical spill containment, cement manufacturing, horticulture and increasingly for the pet industry. The mining of pumice in environmentally sensitive areas has been under more scrutiny after such an operation was stopped in the U.S. state of Oregon, at Rock Mesa in the southern part of the
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Scalping screens are used to filter impure surficial pumice of organic soils and unwanted rocks. Blasting is not necessary because the material is unconsolidated, therefore only simple machinery is used such as bulldozers and power shovels. Different sizes of pumice are needed for specific uses therefore crushers are used to achieve desired grades ranging from lump, coarse, intermediate, fine, and extra fine.
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difficulties. In
Western medicine, beginning in the early 18th century, pumice ground into a sugar consistency mixed with other ingredients was used to attempt to treat ulcers mostly on the skin and cornea. Concoctions such as these were also used to help wounds scar in a supposedly healthier manner. In approximately 1680 it was noted by an English naturalist that pumice powder was used to promote sneezing.
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natural sources occur in volcanically active regions. Pumice is mined and transported from these regions. In 2011, Italy and Turkey led pumice mining production at 4 and 3 million tons respectively; other large producers at or exceeding a million tonnes were Greece, Iran, Chile, and Syria. Total world pumice production in 2011 was estimated at 17 million tonnes.
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477:. U.S. production of pumice and pumicite in 2011 was estimated at 380,000 tonnes, valued at $ 7.7 million with approximately 46% coming from Nevada and Oregon. Idaho is also known as a large producer of pumice because of the quality and brightness of the rock found in local reserves. One of the most famous volcanoes was
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to and from the surface. Pumice improves the quality of soil because of its porous properties; water and gases can be transported easily through the pores and nutrients can be stored in the microscopic holes. Pumice rock fragments are inorganic therefore no decomposition and little compaction occur.
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meaning "foam". In former times, pumice was called "Spuma Maris", meaning "froth of the sea" in Latin because the frothy material was thought to be hardened sea foam. Around 80 B.C., it was called "lapis spongiae" in Latin for its vesicular properties. Many Greek scholars decided there were different
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New studies prove a broader application of pumice powder in the concrete industry. Pumice can act as a cementitious material in concrete and researchers have shown that concrete made with up to 50% pumice powder can significantly improve durability yet reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel
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and fossilized bones added to teas to calm the spirit. This tea was used to treat dizziness, nausea, insomnia, and anxiety disorders. Ingestion of these pulverized rocks was believed to be able to soften nodules and was later used with other herbal ingredients to treat gallbladder cancer and urinary
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Pumice can be found all around the globe deriving from continental volcanic occurrences and submarine volcanic occurrences. Floating stones can also be distributed by ocean currents. As described earlier pumice is produced by the eruption of explosive volcanoes under certain conditions, therefore,
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and as a form of ritual purification, using creams, razors, and pumice stones. Pumice in powdered form was an ingredient in toothpastes in ancient Rome. Nail care was very important in ancient China; nails were kept groomed with pumice stones, and pumice stones were also used to remove calluses.
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of pumice is an environmentally friendly process compared with other mining methods because the igneous rock is deposited on the surface of the earth in loose aggregate form. The material is mined by open-pit methods. Soils are removed by machinery in order to obtain more pure quality pumice.
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differs from pumice in being denser. With larger vesicles and thicker vesicle walls, scoria sinks rapidly. The difference is the result of the lower viscosity of the magma that forms scoria. When larger amounts of gas are present, the result is a finer-grained variety of pumice known as
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One of the main uses of pumice currently in the United States is manufacturing concrete. This rock has been used in concrete mixtures for thousands of years and continues to be used in producing concrete, especially in regions close to where this volcanic material is deposited.
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were distributed over a mile around the volcano. These ejections filled trenches that once reached 660 feet deep. So much magma was displaced from the vent that the volcano became a depression on the surface of the Earth. Another well-known volcano that produces pumice is
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Pumice stone, sometimes attached to a handle, is an effective scrubbing tool for removal of limescale, rust, hard water rings, and other stains on porcelain fixtures in households (e.g., bathrooms). It is a quick method compared to alternatives like chemicals or
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The abundance and variety of fouling taxa, coupled with the long dispersal trajectory (> 3500 km) and period of pumice flotation (β₯ 1 year), confirm the importance of sea-rafted pumice as a long-distance dispersal mechanism for marine
27:
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but remained unnoticed until enormous pieces of pumice were seen to be floating on the
Pacific Ocean. Blankets of rock reached a thickness of 5 meters. Most of this floating pumice is deposited on the northwest coast of
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drifted through the Indian Ocean for up to 20 years, with tree trunks floating among them. In fact, pumice rafts disperse and support several marine species. In 1979, 1984 and 2006, underwater volcanic eruptions near
753:. It is often used on roadsides and ditches and commonly used in turf and golf courses to maintain grass cover and flatness that can degrade due to large amounts of traffic and compaction. Chemically pumice is
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that erupted 7,700 years ago in Oregon and deposited 300 feet of pumice and ash around the vent. The large amount of magma that was erupted caused the structure to collapse, forming a caldera now known as
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Europe is the largest producer of pumice with deposits in Italy, Turkey, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, and
Germany. Italy is the largest producer of pumice because of its numerous eruptive volcanoes. On the
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is a type of basaltic pumice formed in very high lava fountains. It has an extremely low density and is composed of a network of volcanic glass formed when the vesicles have almost completely coalesced.
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soils to allow more transportation of gases and water. The addition of pumice to soil improves and increases vegetative cover as the roots of plants make slopes more stable therefore it helps reduce
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Pumice has been used as a material in personal care for thousands of years. It is an abrasive material that can be used in powdered form or as a stone to remove unwanted hair or skin. In ancient
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Askarian, Mahya; Fakhretaha Aval, Siavash; Joshaghani, Alireza (22 January 2019). "A comprehensive experimental study on the performance of pumice powder in self-compacting concrete (SCC)".
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646:. Even though hair removal techniques have evolved over the centuries, abrasive material like pumice stones is also still used. "Pumice stones" are often used in beauty salons during the
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It was discovered in a Roman poem that pumice was used to remove dead skin as far back as 100 BC, and likely before then. It has been used throughout many eras since then, including the
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Pumice is a very lightweight, porous and abrasive material and it has been used for centuries in the construction and beauty industry as well as in early medicine. It is also used as an
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There are large reserves of pumice in Asian countries including
Afghanistan, Indonesia, Japan, Syria, Iran, and eastern Russia. Considerable amounts of pumice can be found at the
1801:"Amazon.com: Powerhouse Pumice Toilet Bowl Cleaning Stone with Handle (2-Pack) β Removes Stains, Limescale, Hard Water Rings, Calcium Buildup, Iron and Rust: Home & Kitchen"
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Good soil requires sufficient water and nutrient loading as well as little compaction to allow easy exchange of gases. The roots of plants require continuous transportation of
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Trunks and pumice that washed ashore at
Keeling Atoll in the early 1900s had been drifting for some 20 years, since the eruption of Krakatoa 1000 km to the northeast in 1883 (
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There are two main forms of vesicles. Most pumice contains tubular microvesicles that can impart a silky or fibrous fabric. The elongation of the microvesicles occurs due to
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is entirely made up of volcanic rock, including pumice. Large amounts of igneous rock on Lipari are due to the numerous extended periods of volcanic activity from the Late
129:. The unusual foamy configuration of pumice happens because of simultaneous rapid cooling and rapid depressurization. The depressurization creates bubbles by lowering the
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elongation in the volcanic conduit or, in the case of pumiceous lavas, during flow. The other form of vesicles are subspherical to spherical and result from high
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structure. Pumice varies in density according to the thickness of the solid material between the bubbles; many samples float in water. After the explosion of
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with increasing amounts of pumice added to concrete for higher elevations of the structure. It was also commonly used as a construction material for many
1930:
On the occurrence of a pumice-rich layer in
Holocene deposits of western Peloponnesus, Ionian Sea, Greece. A geomorphological and geochemical approach.
1824:
412:. An eruption in 1883 ejected so much pumice that kilometers of sea were covered in floating pumice and in some areas rose 1.5 meters above sea level.
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and other compositions are known. Pumice is commonly pale in color, ranging from white, cream, blue or grey, to green-brown or black. It forms when
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is another vesicular volcanic rock that differs from pumice in having larger vesicles, thicker vesicle walls, and being dark colored and denser.
1096:"Pumice rafting and faunal dispersion during 2001β2002 in the Southwest Pacific: record of a dacitic submarine explosive eruption from Tonga"
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are formulated with powdered pumice. Old beauty techniques using pumice are still employed today but newer substitutes are easier to obtain.
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Pumice has been used in the medicinal industry for more than 2000 years. Ancient
Chinese medicine used ground pumice along with ground
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Pumice contributes to soil fertility in areas where it is naturally present in the soil due to volcanic activity. For example, in the
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Venezia, A.M.; Floriano, M.A.; Deganello, G.; Rossi, A. (July 1992). "Structure of pumice: An XPS and 27Al MAS NMR study".
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form bubbles that remain within the viscous magma as it cools to glass. Pumice is a common product of explosive eruptions (
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Liguori, V.; Sciorta, R.; Ruisi, V. (1 December 1984). "The pumice aggregates of Lipari Island (Aeolian Isles-Italy)".
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that appear when a carbonated drink is opened). The simultaneous cooling and depressurization freeze the bubbles in a
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build-up. Such toothpaste is too abrasive for daily use. Pumice is also added to heavy-duty hand cleaners (such as
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of 64β85% by volume and it floats on water, possibly for years, until it eventually becomes waterlogged and sinks.
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Two layers of pumice, first major phase of the Late-Bronze-Age volcano eruption (~ 1500 BC), southern part of the
800:. The air-filled vesicles in this porous rock serve as a good insulator. A fine-grained version of pumice called
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Bryan, S.E.; A. Cook; J.P. Evans; P.W. Colls; M.G. Wells; M.G. Lawrence; J.S. Jell; A. Greig; R. Leslie (2004).
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on the eastern flank of Russia. This area contains 19 active volcanoes and it lies in close proximity with the
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509:. A recent eruption in 2011 wreaked havoc on the region by covering all surfaces and lakes in ash and pumice.
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to form a light-weight, smooth, plaster-like concrete. This form of concrete was used as far back as
254:. Pumicite consists of particles less than 4 mm (0.16 in) in size. Pumice is considered a
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Analytical identification of single source pumice from Greek shores and ancient sites in the Levant
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Centre for Ore
Deposit and Exploration Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania..198 pp.
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1855:"Dry farming El Cajete Pumice: Pueblo farming strategies in the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico"
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391:. Asia is also the site of the second-most dangerous volcanic eruption in the 20th century,
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Pumice is an igneous rock with a foamy appearance. The name is derived from the Latin word
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765:. In 2011, 16% of pumice mined in the United States was used for horticultural purposes.
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Pumice is created when super-heated, highly pressurized rock is rapidly ejected from a
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volcano produced the largest-known deep ocean volcanic eruption on Earth. The volcano
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Gauthier, Rory; Powers, Robert; Herhahn, Cynthia; Bremer, Mike; Goff, Fraser (2007).
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is much easier. Pumice usage also creates ideal conditions for growing plants like
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Kutkhiny Baty, a pumice rock formation outcrop located 4 km from the source of the
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642:. Today, many of these techniques are still used; pumice is widely used as a skin
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which likely retained a greater amount of moisture and was ideal for farming.
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as it increases the water retention in sandy soils and reduces the density of
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900:"Underwater volcano creates huge floating islands of rock, disrupts shipping"
879:
Volcanic
Textures A guide to the interpretation of textures in volcanic rocks
733:. As drainage is very important in horticulture, with the presence of pumice
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process to remove dry and excess skin from the bottom of the foot as well as
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1719:"The history of oral hygiene products: how far have we come in 6000 years?"
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Another benefit of this inorganic rock is that it does not attract or host
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981:"Trapped bubbles keep pumice afloat and gas diffusion makes pumice sink"
118:, which may or may not contain crystals. It is typically light-colored.
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1992:
1469:"What is Pumice: Origin of Pumice: From Stone to Refined Pumice Powder"
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created large pumice rafts that floated hundreds of kilometres to
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times. Roman engineers utilized it to build the huge dome of the
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Fauria, Kristen E.; Manga, Michael; Wei, Zihan (February 2017).
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347:. The lower layer is finer, almost white and without intrusions.
276:
236:
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1951:
1825:"Improving Soil and other Horticultural Use for Natural Pumice"
366:
sources of pumice, one of which was in the sea coral category.
144:) that are dissolved in the lava, causing the gases to rapidly
445:
Pumice can be found all across North America including on the
1639:
The Oregon Encyclopedia. Michael McCloskey (Sierra Club 2005)
861:
American Geological Institute, Alexandria, Virginia. 800 pp.
235:-forming) and commonly forms zones in upper parts of silicic
2956:
497:
is one of the leading producers of pumice in the world. The
754:
1524:"Havre - the world's largest deep ocean volcanic eruption"
630:, it was common to remove all hair on the body to control
16:
Extremely vesicular volcanic rock, typically light-colored
1048:"Rafting of tropical marine organisms on buoyant coralla"
91:
85:
1543:"Pumice Mining and Environmental Concerns in New Mexico"
1390:"Pumice: Igneous Rock - Pictures, Definition & More"
505:
mountains that ejected ash and pumice across Chile and
1696:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. pp. 112β113.
1360:"Pumice and pumicite - USGS Mineral Resources Program"
661:
as a polish, similar to Roman use, and easily removes
361:(meaning "pumice") which is related to the Latin word
1862:
New Mexico Geological Society Field Conference Series
1506:"Volcanic Ash and Pumice From Puyehue - The Atlantic"
94:
1022:"Mineral resource of the month: Pumice and pumicite"
323:, uncompressed with pumice on left; compressed with
156:. Eruptions under water are rapidly cooled and the
82:
3285:
3127:
2994:
2768:
2606:
2393:
1983:
804:is used as an additive in cement and is mixed with
88:
79:
46:of specimen approximately 0.25 g/cm; scale in
1330:
1328:
958:. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 184β185.
1767:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
1659:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
1568:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
1299:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
857:Jackson, J.A., J. Mehl, and K. Neuendorf (2005)
1694:Encyclopedia of hair : a cultural history
1384:
1382:
1380:
1353:
1351:
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1190:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 103, 197.
2972:
1963:
1760:"History of the pharmaceutical use of pumice"
1652:"History of the pharmaceutical use of pumice"
1606:Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials
1561:"History of the pharmaceutical use of pumice"
1292:"History of the pharmaceutical use of pumice"
1165:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
8:
1944:- White papers and technical info of pumice.
840: β Floating mass of pumice in the ocean
657:Finely ground pumice has been added to some
176:with very thin, translucent bubble walls of
62:(Lake Kurile), near the southern tip of the
449:. In the United States, pumice is mined in
2979:
2965:
2957:
1970:
1956:
1948:
1155:"New Island and pumice raft in the Tongas"
877:McPhie, J., M. Doyle, and R. Allen (1993)
788:Pumice is widely used to make lightweight
160:can be a shipping hazard for cargo ships.
1758:Duffin, Christopher J. (1 January 2012).
1734:
1650:Duffin, Christopher J. (1 January 2012).
1599:
1597:
1559:Duffin, Christopher J. (1 January 2012).
1290:Duffin, Christopher J. (1 January 2012).
1219:. Universities Space Research Association
1071:
1004:
307:Illustrates the porous nature in detail.
183:. It is commonly but not exclusively of
1358:Crangle, Robert D. Jr. (January 2012).
1186:Fisher, R.V.; Schmincke, H.-U. (1984).
850:
297:
954:Lockwood, J.P.; Hazlett, R.W. (2010).
191:to intermediate in composition (e.g.,
30:Specimen of highly porous pumice from
1919:University of Oxford image of pumice.
669:) as a mild abrasive. Some brands of
7:
3360:
1717:Fischman, Stuart L. (October 1997).
3384:
1103:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
985:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
776:settled on "pumice patches" of the
501:are two coalesced volcanoes in the
106:in its powdered or dust form, is a
1736:10.1111/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00099.x
14:
1365:. United States Geological Survey
1020:Crangle, R. Jr. (November 2015).
3383:
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3348:
3347:
3118:
1217:Earth Science Picture of the Day
1211:Gundy, James Van (1 June 2010).
332:
312:
300:
75:
528:have some deposits of pumice.
1269:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1243:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1052:Marine Ecology Progress Series
956:Volcanoes: Global Perspectives
929:Surface and Interface Analysis
158:large volume of pumice created
1:
1618:10.1080/21650373.2018.1511486
168:Pumice is composed of highly
110:that consists of extremely
3465:
1692:Sherrow, Victoria (2006).
1123:10.1016/j.epsl.2004.08.009
1006:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.11.055
18:
3427:Personal hygiene products
3343:
3116:
1408:"Pumice | volcanic glass"
1046:De Vantier, L.M. (1992).
688:Bar of solid pumice stone
3022:Cryptovolcanic structure
908:. Omicron Technology Ltd
595:Three Sisters Wilderness
586:, and the production of
425:of Italy, the island of
397:erupted on June 12, 1991
19:Not to be confused with
3303:Eruptions by death toll
2023:Basaltic trachyandesite
2003:Alkali feldspar granite
1412:Encyclopedia Britannica
1115:2004E&PSL.227..135B
997:2017E&PSL.460...50F
223:exsolving from viscous
148:(like the bubbles of CO
1160:NASA Earth Observatory
689:
623:
67:
51:
2413:Banded iron formation
1921:Retrieved 2010-09-27.
1488:"Pumice and Pumicite"
941:10.1002/sia.740180713
687:
621:
499:Puyehue-CordΓ³n Caulle
389:Pacific volcanic belt
57:
29:
1890:Building with Pumice
542:erupted in July 2012
290:during an eruption.
133:of gases (including
3422:Industrial minerals
1723:Periodontology 2000
1510:www.theatlantic.com
1439:1984BIAEG..30..431L
1414:. 22 November 2023.
1064:1992MEPS...86..301D
859:Glossary of Geology
774:Ancestral Puebloans
772:of New Mexico, the
437:) to the Holocene.
385:Kamchatka Peninsula
64:Kamchatka Peninsula
3298:Lists of volcanoes
3085:Subglacial volcano
3060:Pyroclastic shield
2769:Specific varieties
1940:2020-03-14 at the
1541:Austin, George S.
1447:10.1007/BF02594356
1167:. 16 November 2006
1073:10.3354/meps086301
690:
624:
258:because it has no
68:
52:
3399:
3398:
3152:Basaltic andesite
3090:Submarine volcano
2954:
2953:
2199:Nepheline syenite
1528:Radio New Zealand
1336:"What is Pumice?"
1271:. Merriam-Webster
1245:. Merriam-Webster
1188:Pyroclastic rocks
965:978-1-4051-6249-4
757:neutral, neither
447:Caribbean Islands
403:. Ash and pumice
3454:
3387:
3386:
3375:
3363:
3362:
3351:
3350:
3308:Decade Volcanoes
3286:Lists and groups
3277:Pyroclastic flow
3272:Pyroclastic fall
3122:
3055:Pyroclastic cone
2981:
2974:
2967:
2958:
2896:Rapakivi granite
2608:Metamorphic rock
2395:Sedimentary rock
2264:Quartz monzonite
1972:
1965:
1958:
1949:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1895:
1887:Grasser, Klaus.
1884:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1859:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1831:. Archived from
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1764:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1738:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1656:
1647:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1601:
1592:
1591:
1565:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1486:Bolen, Wallace.
1483:
1477:
1476:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1386:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1364:
1355:
1344:
1343:
1332:
1323:
1322:
1296:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1125:. Archived from
1109:(1β2): 135β154.
1100:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1075:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
976:
970:
969:
951:
945:
944:
924:
918:
917:
915:
913:
898:Redfern, Simon.
895:
889:
875:
869:
855:
778:El Cajete Pumice
622:Pumice soap bars
578:, especially in
336:
316:
304:
101:
100:
97:
96:
93:
90:
87:
84:
81:
3464:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3339:
3281:
3247:Tephriphonolite
3123:
3114:
3110:Harmonic tremor
3012:Complex volcano
2990:
2985:
2955:
2950:
2764:
2708:Pseudotachylite
2602:
2389:
2321:Tephriphonolite
1979:
1976:
1942:Wayback Machine
1915:
1910:
1909:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1871:
1869:
1857:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1838:
1836:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1809:
1807:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1779:10.1144/SP375.8
1762:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1671:10.1144/SP375.8
1654:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1633:
1603:
1602:
1595:
1580:10.1144/SP375.8
1563:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1530:. 12 June 2018.
1522:
1521:
1517:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1388:
1387:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1356:
1347:
1342:. 28 July 2017.
1334:
1333:
1326:
1311:10.1144/SP375.8
1294:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1222:
1220:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1019:
1018:
1014:
978:
977:
973:
966:
953:
952:
948:
926:
925:
921:
911:
909:
897:
896:
892:
876:
872:
856:
852:
847:
834:
786:
770:Jemez Mountains
711:
682:
616:
603:
572:
559:
534:
515:
492:
443:
423:Aeolian Islands
418:
381:
372:
355:
348:
337:
328:
319:Rocks from the
317:
308:
305:
268:rafts of pumice
239:. Pumice has a
166:
151:
142:
114:rough-textured
78:
74:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3442:Volcanic rocks
3439:
3437:Vitreous rocks
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3404:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3393:
3381:
3369:
3357:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3323:Volcanic field
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3252:Trachyandesite
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3129:Volcanic rocks
3125:
3124:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3070:Shield volcano
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3050:Parasitic cone
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2976:
2969:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2901:Rhomb porphyry
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2743:Talc carbonate
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2336:Trachyandesite
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2259:Quartz diorite
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:Types of rocks
1977:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1914:
1913:External links
1911:
1908:
1907:
1879:
1845:
1829:hesspumice.com
1816:
1805:www.amazon.com
1792:
1750:
1709:
1702:
1684:
1642:
1631:
1612:(6): 340β356.
1593:
1551:
1533:
1515:
1504:Taylor, Alan.
1496:
1478:
1473:hesspumice.com
1460:
1433:(1): 431β434.
1417:
1399:
1376:
1345:
1324:
1282:
1256:
1230:
1203:
1196:
1178:
1146:
1086:
1038:
1012:
971:
964:
946:
935:(7): 532β538.
919:
890:
870:
849:
848:
846:
843:
842:
841:
833:
830:
785:
782:
715:carbon dioxide
710:
707:
681:
678:
615:
612:
602:
601:Early medicine
599:
571:
568:
558:
555:
538:Havre Seamount
533:
530:
514:
511:
491:
488:
442:
439:
417:
414:
393:Mount Pinatubo
380:
377:
371:
368:
354:
351:
350:
349:
338:
331:
329:
318:
311:
309:
306:
299:
288:vapor pressure
256:volcanic glass
221:volcanic gases
170:microvesicular
165:
162:
149:
140:
116:volcanic glass
60:Ozernaya River
40:Canary Islands
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3460:
3459:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3417:Igneous rocks
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3392:
3391:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3318:Volcanic belt
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3222:Phonotephrite
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3105:Volcanic cone
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3080:Stratovolcano
3078:
3076:
3075:Somma volcano
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3065:Rootless cone
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2977:
2975:
2970:
2968:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2861:Litchfieldite
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2826:Hyaloclastite
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2673:Litchfieldite
2671:
2669:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2234:Phonotephrite
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2139:Hyaloclastite
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1943:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1892:
1891:
1883:
1880:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1846:
1835:on 2020-03-05
1834:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1703:9780313331459
1699:
1695:
1688:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
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1132:on 2008-07-29
1128:
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906:
901:
894:
891:
888:
887:9780859015226
884:
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874:
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868:
867:0-922152-76-4
864:
860:
854:
851:
844:
839:
836:
835:
831:
829:
828:consumption.
825:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
798:cinder blocks
795:
791:
783:
781:
779:
775:
771:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
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723:
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708:
706:
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686:
679:
677:
675:
672:
668:
664:
663:dental plaque
660:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
640:Victorian Era
636:
633:
629:
620:
614:Personal care
613:
611:
608:
600:
598:
596:
592:
589:
585:
581:
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569:
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543:
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531:
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519:
512:
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496:
490:South America
489:
487:
485:
480:
476:
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468:
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460:
456:
452:
448:
441:North America
440:
438:
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428:
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378:
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346:
343:island Thera/
342:
335:
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163:
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155:
147:
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136:
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128:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
108:volcanic rock
105:
99:
72:
65:
61:
56:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
28:
22:
3388:
3376:
3364:
3352:
3313:Volcanic arc
3257:Trachybasalt
3226:
3095:Supervolcano
3027:Fissure vent
2871:Luxullianite
2851:Lapis lazuli
2796:Blue Granite
2723:Serpentinite
2698:Metapsammite
2448:Conglomerate
2370:Trondhjemite
2348:Trachybasalt
2289:Pantellerite
2248:
2189:Monzogranite
2134:Hornblendite
2119:Granodiorite
1985:Igneous rock
1898:. Retrieved
1896:. p. 64
1889:
1882:
1870:. Retrieved
1865:
1861:
1848:
1837:. Retrieved
1833:the original
1828:
1819:
1808:. Retrieved
1804:
1795:
1770:
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1726:
1722:
1712:
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1481:
1472:
1463:
1430:
1426:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1367:. Retrieved
1339:
1302:
1298:
1285:
1273:. Retrieved
1268:
1259:
1247:. Retrieved
1242:
1233:
1221:. Retrieved
1216:
1213:"Reticulite"
1206:
1187:
1181:
1169:. Retrieved
1158:
1149:
1140:
1134:. Retrieved
1127:the original
1106:
1102:
1089:
1077:
1055:
1051:
1041:
1029:. Retrieved
1025:
1015:
988:
984:
974:
955:
949:
932:
928:
922:
910:. Retrieved
903:
893:
878:
873:
858:
853:
826:
822:
796:low-density
787:
784:Construction
767:
724:
712:
709:Horticulture
691:
656:
637:
625:
604:
588:stone-washed
573:
560:
535:
516:
493:
479:Mount Mazama
444:
419:
382:
373:
362:
358:
356:
291:
281:
251:
245:
205:pantellerite
181:igneous rock
167:
124:
103:
70:
69:
3447:Volcanology
3390:WikiProject
3333:polygenetic
3328:monogenetic
3207:Nephelinite
3162:Blairmorite
3137:Agglomerate
3045:Mud volcano
3017:Cryovolcano
3007:Cinder cone
2760:Whiteschist
2651:Greenschist
2631:Cataclasite
2621:Amphibolite
2548:Phosphorite
2498:Itacolumite
2423:Calcarenite
2269:Quartzolite
2204:Nephelinite
2174:Lamprophyre
2129:Harzburgite
2087:Napoleonite
2060:Charnockite
2055:Carbonatite
2045:Blairmorite
2008:Anorthosite
1935:Hess Pumice
1773:: 157β169.
1729:(1): 7β14.
1665:: 157β169.
1574:: 157β169.
1394:geology.com
1369:25 November
1305:: 157β169.
1275:23 February
1249:23 February
1058:: 301β302.
838:Pumice raft
699:baking soda
659:toothpastes
547:New Zealand
532:New Zealand
484:Crater Lake
431:Pleistocene
401:Philippines
321:Bishop tuff
174:pyroclastic
48:centimeters
34:volcano on
3406:Categories
3232:Rhyodacite
3182:Ignimbrite
3157:Benmoreite
2926:Teschenite
2911:Shonkinite
2886:Pietersite
2881:Novaculite
2791:Borolanite
2776:Adamellite
2693:Metapelite
2661:Calcflinta
2626:Blueschist
2616:Anthracite
2598:Wackestone
2578:Travertine
2523:Lumachelle
2503:Jaspillite
2458:Diamictite
2380:Websterite
2365:Troctolite
2341:Benmoreite
2301:Shonkinite
2274:Rhyodacite
2254:Pyroxenite
2224:Peridotite
2184:Lherzolite
2159:Kimberlite
2149:Ignimbrite
2144:Icelandite
2124:Granophyre
2033:Shoshonite
1872:10 January
1839:2019-04-04
1810:2021-05-15
1340:WorldAtlas
1197:3540127569
1171:23 October
1136:2007-07-14
1080:Wood-Jones
845:References
794:insulative
743:succulents
671:chinchilla
471:New Mexico
467:California
435:Tyrrhenian
292:Reticulite
233:ignimbrite
164:Properties
131:solubility
102:), called
3432:Skin care
3412:Abrasives
3217:Phonolite
3202:Leucitite
3187:Komatiite
3035:Lava dome
3031:Lava cone
2988:Volcanoes
2941:Variolite
2931:Theralite
2921:Tachylite
2906:Rodingite
2876:Mangerite
2856:Larvikite
2841:Jasperoid
2836:Jadeitite
2801:Epidosite
2755:Tectonite
2748:Soapstone
2713:Quartzite
2683:Migmatite
2668:Itabirite
2646:Granulite
2588:Turbidite
2568:Sylvinite
2563:Siltstone
2553:Sandstone
2538:Oil shale
2518:Limestone
2493:Gritstone
2488:Greywacke
2483:Geyserite
2473:Evaporite
2463:Diatomite
2438:Claystone
2403:Argillite
2316:Tachylyte
2284:Comendite
2229:Phonolite
2219:Pegmatite
2194:Monzonite
2169:Lamproite
2164:Komatiite
2104:Foidolite
2065:Enderbite
2028:Mugearite
1868:: 469β474
1787:129854945
1679:129854945
1626:139554392
1588:129854945
1455:127008263
1319:129854945
1142:organisms
1031:8 January
991:: 50β59.
818:aqueducts
674:dust bath
667:lava soap
644:exfoliant
582:, pencil
553:islands.
551:Polynesia
507:Argentina
353:Etymology
345:Santorini
327:on right.
209:phonolite
193:rhyolitic
178:extrusive
112:vesicular
66:, Russia.
3354:Category
3262:Trachyte
3237:Rhyolite
3212:Obsidian
3142:Andesite
2916:Taconite
2891:Pyrolite
2816:Ganister
2786:Aphanite
2781:Appinite
2703:Phyllite
2688:Mylonite
2656:Hornfels
2636:Eclogite
2533:Mudstone
2508:Laterite
2468:Dolomite
2385:Wehrlite
2360:Trachyte
2353:Hawaiite
2331:Tonalite
2326:Tephrite
2279:Rhyolite
2244:Porphyry
2214:Obsidian
2099:Essexite
2050:Boninite
2040:Basanite
1998:Andesite
1938:Archived
1900:23 March
1239:"Pumice"
1223:5 August
912:25 April
905:Phys.org
832:See also
814:Pantheon
802:pozzolan
790:concrete
763:alkaline
680:Cleaning
652:calluses
648:pedicure
580:polishes
576:abrasive
549:and the
526:Tanzania
522:Ethiopia
410:Krakatoa
395:, which
264:Krakatoa
252:pumicite
241:porosity
217:basaltic
213:trachyte
201:andesite
104:pumicite
36:Tenerife
3366:Commons
3293:Hotspot
3192:Lapilli
3177:Felsite
3002:Caldera
2936:Unakite
2866:Llanite
2831:Ijolite
2806:Felsite
2738:Suevite
2573:Tillite
2513:Lignite
2453:Coquina
2418:Breccia
2311:Syenite
2239:Picrite
2154:Ijolite
2114:Granite
2082:Diorite
2077:Diabase
1993:Adakite
1745:9643227
1435:Bibcode
1265:"Spume"
1111:Bibcode
1060:Bibcode
993:Bibcode
751:erosion
735:tillage
731:insects
695:vinegar
584:erasers
463:Arizona
405:lapilli
399:in the
341:caldera
284:ductile
260:crystal
229:plinian
215:), but
197:dacitic
185:silicic
146:exsolve
127:volcano
44:Density
3378:Portal
3242:Tephra
3227:Pumice
3197:Latite
3172:Dacite
3167:Cinder
3147:Basalt
3100:Tossol
2846:Kenyte
2821:Gossan
2718:Schist
2678:Marble
2641:Gneiss
2543:Oolite
2408:Arkose
2306:Sovite
2296:Scoria
2249:Pumice
2209:Norite
2179:Latite
2109:Gabbro
2094:Dunite
2072:Dacite
2018:Basalt
2013:Aplite
1785:
1743:
1700:
1677:
1624:
1586:
1453:
1317:
1194:
962:
885:
865:
759:acidic
747:clayey
719:oxygen
563:mining
557:Mining
513:Africa
475:Kansas
455:Oregon
451:Nevada
427:Lipari
416:Europe
325:fiamme
247:Scoria
189:felsic
172:glass
154:matrix
120:Scoria
71:Pumice
21:pomace
2995:Types
2811:Flint
2733:Slate
2728:Skarn
2593:Varve
2558:Shale
2478:Flint
2433:Chert
2428:Chalk
1894:(PDF)
1858:(PDF)
1783:S2CID
1763:(PDF)
1675:S2CID
1655:(PDF)
1622:S2CID
1584:S2CID
1564:(PDF)
1546:(PDF)
1491:(PDF)
1451:S2CID
1363:(PDF)
1315:S2CID
1295:(PDF)
1130:(PDF)
1099:(PDF)
1082:1912)
1026:Earth
810:Roman
739:cacti
727:fungi
703:borax
628:Egypt
591:jeans
518:Kenya
503:Andes
495:Chile
459:Idaho
363:spuma
359:pumex
273:Tonga
237:lavas
225:magma
135:water
32:Teide
3267:Tuff
3040:Maar
2583:Tufa
2528:Marl
2443:Coal
2375:Tuff
1902:2019
1874:2021
1741:PMID
1698:ISBN
1371:2018
1277:2022
1251:2022
1225:2022
1192:ISBN
1173:2016
1033:2021
960:ISBN
914:2014
883:ISBN
863:ISBN
806:lime
792:and
761:nor
741:and
717:and
697:and
632:lice
607:mica
570:Uses
561:The
536:The
524:and
473:and
379:Asia
370:Area
277:Fiji
231:and
137:and
2946:Wad
1775:doi
1771:375
1731:doi
1667:doi
1663:375
1614:doi
1576:doi
1572:375
1443:doi
1307:doi
1303:375
1119:doi
1107:227
1068:doi
1001:doi
989:460
937:doi
820:.
729:or
701:or
654:.
187:or
3408::
1866:58
1864:.
1860:.
1827:.
1803:.
1781:.
1769:.
1765:.
1739:.
1727:15
1725:.
1721:.
1673:.
1661:.
1657:.
1620:.
1608:.
1596:^
1582:.
1570:.
1566:.
1526:.
1508:.
1471:.
1449:.
1441:.
1431:30
1429:.
1410:.
1392:.
1379:^
1348:^
1338:.
1327:^
1313:.
1301:.
1297:.
1267:.
1241:.
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1163:.
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1105:.
1101:.
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1056:86
1054:.
1050:.
1024:.
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987:.
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931:.
902:.
755:pH
705:.
597:.
520:,
486:.
469:,
465:,
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266:,
211:,
207:,
203:,
199:,
195:,
139:CO
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1964:t
1957:v
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1876:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
