144:. Various attempts have been made to classify foraging guilds for ecological studies and universal and undisputed classifications do not exist. It must also be noted that species may belong to multiple foraging guilds depending on situation (for example, while breeding, in migration, or in disturbed habitats). Specific classifications are used in ecological and behavioural studies. The classifications are often made according to multiple hierarchical criteria and a full classification may include multiple terms. To take an example a bird may be described as "nocturnal gleaning insectivore" with parts of the classification dealing with the time of day, the diet and the technique used to obtain food.
493:). The behaviour is exhibited while perched in shallow water, and sometimes on dry land, over short grass or bare soil. The gulls rapidly move their feet up and down while staying at a spot and it is thought that this flushes subterranean prey that they then detect and feed on although there is no definite evidence. Other terms describing the term have included paddling, puddling, pumping, stamping, thumping, tramping, trampling, treading and trembling. The behaviour is found in young gulls and is considered to be innate and does not require learning. The behaviour has been compared by lay observers to rapid dancing moves.
36:. Foraging includes a range of activities, starting with the search for food, making use of sensory abilities, and which may involve one or more birds either of a single or even of multiple species. This is followed by locomotion and movements to obtain or capture the food, followed by the processing or handling of the foods prior to ingestion. Like all organisms foraging entails balancing the energy spent (in search, locomotion, avoiding predators, handling food) and energy gained. The high metabolic rate of birds, among the highest in the
17:
2727:
2751:
63:
2763:
2739:
438:, fly-catching, or aerial sallying refers to obtaining aerial food, typically flying insects. The birds typically stay on the wing while handling and ingesting the prey. The more specific term flycatching is used to describe birds that fly out of a perch to capture and insect to return with the prey to a perch before handling the prey.
311:
478:
movements may be used by waders such as plovers and lapwings. They are used mainly on wet soil or while wading in shallow water. Some waders move around rapidly in circles, these include the phalaropes, best known for their pirouetting movements, often in deeper water that reaches until their body.
123:
Foraging involves expending energy and seeking food can be both time and energy consuming. Birds make use of a variety of approaches to improve the efficiency of their foraging. These include foraging in flocks which provides many eyes to seek patches rich in food while also reducing the risk of
393:- used by some birds to make others disgorge their prey. This is seen in many species of bird including raptors, skuas and a few others and notably absent among seed-eating birds. It is found mainly when hosts are found in numbers and when the food item is large and visible.
460:
314:
319:
317:
313:
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318:
334:
Baiting is a technique known in about 12 species of herons. Here the herons drop feathers or small objects on the water surface to attract fishes to investigate the disturbance and come within striking range of the bird.
316:
27:
refers to the range of activities and behaviours exhibited by birds in their quest for food. In addition to their unique body adaptations, birds have a range of described behaviours that differ from the
467:
465:
462:
461:
466:
1114:
464:
1639:
315:
140:
Assemblages of bird species that share common habitats or substrate from which food is gathered, and to some extent foraging technique, are conceptually grouped in
1634:
905:
463:
1002:
110:
1178:
84:
327:
Guild classifications based on foraging technique include the following. These may also involve other associated behaviours.
88:
40:
groups, constrains them to ensure a net positive gain in energy and have led evolutionary ethologists to develop the idea of
2767:
418:
are known to use cactus spines to extract prey out of holes in wood that are too narrow for their beaks to be inserted in.
129:
124:
predation by increasing the efficiency of detecting predators, increasing time spent on handling food, and by reducing
1624:
627:
Ruxton, Graeme D.; Hansell, Michael H. (2011). "Fishing with a Bait or Lure: A Brief Review of the
Cognitive Issues".
952:"Foot-trembling behavior in Semipalmated Plover Charadrius semipalmatus reveals prey on surface of Brazilian beaches"
73:
1029:"Bericht uber die Jahresversammlung der Deutschen Ornithologischen Gesellschaft in Berlin am 17 und 18 Oktober 1915"
205:
Guild classification based on habitat or substrate from which food is gathered (from generic to specific) includes:
1406:
765:
704:
92:
77:
1321:
1311:
1647:
1629:
1130:
1067:
1652:
52:
41:
2789:
1619:
1431:
1381:
411:
Mantling - spreading wings and body around prey to protect from piracy, especially seen in birds of prey.
366:
Foot plunging - involves plunging from the air to the water or ground surface to seize prey using the feet
349:, where the submerged sediment is disturbed by a slow and deliberate backward dragging of one of the feet.
32:
behaviours of other animal groups. According to the foraging habitat, birds may be grouped into foraging
1456:
147:
Guild classification on food type based mainly on terms used by North
American ornithologists includes:
414:
Tool using is seen in some birds. New
Caledonian and Hawaiian crows fashion tools to obtain food while
2084:
529:
183:
1614:
1506:
1446:
1391:
1171:
514:
125:
2750:
360:
Dabbling - in aquatic birds, involves dipping the head or neck (ie not just the bill) under water
345:
movements are used by egrets as part of their strategy to disturb prey into range. A variation is
2397:
1461:
1421:
1386:
1142:
1095:
1048:
932:
788:
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685:
545:
2743:
806:
Bluff, Lucas A.; Troscianko, Jolyon; Weir, Alex A. S.; Kacelnik, Alex; Rutz, Christian (2010).
16:
2523:
2470:
2420:
1563:
1553:
1496:
1296:
1291:
1134:
1087:
1068:"Foot‐paddling in Four American Gulls, with Comments on its Possible Function and Stimulation"
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1079:
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537:
415:
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390:
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1919:
1441:
1426:
1364:
1263:
1191:
563:
González-Salazar, Constantino; Martínez-Meyer, Enrique; López-Santiago, Guadalupe (2014).
435:
141:
33:
533:
2731:
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2613:
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2116:
1890:
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1471:
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1331:
1326:
1301:
1283:
1231:
1164:
1083:
881:
856:
832:
807:
480:
331:
Ambushing / stalking - waiting for prey to come within reach, may involve slow walking
565:"A hierarchical classification of trophic guilds for North American birds and mammals"
2783:
2669:
2653:
2576:
2568:
2402:
2200:
2050:
1937:
1895:
1695:
1687:
1609:
1573:
1491:
1415:
808:"Tool use by wild New Caledonian crows Corvus moneduloides at natural foraging sites"
742:
640:
336:
37:
1146:
968:
951:
936:
750:
549:
2755:
2499:
2344:
2160:
1998:
1946:
1818:
1779:
1548:
1536:
1526:
1516:
1213:
1099:
1052:
689:
160:
928:
363:
Plunging - diving from air into water to capture prey with bill or into open mouth
602:
2560:
2407:
2213:
2192:
2181:
2146:
2013:
2003:
1961:
1852:
1719:
1521:
1346:
1341:
1273:
1258:
1226:
62:
603:"A classification scheme for foraging behavor of birds in terrestrial habitats"
408:
Probing - inserting bill into substrate and using touch or taste to detect prey
2677:
2539:
2478:
2457:
2289:
2273:
2208:
2153:
2125:
2057:
2022:
1900:
1748:
1583:
1558:
1316:
872:
449:
Straining - strain food from water or mud using special structures in the bill
1138:
987:
423:
Gaping - inserting bill into substrate and then opening apart the bill to pry
381:
Remsen and Scott (1990) more specifically defined terms like chisel and flake
2637:
2592:
2381:
2174:
2091:
2075:
2064:
1974:
1910:
1869:
1568:
1369:
1356:
1336:
1236:
375:
Hammering - delivering a series of pecks without pause (used by woodpeckers)
372:
Excavating - in arboreal birds, searching in wood or bark by drilling a hole
166:
890:
841:
823:
681:
1091:
2605:
2335:
2310:
2256:
2167:
2139:
2029:
1993:
1985:
1967:
1862:
1847:
1831:
1578:
1541:
1374:
489:
is a foraging behaviour unique to gulls (subfamily
Larinae of the family
405:
Grazing - feeding on grasses, sedges, or their seeds in fields or meadows
179:
29:
441:
Flush-and-pursue - here the prey is first put into flight before pursuit
2515:
2368:
2247:
2132:
2098:
2036:
1857:
1711:
1703:
1396:
1268:
1253:
1243:
1044:
978:
792:
541:
490:
479:
Among the first to document the behaviour was the German ornithologist
173:
1156:
729:
Brockmann, H.Jane; Barnard, C.J. (1979). "Kleptoparasitism in birds".
581:
564:
513:
DeGraaf, Richard M.; Tilghman, Nancy G.; Anderson, Stanley H. (1985).
2645:
2584:
2360:
2352:
2281:
2221:
2105:
2043:
1926:
1593:
1588:
1466:
1028:
784:
672:
655:
2531:
2318:
1881:
906:"Cognitive abilities related to tool use in the woodpecker finch,
458:
369:
Diving - in aquatic birds, involves the whole body being submerged
309:
15:
2507:
1874:
1837:
1807:
1221:
1187:
452:
Foraging - a more general term for picking food from a substrate
1671:
1160:
2629:
1486:
1248:
654:
Levey, Douglas J.; Duncan, R. Scot; Levins, Carrie F. (2004).
429:
Skimming - flying low over water to pick food items using beak
56:
399:- picking specific items from the surface of the substrate
386:
Scratching - to remove a layer of substrate using the feet
357:
Leaping - making use of jumps that are powered by the legs
446:
Screening - flying with open bills to capture aerial prey
1131:
10.1898/1051-1733(2006)87[246:fpbwg]2.0.co;2
378:
Scaling - feeding under bark by removing or prying bark
812:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
172:
Vermivore - various elongated invertebrates especially
402:
Hover-gleaning - picking specific items while flying
2604:
2559:
2498:
2469:
2440:
2419:
2380:
2343:
2334:
2301:
2264:
2255:
2246:
2191:
2115:
2074:
2012:
1984:
1960:
1936:
1909:
1830:
1817:
1778:
1747:
1686:
1602:
1505:
1405:
1355:
1282:
1212:
195:Nectarivore - nectar (e.g. sunbirds, hummingbirds)
456:Other miscellaneous foraging behaviours include:
426:Grubbing - digging up soil for roots and tubers
1172:
601:Remsen Jr, J. V.; Robinson, Scott K. (1990).
128:. It has been suggested that individuals may
8:
1113:Hendricks, Paul; Hendricks, Lisa M (2006).
1003:"Foot-movements in plovers and other birds"
91:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2340:
2261:
2252:
2243:
1981:
1827:
1814:
1775:
1771:
1744:
1683:
1679:
1668:
1664:
1179:
1165:
1157:
766:"Piracy behavior of wintering bald eagles"
705:"Foot-Stirring Feeding Behavior in Herons"
508:
506:
977:
967:
880:
831:
671:
656:"Use of dung as a tool by burrowing owls"
580:
515:"Foraging guilds of North American birds"
432:Scavenging - feeding on refuse or carrion
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
502:
857:"A new tool-using bird to crow about"
855:Uomini, Natalie; Hunt, Gavin (2017).
354:Chasing - pursuing prey on the ground
198:Herbivore - plants (vegetative parts)
7:
2738:
596:
594:
592:
151:Carnivore - (feeding on) vertebrates
89:adding citations to reliable sources
2762:
178:Sanguinivore - blood feeding (e.g.
1084:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1966.tb01603.x
14:
1640:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds
569:Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad
132:for instance at communal roosts.
2761:
2749:
2737:
2726:
2725:
2616:(New World vultures and condors)
1115:"Foot paddling by western gulls"
904:Tebbich, S.; Bshary, R. (2004).
641:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2010.01848.x
323:Western reef heron foot stirring
61:
1072:Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie
969:10.1590/S1676-06032009000400036
703:Meyerriecks, Andrew J. (1959).
471:Hartlaub's gulls foot paddling.
1:
929:10.1016/j.anbehav.2003.08.003
201:Omnivore - a variety of foods
743:10.1016/0003-3472(79)90185-4
339:use dung to attract beetles.
2680:(woodpeckers and relatives)
2806:
2542:(cormorants and relatives)
1635:Extinct species since 1500
764:Fischer, David L. (1985).
483:who described it in 1915.
142:foraging or trophic guilds
50:
2721:
2672:(kingfishers and rollers)
2526:(albatrosses and petrels)
2410:(swifts and hummingbirds)
2392:(nightjars and relatives)
2242:
2216:(pheasants and relatives)
1774:
1743:
1682:
1678:
1667:
1663:
1199:
873:10.3758/s13420-017-0262-5
2571:(seriemas and relatives)
2550:(pelicans and relatives)
1001:Simmons, K.E.L. (1961).
610:Studies in Avian Biology
522:Environmental Management
154:Crustaceovore- crustacea
2664:(hornbills and hoopoes)
2579:(falcons and relatives)
1119:Northwestern Naturalist
950:Cestari, César (2009).
861:Learning & Behavior
53:Optimal foraging theory
2648:(trogons and quetzals)
2460:(cranes and relatives)
1730:(emus and cassowaries)
1620:Glossary of bird terms
1432:Confuciusornithiformes
824:10.1098/rspb.2009.1953
472:
324:
21:
2489:(kagu and sunbittern)
2452:(gulls and relatives)
1457:Songlingornithiformes
1422:Omnivoropterygiformes
1066:Buckley, P.A. (196).
1027:Heinroth, O. (1915).
470:
322:
263:coastal water surface
157:Insectivore - insects
19:
2311:Phoenicopteriformes
277:freshwater shoreline
184:vampire ground finch
130:exchange information
85:improve this section
2282:Mesitornithiformes
2276:(doves and pigeons)
1610:Families and orders
1472:Ichthyornithiformes
1447:Patagopterygiformes
818:(1686): 1377–1385.
712:The Wilson Bulletin
534:1985EnMan...9..493D
20:A mute swan grazing
2624:(eagles and hawks)
2524:Procellariiformes
2429:Opisthocomiformes
2398:Steatornithiformes
1625:List by population
1462:Hongshanornithidae
1387:Evolution of birds
1045:10.1007/BF02250369
908:Cactospiza pallida
542:10.1007/BF01867324
473:
416:woodpecker finches
325:
280:freshwater surface
271:freshwater marshes
189:Frugivore - fruits
22:
2777:
2776:
2717:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2510:(loons or divers)
2479:Phaethontiformes
2471:Phaethontimorphae
2421:Opisthocomiformes
2390:Caprimulgiformes
2330:
2329:
2319:Podicipediformes
2238:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2229:
1956:
1955:
1739:
1738:
1696:Struthioniformes
1564:Waterfowl hunting
1497:Gastornithiformes
1492:Aepyornithiformes
1482:Lithornithiformes
582:10.7550/rmb.38023
468:
320:
274:freshwater bottom
192:Granivore - seeds
121:
120:
113:
42:optimal foraging.
2797:
2765:
2764:
2753:
2741:
2740:
2729:
2728:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2654:Leptosomiformes
2649:
2641:
2633:
2625:
2622:Accipitriformes
2617:
2596:
2595:(perching birds)
2588:
2580:
2572:
2551:
2543:
2535:
2527:
2519:
2516:Sphenisciformes
2511:
2490:
2482:
2461:
2453:
2450:Charadriiformes
2432:
2411:
2393:
2372:
2364:
2361:Musophagiformes
2356:
2341:
2322:
2314:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2262:
2253:
2244:
2217:
2204:
1982:
1978:
1971:
1884:
1877:
1841:
1828:
1824:
1815:
1811:
1776:
1772:
1745:
1731:
1723:
1715:
1707:
1699:
1684:
1680:
1669:
1665:
1532:Bird collections
1487:Dinornithiformes
1392:Darwin's finches
1382:Origin of flight
1322:Seabird breeding
1312:Sexual selection
1181:
1174:
1167:
1158:
1151:
1150:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1007:
998:
992:
991:
981:
971:
956:Biota Neotropica
947:
941:
940:
917:Animal Behaviour
914:
901:
895:
894:
884:
852:
846:
845:
835:
803:
797:
796:
770:
761:
755:
754:
731:Animal Behaviour
726:
720:
719:
709:
700:
694:
693:
675:
651:
645:
644:
624:
618:
617:
607:
598:
587:
586:
584:
560:
554:
553:
519:
510:
469:
391:Kleptoparasitism
321:
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
65:
57:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2685:
2679:
2671:
2663:
2662:Bucerotiformes
2656:(cuckoo-roller)
2655:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2623:
2615:
2614:Cathartiformes
2600:
2594:
2586:
2585:Psittaciformes
2578:
2570:
2555:
2549:
2548:Pelecaniformes
2541:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2509:
2494:
2488:
2487:Eurypygiformes
2480:
2465:
2459:
2451:
2436:
2430:
2415:
2409:
2391:
2376:
2370:
2362:
2354:
2326:
2320:
2312:
2297:
2291:
2290:Pterocliformes
2283:
2275:
2226:
2215:
2202:
2187:
2111:
2070:
2008:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1964:
1952:
1932:
1905:
1882:
1875:
1835:
1834:
1822:
1821:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1735:
1729:
1728:Casuariiformes
1721:
1720:Apterygiformes
1713:
1705:
1697:
1674:
1659:
1630:Lists by region
1598:
1508:
1501:
1442:Chaoyangiformes
1427:Jeholornithidae
1401:
1365:Origin of birds
1351:
1332:Brood parasites
1278:
1208:
1195:
1185:
1155:
1154:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1026:
1025:
1021:
1005:
1000:
999:
995:
949:
948:
944:
912:
903:
902:
898:
854:
853:
849:
805:
804:
800:
785:10.2307/1366889
768:
763:
762:
758:
728:
727:
723:
707:
702:
701:
697:
673:10.1038/431039a
653:
652:
648:
626:
625:
621:
605:
600:
599:
590:
562:
561:
557:
517:
512:
511:
504:
499:
459:
310:
291:pelagic surface
138:
136:Foraging guilds
126:individual risk
117:
106:
100:
97:
82:
66:
55:
49:
12:
11:
5:
2803:
2801:
2793:
2792:
2782:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2759:
2747:
2735:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2683:
2675:
2670:Coraciiformes
2667:
2659:
2651:
2646:Trogoniformes
2643:
2635:
2627:
2619:
2610:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2593:Passeriformes
2590:
2582:
2577:Falconiformes
2574:
2569:Cariamiformes
2565:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2553:
2545:
2537:
2532:Ciconiiformes
2529:
2521:
2513:
2504:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2484:
2475:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2455:
2446:
2444:
2442:Cursorimorphae
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2425:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2386:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2366:
2358:
2349:
2347:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2316:
2307:
2305:
2303:Mirandornithes
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2274:Columbiformes
2270:
2268:
2266:Columbimorphae
2259:
2250:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2219:
2211:
2206:
2201:Meleagridinae
2197:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2121:
2119:
2117:Odontophoridae
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2018:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1979:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1942:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1915:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1896:Stictonettinae
1893:
1891:Dendrocygninae
1888:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1844:
1842:
1825:
1812:
1769:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1725:
1717:
1709:
1701:
1692:
1690:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1644:Notable birds
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1594:Egg collecting
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1513:
1511:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1477:Hesperornithes
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1452:Ambiortiformes
1449:
1444:
1439:
1437:Enantiornithes
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1411:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1176:
1169:
1161:
1153:
1152:
1105:
1078:(4): 395–402.
1058:
1019:
993:
962:(4): 299–301.
942:
923:(4): 689–697.
896:
867:(3): 205–206.
847:
798:
779:(2): 246–251.
756:
721:
695:
646:
619:
588:
575:(3): 931–941.
555:
528:(6): 493–536.
501:
500:
498:
495:
481:Oskar Heinroth
476:Foot trembling
454:
453:
450:
447:
444:
443:
442:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
420:
419:
409:
406:
403:
400:
394:
387:
384:
383:
382:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
355:
352:
351:
350:
340:
337:Burrowing owls
308:
307:
306:
305:
302:
301:
300:
294:
293:
292:
286:
283:
282:
281:
278:
275:
272:
266:
265:
264:
261:
258:
255:
246:
245:
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
223:
222:
221:
215:
214:
213:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
176:
170:
164:
158:
155:
152:
137:
134:
119:
118:
69:
67:
60:
51:Main article:
48:
45:
25:Avian foraging
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2802:
2791:
2790:Bird behavior
2788:
2787:
2785:
2770:
2769:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2724:
2723:
2720:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2668:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2630:Strigiformes
2628:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2514:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2481:(tropicbirds)
2477:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2404:
2403:Podargiformes
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2353:Cuculiformes
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2323:
2317:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2286:
2280:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2051:Macrocephalon
2048:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1938:Anseranatidae
1935:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1777:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1726:
1724:
1718:
1716:
1712:Tinamiformes
1710:
1708:
1702:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1688:Palaeognathae
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1574:Pigeon racing
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1416:Archaeopteryx
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1062:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1010:British Birds
1004:
997:
994:
989:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
961:
957:
953:
946:
943:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
911:
909:
900:
897:
892:
888:
883:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
851:
848:
843:
839:
834:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
802:
799:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
767:
760:
757:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
725:
722:
718:(2): 153–158.
717:
713:
706:
699:
696:
691:
687:
683:
679:
674:
669:
665:
661:
657:
650:
647:
642:
638:
634:
630:
623:
620:
615:
611:
604:
597:
595:
593:
589:
583:
578:
574:
570:
566:
559:
556:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
516:
509:
507:
503:
496:
494:
492:
488:
487:Foot paddling
484:
482:
477:
457:
451:
448:
445:
440:
439:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
417:
413:
412:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
388:
385:
380:
379:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
348:
344:
343:Foot stirring
341:
338:
333:
332:
330:
329:
328:
303:
298:
297:
295:
290:
289:
287:
284:
279:
276:
273:
270:
269:
267:
262:
259:
256:
254:coastal beach
253:
252:
250:
249:
247:
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
226:
224:
219:
218:
216:
211:
210:
208:
207:
206:
200:
197:
194:
191:
188:
185:
181:
177:
175:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
149:
148:
145:
143:
135:
133:
131:
127:
115:
112:
104:
94:
90:
86:
80:
79:
75:
70:This section
68:
64:
59:
58:
54:
46:
44:
43:
39:
35:
31:
26:
18:
2766:
2754:
2742:
2730:
2640:(mousebirds)
2638:Coliiformes
2508:Gaviiformes
2500:Aequornithes
2408:Apodiformes
2369:Otidiformes
2345:Otidimorphae
2292:(sandgrouse)
2214:Phasianinae
2180:
2173:
2166:
2161:Odontophorus
2159:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2021:
1999:Oreophasinae
1945:
1925:
1918:
1823:(waterfowls)
1819:Anseriformes
1569:Cockfighting
1554:Conservation
1549:Bird feeding
1537:Birdwatching
1527:Ornithomancy
1467:Gansuiformes
1414:
1407:Fossil birds
1306:
1297:Intelligence
1122:
1118:
1108:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1013:
1009:
996:
959:
955:
945:
920:
916:
907:
899:
864:
860:
850:
815:
811:
801:
776:
772:
759:
734:
730:
724:
715:
711:
698:
666:(7004): 39.
663:
659:
649:
632:
628:
622:
613:
609:
572:
568:
558:
525:
521:
486:
485:
475:
474:
455:
346:
342:
326:
260:coastal rock
257:coast bottom
237:lower canopy
234:upper canopy
204:
161:Molluscivore
146:
139:
122:
107:
101:October 2023
98:
83:Please help
71:
24:
23:
2768:WikiProject
2678:Piciformes
2561:Australaves
2540:Suliformes
2458:Gruiformes
2313:(flamingos)
2222:Tetraoninae
2193:Phasianidae
2182:Rhynchortyx
2147:Dactylortyx
2014:Megapodidae
2004:Penelopinae
1962:Galliformes
1704:Rheiformes
1698:(ostriches)
1648:individuals
1522:Ornithology
1509:interaction
1264:Preen gland
1039:: 156–160.
1016:(1): 34–38.
979:11449/21066
737:: 487–514.
347:foot raking
268:freshwater
240:undergrowth
38:homoeotherm
2518:(penguins)
2371:(bustards)
2209:Perdicinae
2154:Dendrortyx
2126:Callipepla
2058:Megapodius
2023:Aepypodius
1901:Tadorninae
1883:true geese
1714:(tinamous)
1673:Neornithes
1584:Pheasantry
1559:Aviculture
1327:Incubation
1317:Lek mating
1125:(3): 246.
773:The Condor
616:: 144–160.
497:References
389:Piracy or
163:- molluscs
47:Energetics
2587:(parrots)
2431:(hoatzin)
2382:Strisores
2363:(turacos)
2355:(cuckoos)
2284:(mesites)
2203:(turkeys)
2175:Philortyx
2092:Agelastes
2085:Acryllium
2076:Numididae
2065:Talegalla
1975:gamebirds
1968:landfowls
1947:Anseranas
1911:Anhimidae
1870:Anserinae
1653:fictional
1375:dinosaurs
1370:Theropoda
1357:Evolution
1302:Migration
1284:Behaviour
1139:1051-1733
988:1676-0603
304:shoreline
296:riparian
225:arboreal
212:subcanopy
180:oxpeckers
167:Piscivore
72:does not
2784:Category
2732:Category
2606:Afroaves
2534:(storks)
2336:Passerea
2321:(grebes)
2257:Columbea
2168:Oreortyx
2140:Cyrtonyx
2030:Alectura
1994:Cracinae
1986:Cracidae
1863:Oxyurini
1853:Aythyini
1848:Anatinae
1832:Anatidae
1579:Falconry
1542:big year
1397:Seabirds
1307:Foraging
1254:Feathers
1147:85653951
937:27583776
891:28364366
842:20053646
751:53151684
682:15343324
629:Ethology
550:85418857
397:Gleaning
288:pelagic
251:coastal
174:annelids
30:foraging
2744:Commons
2248:Neoaves
2133:Colinus
2099:Guttera
2037:Eulipoa
1858:Mergini
1722:(kiwis)
1706:(rheas)
1517:Ringing
1342:Hybrids
1337:Nesting
1292:Singing
1269:Plumage
1244:Dactyly
1214:Anatomy
1204:Outline
1194:: Aves)
1100:9504887
1092:5992179
1053:7518789
882:5565641
833:2871937
793:1366889
690:4351225
635:: 1–9.
530:Bibcode
491:Laridae
436:Hawking
243:foliage
217:ground
209:aerial
93:removed
78:sources
2756:Portal
2632:(owls)
2106:Numida
2044:Leipoa
1927:Chauna
1920:Anhima
1615:Genera
1589:Imping
1507:Human
1347:Colony
1274:Vision
1259:Flight
1145:
1137:
1098:
1090:
1051:
1033:J. Orn
986:
935:
889:
879:
840:
830:
791:
749:
688:
680:
660:Nature
548:
299:bottom
248:water
231:floral
220:meadow
169:- fish
34:guilds
1876:swans
1838:ducks
1808:fowls
1603:Lists
1227:Brain
1192:class
1188:Birds
1143:S2CID
1096:S2CID
1049:S2CID
1006:(PDF)
933:S2CID
913:(PDF)
789:JSTOR
769:(PDF)
747:S2CID
708:(PDF)
686:S2CID
606:(PDF)
546:S2CID
518:(PDF)
1249:Eggs
1237:milk
1232:Crop
1222:Beak
1135:ISSN
1088:PMID
984:ISSN
887:PMID
838:PMID
678:PMID
228:bark
76:any
74:cite
1127:doi
1080:doi
1041:doi
974:hdl
964:doi
925:doi
877:PMC
869:doi
828:PMC
820:doi
816:277
781:doi
739:doi
668:doi
664:431
637:doi
633:117
577:doi
538:doi
285:mud
87:by
2786::
1141:.
1133:.
1123:87
1121:.
1117:.
1094:.
1086:.
1076:23
1074:.
1070:.
1047:.
1037:64
1035:.
1031:.
1014:54
1012:.
1008:.
982:.
972:.
958:.
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