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unjust and, in his case, not even justified by Soviet standards, because according to Soviet provisions only "fascists" should be affected by expropriations. He argued that the government of the
Federal Republic, which after 1990 became the owner of his former property in Thale, should make up for the injustice by returning the property to him as the rightful owner. The Federal Constitutional Court argued that the expropriation and expulsion occurred before the Federal Republic of Germany was founded in 1949. Accordingly, the Federal Government was not to be held responsible for the consequences of the war that occurred before it was founded. Von dem Bussche found the court's reasoning scandalous, stating, "wrong cannot become right." As a result of this legal matter, von dem Bussche had at times fallen out with his former resistance regiment colleague and Federal President,
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702:"69. 1. Bestimmt sich bei einem Streit ĂŒber das Bestehen oder die Sicherstellnng einer erst spĂ€ter fĂ€lligen Forderung der Streitwert im Verfahren vor den ordentlichen Gerichten auch dann nach dem Betrag (Aufwertungsbetrag) der Forderung, wenn die Hinausschiebung der FĂ€lligkeit auf dem Aufwertungsgesetz beruht? Ist ein Abzug wegen der spĂ€teren FĂ€lligkeit zu machen? 2. Wie ist der Beschwerdewert zu berechnen, wenn sich ein Schuldner lediglich darĂŒber beschwert, daĂ die FĂ€lligkeit der Forderung auf einen frĂŒheren als den von ihm gewollten Zeitpunkt angenommen ist, und wie dann, wenn nicht nur die frĂŒhere oder fpĂ€tere FĂ€lligkeit, sondern zugleich die Forderung an sich streitig ist?",
449:
503:), he was appointed one of its two managing directors at the beginning of 1964; in this function he played a key role in building up the German development aid organization until 1966. Alongside and after that, from 1964 he was a member of the executive committee of the German Evangelical Church Congress, a member of the World Council of Churches, a consultant to the World Bank, a pioneer of the Stockholm UN Environment Conference in 1972 and a one-year fellow at the College of Science in Berlin. Here he was involved in the preparation of the first UN environment conference.
304:, later elected President of Germany, also belonged), why he should still be bound by this oath, which is based on respect and reciprocity, when the FĂŒhrer had already broken it with the crimes he had ordered. Three months after his traumatic witnessing of the mass execution, Bussche's decision was clear: it could no longer be a question of sacrificing one's own life on the battlefield, but of using it for Germany against Hitler. This experience, from which he never recovered until his death many years later, motivated him to consciously join the resistance group around
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man's assured composure". Bussche explained that in view of the crimes he witnessed involuntarily, there were only three ways for an officer to protect his honor "by joining the group of victims" â i.e. to die in battle, to desert, or to rebel against the government that had ordered this and all other massacres. Von dem
Bussche was initiated into the conspiracy plans against Hitler by Stauffenberg. When Stauffenberg asked him, he agreed without hesitation to sacrifice his life in a suicide attack on Hitler. He later justified his intention to kill with the
86:
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514:), divorced from Hans Christoph Schenk Freiherr von Stauffenberg. With her he had two daughters: Nicola Dietzsch-Doertenbach, née Freiin von dem Bussche-Streithorst, and Jane (Johanna) Freiin von dem Bussche-Streithorst. From Lady Camilla's first marriage to Schenk Freiherr von Stauffenberg, he has three step-sons: Sebastian, Patrick and Damian Schenk Freiherr von Stauffenberg.
527:, with whom he had been a close friends for decades. After von dem Bussche's death on January 26, 1993, in Bad Godesberg (burial in the family crypt of the Dietzsch-Doertenbach family in Lehrensteinsfeld), his eldest daughter Nicola Dietzsch-Doertenbach bought back larger parts of the former family property from the Federal Republic of Germany.
357:
The plan was to arm and detonate a modified landmine hidden in his uniform. He used a hand grenade detonator to rig the device. He rejected a chemical detonator proposed by
Stauffenberg because he felt that the ten-minute period from arming to detonation was too long. This assessment was based on the experience previously made by
1018:
492:, which dealt with the preparation of new German armed forces. He then moved to the Press and Information Office of the Federal Government as an employee in the Commonwealth and USA department. From 1954 to 1958 he served as Legation Counselor at the German Embassy in Washington. From 1959 to 1962 he was head of the
522:
In 1991 he was one of many unsuccessful plaintiffs who sued the federal government for return of the properties that had been expropriated in 1946 by the Soviet occupation forces. Von dem
Bussche argued that the expropriation (de jure by the Soviet occupying powers, de facto by German communists) was
356:
would also be present. Von dem
Bussche volunteered and was chosen to explain the advantages of these new uniforms to those present. His appearance, standing over two meters tall, blond-haired and blue-eyed, exemplified Hitler's "Nordic" racial ideal, and he was therefore considered an ideal model.
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In
October 1943 he traveled to Lieutenant Colonel von Stauffenberg in Berlin. Von dem Bussche, who had been promoted to captain and now worked as a battalion commander in the 9th Grenadier Regiment, was deeply impressed by the encounter with Stauffenberg. He later spoke of "the bright glow of this
286:
As early as 1940, during a stay in
Breslau, he learned of pogroms against the civilian population. On 5 October 1942, at the age of 23, the highly decorated first lieutenant happened to witness the systematic mass execution of over three thousand mostly Jewish civiliansâmen, women, and childrenâat
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of the 23rd
Infantry Division in Potsdam (called "Count Nine Regiment" because of its high proportion of noble officers) as an officer candidate. As it turns out, a whole series of resistance fighters would emerge from this regiment. In 1938-1939 he attended the war school in Hanover. During World
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officers. Von dem
Bussche described this crime: "SS people led the Jews to a pit. There they had to undress, then climb into the pit where a layer of convulsing bodies was already lying: obeying orders, they had to lie face down on the murdered victims and were then shot in the back of the head."
395:
Von dem
Bussche volunteered to attempt the assassination again in February 1944 when new uniforms would be available, and von Stauffenberg obtained marching orders for von dem Bussche from the Eastern Front to Berlin. On 30 January 1944, however, von dem Bussche was seriously wounded by Soviet
269:, a Danish resistance hero who fought in the British Army against Germany during World War II, was his first cousin. He had two siblings; his older brother Cuno died in World War II. He attended elementary school in the town of Thale and passed his
361:. Hand grenade fuses, on the other hand, explode after just four to five seconds. Von dem Bussche planned to cover up the inevitable hissing of the detonator by clearing his own throat while embracing Hitler, thus killing himself with Hitler.
380:. The assassination plot was never exposed, and von dem Bussche returned to his unit on the Eastern Front. After the failure of the assassination plan, Major Kuhn buried the documents together with the explosives on the premises of the
199:
942:
Die RitterkreuztrĂ€ger 1939â1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbĂŒndeter StreitkrĂ€fte nach den Unterlagen des
400:, volunteered to carry out the mission at a viewing on 11 February 1944. However, Hitler repeatedly postponed and finally cancelled the event. As a result of his injuries, von dem Bussche spent several months in the
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The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939â1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal
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Until then, the career officer von dem Bussche had felt bound by the personal oath to Adolf Hitler. After these events, he asked himself and a small circle of like-minded individuals in the regiment (to which
480:) of the University of Göttingen. After completing his studies, he worked as a program assistant in the German department of BBC London. In 1948 he started work as an editor and consultant for advertising at
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the documents given to him by von Stauffenberg for the implementation of the coup d'Ă©tat. The night before the demonstration, however, the railway car containing the new uniforms was destroyed in an
340:, who came from the same regiment as von dem Bussche and was the head of the conspiracy alongside von Stauffenberg, suggested using a planned demonstration of the Army's new winter uniforms at the
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In November 1943, von dem Bussche stood by for three days and two nights in the guest barracks at the East Prussian headquarters at Wolfsschanze. On his arrival he handed co-conspirators
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and he was never betrayed by any of the officers who knew of his involvement. He thereby became one of the few men in the Resistance to survive the war. Other survivors included
384:. These were later found by Soviet officers on 17 February 1945, based on Kuhn's description of the hiding place, and in 1997 a copy was handed to German Chancellor
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476:. von dem Bussche went on to study law at the University of Göttingen and he became the first post-war chairman of the General Student Committee (
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The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939â1945 â The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches
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Die TrĂ€ger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939â1945 â Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile
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597:. Gedenkansprache von Axel Freiherr von dem Bussche am 20. Juli 1977 im Ehrenhof der Gedenk- und BildungsstĂ€tte StauffenbergstraĂe, Berlin
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472:, however immediately after the Second World War, these properties were seized by the Soviet occupiers of what was to become communist
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Marion Graefin Doenhoff in "Axel von dem Bussche", Gevinon von Medem; v. Hase und Koehler Verlag, Mainz/Muenchen,1994.
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336:. The principal difficulty for any would-be Hitler assassin was getting near Hitler with a weapon or explosives.
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War II, he first took part in the Polish and French campaigns, and later in the war against the Soviet Union.
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265:. He was the son of Georg Freiherr von dem Bussche-Streithorst and his Danish wife Jenny Lassen.
253:. In 1943 he volunteered for a suicide assassination attempt on Hitler while modeling uniforms.
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airport. This experience traumatized him and turned him decidedly against Hitler. He joined an
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Monument to Claus von Stauffenberg, Wolf's Lair, KÄtrzyn, Warmian-Masurian, Poland, Europe
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231:-organised gruesome massacre of more than 3,000 mostly Jewish civilians carried out by the
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Axel von dem Bussche was born in 1919 and came from the old East Westphalian noble family
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Axel Ernst-August Clamor Franz Albrecht Erich Leo Freiherr von dem Bussche-Streithorst
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the Dubno airfield in the Ukraine. The killings were carried out over two days by
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In 1950 he married Englishwoman Lady Camilla Mildred Nicola Acheson (daughter of
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The Evangelical Knights of Saint John: A History of the Bailiwick of Brandenburg
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Commemorative address on 20 July 1970 at the Memorial to the German Resistance
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Fest, Joachim; "Hitler â Eine Biographie", Propilaeen, Berlin, 2.Aufl. 2004.
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The Restless Conscience: Resistance to Hitler Within Germany 1933-1945
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German officer and member of the German Resistance in Second World War
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in Munich in 1937. After graduating from high school, he joined the
904:] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall.
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shrapnel and his right leg was amputated. Another officer, Captain
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founded by Kurt Hahn, Karl Reinhardt and the Margrave of Baden.
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72:
204:; 24 April 1919 â 26 January 1993) was a German officer during
950:] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag.
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Plotting Hitler's Death â The Story of the German Resistance
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After the founding of German equivalent of the Peace Corps (
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In November 1943 von dem Bussche volunteered to carry out a
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emergency aid paragraph of the German penal code (§ 32 StGB)
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Ein Mensch-zu-Mensch-Erlebnis im Wissenschaftskolleg Berlin
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Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941â1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II
228:
902:
The German Cross 1941â1945 History and Recipients Volume 2
320:, which he had had to memorize as a recruit in Potsdam.
828:] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas.
659:. Gevinon von Medem. Mainz: Hase & Koehler. 1994.
602:
https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0102778/?ref_=ext_shr_lnk
412:(a privilege allotted to him as recipient of the gold
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308:against the Hitler regime through the mediation of
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1084:Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
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706:, De Gruyter, pp. 321â325, 31 December 1928,
612:Valkyrie: The Plot to Kill Hitler 08 "Aftermath"
227:In 1942, von dem Bussche witnessed by chance an
1094:German royalty and nobility with disabilities
983:The Woman from Hamburg and other true stories
518:1991 attempt to recover expropriated property
8:
571:and commander of the I./Grenadier-Regiment 9
1004:Intimate portrait of Axel von dem Bussche.
896:Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001).
874:; "Killing Hitler", Jonathan Cape, London,
620:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a4k-4QIfXDk
614:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I46ogt8UQuo
608:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dT1veKJeIfs
800:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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438:Rudolf-Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff
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632:Assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler
508:Archibald Acheson, 5th Earl of Gosford
606:Der Judenmord 9/36 Das groĂe Blutbad
348:because fellow Nazis and SS officers
193:[ËakslÌ©ËfÊaÉȘÌŻËhÉÊfÉndÉmËbÊÊÉ]
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162:Prince Constantijn of the Netherlands
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1099:German Army officers of World War II
1069:Protestants in the German Resistance
1049:Military personnel from Braunschweig
849:, Henry Holt and Company, New York.
758:Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 70.
1079:Recipients of the Gold German Cross
452:Axel von dem Bussche in August 1962
430:Ewald-Heinrich von Kleist-Schmenzin
170:Wolf von dem Bussche (first cousin)
820:Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) .
306:Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg
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478:Allgemeiner Studierendenausschuss
456:The von dem Bussche family owned
324:Attempted assassination of Hitler
310:Fritz-Dietlof von der Schulenburg
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563:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
559:in the 11./Infanterie-Regiment 9
291:officers, who were led by eight
147:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross
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553:in Gold on 15 December 1941 as
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166:Prince Claus of the Netherlands
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418:20 July assassination attempt
382:Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH)
25:Axel Freiherr von dem Bussche
790:. Dallas, Texas. p. 46.
786:Clark, Robert M Jr. (2003).
595:Fragen an den 20. Juli heute
501:Deutscher Entwicklungsdienst
494:Salem Castle boarding school
251:Count Claus von Stauffenberg
212:. He planned to assassinate
1074:Members of the 20 July plot
490:Federal Republic of Germany
486:Federal Ministry of Defense
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985:. New York: Other Press.
712:10.1515/9783112342343-070
422:Fabian von Schlabrendorff
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767:Fellgiebel 2000, p. 151.
735:"Kap. 3 - Die Wahl-Esel"
637:Hermann Friedrich Graebe
580:Knight of Honour of the
366:Major i. G. Joachim Kuhn
245:resistance group within
220:in November 1943 at the
208:and was a member of the
940:Scherzer, Veit (2007).
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302:Richard von WeizsÀcker
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218:Claus von Stauffenberg
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388:by Russian President
275:9th Infantry Regiment
257:Early life and career
216:in coordination with
110:Years of service
927:Axel von dem Bussche
657:Axel von dem Bussche
359:Rudolf von Gersdorff
338:Henning von Tresckow
282:Resistance to Hitler
582:Order of Saint John
565:on 7 March 1944 as
466:Wendhusen monastery
249:later to be led by
1064:German Protestants
584:(Swiss Commandery)
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344:headquarters near
293:SS (Schutzstaffel)
992:978-1-59051-223-4
957:978-3-938845-17-2
911:978-3-931533-45-8
835:978-3-7909-0284-6
721:978-3-11-234233-6
247:Army Group Centre
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738:
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589:In the media
566:
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551:German Cross
521:
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474:East Germany
470:Stecklenberg
455:
434:Joachim Kuhn
414:German Cross
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376:air raid on
363:
342:Wolfsschanze
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222:Wolfsschanze
214:Adolf Hitler
206:World War II
184:
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164:(godfather)
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137:World War II
133:Battles/wars
68:(1993-01-26)
18:
1044:1993 deaths
1039:1919 births
998:23 February
744:17 December
575:Wound Badge
406:Hohenlychen
386:Helmut Kohl
235:at the old
1033:Categories
925:(1994) in
643:References
545:Iron Cross
346:Rastenburg
80:Allegiance
46:1919-04-24
1023:Biography
919:Josef Tal
796:cite book
683:cite book
568:Hauptmann
404:hospital
402:Waffen-SS
168:(cousin)
153:Relations
113:1937â1945
75:, Germany
53:Brunswick
975:(2006).
948:Archives
845:(1996).
739:ewnor.de
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675:31046779
626:See also
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98:Service/
577:in Gold
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354:Himmler
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374:Allied
350:Göring
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271:Abitur
242:ad hoc
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100:branch
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462:Thale
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127:Major
1000:2022
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862:ISBN
851:ISBN
830:ISBN
802:link
746:2022
716:ISBN
689:link
671:OCLC
661:ISBN
510:and
436:and
368:and
352:and
118:Rank
104:Army
73:Bonn
63:Died
40:Born
708:doi
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