496:(folios 22–40) This chapter is similar to the last in being long and containing diverse material. Halakhic material related to the tractate includes the laws of buying an animal from an idolater for a sacrifice (23-24), circumcisions performed by idolaters (27), the status of Gentile beer (31), the dung of an ox intended for idolatry (34), and the prohibition of intercourse with Gentiles (36). Halakhic material less related to the tractate includes the laws of a Jewish apostate (26-27), a unique section outlining in detail many medicinal remedies from the Talmudic era (28-29), the safety/contamination issues in leaving water/wine uncovered (30), the process of overruling a previous Rabbinic court (37), and the finer details of recognising
652:. Shishah Sidrei Mishnah: The Mishnah; Seder Nezikin. Vol. 4, Avodah Zarah Pirkei Avot Horayot. (Jerusalem: Eliner Library, 1994). An earlier translation was completed by Blackman, Philip. Mishnayoth. Vol. 4, Order Nezikin; Pointed Hebrew Text, English Translation, Introductions, Notes, Supplement, Appendix, Indexes, Addenda, Corrigenda. 2d rev. ed. New York: Judaica, 1963. A critical edition by David Rosenthal was published in 1980. “Mishnah Aboda Zara: A Critical Edition (with Introduction).” In the two volume Hebrew work of Rosenthal, the first vol. describes the sources and method of reconstructing the textual traditions (Palestinian and Babylonian) of Mishnah Avodah Zarah.
538:(folios 62–76) This chapter is halakhic, dealing with the Mishna and a large number of related topics of Gentile wine. Some of these are small, and many of the folios are made up of a great deal of logical units that are difficult to summarize. A selection of halakhic material to do with idolatry and idolatrous wine includes the forcible opening of wine by idolaters (70) and the stream created when pouring wine (72). Other halakhic material includes the laws of a
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369:(twelve mishnayot) deals with benefit from the auxiliary items of a markulis (Mercury, a Roman deity consisting of a heap of stones whereby worship consisted of throwing stones, and thus adding to the heap) and other idols, the nullification of an idol (effected by an idolater deliberately defacing his/her idol), and the laws detailing the prohibition of the use and benefit of
336:(seven mishnayot) deals with precautions against the violence and immorality of idolaters, and the items that are forbidden/permitted to be bought from idolaters. These include categories of objects that may be by-products of idolatrous services, as well as foods with a difficulty in identifying their
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of a special type. The tosafists assert that although a
Christian pronouncing the name of Jesus in an oath would be taking the name of "another god," it is nonetheless the case that when Christians say the word "God," they have in mind the Creator of heaven and earth. Some later authorities took the
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produced by
Gentiles and which may contain unclean fish. This chapter also deals with the prohibition against a Jew helping to deliver or nurse a gentile child, so as to not bring an idol-worshiper into the world. This prohibition can be eased in cases where refusal would cause enmity towards Jews,
324:(so as not to be complicit in the festive idolatry) and with the items that are forbidden to be sold to idolaters (which is basically any item that the idolater is likely to offer in an idolatrous service or commit an immoral act with). Thus, the main biblical commandment explored in the chapter is
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on Avodah Zarah was a frequent target of controversy and criticism. Of all the texts in
Rabbinic Judaism, this is probably the one in which it is most difficult to obtain an "authentic" version, as almost all the pages have had censorship imposed. In the standard Vilna edition of the Talmud, the
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material related to the immediate subject matter of the tractate includes the laws of attending an idolater's wedding (8), performing an act that looks like idolatry (12), benefiting idolatry (13), and selling weapons to idolaters (15). Halakhic material less related to the main subject matter
514:(folios 40–49) This chapter mainly deals with just the Mishna and other laws relating to idolatry, including the status of an idol shattered by accident (41) and the consequences of worshipping various objects (46-47). There is a small aggadic paragraph on the crown
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includes praying for oneself (7), dating documents (10), what can be burnt at a Jewish king's funeral (11), causing a blemish on an animal before and after the Temple's destruction (13), and selling materials to someone suspected of flouting the
528:, dealing mainly with the Mishna. Other laws to do with idolatry discussed include sacrificing to an idol (51), food and vessels associated with idolatry (52), the exchange for an idol (54), and the status of a Gentile child in rendering
439:, this is implied, and the topics mentioned will be ones that aren't directly about the Mishna (as a commentary is extremely difficult to summarize in a few lines). Folio references in parentheses are approximate and without a side (i.e.
180:, including regulations about the interaction between Jews and "avodei ha kochavim", which literally interpreted is "Worshipers of the stars", but is most often translated as "idolaters", "pagans", or "heathen."
546:(64), acquisition of property by a Gentile (71-72), and settling a price in negotiations (72). There is one aggadic paragraph where a rabbi explains the merits of the World to Come to a Gentile friend.
532:(57). Extraneous halakhic material includes the activities allowed and forbidden in the Sabbatical Year and cases of Rabbis making rulings for specific communities following their own opinion (59).
639:
See
Steinsaltz, Adin, trans. Talmud Bavli Masekhet Avodah Zarah. Commentary, Translation by Rabbi Adin Even-Israel Steinsaltz. (Jerusalem: Israel Institute for Talmudic Publications, 2001), p.3.
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to mean that this special type of avodah zarah is forbidden to Jews but permissible to gentiles, so that a non-Jew who engages in
Christian worship commits no sin.
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in 1523. Another edition of the
Jerusalem Talmud was edited by Schäfer, Peter, and Hans-Jürgen Becker in 1995. This was followed by an edition by Sussman in 2001.
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is according to the standard numbering; however, different versions split up the individual mishnayot, or combine them, and the chapter breaks may vary, as well.
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Two
English translations of Mishnah Avodah Zarah were published in the twentieth century. The translation of Abramowitz Roy, relies on the Hebrew commentary of
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tractate has 76 folios. In terms of the actual length of the Gemara, Avodah Zarah is fairly close to the middle, being an "average" length tractate.
477:(8-9), the nature of heresy and the stories of the martyrdom of some eminent Rabbis in the Roman persecution (16-18), and a detailed exposition of
363:(idolatrous tree). Thus, it details the distinctions between forbidden and permitted use of various aspects and states of idolatrous items.
379:(twelve mishnayot) continues detailing the prohibitions on yayin nesech, libations. This forms the basis for rabbinic commands governing
606:, the entire tractate was expunged from many European editions by Christian censors, and it was considerably difficult to obtain a copy.
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330:, "before the blind, thou shalt not lay a stumbling block". A Jew who helps a gentile to worship idols is facilitating sin.
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An
Aggadic legend from tractate Avodah Zarah 8a contains contemporary observations regarding the Roman mid-winter holidays
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of Avodah Zarah was published in 1970 edited by M. S. Zuckermandel, M. S. It relied on the Erfurt and Vienna
Codices.
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Schäfer, Peter, and Hans-Jürgen Becker, eds. Synopse zum Talmud
Yerushalmi. Vol. 4. (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1995)
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Zuckermandel, M. S., ed. Tosephta: Based on the Erfurt and Vienna Codices. (Jerusalem: Wahrmann, 1970).
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fish (39-40). There is some aggadic material describing the return of the Ark after its capture by the
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This article is about the Mishnah and Talmudic tractates. For Jewish views of idolatry, see
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on Avodah Zarah was published in 1969 based on the first edition of the work published in
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and its relation to immortality (5), an exposition of Jewish history relative to the
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A brief list of major topics in each chapter follows. Since the chief aim in the
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and punishment methodologies for both the Jews and Gentiles (4), the
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The tractate consists of five chapters. The number of
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129:Learn how and when to remove this message
353:unless an excuse to refuse can be made.
154:, or "foreign worship", meaning "
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587:about the pre-historic origin of the
542:'s wage (62-63), the definition of a
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67:adding citations to reliable sources
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435:is to explain and comment on the
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524:(folios 49–61) This chapter is
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54:needs additional citations for
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27:Tractate of the Talmud
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1138:Middot
1103:Hullin
1067:Eduyot
1057:Makkot
1021:Gittin
960:Beitza
955:Sukkah
935:Eruvin
816:Nashim
810:מוֹעֵד
792:Zeraim
662:Talmud
540:harlot
508:(25).
506:Joshua
498:kosher
481:(19).
433:Gemara
425:Gemara
413:Venice
346:rennet
302:Mishna
286:Eduyot
263:pages:
252:pages:
219:Seder:
213:Talmud
164:Talmud
148:Hebrew
105:
98:
91:
84:
76:
1194:Zavim
1169:Parah
1133:Tamid
1016:Sotah
1011:Nazir
914:Orlah
879:Demai
874:Pe'ah
423:This
110:JSTOR
96:books
1077:Avot
950:Yoma
804:Moed
595:and
579:and
320:and
82:news
599:.
447:).
443:or
65:by
1231::
666:b.
664:,
266:37
255:76
236:40
150::
856:(
844:(
832:(
820:(
808:(
796:(
776:(
765:e
758:t
751:v
445:b
441:a
277:9
244:5
233::
146:(
132:)
126:(
121:)
117:(
107:·
100:·
93:·
86:·
59:.
36:.
20:)
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