258:. The trunk has smooth, greenish-black bark that is finely fissured and does not flake. The dark green leaves, 15 cm (6 in) long and 5 cm (2 in) wide, have a silvery grey underside and grow in opposite pairs. The small, orange-yellow flowers, borne in a racemose inflorescence, have four petals and a diameter of about 4 mm (0.16 in) when expanded. The fruits are greyish-green capsules and conical in shape with an elongated beak up to 4 cm (1.6 in) long. Each contains a single seed.
77:
52:
33:
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is found off South and
Southeast Asia, the islands of the South Pacific Ocean, and Australia. It is common in the Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve in Singapore. It grows on tidal regions of riverbanks and on muddy portions of the seashore. It is a pioneering species, being one of the first to colonise
379:
is affected by these threats, but the IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species lists it as being of least concern because it is a fast-growing species, recovers readily from being cut, is widely distributed, and is common over much of its range.
249:
forms a low, dense bushy crown often branching near the base of the trunk. The shrub does not grow more than about 20 m (66 ft) high. The roots are shallow and send up a large number of pencil-shaped
317:, with the developing shoot breaking through the fruit capsule while it is still growing on the bush. The seedlings have hooked hairs and are often seen growing in tangled groups.
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Mangrove habitats in general are threatened by human activities such as coastal development, agriculture, and the creation of fish ponds. Rising sea levels due to
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Friess, D. A.; Rogers, K.; Lovelock, C. E.; Krauss, K. W.; Hamilton, S. E.; Lee, S. Y.; Lucas, R.; Primavera, J.; Rajkaran, A.; Shi, S. (2019).
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start to develop and break through the coat of the seeds before the fruits split open to shed the seeds. In some cases, the plant also exhibits
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has been used in birth control. The seeds are boiled and eaten as a vegetable and are sometimes available in local markets.
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new ground. Its widespread root system with large numbers of pneumatophores helps to stabilise new deposits of sediment.
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254:. These aerial roots help with gas exchange and also play an important part in the exclusion of salt from the plant's
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does not make good firewood or charcoal, but is used in the smoking of rubber and of fish. An extract of the
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238:. It is found growing in coastal and estuarine locations in India, Southeast Asia, Australia, and Oceania.
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Duke, N.; Kathiresan, K.; Salmo III, S.G.; Fernando, E.S.; Peras, J.R.; Sukardjo, S.; Miyagi, T. (2010).
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Mangrove and
Wetland Wildlife at Sungei Buloh Nature Park. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
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Because it is difficult for seedlings to become established in tide-swept muddy
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Tan, T.K.; Leong, W.F.; Jones, E.B.G. (1989). "Succession of fungi on wood of
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meaning "white", referring to the pale-coloured underside of the leaves.
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643:"The state of the world's mangrove forests: past, present, and future"
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meaning "fire", referring to the fact that this mangrove attracts
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is a fast-growing species and is sometimes planted, along with
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spp., feed on the flower buds and those of another moth,
349:, feed on the fruits. The leaves are eaten by beetles,
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596:University of Mississippi. Retrieved 2012-02-07.
471:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-2.RLTS.T178830A7620385.en
355:spp. The greatest number of known species of
8:
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359:are found growing in mangrove swamps where
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647:Annual Review of Environment and Resources
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31:
20:
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363:is one of a number of species colonised.
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375:will also affect mangroves communities.
577:Wild fact sheets. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
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541:The Tide Chaser. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
660:10.1146/annurev-environ-101718-033302
7:
954:IUCN Red List least concern species
457:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
14:
892:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:861116-1
509:World Register of Marine Species
75:
1019:Taxa named by Carl Ludwig Blume
1009:Flora of the Northern Territory
587:Species of Higher Marine Fungi
495:Vanden Berghe, Edward (2010).
1:
1004:Flora of the Caroline Islands
309:exhibits cryptovivipary. The
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994:Western Indo-Pacific flora
989:Central Indo-Pacific flora
616:Canadian Journal of Botany
687:Atlas of Living Australia
422:to make a tonic, and the
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72:Scientific classification
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48:
39:
30:
23:
1014:Plants described in 1826
974:Australasian realm flora
969:Afrotropical realm flora
337:of certain small moths,
285:Distribution and habitat
979:Indomalayan realm flora
999:Flora of tropical Asia
464:: e.T178830A7620385.
984:Oceanian realm flora
329:are associated with
42:Conservation status
592:2013-04-22 at the
403:, to help prevent
346:Autoba alabastrata
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874:Open Tree of Life
700:Taxon identifiers
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628:10.1139/b89-346
614:in Singapore".
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535:Api-api Putih (
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681:Avicennia alba
673:
672:External links
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608:Avicennia alba
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572:Api-api putih
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263:Malay language
252:pneumatophores
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653:(1): 89–115.
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622:: 2686–2691.
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357:marine fungi
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325:A number of
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185:A. alba
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108:
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24:
18:
796:iNaturalist
732:Wikispecies
477:20 November
418:is used in
242:Description
236:Acanthaceae
161:Acanthaceae
115:Angiosperms
948:Categories
514:2012-02-07
430:References
400:Rhizophora
394:Sonneratia
964:Mangroves
959:Avicennia
416:heartwood
352:Monolepta
275:fireflies
179:Species:
172:Avicennia
85:Kingdom:
905:50215510
900:Tropicos
827:11677334
814:861116-1
762:258-4-4a
723:Q3846890
717:Wikidata
590:Archived
315:vivipary
303:habitats
229:mangrove
157:Family:
151:Lamiales
141:Asterids
128:Eudicots
62:IUCN 3.1
788:6413459
412:A. alba
389:A. alba
377:A. alba
361:A. alba
331:A. alba
321:Ecology
311:embryos
307:A. alba
297:Biology
290:A. alba
261:In the
247:A. alba
231:in the
225:species
167:Genus:
147:Order:
89:Plantae
60: (
931:235034
879:364820
866:235034
853:139224
840:178830
801:189583
759:APSA:
752:114978
683:Blume"
501:Blume"
367:Status
335:larvae
333:. The
277:, and
233:family
926:WoRMS
822:IRMNG
775:8L3JT
505:WoRMS
424:resin
279:putih
223:is a
210:Blume
135:Clade
122:Clade
109:Clade
96:Clade
887:POWO
861:OBIS
848:NCBI
835:IUCN
809:IPNI
783:GBIF
747:APNI
610:and
479:2021
462:2010
397:and
384:Uses
913:WFO
770:CoL
655:doi
624:doi
466:doi
271:api
950::
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64:)
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