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now concluded that the decline in duck populations was due to the decline in sub-aquatic vegetation acreage. Today the population has stabilized and is even increasing slightly, although it is nowhere near previous levels. Studies have now shown that by the 1970s four-fifths of the ducks' diet was made up of
701:
population. By 1985, there were only 50,000 ducks wintering there, or one-tenth of the population. Canvasbacks were extensively hunted around the start of the 20th century, but federal hunting regulations now restrict their harvest, so hunting is ruled out as a cause for the decline. Scientists have
525:
is bright red in the spring, but duller in the winter. The adult female (hen) also has a black bill, a light brown head and neck, grading into a darker brown chest and foreback. The sides, flanks, and back are grayish brown. The bill is blackish and the legs and feet are bluish-gray. Its sloping
520:
averaged 1,252 g (2.760 lb) and 54 females there averaged 1,154 g (2.544 lb). The canvasback has a distinctive wedge-shaped head and long graceful neck. The adult male (drake) has a black bill, a chestnut red head and neck, a black breast, a grayish back, black rump, and a
677:
673:, which can make up 100% of its diet at times. The canvasback has large webbed feet adapted for diving and its bill helps it dig tubers from the substrate. In the late 1930s, studies showed that four-fifths of the food eaten by canvasbacks was plant material.
756:
Populations have fluctuated widely. Low levels in the 1980s put the canvasback on lists of special concern, but numbers increased greatly in the 1990s. The canvasback is particularly vulnerable to drought and wetland drainage on the prairies of North
America.
549:. Loss of nesting habitat has caused populations to decline. The canvasback usually takes a new mate each year, pairing in late winter on ocean bays. It prefers to nest over water on permanent prairie marshes surrounded by emergent vegetation, such as
1153:
764:, but are effectively conserved by protecting the places where they nest, even though they may be hunted away from their breeding grounds. Protecting key feeding and breeding grounds is key for conserving many types of migratory birds.
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blackish brown tail. The drake's sides, back, and belly are white with fine vermiculation resembling the weave of a canvas, which gave rise to the bird's common name. The bill is blackish and the legs and feet are bluish-gray. The
572:
It has a clutch size of approximately 5–11 eggs, which are greenish drab. The chicks are covered in down at hatching and able to leave the nest soon after. The canvasback sometimes lays its eggs in other canvasback nests and
668:
The canvasback feeds mainly by diving, sometimes dabbling, mostly eating seeds, buds, leaves, tubers, roots, snails, and insect larvae. Besides its namesake, wild celery, the canvasback shows a preference for the tubers of
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It ranges from 48–56 cm (19–22 in) in length and weighs 862–1,600 g (1.900–3.527 lb), with a wingspan of 79–89 cm (31–35 in). It is the largest species in the genus
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are ideal wintering habitat for canvasbacks. A small number of birds are also known to have crossed the
Atlantic, with several sightings being recorded in the
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730:, and their flavor was attributed to their diet of wild celery. By the end of the century, though, they had become "scarce, expensive, or unobtainable".
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2059:
1888:
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706:, which are very common in the Chesapeake Bay: the ducks have been able to adapt to the decline in sub-aquatic vegetation by changing their diet.
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dish in mid-19th-century
America. They were rarely found on everyday menus, and often featured at banquets. They were generally sourced from
459:
are the canvasback's preferred food during the nonbreeding period. The celery genus is itself named for seventeenth century
Italian botanist
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1911:
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SAV… It’s What’s for Dinner, Developed by Martha Shaum, Aquatic
Resources Education Program, Maryland Department of Natural Resources
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1701:
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1001:
Larkin, Paul; Mercer. They can also be seen in
Singapore. David (March 2004). "Canvasback in Kent: new to Britain".
2007:
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2015:
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The duck's common name is based on early
European inhabitants of North America's assertion that its back was a
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In the early 1950s it was estimated that there were 225,000 canvasbacks wintering in the
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in
January 1997. At least five more sightings have since been confirmed in England.
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but with a heavier and more compact build than it. 191 males wintering in western
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Paul
Freedman, "American Restaurants and Cuisine in the Mid-Nineteenth Century",
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Mowbray, Thomas B. (2020-03-04). Poole, Alan F; Gill, Frank B (eds.).
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Freedman, "Terrapin Monster", p. 51-64 of Dina Khapaeva, ed.,
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1116:. Vol. 17. Philadelphia, PA: The Birds of North America, Inc.
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in the 1870s. Canvasback duck was a canonical element, along with
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621:(SAV) in the bay, their range has shifted south towards the LMAV.
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wintered the majority of canvasbacks, but with the recent loss of
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described the canvasback in 1814. The genus name is derived from
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to wintering grounds in the mid-Atlantic United States and the
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636:. In December 1996, a canvasback was observed in a quarry in
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Many species of ducks, including the canvasback, are highly
1088:
Man-Eating Monsters: Anthropocentrism and Popular Culture
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bays and marshes with abundant submergent vegetation and
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947:by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (2008),
740:sauce as an especially luxurious dinner served in
640:, which was followed by an additional sighting in
809:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680364A92858752.en
718:Canvasback ducks were a particularly prestigious
366:
541:. The bulky nest is built from vegetation in a
2157:Taxa named by Alexander Wilson (ornithologist)
2147:Native birds of the Northwestern United States
1136:- USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
945:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses, 2nd Edition
1230:
534:The breeding habitat of the canvasback is in
470:-like color. In other languages it is just a
8:
836:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
526:profile distinguishes it from other ducks.
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1245:Game animals and shooting in North America
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609:to wintering grounds along the coast of
603:Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley (LMAV)
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410:, the largest found in North America.
2142:Native birds of the Canadian Prairies
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839:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
7:
2162:Extant Pleistocene first appearances
1871:3dbc0b9c-ddda-47b1-b312-9b03a9a0d2ae
1108:Mowbray, T. B. (2002). "Canvasback (
664:), a favorite food of the canvasback
597:The canvasback migrates through the
2122:IUCN Red List least concern species
1112:)". In Poole, A.; Gill, F. (eds.).
795:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
387:Listen to Canvasback on xeno-canto
25:
588:Drake canvasback stretching wings
433:mentioned by authors, including
371:
181:
784:BirdLife International (2016).
2137:Native birds of Western Canada
1:
1917:canvasback-aythya-valisineria
512:, being similar in size to a
418:Scottish-American naturalist
1156:at VIREO (Drexel University)
736:refers to canvasback with
619:submerged aquatic vegetation
445:comes from the wild celery
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1186:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
1114:The Birds of North America
880:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
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1160:Interactive range map of
1064:The New England Quarterly
899:Dictionary.com Unabridged
833:Jobling, James A (2010).
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1154:Canvasback photo gallery
1146:Internet Bird Collection
1028:Flora of North America:
802:: e.T22680364A92858752.
2152:Birds described in 1814
1050:April 19, 2011, at the
2132:Native birds of Alaska
1451:Cougar (mountain lion)
1332:
1069::1:5-59 (March 2011),
746:Terrapin à la Maryland
690:
689:Canvasback duck diving
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141:Female with ducklings
2068:Paleobiology Database
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1194:10.2173/bow.canvas.01
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448:Vallisneria americana
1866:Fauna Europaea (new)
1303:Snipe (common snipe)
1283:Ring-necked pheasant
1075:10.1162/TNEQ_a_00066
914:"Aythya valisineria"
613:. Historically, the
565:and the interior of
480:morillon à dos blanc
1298:Sharp-tailed grouse
1268:Hungarian partridge
1030:Stuckenia pectinata
934:. 15 December 2015.
662:Stuckenia pectinata
441:. The species name
269:A. valisineria
148:Conservation status
41:Pleistocene–present
2099:Aythya-valisineria
1731:aythya-valisineria
1718:Aythya_valisineria
1693:Aythya valisineria
1663:Aythya valisineria
1522:American alligator
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1182:Birds of the World
1176:Aythya valisineria
1167:IUCN Red List maps
1162:Aythya valisineria
1141:"Canvasback media"
1133:Aythya valisineria
1110:Aythya valisineria
788:Aythya valisineria
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599:Mississippi Flyway
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581:canvasback nests.
461:Antonio Vallisneri
429:, an unidentified
406:) is a species of
403:Aythya valisineria
349:Aythya vallisneria
287:Aythya valisineria
18:Aythya valisineria
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1466:White-tailed deer
1331:Waterfowl hunters
953:978-1-4200-6444-5
850:978-1-4081-2501-4
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472:white-backed duck
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1577:Snowshoe hare
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671:sago pondweed
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658:Sago Pondweed
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1633:Wolf hunting
1608:Deer hunting
1593:Bear hunting
1542:Fox squirrel
1515:Other quarry
1393:Ross's goose
1373:Lesser scaup
1357:
1353:Canada goose
1205:. Retrieved
1181:
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1103:
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1077:, pp. 36, 39
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984:. Retrieved
977:"Canvasback"
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894:"Canvasback"
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872:"Canvasback"
835:
813:. Retrieved
799:
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752:Conservation
738:blackcurrant
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704:Baltic Clams
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563:Saskatchewan
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286:
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255:
235:Anseriformes
29:
2016:Neotropical
1977:NatureServe
1925:iNaturalist
1687:Wikispecies
1613:Fox hunting
1009:: 139–144.
986:23 November
815:12 November
502:Description
443:valisineria
408:diving duck
2116:Categories
2094:Xeno-canto
2060:canvasback
1904:canvasback
1501:Polar bear
1496:Dall sheep
1436:Brown bear
1426:Black bear
1398:Snow goose
1358:Canvasback
1348:Black duck
1251:Game birds
1207:2021-04-20
768:References
656:Tubers of
611:California
579:parasitize
398:canvasback
35:Canvasback
1486:Pronghorn
1481:Mule deer
1431:Razorback
1403:Wood duck
1340:Waterfowl
1288:Ptarmigan
1202:216414904
1015:0007-0335
762:migratory
626:estuarine
605:, or the
593:Migration
559:subarctic
555:bulrushes
439:Aristotle
435:Hesychius
263:Species:
201:Kingdom:
195:Eukaryota
1982:2.105229
1969:22680364
1943:10884721
1806:45510575
1757:22680364
1752:BirdLife
1672:Wikidata
1586:See also
1547:Gray fox
1413:Big game
1318:Woodcock
1048:Archived
724:Maryland
708:Redheads
623:Brackish
575:redheads
551:cattails
530:Breeding
518:New York
457:rhizomes
414:Taxonomy
341:Synonyms
245:Anatidae
241:Family:
215:Chordata
211:Phylum:
205:Animalia
191:Domain:
168:IUCN 3.1
1894:2498256
1739:Avibase
1678:Q378533
1628:Fishing
1623:Whaling
1572:Red fox
1567:Raccoon
1557:Opossum
1446:Caribou
1388:Redhead
1378:Mallard
1363:Gadwall
1098:, p. 59
918:Avibase
843:, 398.
714:Cuisine
642:Norfolk
514:mallard
484:Spanish
431:seabird
427:aithuia
297:, 1814)
251:Genus:
231:Order:
221:Class:
166: (
107:↓
2127:Aythya
2086:159173
2073:133774
2047:159173
2021:canvas
2008:110915
1956:175129
1901:GNAB:
1878:FEIS:
1840:EURING
1832:100640
1819:AYTHVA
1793:canvas
1767:canvas
1726:ARKive
1706:canvas
1562:Rabbit
1537:Coyote
1532:Bobcat
1527:Badger
1506:Whales
1491:Muskox
1313:Turkey
1263:Chukar
1200:
1094:
1013:
951:
847:
577:often
567:Alaska
509:Aythya
492:Mexico
476:French
468:canvas
355:lapsus
332:
326:
320:
314:
295:Wilson
256:Aythya
2081:WoRMS
1938:IRMNG
1858:96514
1827:EUNIS
1788:eBird
1764:BOW:
1461:Moose
1198:S2CID
543:marsh
490:. In
482:, or
424:Greek
127:Male
2055:ODNR
2042:OBIS
2003:NCBI
1964:IUCN
1951:ITIS
1930:7057
1889:GBIF
1881:ayva
1845:1970
1814:EPPO
1780:K56Z
1471:Wolf
1092:ISBN
1011:ISSN
988:2009
949:ISBN
845:ISBN
817:2021
800:2016
726:and
720:game
648:Diet
638:Kent
553:and
547:down
523:iris
455:and
453:buds
437:and
396:The
225:Aves
46:PreꞒ
2034:783
1990:NBN
1912:IBC
1801:EoL
1775:CoL
1713:ADW
1702:ABA
1456:Elk
1190:doi
1165:at
1071:doi
804:doi
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