434:
357:
33:
134:
169:
185:
199:
1237:
462:(1871–72) but did not play a major role. In the 1870s and 1880s local politics in Algeria were dominated by Europeans, commercial farming by French immigrants expanded, and funding for Islamic courts was cut, as was funding for schools that trained interpreters and judges. It was in this context that the Awlad Sidi Shaykh staged the last, desperate rural revolts along the frontier with Morocco.
277:. As the population pressure slackened in the following centuries the Awlad Sidi Shaykh gradually took control of the prayer-meditation center and grew into a mid-sized tribe. The religious ideals of cooperation were replaced by a system where the Awlad Sidi Shaykh used alms to maintain their dominance. They became the dominant tribal and religious federation in the
155:
466:
141:
454:) who were insensitive to the traditions of the Awlad. One of the main military leaders of the revolt was Si Sliman, head of one of the main families. The French suppressed the revolt through greatly superior force. Awlad Sidi Ahmad Majdub of the Amir Bedouin tribe of Morocco participated in the revolt, but was pardoned and placed in the
229:, the first caliph. In the 16th century the growing population in the south-western Algerian Sahara created a need for more intense farming and for collaboration between farmers and nomads. Saint Sidi Shaykh founded a community of date farmers and nomads engaged in the caravan trade.
429:
in his struggle with the Emir 'Abd al-Qadir. However, in the southern desert regions they supported 'Abd al-Qadir. In the early 1850s the confederation was still divided. Some, led by Si Hamza, cooperated with the French. Others, led by
Mohammed bin Abdallah, opposed them.
519:, a relatively enlightened secularist and republican, succeeded in convincing the Mekhedma tribe of the Sud-Oranais that they need not pay tribute. There were still disturbances until 1902, and one of Awlad's leaders, Bu 'Imama, continued to resist until 1904.
496:. They knew the planned route and were kept informed by the expedition guides, who helped sabotage the expedition by leading it past wells. Six hundred men of the three tribes gathered to ambush the expedition near the wells of
405:
when he built a military highway through two functioning cemeteries with no respect for the human remains, and converted several mosques into
Catholic churches. Algerians opposed to the French occupation came to accept
121:
saint Sidi Shaykh. The Awlad had religious authority, and also owned agricultural settlements and engaged in trade. During the French occupation of
Algeria they alternately cooperated with and opposed the colonialists.
433:
515:
of the Awlad Sidi Shaykh turned to rebuilding their business, demanding donations to their shrine from the peasants, who still thought they had strong influence with God. The colonial administrator
511:
retreated to
Morocco in 1882 the French conquest of the south of Algeria was complete. After this the Awlad Sidi Shaykh largely accepted French authority. As the rebellion died down, the itinerant
324:, where they were religious scholars, teachers and traders. In the Hoggar Mountains they established agricultural settlements using slave labour, and these sometimes became staging posts on
1225:
356:
32:
946:
262:
Berbers. Their headquarters was a prayer-meditation center that taught the ethics of hard work and sharing among and between the farmers and nomads.
397:
it became clear that they might try to occupy the whole country and impose a rule much less acceptable than that of the
Turkish Bey. In 1831 the
133:
1203:
1185:
1118:
1092:
1044:
1018:
992:
930:
904:
1218:
212:
444:
Between 1864 and 1865 the Awlad Sidi Shaykh rose in rebellion against the French. The rebellion stopped southward French expansion near
1417:
1211:
503:
Until 1883 the Awlad continued to occasionally mount raids against the colonialists. The rebellion in the southwest led by
1135:"Alms and Arms: The Combative Saintliness of the Awlad Sidi Shaykh in Algerian Sahara, Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries"
394:
297:
owned large gardens worked by slaves and served as markets and travel lodges. They sent their earnings to the mother
1068:
410:
as leader of their movement. Some of the Awlad Sidi Shaykh recognized 'Abd al-Qadir as sultan, as did the powerful
500:. The result was a massacre of half the expedition members, while many of the others died during a long retreat.
235:
438:
426:
302:
1361:
1398:
1351:
230:
647:
516:
477:
1306:
1060:
1371:
1256:
539:
trace their genealogy to the prophet
Mohamed through his daughter Fatima and his son-in-law Ali.
1326:
418:. These groups of the Oran Plateau and the Plain of Gharis accepted Muhyi al-Din, chief of the
1181:
1114:
1088:
1040:
1034:
1014:
988:
982:
926:
900:
669:
1175:
1108:
1082:
1008:
920:
894:
507:(Shaykh Bu 'Amamah) from 1881 to 1883 fell apart due to disagreements among the tribes. When
1336:
1321:
1266:
1241:
659:
485:
321:
281:
region of the central northern
Algerian desert. They owned houses and storage places in the
251:
1422:
508:
504:
407:
274:
102:
450:
372:
since the 17th century. By the late 1950s, the Awlad Sidi Shaykh nomadized between the
1411:
1341:
497:
459:
415:
398:
373:
221:
The Awlad Sidi Shaykh trace their ancestry to the saint Sidi Shaykh, a descendant of
1316:
1286:
325:
1084:
Smugglers and Saints of the Sahara: Regional
Connectivity in the Twentieth Century
278:
1134:
1366:
1261:
481:
465:
411:
377:
369:
345:
89:
1376:
1311:
1291:
328:. There were trading communities of the Awlad Sidi Shaykh far to the south in
673:
348:. The confederation often came under the influence of the Sultan of Morocco.
1281:
1271:
419:
963:
886:
Les contradictions sociales et leur expression symbolique dans le Sétifois
1381:
1296:
512:
341:
329:
226:
222:
68:
648:"L'atlas saharien occidental d'Algérie : " Ksouriens " et Pasteurs"
1276:
1245:
1236:
493:
489:
402:
365:
282:
57:
117:
tribes in the west and south of
Algeria led by the descendants of the
1386:
1301:
664:
455:
337:
266:
259:
255:
118:
79:
269:
such as the
Khenafsa became faithful to the Awlad Sidi Shaykh, the
1346:
1331:
922:
The Ethnographic State: France and the Invention of Moroccan Islam
464:
432:
355:
333:
114:
46:
951:, Berkeley · Los Angeles · Oxford: University of California Press
425:
In the 1840s the Awlad Sidi Shaykh assisted the Governor-General
1157:
469:
445:
286:
247:
242:
1207:
376:
and the pastures of the Wadi Seggueur and Wadi Gharbi, and the
984:
Rebel Power: Why National Movements Compete, Fight, and Win
575:
573:
571:
888:(in French), Société nationale d'édition et de diffusion
767:
765:
763:
761:
736:
734:
617:
615:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
293:
religious strongholds throughout the greater Tuat. The
685:
683:
590:
588:
422:
Sufis, as the "Champion of Islam" against the French.
448:. It was triggered by officers of the Arab Bureau (
85:
75:
63:
52:
42:
18:
308:Descendants of the Awlad Sidi Shaykh lived in the
1010:Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa
488:, the Awlad Sidi Shaykh confederation and the
1219:
1133:Sivers, Peter von (September–December 1983),
154:
8:
1110:Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set
701:
606:
783:
1226:
1212:
1204:
458:circle. The Awlad were restive during the
31:
663:
364:The Awlad Sidi Shaykh have been nomadic
198:
1180:, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,
1039:, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers,
633:
621:
546:
528:
896:Les oasis du Gourara (Sahara algérien)
867:
831:
819:
771:
752:
740:
725:
713:
689:
594:
579:
562:
360:Territory of Awlad Sidi Shaykh in 1842
15:
1177:Historical Dictionary of the Bedouins
1061:"The Proposed Trans-Saharian Railway"
855:
843:
795:
7:
37:Notable of Awlad Sidi Shaykh in 1885
807:
106:
265:Arab tribes in the Gurara and the
14:
1107:Shillington, Kevin (2013-07-04),
1033:Naylor, Phillip C. (2015-05-07),
168:
1235:
1036:Historical Dictionary of Algeria
258:ideology to the villages of the
197:
183:
167:
153:
139:
132:
1174:Suwaed, Muhammad (2015-10-30),
945:Clancy-Smith, Julia A. (1994),
652:Cahiers de géographie du Québec
1087:, Cambridge University Press,
1081:Scheele, Judith (2012-04-30),
1013:, Cambridge University Press,
320:. They also owned land in the
1:
305:in the northwest of Algeria.
240:dates this to 1651, when the
1007:Martin, B. G. (2003-02-13),
987:, Cornell University Press,
981:Krause, Peter (2017-05-15),
925:, Univ of California Press,
919:Burke, Edmund (2014-09-10),
480:of 1880–81 were made by the
476:Plans to destroy the second
437:Mausoleum of Sidi Shaykh in
184:
140:
492:before the expedition left
395:invasion of Algiers in 1830
312:, where they were known as
67:Sidi Shaykh (descendant of
1439:
1156:Sivers, Peter von (2012),
1395:
1252:
113:) was a confederation of
30:
25:
1069:Charles Scribner's Sons
893:Bellil, Rachid (1999),
289:region, and controlled
1418:Arab tribes in Algeria
1059:Ney, Napoleon (1891),
899:, Peeters Publishers,
646:Despois, Jean (1959).
473:
441:
361:
884:Aīssa Ouitis (1977),
468:
439:El Abiodh Sidi Cheikh
436:
427:Thomas Robert Bugeaud
359:
340:, and to the east in
303:El Abiodh Sidi Cheikh
161:El Abiodh Sidi Cheikh
26:Arab tribe in Algeria
962:Grandjean, Charles,
472:of Awlad Sidi Shaykh
401:caused a scandal in
216:Locations in Algeria
213:class=notpageimage|
1065:Scribner's Magazine
755:, pp. 100–101.
517:Alfred Le Chatelier
478:Flatters expedition
474:
442:
362:
1405:
1404:
1357:Awlad Sidi Shaykh
1187:978-1-4422-5451-0
1120:978-1-135-45669-6
1094:978-1-107-02212-6
1046:978-0-8108-7919-5
1020:978-0-521-53451-2
994:978-1-5017-1266-1
932:978-0-520-27381-8
906:978-90-429-0721-8
870:, pp. 39–40.
858:, pp. 53–54.
810:, pp. 636ff.
702:Clancy-Smith 1994
607:Aīssa Ouitis 1977
582:, pp. 113ff.
393:After the French
225:'s father-in-law
111:Ouled Sidi Cheikh
99:Awlad Sidi Shaykh
95:
94:
19:Awlad Sidi Shaykh
1430:
1362:Awlad Sidi Yahya
1240:
1239:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1003:
1002:
1001:
977:
976:
975:
958:
957:
956:
941:
940:
939:
915:
914:
913:
889:
871:
865:
859:
853:
847:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
811:
805:
799:
793:
787:
784:Shillington 2013
781:
775:
769:
756:
750:
744:
738:
729:
723:
717:
711:
705:
699:
693:
687:
678:
677:
667:
665:10.7202/020194ar
643:
637:
631:
625:
619:
610:
604:
598:
592:
583:
577:
566:
560:
540:
533:
486:Hoggar Mountains
322:Hoggar Mountains
239:
205:Hoggar Mountains
201:
200:
187:
186:
171:
170:
157:
156:
143:
142:
136:
108:
107:أولاد سيدي الشيخ
35:
21:أولاد سيدي الشيخ
16:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1391:
1352:Awlad Sidi Abid
1248:
1234:
1232:
1201:
1199:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1155:
1148:
1146:
1132:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1058:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1006:
999:
997:
995:
980:
973:
971:
961:
954:
952:
948:Rebel and Saint
944:
937:
935:
933:
918:
911:
909:
907:
892:
883:
879:
874:
866:
862:
854:
850:
842:
838:
830:
826:
818:
814:
806:
802:
794:
790:
782:
778:
770:
759:
751:
747:
739:
732:
724:
720:
712:
708:
700:
696:
688:
681:
658:(6): 408, 414.
645:
644:
640:
632:
628:
620:
613:
605:
601:
593:
586:
578:
569:
561:
548:
544:
543:
534:
530:
525:
509:Cheikh Bouamama
505:Cheikh Bouamama
484:Tuaregs of the
391:
386:
368:inhabiting the
354:
275:Atlas Mountains
273:of the Saharan
233:
231:A. G. P. Martin
219:
218:
217:
215:
209:
208:
207:
206:
202:
194:
193:
192:
188:
180:
179:
178:
176:
172:
164:
163:
162:
158:
150:
149:
148:
144:
128:
109:, also spelled
38:
20:
12:
11:
5:
1436:
1434:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1410:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1216:
1208:
1198:
1197:
1186:
1171:
1153:
1139:Maghreb Review
1130:
1119:
1104:
1093:
1078:
1056:
1045:
1030:
1019:
1004:
993:
978:
959:
942:
931:
916:
905:
890:
880:
878:
875:
873:
872:
860:
848:
836:
824:
812:
800:
788:
776:
774:, p. 101.
757:
745:
730:
718:
706:
694:
679:
638:
626:
611:
599:
584:
567:
565:, p. 100.
545:
542:
541:
527:
526:
524:
521:
451:bureaux arabes
390:
387:
385:
382:
353:
350:
211:
210:
204:
203:
196:
195:
190:
189:
182:
181:
174:
173:
166:
165:
160:
159:
152:
151:
146:
145:
138:
137:
131:
130:
129:
127:
124:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
72:
65:
64:Descended from
61:
60:
54:
50:
49:
44:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
23:
22:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1435:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1189:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1172:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1122:
1116:
1113:, Routledge,
1112:
1111:
1105:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1048:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1031:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1005:
996:
990:
986:
985:
979:
969:
965:
960:
950:
949:
943:
934:
928:
924:
923:
917:
908:
902:
898:
897:
891:
887:
882:
881:
876:
869:
864:
861:
857:
852:
849:
846:, p. 53.
845:
840:
837:
833:
828:
825:
821:
816:
813:
809:
804:
801:
797:
792:
789:
786:, p. 89.
785:
780:
777:
773:
768:
766:
764:
762:
758:
754:
749:
746:
743:, p. 23.
742:
737:
735:
731:
728:, p. 61.
727:
722:
719:
716:, p. 51.
715:
710:
707:
704:, p. 71.
703:
698:
695:
692:, p. 50.
691:
686:
684:
680:
675:
671:
666:
661:
657:
654:(in French).
653:
649:
642:
639:
636:, p. 46.
635:
630:
627:
624:, p. 45.
623:
618:
616:
612:
609:, p. 94.
608:
603:
600:
597:, p. 80.
596:
591:
589:
585:
581:
576:
574:
572:
568:
564:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
547:
538:
532:
529:
522:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
501:
499:
498:Bir el-Garama
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
471:
467:
463:
461:
460:Kabyle Revolt
457:
453:
452:
447:
440:
435:
431:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
408:'Abd al-Qadir
404:
400:
399:Duc de Rovigo
396:
388:
383:
381:
379:
375:
374:Saharan Atlas
371:
367:
358:
351:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
244:
237:
232:
228:
224:
214:
135:
125:
123:
120:
116:
112:
104:
100:
91:
88:
84:
81:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
59:
55:
51:
48:
45:
41:
34:
29:
24:
17:
1356:
1317:Banu Hudhayl
1287:Ouled Djerir
1200:
1191:, retrieved
1176:
1165:, retrieved
1161:
1147:, retrieved
1142:
1138:
1124:, retrieved
1109:
1098:, retrieved
1083:
1072:, retrieved
1064:
1050:, retrieved
1035:
1024:, retrieved
1009:
998:, retrieved
983:
972:, retrieved
967:
953:, retrieved
947:
936:, retrieved
921:
910:, retrieved
895:
885:
863:
851:
839:
827:
815:
803:
791:
779:
748:
721:
709:
697:
655:
651:
641:
634:Scheele 2012
629:
622:Scheele 2012
602:
536:
531:
502:
475:
449:
443:
424:
392:
389:Colonial era
363:
326:trade routes
317:
313:
309:
307:
298:
294:
290:
270:
264:
254:brought the
241:
220:
110:
98:
96:
1399:Arab tribes
1372:Banu Suwayd
1367:Banu Sulaym
1307:Beni Ḥassān
1262:Ahl Rachida
1257:Ahl Ben Ali
1242:Arab tribes
970:(in French)
968:Imago Mundi
868:Martin 2003
832:Sivers 2012
820:Krause 2017
772:Naylor 2015
753:Naylor 2015
741:Suwaed 2015
726:Martin 2003
714:Martin 2003
690:Martin 2003
595:Bellil 1999
580:Sivers 1983
563:Naylor 2015
482:Kel Ahaggar
412:Banu Hashim
378:Ksour Range
370:Ksour Range
234: [
90:Sunni Islam
1412:Categories
1377:Banu Tamim
1342:Ouled Naïl
1327:Banu Latif
1312:Banu Hilal
1292:Doui-Menia
1193:2017-09-23
1167:2017-09-24
1149:2017-09-23
1126:2017-09-23
1100:2017-09-23
1074:2017-07-29
1052:2017-09-23
1026:2017-09-24
1000:2017-09-24
974:2017-09-03
964:"Flatters"
955:2017-09-24
938:2017-09-24
912:2017-09-23
856:Burke 2014
844:Burke 2014
416:Banu 'Amir
1282:Dhouaouda
1272:Beni Amer
1162:Islamicus
1158:"Algeria"
796:Grandjean
674:0007-9766
513:marabouts
420:Qadiriyya
352:Territory
318:Ahl 'Azzi
279:Aïn Madhi
256:Sharifian
43:Ethnicity
1397:Part of
1382:Thaaliba
1297:Ghenanma
822:, PT175.
808:Ney 1891
366:Bedouins
342:Ghadames
330:Timbuktu
227:Abu Bakr
223:Muhammad
86:Religion
76:Language
69:Abu Bakr
56:Western
53:Location
1277:Chaamba
1246:Algeria
877:Sources
537:mrabtin
494:Ouargla
490:Senussi
403:Algiers
384:History
283:Gourara
271:mrabtin
246:of the
126:Origins
58:Algeria
1423:Tribes
1387:Zughba
1337:Mirdas
1322:Jusham
1302:Hamyan
1267:Athbaj
1184:
1117:
1091:
1043:
1017:
991:
929:
903:
672:
456:Sebdou
338:Agadez
310:zawaya
299:zawiya
295:zawaya
291:zawaya
267:Sahara
260:Zenata
252:Gurara
103:Arabic
80:Arabic
1347:Riyah
1332:Maqil
1145:(5–6)
523:Notes
470:Qa'id
334:Kidal
243:walis
238:]
177:Madhi
1182:ISBN
1115:ISBN
1089:ISBN
1041:ISBN
1015:ISBN
989:ISBN
927:ISBN
901:ISBN
670:ISSN
535:The
446:Oran
414:and
346:Ghat
344:and
336:and
314:Zuwa
287:Tuat
285:and
250:and
248:Tuat
191:Tuat
147:Oran
119:Sufi
115:Arab
97:The
47:Arab
1244:in
660:doi
316:or
301:in
175:Aïn
1414::
1160:,
1141:,
1137:,
1067:,
1063:,
966:,
760:^
733:^
682:^
668:.
650:.
614:^
587:^
570:^
549:^
380:.
332:,
236:fr
105::
1227:e
1220:t
1213:v
1143:8
834:.
798:.
676:.
662::
656:3
101:(
71:)
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