328:, Allied landings in North Africa in November 1942. The sites were not the only source of intelligence used to direct air attacks on Allied convoys, as the German Air Force conducted a daily reconnaissance flight over Gibraltar from September. The bolometer sites were dismantled during late 1942 and on 29 December that year, after the Spanish Government directed Canaris to cease intelligence activities in Spain to avoid giving the Allies a pretext to invade the country. German observation posts continued to be maintained in the Gibraltar area, though the German agents were gradually replaced with citizens of other countries and the sites declined in effectiveness. An attempt to reactivate the bolometer sites was made in mid-1943 but abandoned by July.
302:
278:, was briefed on the scientific aspects of the German operation, without leaving clues that the source was Ultra and directed to raise the matter with the Spanish Government. Hoare insisted on meeting Franco to discuss the new ship-watching stations. During their discussion on 27 May, Hoare presented a detailed account of German activities in Spain and indicated that petrol supplied by Allied countries had been used as part of the construction of the facilities. Franco denied that the network existed and claimed that the German personnel were providing technical assistance to Spanish
34:
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Franco to rescind this decision failed and the
Spanish foreign minister provided Hoare with an assurance on 1 July, that the sites built during Bodden would be shut down and the Germans sent home, yet the Germans claimed that information from the installations was used for an attack on a convoy passing the straits on the night of
85:
warships and merchant vessels and became a valuable source of intelligence to the Axis, for attacks on Allied convoys. The
British Government considered attacking the stations on two occasions during 1942 but decided instead to use diplomatic pressure to have them closed. The stations are believed to
348:
station was being set up near Lugo in north-west Spain as part of a navigation system for aircraft and U-boats. Jones used photographs of the station to work out how it worked and supplied
Coastal Command with instructions to use it under the code-name Consol, since it was of more use to the British
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On 3 June the
Spanish admitted that the Germans had installed devices for coast defence but denied that facilities had been provided for "foreign interests" and offered an assurance that shipping would not be attacked using information from the installations. Canaris' subsequent attempts to persuade
181:
personnel. While the
British had no way of countering the network in 1941, this intelligence enabled the development of limited counter-measures. Allied ships, operating near Gibraltar, were instructed to sail during periods of poor visibility and take evasive courses. The British intelligence
313:, a convoy bound for Malta, during the second week of August 1942. Axis air, sea and submarine attacks led to many merchant ship losses. Following this engagement, the British Chiefs of Staff Committee again considered countermeasures against the bolometer sites; the Governor of Gibraltar and
258:
just above the sea. A bigger infra-red detector with a longer range was to be set up near
Algeciras pointing south to detect hot spots on ships such as funnels. If the devices became operational, the Navy would have to lag ship funnels or send decoys back and forth.
166:. Two of the stations were manned by Spanish personnel and the others by Spanish, Germans and Italians. The Germans and Italians are believed to have worn Spanish uniform to conceal their presence. The station at Algeciras, which was directly across the
331:
Later in 1943, the
Spanish Government, still under pressure from the Allied governments, ordered the closure of the remaining ship-watching stations and there is no evidence that any stations operated after January 1944. In 1981, Sir
220:, which could to detect heat rising from nearby vessels; the first of these installations began operations in February 1942. Following approval from Franco the next month, the network was active by mid-April 1942. Thanks to
250:. Jones inferred that Bodden was a plot to install an "infra-red burglar alarm" to count ships into and out of the Mediterranean. It appeared that there would be three parallel infra-red searchlight barrages, just west of
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While the ship-watching organisation was ineffective at first, by the northern autumn of 1941 it had grown into an effective source of intelligence. By this time the Axis forces were operating stations at
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batteries. Franco inferred that the ambassador's comments were a threat to cut off the supply of petrol and promised to conduct a personal inquiry into the matter. Franco met with the head of
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advocated jamming them. During a meeting held on 25 August, the Chiefs of Staff decided to make another diplomatic protest, which was formally lodged with the
Spanish Government in October.
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While these sites were no longer operational by mid-July, the Allies learned from Ultra decrypts that the
Germans were installing the equipment in new locations on Spanish territory.
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From 1939 until
January 1944, the intelligence services of Germany and Italy, with the assistance of the Spanish government, maintained a network of stations in the vicinity of the
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340:(volume II) that the ship-watching operation had been "the most important" form of assistance Spain provided to the Axis during the war. In 1943, Jones found that a German
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units. It was eventually decided to not attack the sites, for fear that it would provoke a Spanish attack on Gibraltar and the British Ambassador to Spain, Sir
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and other short-wave apparatus at nine sites on the northern shore of the Strait of Gibraltar and five on its southern shore in Operation (
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This protest did not lead to the closure of the stations and it is likely that they played a role in the Axis operations against
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services were able to advise the naval command at Gibraltar of the ship movements which had been reported by Axis forces.
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radio messages, the British were able to monitor the installation of the new equipment and consider responses to it.
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During July and August, two new bolometer sites commenced operations near Algeciras and Ceuta. These sites detected
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In late 1941, construction began on buildings to house German equipment which would allow ships to be tracked using
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during the early years of World War II. This was conducted with the authorisation of the Spanish government led by
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from the British territory, was the most important and radioed at least twenty reports each day to
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106:(Military Intelligence Service ) established a network of ship-watching positions along the
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British Intelligence in the Second World War: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations
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616:. Wordsworth Military Library (Wordsworth Editions ed.). Ware: Hamish Hamilton.
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that ships operating near the territory could be tracked at night. In May 1942, the
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680:. History of the Second World War, Civil Series. Vol. IV. London: HMSO.
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Churchill and Spain: The Survival of the Franco Regime, 1940–1945
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islands from the German mainland.) The main device used was the
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695:
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proposed direct attacks on the facilities and the head of the
235:
305:
Algeciras on the left, directly across the bay from Gibraltar
262:
On 7 March, the authorities at Gibraltar were warned by the
270:
discussed bombarding the sites from submarines or raids by
425:
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246:, the Assistant Director of Intelligence (Science) at the
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Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
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The Secret War: Spies, Codes and Guerrillas 1939–1945
26:
Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II
290:, in June and directed that the stations be closed.
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Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World War II
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55:
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Axis ship-watching activities in the Gibraltar area
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38:Locations of observation stations as of late 19417
368:Military history of Gibraltar during World War II
676:British Foreign Policy in the Second World War
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101:
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341:
338:British Intelligence in the Second World War
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81:. The stations tracked the movements of
635:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
541:
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86:have ceased operations in January 1944.
529:
510:
441:
414:
397:
383:
2543:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
336:judged in the official history volume
4007:Mediterranean theatre of World War II
3414:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
2846:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
2492:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
2448:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
1553:Rape during the occupation of Germany
589:Hinsley, F. H .; et al. (1981).
553:
498:
457:
445:
429:
7:
2536:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
1568:Rape during the liberation of France
486:
2762:German invasion of the Netherlands
1042:Weather events during World War II
349:than the Germans and simpler than
14:
3393:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
3953:
32:
690:– via Archive Foundation.
595:History of the Second World War
3640:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
1350:Territorial changes of Germany
1258:Indonesian National Revolution
597:. Vol. II. London: HMSO.
103:Servizio Informazioni Militare
59:Collection of intelligence on
1:
3040:Japanese invasion of Thailand
2991:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
2755:German invasion of Luxembourg
1136:Mediterranean and Middle East
2947:Invasion of the Soviet Union
2636:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
1954:Independent State of Croatia
315:Special Operations Executive
3931:End of World War II in Asia
3771:Western invasion of Germany
3278:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
3255:Second Battle of El Alamein
2825:Hundred Regiments Offensive
2797:Battle of the Mediterranean
2650:Italian invasion of Albania
824:Air warfare of World War II
650:Wigg, Richard, ed. (2005).
574:. London: William Collins.
208:are strips of seawater and
4028:
3857:Naval bombardment of Japan
3225:First Battle of El Alamein
3144:Battle of Christmas Island
3089:Japanese invasion of Burma
2853:Italian invasion of Greece
2769:German invasion of Belgium
2741:German invasion of Denmark
2714:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
2583:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
847:Comparative military ranks
631:Payne, Stanley G. (2008).
4002:Gibraltar in World War II
3946:
3778:Bratislava–Brno offensive
3709:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
3333:Allied invasion of Sicily
3193:Aleutian Islands campaign
3165:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
3103:Greek famine of 1941–1944
2998:Second Battle of Changsha
2903:German invasion of Greece
2748:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
1090:North and Central Pacific
733:
363:Spain during World War II
268:Chiefs of Staff Committee
242:operations and consulted
224:intelligence gained from
31:
23:
3370:Allied invasion of Italy
3347:Solomon Islands campaign
3096:Third Battle of Changsha
2693:First Battle of Changsha
2599:Second Sino-Japanese War
1539:German military brothels
1405:United States war crimes
174:headquarters in Berlin.
3792:Second Guangxi campaign
3647:Philippines (1944–1945)
3151:Battle of the Coral Sea
3054:Fall of the Philippines
2700:Battle of South Guangxi
2606:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
2012:Italian Social Republic
654:. Abingdon: Routledge.
3377:Armistice of Cassibile
3179:Battle of Dutch Harbor
3130:Battle of the Java Sea
3033:Attack on Pearl Harbor
2933:Syria–Lebanon campaign
2926:Battle of South Shanxi
2896:Invasion of Yugoslavia
2679:Battle of the Atlantic
2293:Korean Liberation Army
2006:(until September 1943)
1963:(until September 1944)
1941:(until September 1944)
612:Jones, R. V. (1998) .
570:Hastings, Max (2015).
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3997:Spain in World War II
3541:Second Battle of Guam
3437:Bengal famine of 1943
3407:Second Battle of Kiev
3363:Battle of the Dnieper
3068:Battle of Wake Island
2940:East African campaign
2882:Battle of South Henan
2527:atrocities by Germans
2300:Korean Volunteer Army
1281:Occupation of Germany
1035:Music in World War II
304:
3827:Surrender of Germany
3305:Battle of West Hubei
3262:Guadalcanal campaign
3232:Battle of Stalingrad
3158:Battle of Madagascar
1932:Albania protectorate
1719:(formerly Swaziland)
1428:Wehrmacht war crimes
1244:Expulsion of Germans
1028:Art and World War II
926:British contribution
875:Governments in exile
3917:Potsdam Declaration
3806:Italy (Spring 1945)
3569:Liberation of Paris
3026:Siege of Sevastopol
2044:(until August 1944)
1947:Wang Jingwei regime
1769:from September 1943
1729:from September 1944
1667:from September 1944
1527:Romanian war crimes
1518:Persecution of Jews
1504:Croatian war crimes
1474:Japanese war crimes
1288:Occupation of Japan
1237:First Indochina War
949:Military production
861:Declarations of war
556:, pp. 258–259.
513:, pp. 720–721.
501:, pp. 115–116.
432:, pp. 254–255.
272:Combined Operations
108:Strait of Gibraltar
79:Strait of Gibraltar
49:Strait of Gibraltar
3910:Surrender of Japan
3743:Battle of Iwo Jima
3592:Belgrade offensive
3005:Siege of Leningrad
2889:Battle of Shanggao
2818:British Somaliland
2783:Dunkirk evacuation
2734:Norwegian campaign
2672:Invasion of Poland
2499:Japanese prisoners
1467:Italian war crimes
1398:British war crimes
1313:Soviet occupations
1097:South-West Pacific
984:Allied cooperation
942:Military equipment
311:Operation Pedestal
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63:shipping movements
4012:Abwehr operations
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3785:Battle of Okinawa
3684:Burma (1944–1945)
3518:Mariana and Palau
3298:Tunisian campaign
3123:Fall of Singapore
3047:Fall of Hong Kong
2790:Battle of Britain
2643:Operation Himmler
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2216:Dutch East Indies
1859:Southern Rhodesia
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1610:
1511:Genocide of Serbs
1414:German war crimes
1391:Soviet war crimes
1384:Allied war crimes
1230:Division of Korea
1209:Chinese Civil War
1007:Strategic bombing
919:Manhattan Project
687:978-0-11-630055-3
661:978-1-134-23706-7
642:978-0-300-12282-4
623:978-1-85326-699-7
604:978-0-11-630934-1
581:978-0-00-750391-9
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1956:
1949:
1942:
1934:
1914:
1905:
1898:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1837:from August 1944
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1720:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1637:
1622:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1563:
1548:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1520:
1513:
1506:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1481:Nanjing Massacre
1476:
1469:
1460:
1458:Nuremberg trials
1451:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1366:
1359:
1352:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1299:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1260:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1191:
1182:
1175:
1168:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1062:Asia and Pacific
1044:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1002:
993:
991:Mulberry harbour
986:
979:
972:
965:
958:
951:
944:
937:
928:
921:
914:
905:
898:
891:
884:
877:
870:
863:
856:
849:
842:
833:
826:
811:
799:
792:
783:
776:
769:
762:
755:
748:
741:
720:
713:
706:
697:
691:
679:
665:
646:
627:
608:
585:
557:
551:
545:
539:
533:
527:
514:
508:
502:
496:
490:
484:
478:
472:
461:
455:
449:
439:
433:
427:
418:
412:
401:
395:
347:
297:
207:
199:
186:Operation Bodden
168:Bay of Gibraltar
140:Cape Tres Forcas
116:Francisco Franco
105:
100:and the Italian
90:Early activities
36:
16:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4016:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3952:
3950:
3938:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3876:
3871:Atomic bombings
3869:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3714:
3707:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3629:
3620:
3613:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3574:
3567:
3562:Eastern Romania
3560:
3555:Warsaw Uprising
3553:
3548:Tannenberg Line
3546:
3539:
3534:Western Ukraine
3532:
3523:
3516:
3507:
3498:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3464:
3455:
3442:
3435:
3426:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3326:Battle of Kursk
3324:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3283:
3276:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3244:
3237:
3230:
3223:
3214:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3137:St Nazaire Raid
3135:
3128:
3121:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3017:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2961:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2919:Anglo-Iraqi War
2917:
2910:Battle of Crete
2908:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2867:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2839:Eastern Romania
2837:
2830:
2823:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2719:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2670:
2657:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2581:
2574:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2525:
2518:
2513:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2481:
2474:
2465:
2458:
2453:
2446:
2433:
2426:
2417:
2410:
2405:
2400:Western Ukraine
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2344:Northeast China
2342:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2050:Slovak Republic
2048:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2021:Empire of Japan
2019:
2010:
2002:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1930:
1917:
1910:
1901:
1894:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1723:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1607:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1566:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1533:Sexual violence
1532:
1525:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1440:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1382:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1302:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1263:
1256:
1251:Greek Civil War
1249:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1194:
1187:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1102:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1076:South-East Asia
1074:
1067:
1060:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1005:
998:
989:
982:
975:
968:
961:
954:
947:
940:
935:Military awards
933:
924:
917:
910:
901:
894:
887:
880:
873:
866:
859:
852:
845:
838:
829:
822:
802:
795:
788:
779:
772:
765:
760:
751:
744:
737:
729:
724:
694:
688:
668:
662:
649:
643:
630:
624:
614:Most Secret War
611:
605:
588:
582:
569:
565:
560:
552:
548:
540:
536:
528:
517:
509:
505:
497:
493:
485:
481:
473:
464:
456:
452:
444:, p. 720;
440:
436:
428:
421:
413:
404:
396:
385:
381:
359:
326:Operation Torch
295:
288:Wilhelm Canaris
188:
112:Spanish Morocco
92:
51:
39:
12:
11:
5:
4025:
4023:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3989:
3988:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3890:
3887:South Sakhalin
3883:
3882:
3881:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3724:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3687:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3627:
3618:
3611:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3581:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3521:
3514:
3505:
3496:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3440:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3424:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3366:
3359:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3312:Battle of Attu
3308:
3301:
3293:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3274:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3203:
3189:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3118:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3061:Battle of Guam
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2984:Battle of Kiev
2980:
2973:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2877:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2821:
2814:
2807:
2800:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2737:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2710:
2703:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2667:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2625:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2602:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2571:
2569:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2523:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2495:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2483:United Kingdom
2479:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2451:
2443:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2415:
2403:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2169:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2079:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1887:British Empire
1880:United Kingdom
1876:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1721:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1696:Czechoslovakia
1692:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1630:
1628:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1593:Rape of Manila
1589:
1582:
1575:
1564:
1549:
1542:
1530:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1470:
1463:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1445:
1431:
1424:
1410:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1379:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1364:United Nations
1360:
1353:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1309:
1300:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1223:Decolonization
1219:
1212:
1204:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1169:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1123:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1072:
1057:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1003:
996:
995:
994:
987:
973:
966:
959:
952:
945:
938:
931:
930:
929:
915:
908:
907:
906:
899:
896:United Kingdom
892:
878:
871:
864:
857:
850:
843:
836:
835:
834:
819:
817:
808:
804:
803:
801:
800:
793:
786:
785:
784:
777:
770:
758:
757:
756:
742:
734:
731:
730:
725:
723:
722:
715:
708:
700:
693:
692:
686:
666:
660:
647:
641:
628:
622:
609:
603:
586:
580:
566:
564:
561:
559:
558:
546:
544:, p. 469.
534:
532:, p. 721.
515:
503:
491:
479:
462:
460:, p. 258.
450:
448:, p. 115.
434:
419:
417:, p. 720.
402:
400:, p. 719.
382:
380:
377:
376:
375:
370:
365:
358:
355:
252:Perejil Island
238:kept watch on
187:
184:
132:Cape Trafalgar
124:Alboran Island
91:
88:
73:
72:
69:
65:
64:
57:
53:
52:
47:
45:
41:
40:
37:
29:
28:
21:
20:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4024:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3976:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3932:
3928:
3925:
3921:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:Kuril Islands
3891:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3810:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3662:
3661:Syrmian Front
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3616:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3607:Market Garden
3603:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3466:Monte Cassino
3463:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3445:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3055:
3051:
3048:
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2412:Quốc dân Đảng
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2112:Liechtenstein
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1896:United States
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1586:Comfort women
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1570: /
1569:
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1562:
1559: /
1558:
1555: /
1554:
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1546:Camp brothels
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1471:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:The Holocaust
1432:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1421:forced labour
1418:
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1274:Marshall Plan
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1127:Eastern Front
1124:
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1120:Western Front
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1014:Puppet states
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997:
992:
988:
985:
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978:
974:
971:
967:
964:
960:
957:
956:Naval history
953:
950:
946:
943:
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923:
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920:
916:
913:
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904:
903:United States
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787:
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771:
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764:
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721:
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583:
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567:
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555:
550:
547:
543:
542:Hastings 2015
538:
535:
531:
526:
524:
522:
520:
516:
512:
507:
504:
500:
495:
492:
489:, p. 54.
488:
483:
480:
476:
475:Woodward 1975
471:
469:
467:
463:
459:
454:
451:
447:
443:
438:
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431:
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420:
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411:
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403:
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384:
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374:
373:Coastwatchers
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
356:
354:
352:
346:
345:
344:Elektra Sonne
339:
335:
334:Harry Hinsley
329:
327:
322:
320:
316:
312:
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291:
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269:
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185:
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157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
119:
117:
113:
110:in Spain and
109:
104:
99:
98:
89:
87:
84:
80:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
35:
30:
27:
22:
17:
3968:Bibliography
3951:
3764:Project Hula
3729:Vistula–Oder
3698:
3631:
3622:
3606:
3576:
3525:
3509:
3500:
3491:
3457:
3354:
3269:
3245:
3215:
2966:
2859:
2804:North Africa
2506:Soviet Union
2460:Soviet Union
2386:Soviet Union
2154:Vatican City
2064:Vichy France
1969:German Reich
1866:Soviet Union
1852:South Africa
1845:Sierra Leone
1798:Newfoundland
1617:Participants
1600:Marocchinate
1304:
1295:
1265:
1143:North Africa
1104:Indian Ocean
963:Nazi plunder
854:Cryptography
727:World War II
675:
670:Woodward, L.
651:
632:
613:
590:
571:
549:
537:
530:Hinsley 1981
511:Hinsley 1981
506:
494:
482:
477:, p. 8.
453:
442:Hinsley 1981
437:
415:Hinsley 1981
398:Hinsley 1981
337:
330:
323:
308:
292:
283:
276:Samuel Hoare
261:
248:Air Ministry
239:
230:
225:
189:
178:
176:
171:
136:Cape de Gata
120:
95:
93:
76:
24:Part of the
3699:Bodenplatte
3585:Gothic Line
2811:West Africa
2358:Philippines
2337:Netherlands
2202:Czech lands
2140:Switzerland
2084:Afghanistan
2035:Philippines
1903:Puerto Rico
1819:Philippines
1805:New Zealand
1791:Netherlands
1744:Free France
1495:Prosecution
1296:Osoaviakhim
1166:West Africa
1150:East Africa
797:Conferences
296:11/12 July.
244:R. V. Jones
212:separating
200:) Bodden. (
197:Unternehmen
94:The German
3991:Categories
3799:West Hunan
3632:Pointblank
2968:Silver Fox
2954:Summer War
2707:Winter War
2686:Phoney War
2467:Azerbaijan
2428:Yugoslavia
2323:Luxembourg
2165:Resistance
1912:Yugoslavia
1777:Luxembourg
1579:Sook Ching
1375:War crimes
977:Technology
970:Opposition
912:Lend-Lease
889:Australian
882:Home front
840:Blitzkrieg
790:Casualties
781:Commanders
753:Operations
563:References
554:Jones 1998
499:Payne 2008
458:Jones 1998
446:Payne 2008
430:Jones 1998
319:Royal Navy
286:, Admiral
232:Kim Philby
3864:Manchuria
3750:Indochina
3526:Bagration
2977:Lithuania
2622:Anschluss
2419:Viet Minh
2316:Lithuania
2258:Hong Kong
2028:Manchukuo
1983:Azad Hind
1642:Australia
1442:Aftermath
1305:Paperclip
1200:Aftermath
1000:Total war
868:Diplomacy
831:In Europe
487:Wigg 2005
264:Admiralty
256:twinkling
218:bolometer
128:Algeciras
71:1939–1944
56:Objective
3975:Category
3924:document
3834:document
3691:Ardennes
3675:Budapest
3623:Crossbow
3501:Overlord
3340:Smolensk
2558:Timeline
2393:Slovakia
2379:Thailand
2230:Ethiopia
2195:Bulgaria
2119:Portugal
2057:Thailand
1939:Bulgaria
1717:Eswatini
1710:Ethiopia
1663:Bulgaria
1488:Unit 731
1449:Response
1266:Keelhaul
1216:Cold War
1189:Americas
1180:timeline
1173:Atlantic
1053:Theaters
672:(1975).
357:See also
192:infrared
44:Location
3901:Shumshu
3668:Hungary
3615:Estonia
3599:Lapland
3577:Dragoon
3510:Neptune
3492:Ichi-Go
3458:Tempest
3400:Changde
3355:Cottage
3247:Jubilee
2963:Finland
2861:Compass
2567:Prelude
2520:Finland
2406:Vietnam
2372:Romania
2244:Germany
2223:Estonia
2209:Denmark
2188:Belgium
2181:Austria
2174:Albania
2105:Ireland
2091:Andorra
2075:Neutral
2042:Romania
1976:Hungary
1961:Finland
1833:Romania
1725:Finland
1703:Denmark
1649:Belgium
1635:Algeria
1341:Romania
1327:Hungary
1083:Pacific
807:General
761:Leaders
746:Battles
739:Outline
210:lagoons
156:Tangier
152:Melilla
3878:Debate
3850:Taipei
3843:Borneo
3421:Tarawa
2615:Europe
2576:Africa
2365:Poland
2351:Norway
2330:Malaya
2309:Latvia
2251:Greece
2237:France
2133:Sweden
2098:Bhutan
1826:Poland
1812:Norway
1784:Mexico
1751:Greece
1737:France
1675:Canada
1656:Brazil
1626:Allies
1572:Serbia
1561:Poland
1334:Poland
1320:Baltic
1113:Europe
815:Topics
767:Allied
684:
658:
639:
620:
601:
578:
284:Abwehr
240:Abwehr
226:Abwehr
214:Baltic
204:Bodden
179:Abwehr
172:Abwehr
164:Tetuan
160:Tarifa
148:Málaga
97:Abwehr
83:Allied
61:Allied
3654:Leyte
3484:Narva
3470:Anzio
3428:Makin
3386:Burma
3270:Torch
3239:Rzhev
3200:Kiska
2286:Korea
2272:Japan
2265:Italy
2147:Tibet
2126:Spain
2004:Italy
1765:Italy
1758:India
1682:China
1557:Japan
1157:Italy
1069:China
1021:Women
379:Notes
222:Ultra
144:Ceuta
3720:1945
3448:1944
3289:1943
3217:Blue
3207:Attu
3114:1942
2873:1941
2725:1940
2663:1939
2592:Asia
2439:POWs
2279:Jews
1997:Iraq
1923:Axis
1873:Tuva
1689:Cuba
774:Axis
682:ISBN
656:ISBN
637:ISBN
618:ISBN
599:ISBN
576:ISBN
162:and
68:Date
351:Gee
236:MI6
234:of
3993::
3468:/
593:.
518:^
465:^
422:^
405:^
386:^
353:.
158:,
154:,
150:,
146:,
142:,
138:,
134:,
130:,
126:,
118:.
2971:)
2965:(
1839:)
1835:(
1771:)
1767:(
1731:)
1727:(
1669:)
1665:(
719:e
712:t
705:v
664:.
645:.
626:.
607:.
584:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
