701:
protect the new ligament and stabilize the knee. Finally, functional training specific to the activities required for certain sports is begun. Delaying return to sport is recommended for at least a minimum of nine months, as retear rates become 7x more likely for those returning prior to 9 months. Additionally, it takes around 2 years for the ACL to mature; however, it is unrealistic to expect athletes to wait two years to return to sports. Another factor to consider is that 30% of retear rates occur within the first 30 athletic exposures and 50% within the first 72 athletic exposures. Lastly, a patient reduces their likelihood of a retear with each month they delay return to sport after the 9 month mark. In the pediatric setting, re-ruptures of the ACL post surgically are prevalent, 94.6% of which require a revision surgery. Without proper rehabilitation, growth or angular deformities can occur, also requiring a revision surgery. Patients need to ensure their physical therapist is experienced with treating ACL patients as many therapists can set their patients up for failure. More than half of physical therapists still utilize manual muscle testing techniques to measure leg strength for return to sports which is subjective and not reliable data. In addition, there is no agreed upon criteria for return to sport however there are considerations a therapist should make before clearing their patient. Patients should be put through battery of tests throughout their rehab to ensure their prepared for the demands of their sport. The tests should include a psychological component, plyometric testing, strength symmetry between both lower limbs, and different functional movement assessments that relate to the patients sport.
587:
restoring them to 79% of healthy tissue strength after a period of immobilization. Surprisingly, there is a lack of published peer-reviewed studies showing that training can significantly increase strength in healthy ACL tissues through collagen regeneration. Moreover, research indicates that collagen concentration and ligament force tolerance in healthy ACL tissues decrease with age, highlighting the importance of reducing ACL loads. This can be achieved by adjusting athletes' technique during sports activities to lessen external joint loading or by enhancing the strength and activation of knee-supporting muscles when external joint loading is high.
497:. The pivot-shift test involves flexing the knee while holding onto the ankle and slightly rotating the tibia inwards. In the anterior drawer test, the examiner flexes the knees to 90 degrees, sits on the person's feet, and gently pulls the tibia towards themself. The Lachman test is performed by placing one hand on the person's thigh and the other on the tibia and pulling the tibia forward. These tests are meant to test whether the ACL is intact and therefore able to limit the forward motion of the tibia. The Lachman test is recognized by most authorities as the most reliable and sensitive of the three.
377:, there is no observed difference in frequency of ACL tears between the sexes. Changes in sex hormone levels, specifically elevated levels of estrogen and relaxin in females during the menstrual cycle, have been hypothesized as causing predisposition of ACL ruptures. This is because they may increase joint laxity and extensibility of the soft tissues surrounding the knee joint. Ongoing research has observed a greater occurrence of ACL injuries in females during ovulation and fewer injuries during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle.
365:
training, in reducing ACL injury risk among adolescent females. However, evidence supporting this approach for adult sport-active populations, both male and female, is limited. Two underdeveloped areas are the specificity of exercises used in interventions and the consideration of athletes' experiences, including adherence and motivation. Therefore, there is a need for injury prevention researchers to optimize training content and delivery methods to better translate research findings for diverse sport populations of varying ages and genders.
501:
mechanical causes of musculoskeletal injuries and diseases. However, measuring force at joint, muscle, tendon, and articular surfaces, especially in the knee, is complex and relies heavily on intricate modeling of motion capture and medical imaging data. This complexity has limited the involvement of biomechanists in designing, implementing, and evaluating prophylactic training interventions and neuromuscular rehabilitation programs.
510:
334:
684:. Asymmetry in the repaired knee is a possibility and has been found to have a large effect between limbs for peak vertical ground reaction force, peak knee-extension moment, and loading rate during double-limb landings, as well as mean knee-extension moment and knee energy absorption during both double- and single-limb landings. Analysis of joint symmetry along with movement patterns should be a part of
242:. Following surgery rehabilitation involves slowly expanding the range of motion of the joint, and strengthening the muscles around the knee. Surgery, if recommended, is generally not performed until the initial inflammation from the injury has resolved. It should also be taken into precaution to build up as much strength in the muscle that the cadaver is being taken from to reduce risk of injury.
653:"). The graft serves as scaffolding upon which new ligament tissue will grow. Of the three different kinds of autografts, quadriceps tendon grafts have shown to produce less pain at the site of the harvest when compared to patellar tendon and hamstring tendon grafts. Quadriceps tendon grafts have also been shown to produce better results when it comes to knee stability and function.
50:
521:, which provides images of the soft tissues like ligaments and cartilage around the knee. It may also permit visualization of other structures which may have been coincidentally involved, such as the menisci or collateral ligaments. An x-ray may be performed in addition to evaluate whether one of the bones in the knee joint was broken during the injury.
574:
increase the likelihood of ACL tear. There is evidence that engaging in neuromuscular training (NMT), which focus on hamstring strengthening, balance, and overall stability to reduce risk of injury by enhancing movement patterns during high risk movements. Such programs are beneficial for all athletes, particularly adolescent female athletes.
268:
763:
balance exercises that help the return to sport protocol include the triple hops, tuck jumps and box jumps, nordic hamstrings and squats with hip abduction. Neuromuscular training is also very important in return to sport. Progressive perturbations on unstable surfaces that test unilateral and bilateral stance.
458:
451:
783:
Long term complications of ACL injury include early onset arthritis of the knee and/or re-tearing the ligament. Factors that increase risk of arthritis include severity of the initial injury, injury to other structures in the knee, and level of activity following treatment. Not repairing tears to the
718:
Unsupervised exercise is recommended for patients recovering from ACL reconstructive surgery. Patients who have reduced access to physical therapy and/or have high motivation and are compliant to perform their rehabilitation are encouraged to exercise independently. Patients who are not well educated
691:
Tampa Scale of
Kinesiophobia, and a question from the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score quality of life subscale.Results showed that nine athletes sustained a second ACL injury Athletes who experienced a second ACL injury had higher scores on the ACL-RSI and on the risk appraisal questions
621:
The purpose of exercise treatment is to restore the normal functioning of the muscular and balance system around the knee. Research has demonstrated that by training the muscles around the knee appropriately through exercise treatment, the body can 'learn' to control the knee again, and despite extra
484:
Most ACL injuries can be diagnosed by examining the knee and comparing it to the other, non-injured knee. When a doctor suspects ACL injury in a person who reports a popping sound in the knee followed by swelling, pain, and instability of the knee joint, they can perform several tests to evaluate the
384:
Additionally, female pelvises widen during puberty through the influence of sex hormones. This wider pelvis requires the femur to angle toward the knees. This angle towards the knee is referred to as the Q angle. The average Q angle for men is 14 degrees and the average for women is 17 degrees. Steps
352:
The ligament dominance theory suggests that when females athletes land after a jump, their muscles do not sufficiently absorb the impact of the ground. As a result, the ligaments of the knee must absorb the force, leading to a higher risk of injury. Quadriceps dominance refers to a tendency of female
292:
These movements cause the tibia to shift away from the femur rapidly, placing strain on the knee joint and potentially leading to rupture of the ACL. About 80% of ACL injuries occur without direct trauma. Risk factors include female anatomy, specific sports, poor conditioning, fatigue, and playing on
804:
There are around 200,000 ACL tears each year in the United States. ACL tears newly occur in about 69 per 100,000 per year with rates in males of 82 per 100,000 and females of 59 per 100,000. When breaking down rates based on age and sex, females between the ages of 14 and 18 had the highest rates of
766:
A program of five phases of rehab was created to recover and return to sport post ACLR. Phase one consisted of ROM and mobility, diminish pain and swelling, and strengthen the quadriceps muscles. Phase two is jogging on the treadmill. Phase three started agility drills in different body planes, fast
577:
Injury prevention programs (IPPs), are reliable in reducing the risk factors of ACL inquiries, referring to dominance theories. The ligament dominance theory reduced peak knee abduction moment but should be more focused on prioritizing individualized, task-specific exercises focusing on an athlete's
2947:
James, Evan W.; Dawkins, Brody J.; Schachne, Jonathan M.; Ganley, Theodore J.; Kocher, Mininder S.; PLUTO Study Group; Anderson, Christian N.; Busch, Michael T.; Chambers, Henry G.; Christino, Melissa A.; Cordasco, Frank A.; Edmonds, Eric W.; Green, Daniel W.; Heyworth, Benton E.; Lawrence, J. Todd
816:
High school athletes are at increased risk for ACL tears when compared to non-athletes. Among high school girls in the US, the sport with the highest risk of ACL tear is soccer, followed by basketball and lacrosse. In the US women's basketball and soccer experience the most ACL tears then all other
795:
Unfortunately, young female athletes have a significant risk of re-tearing an ACL graft, or tearing the ACL on the other knee after their recovery. This risk has been recorded as being nearly 1 out of every 4 young athletes. Therefore, athletes should be screened for any neuromuscular deficit (i.e.
752:
Whole-body vibration is effective as an additional intervention to improve quadriceps strength and static balance. However, there have been reported complications of pain and swelling due to use of this intervention. It is recommended to refrain from using this modality due to the complications and
704:
There are numerous guidelines regarding ACL rehabilitation recommendations and interventions. A Guideline
Development Group (GDG), composed of impartial clinical and methodology experts, was formed and tasked with converting evidence into recommendations. Each member graded proposed recommendations
664:
Young athletes or anyone opting for ACL surgery should consider delaying their surgery and completing a 4-6 week prehabilitation program. Although there is no consensus on what rehab should consist of, some of the basic parameters include restoring range of motion, decreasing swelling, and ensuring
586:
One effective strategy to lower ACL injury risk is to enhance tissue strength, thereby improving its ability to withstand greater loads. Studies have demonstrated that exercise can stimulate collagen regeneration in medial collateral ligamentous tissues of rabbits and ACL tissues of Rhesus monkeys,
573:
Researchers have found that female athletes often land with the knees relatively straight and collapsing inwards towards each other, with most of their bodyweight on a single foot and their upper body tilting to one side; these four factors put excessive strain on the ligaments on the knee and thus
552:
An injury to a ligament is called a sprain. The
American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons defines ACL injury in terms of severity and classifies them as Grade 1, 2, or 3 sprains. Grade 1 sprains occur when the ligament is stretched slightly but the stability of the knee joint is not affected. Grade 2
762:
Exercise interventions to help prevent secondary injury in return to sport. Exercise interventions consists of neuromuscular training, strength training, agility drills, and plyometrics. Exercises that are chosen are complementary of risk factors that could cause an ACL injury. Some plyometric and
745:
A low-load blood flow restriction (BFR) is encouraged, along with standardized care, in the early phase of rehabilitation. This modality can improve quadriceps and hamstring strength, especially in individuals experiencing increased knee pain and/or cannot tolerate loads applied to the knee joint.
737:
Cryotherapy is inexpensive and easy to use. It also results in a high level of patient satisfaction and rarely has adverse events. The use of this modality is warranted in the early phase of postoperative management. Patients should be educated on how to safely apply cryotherapy to prevent injury.
668:
The
American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons has stated that there is moderate evidence to support the guideline that ACL reconstruction should occur within five months of injury in order to improve a person's function and protect the knee from further injury; however, additional studies need to be
393:
During puberty, sex hormones also affect the remodeled shape of soft tissues throughout the body. The tissue remodeling results in female ACLs that are smaller and will fail (i.e. tear) at lower loading forces, and differences in ligament and muscular stiffness between men and women. Women's knees
296:
Injuries to the ACL are common, 250,000 ACL injuries occur on an annual basis. This corresponds to a 1 in 3,000 chance of an individual sustaining an ACL injury. Ligaments in the ACL or meniscus are usually torn with an external force being applied to the knee joint. The ACL can be torn without an
245:
About 200,000 people are affected per year in the United States. In some sports, women have a higher risk of ACL injury, while in others, both sexes are equally affected. While adults with a complete tear have a higher rate of later knee osteoarthritis, treatment strategy does not appear to change
779:
The prognosis of ACL injury is generally good, with many people regaining function of the injured leg within months. ACL injury used to be a career-ending injury for competitive athletes; however, in recent years ACL reconstruction surgery followed by physical therapy has allowed many athletes to
741:
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is strongly recommended in the earliest phase after surgery. This modality will stimulate muscle activation while reducing the expected disuse muscle atrophy. In the early phase, NMES can be used during functional activities to further develop strength.
625:
Typically, this approach involves visiting a physical therapist or sports medicine professional soon after injury to oversee an intensive, structured program of exercises. Other treatments may be used initially, such as hands-on therapies in order to reduce pain. The physiotherapist will act as a
617:
Nonsurgical treatment for ACL rupture involves progressive, structured rehabilitation that aims to restore muscle strength, dynamic knee control and psychological confidence. A living systematic review with meta-analysis, updated in 2022, showed on the basis of three randomised controlled trials
582:
and jump-landing tasks, which reduces the risk of quadriceps dominance. However, there were no changes found for peak vGRF (vertical ground reaction force), which measures for "softer" landings. Unfortunately, there was no conclusive data on how IPPs reduces the risk associated with leg dominance
535:
Another form of evaluation that may be used in case physical examination and MRI are inconclusive is laximetry testing (i.e. arthrometry and stress imaging), which involve applying a force to the leg and quantifying the resulting displacement of the knee. These medical devices basically replicate
364:
Governments and healthcare professionals acknowledge the high incidence of ACL injuries and have dedicated significant research efforts to prevention and rehabilitation. Studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of diverse training methods, such as balance, plyometric, resistance, and technique
254:
When an individual has an ACL injury, they are likely to hear a "pop" in their knee followed by pain and swelling. They may also experience instability in the knee once they resume walking and other activities, as the ligament can no longer stabilize the knee joint and keep the tibia from sliding
660:
or tiny camera inserted inside the knee, with additional small incisions made around the knee to insert surgical instruments. This method is less invasive and is proven to result in less pain from surgery, less time in the hospital, and quicker recovery times than "open" surgery (in which a long
348:
Some studies have suggested that there are four neuromuscular imbalances that predispose women to higher incidence of ACL injury. Female athletes are more likely to jump and land with their knees relatively straight and collapsing in towards each other, while most of their bodyweight falls on a
770:
In ACL-SPORTS programs an athlete must pass a predetermined return-to-sport test. The requirements are limb symmetry, there good sided leg strength is symmetrical to the ACLR side, of 90% in the quadriceps strength test, 90% in each of the four single-legged hop tests, 90% on the Knee
Outcomes
714:
Pre-operative rehabilitation is strongly recommended in order to improve post-operative quadriceps strength, knee range of motion and may decrease the time to return to sport. At least one pre-operative visit can be helpful to determine if there is sufficient voluntary muscle activation and to
700:
The goals of rehabilitation following an ACL injury are to regain knee strength and motion. If an individual with an ACL injury undergoes surgery, the rehabilitation process will first focus on slowly increasing the range of motion of the joint, then on strengthening the surrounding muscles to
409:
The knee joint is formed by three bones: the femur (thighbone), the tibia (shinbone), and the patella (kneecap). These bones are held together by ligaments, which are strong bands of tissue that keep the joint stable while an individual is walking, running, jumping, etc. There are two types of
629:
Non-surgical recovery typically takes three to six months, and depends on the extent of the original injury, pre-existing fitness and commitment to the rehabilitation and sporting goals. Some patients may not be satisfied with the outcome of non-surgical management, and opt for surgery later.
569:
Interest in reducing non-contact ACL injury has been intense. The
International Olympic Committee, after a comprehensive review of preventive strategies, has stated that injury prevention programs have a measurable effect on reducing injuries. These programs are especially important in female
500:
Technological innovations like stop-action photography, force platforms, and programmable computers have propelled biomechanics into a key research area within the human sciences. Advances in motion capture, musculoskeletal modeling, and human simulation have deepened our understanding of the
324:
Differences between males and females identified as potential causes are the active muscular protection of the knee joint, differences in leg/pelvis alignment, and relative ligament laxity caused by differences in hormonal activity from estrogen and relaxin. Birth control pills also appear to
733:
Continuous passive motion does not offer additional benefit for pain, range of motion, or swelling when compared to active motion exercises. It is recommended against using this modality because of this, as well as it being time-consuming and costly. Modal agreement: “strongly agree” (mean:
258:
Reduced range of motion of the knee and tenderness along the joint line are also common signs of an acute ACL injury. The pain and swelling may resolve on its own; however, the knee will remain unstable and returning to sport without treatment may result in further damage to the knee.
553:
sprains occur when the ligament is stretched to the point that it becomes loose; this is also referred to as a partial tear. Grade 3 sprains occur when the ligament is completely torn into two pieces, and the knee joint is no longer stable. This is the most common type of ACL injury.
669:
done to determine the best time for surgery and to better understand the effect of timing on clinical outcomes. However, delaying ACL reconstruction in pediatric and adolescent populations for more than 3 months has been shown to increase the risk or meniscus injuries significantly.
401:, 31% of female athletes recruited the quadriceps femoris muscle first as compared to 17% in males. Because of the elevated contraction of the quadriceps femoris muscle during physical activity, an increased strain is placed onto the ACL due to the "tibial translation anteriorly".
360:
in performance situations as evidenced by greater activation of the internal oblique muscle. Female athletes are more likely to land with their upper body tilted to one side and more weight on one leg than the other, therefore placing greater rotational force on their knees.
722:
Duration of rehabilitation protocol is specific to an individual’s needs and demonstration of their ability to safely return to preinjury level. Accelerated timelines can be used under the right conditions and without adverse events. Modal agreement: “strongly agree” (mean:
767:
bursting movements. Phase 4 starts plyometrics, jumping with both feet. Finally phase five progresses the bilateral jumps to unilateral leg hops. In the later stages the rehabilitation program should be tailored towards the primary sport the athlete is trying to return to.
618:
that primary rehabilitation with optional surgical reconstruction produces outcomes similar to early surgical reconstruction. In some cases the ACL may heal without surgery during the rehabilitation process—the torn pieces re-unite to form a functional ligament.
305:
Female athletes are two to eight times more likely to strain their ACL in sports that involve cutting and jumping as compared to men who play the same particular sports. NCAA data has found relative rates of injury per 1000 athlete exposures as follows:
353:
athletes to preferentially use the quadriceps muscles to stabilize the knee joint. Given that the quadriceps muscles work to pull the tibia forward, an overpowering contraction of the quadriceps can place strain on the ACL, increasing risk of injury.
644:
ACL reconstruction surgery involves replacing the torn ACL with a "graft," which is a tendon taken from another source. Grafts can be taken from the patellar tendon, hamstring tendon, quadriceps tendon from either the person undergoing the procedure
3886:
3871:
719:
on body mechanics should have exercise programs individually prescribed and be monitored to ensure proper execution of rehabilitation protocol to prevent progression with adverse events. Modal agreement: “strongly agree” (mean: 84.7%)
320:
The highest rate of ACL injury in women occurred in gymnastics, with a rate of injury per 1000 athlete exposures of 0.33. Of the four sports with the highest ACL injury rates, three were women's – gymnastics, basketball and soccer.
349:
single foot and their upper body tilts to one side. Several theories have been described to further explain these imbalances. These include the ligament dominance, quadriceps dominance, leg dominance, and trunk dominance theories.
3751:
Gornitzky AL, Lott A, Yellin JL, Fabricant PD, Lawrence JT, Ganley TJ (October 2016). "Sport-Specific Yearly Risk and
Incidence of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears in High School Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".
692:
of the ACL-RSI, and they met RTS criteria sooner than athletes who did not sustain a second ACL injury. After reading, all second ACL injuries occurred in athletes who underwent primary ACL with hamstring tendon autografts.
1764:
Dragoo JL, Castillo TN, Braun HJ, Ridley BA, Kennedy AC, Golish SR (October 2011). "Prospective correlation between serum relaxin concentration and anterior cruciate ligament tears among elite collegiate female athletes".
556:
Around half of ACL injuries occur in conjunction with injury to other structures in the knee, including the other ligaments, menisci, or cartilage on the surface of the bones. A specific pattern of injury called the
2418:
Dekker TJ, Godin JA, Dale KM, Garrett WE, Taylor DC, Riboh JC (June 2017). "Return to Sport After
Pediatric Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction and Its Effect on Subsequent Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury".
2006:
van Eck CF, van den
Bekerom MP, Fu FH, Poolman RW, Kerkhoffs GM (August 2013). "Methods to diagnose acute anterior cruciate ligament rupture: a meta-analysis of physical examinations with and without anaesthesia".
561:" (also known as the "terrible triad," or "O'Donoghue's triad") involves injury to the ACL, MCL, and medial meniscus, and occurs when a lateral force is applied to the knee while the foot is fixed on the ground.
380:
Study results have shown that female collegiate athletes with concentration levels of relaxin that are greater than 6.0 pg/mL are at four times higher risk of an ACL tear than those with lower concentrations.
1051:
Prodromos CC, Han Y, Rogowski J, Joyce B, Shi K (December 2007). "A meta-analysis of the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament tears as a function of gender, sport, and a knee injury-reduction regimen".
187:
The underlying mechanism often involves a rapid change in direction, sudden stop, landing after a jump, or direct contact to the knee. It is more common in athletes, particularly those who participate in
524:
MRI is perhaps the most used technique for diagnosing the state of the ACL, but it is not always the most reliable technique as the ACL can be obscured by blood that fills the joint after an injury.
164:(ACL) is either stretched, partially torn, or completely torn. The most common injury is a complete tear. Symptoms include pain, an audible cracking sound during injury, instability of the knee, and
784:
ACL can sometimes cause damage to the cartilage inside the knee because with the torn ACL, the tibia and femur bone are more likely to rub against each other. Nevertheless, ACL tears alone increase
665:
there is adequate quadriceps strength. Patients that received a 4-6 week prehab program had better outcomes in the acute phases of surgery, while the outcomes 3-6+months out are still inconclusive
3629:
Sanders TL, Maradit
Kremers H, Bryan AJ, Larson DR, Dahm DL, Levy BA, et al. (June 2016). "Incidence of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tears and Reconstruction: A 21-Year Population-Based Study".
825:
Cruciate ligament rupture is a common orthopedic disorder in dogs. A study of insurance data showed the majority of the breeds with increased risk of cruciate ligament rupture were large or giant.
3389:
Kotsifaki, Roula; Korakakis, Vasileios; King, Enda; Barbosa, Olivia; Maree, Dustin; Pantouveris, Michail; Bjerregaard, Andreas; Luomajoki, Julius; Wilhelmsen, Jan; Whiteley, Rodney (March 2023).
817:
sports. The highest risk sport for high school boys in the US was basketball, followed by lacrosse and soccer. In basketball, women are 5-8 times more likely to experience an ACL tear than men.
813:
Rates of re-rupture among college athletes were highest in male football players with 15 per 10,000, followed by female gymnasts with 8 per 10,000 and female soccer players with 5.2 per 10,000.
3964:
2808:"Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Outcomes for Quadriceps Tendon Autograft Versus Bone-Patellar Tendon-Bone and Hamstring-Tendon Autografts"
356:
Leg dominance describes the observation that women tend to place more weight on one leg than another. Finally, trunk dominance suggests that males typically exhibit greater control of the
1632:
Emery CA, Roy TO, Whittaker JL, Nettel-Aguirre A, van Mechelen W (July 2015). "Neuromuscular training injury prevention strategies in youth sport: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
771:
Survey-Activities of Daily Living scale (KOS-ADLs), and in general rating of self-perceived knee function. All athletes should achieve greater than 90% limb symmetry of good sided 1RM.
1009:"Specific exercise effects of preventive neuromuscular training intervention on anterior cruciate ligament injury risk reduction in young females: meta-analysis and subgroup analysis"
961:
Hewett TE, Ford KR, Myer GD (March 2006). "Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes: Part 2, a meta-analysis of neuromuscular interventions aimed at injury prevention".
3579:"Biomechanical measures during landing and postural stability predict second anterior cruciate ligament injury after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and return to sport"
3003:
Mall NA, Chalmers PN, Moric M, Tanaka MJ, Cole BJ, Bach BR, Paletta GA (October 2014). "Incidence and trends of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in the United States".
2950:"Early Operative Versus Delayed Operative Versus Nonoperative Treatment of Pediatric and Adolescent Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
385:
can be taken to reduce this Q angle, such as using orthotics. The relatively wider female hip and widened Q angle may lead to an increased likelihood of ACL tears in women.
1312:
Faryniarz DA, Bhargava M, Lajam C, Attia ET, Hannafin JA (2006). "Quantitation of estrogen receptors and relaxin binding in human anterior cruciate ligament fibroblasts".
3530:"Knee Osteoarthritis Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Frequency, Contributory Elements, and Recent Interventions to Modify the Route of Degeneration"
4330:
3096:
1501:"Biomechanical measures of neuromuscular control and valgus loading of the knee predict anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female athletes: a prospective study"
1404:
Wojtys EM, Huston LJ, Schock HJ, Boylan JP, Ashton-Miller JA (May 2003). "Gender differences in muscular protection of the knee in torsion in size-matched athletes".
1227:"Exercises That Facilitate Optimal Hamstring and Quadriceps Co-Activation to Help Decrease Acl Injury Risk in Healthy Females: A Systematic Review of the Literature"
3957:
424:
The cruciate ligaments form an "X" inside the knee joint with the anterior cruciate ligament running from the front of the tibia to the back of the femur, and the
1449:"Limited Evidence Suggests a Protective Association Between Oral Contraceptive Pill Use and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Females: A Systematic Review"
3674:"Epidemiology of Recurrent Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Sports: The Injury Surveillance Program, 2004-2014"
2935:
When ACL reconstruction is indicated, moderate evidence supports reconstruction within five months of injury to protect the articular cartilage and menisci.
2612:
Donnelly, C. J.; Elliott, B. C.; Ackland, T. R.; Doyle, T. L. A.; Beiser, T. F.; Finch, C. F.; Cochrane, J. L.; Dempsey, A. R.; Lloyd, D. G. (July 2012).
2320:"2018 International Olympic Committee consensus statement on prevention, diagnosis and management of paediatric anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries"
4806:
3950:
212:(MRI). Physical examination will often show tenderness around the knee joint, reduced range of motion of the knee, and increased looseness of the joint.
639:
570:
athletes who bear higher incidence of ACL injury than male athletes, and also in children and adolescents who are at high risk for a second ACL tear.
235:
140:
2513:"The influence of age on the effectiveness of neuromuscular training to reduce anterior cruciate ligament injury in female athletes: a meta-analysis"
749:
Dry Needling is not recommended for early rehabilitation phase, as it can increase risk of hemorrhage. Modal agreement “strongly agree” (mean: 67.6%)
527:
MRI is particularly useful in cases of partial tear of the ACL. The anteromedial band is most commonly injured compared to the posterolateral band.
223:. Treatment recommendations depend on desired level of activity. In those with low levels of future activity, nonsurgical management including
2710:"Primary surgery versus primary rehabilitation for treating anterior cruciate ligament injuries: a living systematic review and meta-analysis"
1856:
1677:"Biomechanically-Informed Training: The Four Pillars for Knee and ACL Injury Prevention Built Upon Behavior Change and Motivation Principles"
4323:
1872:
Slauterbeck JR, Hickox JR, Beynnon B, Hardy DM (October 2006). "Anterior cruciate ligament biology and its relationship to injury forces".
3146:"ACL Reconstruction Rehabilitation: Clinical Data, Biologic Healing, and Criterion-Based Milestones to Inform a Return-to-Sport Guideline"
746:
Before a clinician decides to incorporate BFR, they should be aware of contraindications. Modal agreement: “strongly agree” (mean: 92.6%)
672:
There are over 100,000 ACL reconstruction surgeries per year in the United States. Over 95% of ACL reconstructions are performed in the
2759:"Influence of Age on Healing Capacity of Acute Tears of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging Assessment"
1810:"Association between lower extremity posture at contact and peak knee valgus moment during sidestepping: implications for ACL injury"
1594:
Pappas E, Carpes FP (January 2012). "Lower extremity kinematic asymmetry in male and female athletes performing jump-landing tasks".
3445:"Interventions for increasing return to sport rates after an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery: A systematic review"
3048:"Lower Limb Asymmetry After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in Adolescent Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
397:
In addition, the quadriceps femoris muscle is an antagonist to the ACL. According to a study undertaken on female athletes at the
4199:
1137:
4316:
944:
897:
394:
are less stiff than men's during muscle activation. Force applied to a less stiff knee is more likely to result in ACL tears.
338:
1211:
805:
injury with 227.6 per 100,000. Males between the ages of 19 and 24 had the highest rates of injury with 241 per 100,000.
578:
risk profile. It is more beneficial than a generic program. There is an increase in hip and knee flexion angles, such as
2565:"The Effects of Injury Prevention Programs on the Biomechanics of Landing Tasks: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis"
2806:
Mouarbes, Dany; Menetrey, Jacques; Marot, Vincent; Courtot, Louis; Berard, Emilie; Cavaignac, Etienne (December 2019).
1138:"'Everyone says they hear a pop or a crack': why are so many female footballers suffering career-ending knee injuries?"
425:
418:
1934:
3258:"Rehabilitation and Return to Sport Testing After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Where Are We in 2022?"
518:
429:
414:
209:
161:
108:
1958:
1365:"Epidemiology of collegiate injuries for 15 sports: summary and recommendations for injury prevention initiatives"
4667:
1555:"Understanding and preventing acl injuries: current biomechanical and epidemiologic considerations - update 2010"
540:
assessments. The GNRB arthrometer, for example, is a knee arthrometer that is considered more effective than the
4606:
4811:
3901:
715:
educate the patient on the post-operative rehabilitation route. Modal agreement: “strongly agree” (mean: 96.1%)
4400:
4288:
4283:
4056:
238:
is often recommended. This involves replacement with a tendon taken from another area of the body or from a
1089:"'What's my risk of sustaining an ACL injury while playing sports?' A systematic review with meta-analysis"
4801:
4495:
4339:
738:
Compressive cryotherapy may be more effective, if available. Modal agreement: “strongly agree” (mean: 97%)
398:
216:
118:
2283:
O'Donoghue DH (October 1950). "Surgical treatment of fresh injuries to the major ligaments of the knee".
4589:
3095:
SigurĂ°sson, Haraldur B.; Briem, KristĂn; Silbernagel, Karin Grävare; Snyder-Mackler, Lynn (2022-08-01).
517:
Though clinical examination in experienced hands can be accurate, the diagnosis is usually confirmed by
4657:
4103:
3391:"Aspetar clinical practice guideline on rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction"
341:
through the center of the patella and a line drawn from the center of the patella to the center of the
421:(along the outside of the knee). These two ligaments function to limit sideways movement of the knee.
288:
A direct contact or collision to the knee (e.g. during a football tackle or a motor vehicle collision)
4636:
4569:
4526:
4162:
3808:
626:
coach through rehabilitation, usually by setting goals for recovery and giving feedback on progress.
205:
193:
2613:
4050:
4024:
3890:
3144:
Brinlee, Alexander W.; Dickenson, Scott B.; Hunter-Giordano, Airelle; Snyder-Mackler, Lynn (2022).
31:
677:
4548:
4543:
4531:
4479:
4439:
4060:
4046:
4019:
3942:
3777:
3654:
3238:
3028:
2985:
2843:
2444:
2032:
1790:
1657:
1528:
1429:
1345:
1329:
1268:"Play at Your Own Risk: Sport, the Injury Epidemic, and ACL Injury Prevention in Female Athletes"
986:
220:
181:
122:
74:
4738:
4720:
4594:
2863:"ACL Prehabilitation Improves Postoperative Strength and Motion and Return to Sport in Athletes"
796:
weakness greater in one leg than another, or incorrect landing form) before returning to sport.
2708:
Saueressig T, Braun T, Steglich N, Diemer F, Zebisch J, Herbst M, et al. (November 2022).
2661:"Evidence-based recommendations for the management of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture"
4733:
4662:
4623:
4577:
4390:
4239:
4193:
3973:
3834:
3769:
3703:
3646:
3608:
3559:
3484:
3466:
3420:
3412:
3352:
3334:
3295:
3277:
3230:
3222:
3183:
3165:
3126:
3077:
3020:
2977:
2969:
2900:
2882:
2835:
2827:
2788:
2739:
2690:
2641:
2633:
2614:"An Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention Framework: Incorporating the Recent Evidence"
2594:
2542:
2493:
2436:
2400:
2369:"Prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in children"
2349:
2300:
2265:
2216:
2160:
2091:
2073:
2024:
1916:
1889:
1852:
1847:
Griffin L (2008). "Risk and Gender Factors for Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury".
1829:
1782:
1746:
1698:
1649:
1611:
1576:
1520:
1478:
1421:
1386:
1337:
1289:
1248:
1186:
1118:
1069:
1030:
978:
224:
197:
132:
102:
62:
2236:"Diagnostic Tools for Acute Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury: GNRB, Lachman Test, and Telos"
1157:"Surgical versus conservative interventions for treating anterior cruciate ligament injuries"
432:
prevents the tibia from sliding out in front of the femur and provides rotational stability.
4752:
4712:
4698:
4682:
4652:
4613:
4521:
4500:
4474:
4445:
4423:
4410:
4261:
4167:
4147:
3824:
3816:
3761:
3733:
3693:
3685:
3638:
3598:
3590:
3549:
3541:
3474:
3456:
3402:
3342:
3326:
3285:
3269:
3214:
3173:
3157:
3116:
3108:
3067:
3059:
3012:
2961:
2890:
2874:
2819:
2778:
2770:
2729:
2721:
2680:
2672:
2625:
2584:
2576:
2532:
2524:
2483:
2475:
2428:
2390:
2380:
2339:
2331:
2292:
2255:
2247:
2206:
2150:
2142:
2081:
2063:
2016:
1881:
1821:
1774:
1736:
1728:
1688:
1641:
1603:
1566:
1512:
1468:
1460:
1413:
1376:
1321:
1279:
1238:
1176:
1168:
1108:
1100:
1061:
1020:
970:
486:
440:
168:. Swelling generally appears within a couple of hours. In approximately 50% of cases, other
136:
3313:
Davies, George J.; McCarty, Eric; Provencher, Matthew; Manske, Robert C. (September 2017).
2318:
Ardern CL, EkĂĄs GR, Grindem H, Moksnes H, Anderson AF, Chotel F, et al. (April 2018).
1087:
Montalvo AM, Schneider DK, Yut L, Webster KE, Beynnon B, Kocher MS, Myer GD (August 2019).
4780:
4770:
4672:
4363:
4355:
4125:
3985:
3097:"Don't Peak Too Early: Evidence for an ACL Injury Prevention Mechanism of the 11+ Program"
2918:
1675:
Donnelly, Cyril J.; Jackson, Ben S.; Gucciardi, Daniel F.; Reinbolt, Jeff (January 2020).
685:
436:
342:
4631:
4538:
2109:
1809:
1500:
1499:
Hewett TE, Myer GD, Ford KR, Heidt RS, Colosimo AJ, McLean SG, et al. (April 2005).
443:
that sit on top of the tibia in the knee joint and serve as cushion for the bones.
3812:
3202:
705:
anonymously, and the evidence that produced a high-percentage agreement were published.
509:
4582:
4380:
4189:
4076:
3829:
3796:
3698:
3673:
3603:
3578:
3554:
3479:
3444:
3347:
3314:
3290:
3257:
3178:
3145:
3121:
3072:
3047:
2895:
2862:
2783:
2758:
2734:
2709:
2685:
2660:
2589:
2564:
2537:
2512:
2488:
2463:
2395:
2368:
2344:
2319:
2260:
2235:
2155:
2130:
2086:
2051:
1907:
Biondino CR (November 1999). "Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in female athletes".
1741:
1716:
1571:
1554:
1473:
1448:
1381:
1364:
1243:
1226:
1181:
1156:
1113:
1088:
789:
333:
3895:
3577:
Paterno MV, Schmitt LC, Ford KR, Rauh MJ, Myer GD, Huang B, Hewett TE (October 2010).
1825:
1732:
4795:
4725:
4505:
4462:
4450:
4385:
4368:
4157:
3242:
2989:
2479:
2296:
1417:
681:
558:
228:
189:
165:
3906:
3797:"The epidemiology of cruciate ligament rupture in an insured Swedish dog population"
3781:
3658:
3032:
2847:
2448:
2036:
1794:
1532:
1433:
990:
676:
setting. The most common procedures performed during ACL reconstruction are partial
4746:
4600:
4469:
4433:
4418:
4293:
4098:
4066:
1661:
1349:
1172:
936:
889:
785:
541:
494:
3724:
Ireland ML, Gaudette M, Crook S (May 1997). "ACL Injuries in the Female Athlete".
3545:
661:
incision is made down the front of the knee and the joint is opened and exposed).
3407:
3390:
3218:
2774:
2725:
2629:
2335:
1645:
1267:
1104:
1065:
1025:
1008:
4428:
4395:
3977:
3930:
3529:
2195:"A new knee arthrometer, the GNRB: experience in ACL complete and partial tears"
1607:
657:
622:
movement inside the knee, the knee can feel strong and able to withstand force.
579:
490:
232:
92:
67:
3820:
3503:
3273:
2878:
2676:
2211:
2194:
4677:
4373:
4308:
4007:
3880:
3461:
3330:
3161:
3063:
2146:
2068:
2020:
1885:
673:
201:
169:
3765:
3689:
3642:
3594:
3470:
3416:
3338:
3281:
3226:
3169:
3016:
2973:
2965:
2886:
2831:
2823:
2637:
2580:
2528:
2464:"Noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries: mechanisms and risk factors"
2077:
1778:
1702:
1516:
1464:
1293:
974:
4775:
4275:
4231:
4139:
4071:
4038:
3925:
2131:"Anterior cruciate ligament assessment using arthrometry and stress imaging"
2114:
2050:
Gokeler, Alli; Seil, Romain; Kerkhoffs, Gino; Verhagen, Evert (2018-06-18).
1982:
650:
646:
410:
ligaments in the knee: the collateral ligaments and the cruciate ligaments.
177:
173:
3838:
3773:
3707:
3650:
3612:
3563:
3488:
3424:
3356:
3299:
3234:
3187:
3130:
3081:
3024:
2981:
2949:
2904:
2839:
2807:
2792:
2743:
2694:
2645:
2598:
2546:
2497:
2440:
2404:
2353:
2304:
2269:
2220:
2164:
2095:
2028:
1920:
1893:
1833:
1786:
1750:
1653:
1615:
1580:
1524:
1482:
1425:
1390:
1341:
1252:
1190:
1155:
Monk AP, Davies LJ, Hopewell S, Harris K, Beard DJ, Price AJ (April 2016).
1122:
1073:
1034:
982:
231:
may be sufficient. In those with high activity levels, surgical repair via
3863:
2432:
2385:
49:
4227:
4034:
3998:
3201:
Wong, Stephanie E.; Feeley, Brian T.; Pandya, Nirav K. (September 2019).
2179:
3112:
2251:
1693:
1676:
605:
Prevent further injury to the knee and reduce the risk of osteoarthritis
17:
4090:
3737:
3528:
RODRIGUEZ-MERCHAN, E. Carlos; Encinas-Ullan, Carlos A. (January 2022).
3264:. ASMAR Special Issue: Rehabilitation and Return to Sport in Athletes.
2869:. ASMAR Special Issue: Rehabilitation and Return to Sport in Athletes.
1333:
1284:
374:
239:
3795:
Engdahl K, Emanuelson U, Höglund O, Bergström A, Hanson J (May 2021).
1849:
The anterior cruciate ligament : reconstruction and basic science
1325:
246:
this risk. ACL tears can also occur in some animals, including dogs.
4218:
4213:
3981:
3875:
2563:
Lopes TJ, Simic M, Myer GD, Ford KR, Hewett TE, Pappas E (May 2018).
435:
There are also two C-shaped structures made of cartilage called the
267:
3203:"Complications After Pediatric ACL Reconstruction: A Meta-analysis"
943:. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS). September 2009.
788:
markers in the knee which can have influence on the development of
457:
450:
4253:
4177:
4117:
4086:
3993:
1225:
Dedinsky R, Baker L, Imbus S, Bowman M, Murray L (February 2017).
508:
428:
running from the back of the tibia to the front of the femur. The
357:
266:
1447:
Samuelson K, Balk EM, Sevetson EL, Fleming BC (10 October 2017).
4271:
4181:
4135:
4011:
3256:
Gokeler, Alli; Dingenen, Bart; Hewett, Timothy E. (2022-01-01).
513:
Anterior cruciate ligament tear seen on MRI. T1 left, right PDW.
4312:
3946:
896:. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons - AAOS. March 2014.
4249:
4113:
337:
Femur with Q angle: the angle formed by a line drawn from the
79:
Audible "crack" with pain, knee instability, swelling of knee
2052:"A novel approach to enhance ACL injury prevention programs"
1553:
Hewett TE, Ford KR, Hoogenboom BJ, Myer GD (December 2010).
2468:
The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
2462:
Boden BP, Sheehan FT, Torg JS, Hewett TE (September 2010).
1959:"Anterior Drawer Test - Orthopedic Examination of the Knee"
2511:
Myer GD, Sugimoto D, Thomas S, Hewett TE (January 2013).
602:
Build trust and confidence to use the knee normally again
599:
Reduce abnormal knee movements and improve knee function
3502:
Cohen PH (13 January 2021). Puffer JC, Yoon JR (eds.).
2199:
Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Surgery & Research
1935:"Pivot Shift Test - Orthopedic Examination of the Knee"
709:
Timing and structure of rehabilitation recommendations:
608:
Optimise long-term quality of life following the injury
2421:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
2285:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
2193:
Robert H, Nouveau S, Gageot S, Gagnière B (May 2009).
1808:
McLean SG, Huang X, van den Bogert AJ (October 2005).
1406:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
1007:
Sugimoto D, Myer GD, Foss KD, Hewett TE (March 2015).
1314:
In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology. Animal
3853:
3672:
Gans I, Retzky JS, Jones LC, Tanaka MJ (June 2018).
279:
Changing direction rapidly (also known as "cutting")
4763:
4711:
4691:
4645:
4622:
4568:
4561:
4514:
4488:
4409:
4354:
4347:
4270:
4248:
4226:
4212:
4176:
4134:
4112:
4085:
4033:
4006:
3992:
3916:
3857:
2665:
Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology
146:
128:
114:
101:
91:
83:
73:
61:
42:
3046:Hughes G, Musco P, Caine S, Howe L (August 2020).
417:(along the inside of the knee) and the lateral or
2925:. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons - AAOS
1717:"The female ACL: Why is it more prone to injury?"
1559:North American Journal of Sports Physical Therapy
780:return to their pre-injury level of performance.
3262:Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation
3101:International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy
2867:Arthroscopy, Sports Medicine, and Rehabilitation
1231:International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy
753:high-cost. Modal agreement “agree” (mean: 83.2%)
2861:Cunha, Jamie; Solomon, Daniel J. (2022-01-01).
742:Modal agreement: “strongly agree” (mean: 93.4%)
3624:
3622:
2009:Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy
1363:Hootman JM, Dick R, Agel J (April–June 2007).
468:Left knee, behind, showing interior ligaments
465:Right knee, front, showing interior ligaments
310:Men's basketball 0.07, women's basketball 0.23
4324:
3958:
3315:"ACL Return to Sport Guidelines and Criteria"
2367:Lang PJ, Sugimoto D, Micheli LJ (June 2017).
8:
3443:Drole, Kristina; Paravlic, Armin H. (2022).
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
485:damage to the knee. These tests include the
3319:Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine
2135:Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine
1161:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
890:"Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injuries"
4565:
4351:
4331:
4317:
4309:
4223:
4003:
3965:
3951:
3943:
3854:
3719:
3717:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1046:
1044:
316:Men's football 0.09, women's football 0.28
313:Men's lacrosse 0.12, women's lacrosse 0.17
48:
39:
3828:
3697:
3602:
3553:
3478:
3460:
3406:
3346:
3289:
3177:
3120:
3071:
2894:
2782:
2733:
2684:
2588:
2536:
2487:
2394:
2384:
2343:
2259:
2210:
2154:
2110:MRI for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
2085:
2067:
1740:
1692:
1570:
1472:
1380:
1283:
1242:
1180:
1112:
1024:
1002:
1000:
956:
954:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
864:
862:
860:
858:
640:Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
595:Treatment for ACL tears is important to:
236:anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
1596:Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
445:
332:
3754:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
3631:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
3583:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
3005:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
2954:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
2812:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
2763:Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography
2569:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
2517:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
1874:The Orthopedic Clinics of North America
1767:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
1505:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
963:The American Journal of Sports Medicine
834:
3678:Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine
3534:The Archives of Bone and Joint Surgery
2659:Filbay SR, Grindem H (February 2019).
2373:Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
937:"ACL Injury: Does It Require Surgery?"
3438:
3436:
3434:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
2558:
2556:
2124:
2122:
1851:. Saunders/Elsevier. pp. 18–27.
1627:
1625:
1494:
1492:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1136:Williams, Sally (14 September 2024).
413:The collateral ligaments include the
389:ACL, muscular stiffness, and strength
7:
2234:Ryu SM, Na HD, Shon OJ (June 2018).
2182:. Radsource: PACS Radiology Systems.
2129:Rohman EM, Macalena JA (June 2016).
2056:Journal of Experimental Orthopaedics
285:Coming to a sudden stop when running
3504:"Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury"
2240:Knee Surgery & Related Research
3395:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2714:British Journal of Sports Medicine
2324:British Journal of Sports Medicine
1634:British Journal of Sports Medicine
1212:"ACL injury - Symptoms and causes"
1093:British Journal of Sports Medicine
1013:British Journal of Sports Medicine
947:from the original on 22 June 2017.
87:Non-contact injury, contact injury
25:
4807:Dislocations, sprains and strains
4153:Anterior cruciate ligament injury
3207:Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics
1826:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2005.05.007
369:Hormonal and anatomic differences
325:decrease the risk of ACL injury.
204:. Diagnosis is typically made by
158:anterior cruciate ligament injury
43:Anterior Cruciate Ligament injury
2480:10.5435/00124635-201009000-00003
2297:10.2106/00004623-195032040-00001
2178:Stadnick, Michael (March 2006).
1418:10.2106/00004623-200305000-00002
1272:Journal of Intercollegiate Sport
1266:Silvers, Holly J. (2009-06-01).
900:from the original on 5 July 2017
456:
449:
3726:Journal of Sport Rehabilitation
1214:. Mayo Clinic. 1 December 2022.
1173:10.1002/14651858.CD011166.pub2
208:and is sometimes supported by
1:
3546:10.22038/abjs.2021.52790.2616
1733:10.1016/S0972-978X(16)00023-4
339:anterior superior iliac spine
297:external force being applied
282:Landing from a jump awkwardly
27:Ligament injury near the knee
3408:10.1136/bjsports-2022-106158
3219:10.1097/BPO.0000000000001075
3052:Journal of Athletic Training
2775:10.1097/RCT.0000000000000515
2726:10.1136/bjsports-2021-105359
2630:10.1080/15438627.2012.680989
2336:10.1136/bjsports-2018-099060
1646:10.1136/bjsports-2015-094639
1369:Journal of Athletic Training
1105:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096274
1066:10.1016/j.arthro.2007.07.003
1026:10.1136/bjsports-2014-093461
656:The surgery is done with an
2618:Research in Sports Medicine
1608:10.1016/j.jsams.2011.07.008
728:Modalities Recommendations:
426:posterior cruciate ligament
419:fibular collateral ligament
4828:
3821:10.1038/s41598-021-88876-3
3274:10.1016/j.asmr.2021.10.025
2879:10.1016/j.asmr.2021.11.001
2757:Ihara H, Kawano T (2017).
2677:10.1016/j.berh.2019.01.018
2212:10.1016/j.otsr.2009.03.009
637:
519:magnetic resonance imaging
430:anterior cruciate ligament
415:medial collateral ligament
210:magnetic resonance imaging
162:anterior cruciate ligament
29:
4668:Lunotriquetral shear test
3462:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.939209
3331:10.1007/s12178-017-9420-9
3162:10.1177/19417381211056873
3064:10.4085/1062-6050-0244-19
2147:10.1007/s12178-016-9331-1
2069:10.1186/s40634-018-0137-5
2021:10.1007/s00167-012-2250-9
1886:10.1016/j.ocl.2006.09.001
686:return to sports criteria
57:Diagram of the right knee
56:
47:
3766:10.1177/0363546515617742
3690:10.1177/2325967118777823
3643:10.1177/0363546516629944
3595:10.1177/0363546510376053
3017:10.1177/0363546514542796
2966:10.1177/0363546521990817
2824:10.1177/0363546518825340
2581:10.1177/0363546517716930
2529:10.1177/0363546512460637
1779:10.1177/0363546511413378
1727:(2): A1–A4. March 2016.
1517:10.1177/0363546504269591
1465:10.1177/1941738117734164
975:10.1177/0363546505282619
150:c. 200,000 per year (US)
30:Not to be confused with
4730:Lower back flexibility
4289:Achilles tendon rupture
4284:Patellar tendon rupture
3684:(6): 2325967118777823.
3449:Frontiers in Psychology
1721:Journal of Orthopaedics
536:manual tests but offer
531:Arthrometers/Laximeters
514:
399:University of Michigan
345:
272:
217:neuromuscular training
170:structures of the knee
119:Neuromuscular training
4590:Neer impingement test
4458:Ligament and meniscus
2433:10.2106/JBJS.16.00758
2386:10.2147/OAJSM.S133940
1814:Clinical Biomechanics
512:
336:
270:
4637:Elbow extension test
4607:Hawkins–Kennedy test
4570:Shoulder examination
4401:Trendelenburg's sign
4163:Patellar dislocation
2948:R. (December 2021).
1963:PHYSICAL THERAPY WEB
1939:PHYSICAL THERAPY WEB
1909:Connecticut Medicine
1060:(12): 1320–1325.e6.
491:anterior drawer test
275:Causes may include:
206:physical examination
172:such as surrounding
4496:Hubscher's maneuver
4051:Dislocated shoulder
3813:2021NatSR..11.9546E
3113:10.26603/001c.36524
2252:10.5792/ksrr.17.014
1694:10.3390/app10134470
301:Female predominance
196:(soccer), netball,
32:patellar tendinitis
4658:Finkelstein's test
4549:Unequal leg length
4544:Straight leg raise
4532:Trendelenburg gait
4480:Valgus stress test
4104:Gamekeeper's thumb
4061:Separated shoulder
4020:Dislocation of jaw
3917:External resources
3801:Scientific Reports
3738:10.1123/jsr.6.2.97
2180:"Partial ACL Tear"
1285:10.1123/jis.2.1.81
649:") or a cadaver ("
515:
346:
329:Dominance theories
273:
250:Signs and symptoms
221:core strengthening
123:core strengthening
4789:
4788:
4707:
4706:
4624:Elbow examination
4578:Apprehension test
4557:
4556:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4240:Rotator cuff tear
4208:
4207:
4194:High ankle sprain
3940:
3939:
3760:(10): 2716–2723.
3508:BMJ Best Practice
3011:(10): 2363–2370.
2960:(14): 4008–4017.
2818:(14): 3531–3540.
2720:(21): 1241–1251.
1858:978-1-4160-3834-4
1326:10.1290/0512089.1
1099:(16): 1003–1012.
472:
471:
215:Prevention is by
198:American football
154:
153:
103:Diagnostic method
97:Athletes, females
37:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4819:
4566:
4522:Gait abnormality
4475:Pivot-shift test
4446:Apley grind test
4411:Knee examination
4352:
4333:
4326:
4319:
4310:
4262:Pulled hamstring
4224:
4168:Knee dislocation
4148:Tear of meniscus
4004:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3944:
3855:
3843:
3842:
3832:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3748:
3742:
3741:
3721:
3712:
3711:
3701:
3669:
3663:
3662:
3626:
3617:
3616:
3606:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3557:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3482:
3464:
3440:
3429:
3428:
3410:
3386:
3361:
3360:
3350:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3293:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3213:(8): e566–e571.
3198:
3192:
3191:
3181:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3124:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3075:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2930:
2919:"Surgery Timing"
2915:
2909:
2908:
2898:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2786:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2737:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2688:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2624:(3–4): 239–262.
2609:
2603:
2602:
2592:
2575:(6): 1492–1499.
2560:
2551:
2550:
2540:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2491:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2398:
2388:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2347:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2263:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2214:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2158:
2126:
2117:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2089:
2071:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1744:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1696:
1681:Applied Sciences
1672:
1666:
1665:
1629:
1620:
1619:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1574:
1550:
1537:
1536:
1496:
1487:
1486:
1476:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1384:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1309:
1298:
1297:
1287:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1246:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1208:
1195:
1194:
1184:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1116:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1048:
1039:
1038:
1028:
1004:
995:
994:
958:
949:
948:
933:
910:
909:
907:
905:
886:
487:pivot-shift test
460:
453:
446:
441:lateral meniscus
160:occurs when the
137:physical therapy
52:
40:
21:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4812:Sports injuries
4792:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4781:Range of motion
4771:Codman triangle
4759:
4739:Waddell's signs
4721:Gaenslen's test
4703:
4687:
4673:Phalen maneuver
4641:
4618:
4595:Yergason's test
4553:
4510:
4484:
4405:
4364:Barlow maneuver
4356:Hip examination
4343:
4340:Musculoskeletal
4337:
4307:
4298:
4266:
4244:
4217:
4204:
4172:
4130:
4126:Hip dislocation
4108:
4081:
4029:
3997:
3988:
3971:
3941:
3936:
3935:
3912:
3911:
3866:
3852:
3847:
3846:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3723:
3722:
3715:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3628:
3627:
3620:
3589:(10): 1968–78.
3576:
3575:
3571:
3540:(11): 951–958.
3527:
3526:
3522:
3512:
3510:
3501:
3500:
3496:
3442:
3441:
3432:
3388:
3387:
3364:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2928:
2926:
2923:OrthoGuidelines
2917:
2916:
2912:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2562:
2561:
2554:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2427:(11): 897–904.
2417:
2416:
2412:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2107:
2103:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2015:(8): 1895–903.
2005:
2004:
2000:
1991:
1989:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1967:
1965:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1943:
1941:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1773:(10): 2175–80.
1763:
1762:
1758:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1631:
1630:
1623:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1552:
1551:
1540:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1311:
1310:
1301:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1210:
1209:
1198:
1167:(4): CD011166.
1154:
1153:
1149:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1006:
1005:
998:
960:
959:
952:
935:
934:
913:
903:
901:
888:
887:
836:
831:
823:
811:
802:
777:
758:Return To Sport
698:
642:
636:
615:
593:
567:
550:
533:
507:
505:Medical imaging
482:
477:
437:medial meniscus
407:
405:Pathophysiology
391:
371:
343:tibial tubercle
331:
303:
265:
252:
107:Physical exam,
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4825:
4823:
4815:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4794:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4734:Schober's test
4728:
4723:
4717:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4663:Froment's sign
4660:
4655:
4649:
4647:
4646:Hand and wrist
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4628:
4626:
4620:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4574:
4572:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4527:Lasègue's sign
4518:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4492:
4490:
4489:Foot and ankle
4486:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4448:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4415:
4413:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4391:Patrick's test
4388:
4383:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4366:
4360:
4358:
4349:
4345:
4344:
4338:
4336:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4313:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4280:
4278:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4258:
4256:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4242:
4236:
4234:
4221:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4190:Sprained ankle
4186:
4184:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4144:
4142:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4122:
4120:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4095:
4093:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4077:Bankart lesion
4074:
4069:
4064:
4054:
4043:
4041:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4016:
4014:
4001:
3990:
3989:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3947:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3898:
3883:
3867:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:Classification
3851:
3850:External links
3848:
3845:
3844:
3787:
3743:
3713:
3664:
3618:
3569:
3520:
3494:
3430:
3401:(9): 500–514.
3362:
3325:(3): 307–314.
3305:
3268:(1): e77–e82.
3248:
3193:
3156:(5): 770–779.
3136:
3107:(5): 823–831.
3087:
3058:(8): 811–825.
3038:
2995:
2939:
2910:
2873:(1): e65–e69.
2853:
2798:
2769:(2): 206–211.
2749:
2700:
2651:
2604:
2552:
2503:
2454:
2410:
2359:
2330:(7): 422–438.
2310:
2275:
2246:(2): 121–127.
2226:
2205:(3): 171–176.
2185:
2170:
2118:
2101:
2042:
1998:
1983:"Lachman Test"
1974:
1950:
1926:
1915:(11): 657–60.
1899:
1864:
1857:
1839:
1800:
1756:
1708:
1667:
1640:(13): 865–70.
1621:
1586:
1538:
1511:(4): 492–501.
1488:
1459:(6): 498–510.
1439:
1396:
1355:
1299:
1258:
1217:
1196:
1147:
1128:
1079:
1040:
996:
950:
911:
833:
832:
830:
827:
822:
819:
810:
807:
801:
798:
790:osteoarthritis
776:
773:
755:
754:
750:
747:
743:
739:
735:
725:
724:
720:
716:
697:
696:Rehabilitation
694:
638:Main article:
635:
632:
614:
611:
610:
609:
606:
603:
600:
592:
589:
566:
563:
549:
548:Classification
546:
532:
529:
506:
503:
481:
478:
476:
473:
470:
469:
466:
462:
461:
454:
406:
403:
390:
387:
370:
367:
330:
327:
318:
317:
314:
311:
302:
299:
293:a turf field.
290:
289:
286:
283:
280:
264:
261:
251:
248:
166:joint swelling
152:
151:
148:
144:
143:
130:
126:
125:
116:
112:
111:
105:
99:
98:
95:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
77:
71:
70:
65:
59:
58:
54:
53:
45:
44:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4824:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4802:Knee injuries
4800:
4799:
4797:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4754:
4753:Larrey's sign
4751:
4750:
4749:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4726:Low back pain
4724:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4684:
4683:Watson's test
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4653:Durkan's test
4651:
4650:
4648:
4644:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4615:
4614:Watson's test
4612:
4608:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4564:
4560:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4507:
4506:Thompson test
4504:
4502:
4501:Mulder's sign
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4464:
4463:Unhappy triad
4461:
4460:
4459:
4456:
4452:
4451:McMurray test
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4424:Clarke's test
4422:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4386:Ortolani test
4384:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4369:Galeazzi test
4367:
4365:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4341:
4334:
4329:
4327:
4322:
4320:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4215:
4211:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4158:Unhappy triad
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4058:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3968:
3963:
3961:
3956:
3954:
3949:
3948:
3945:
3932:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3908:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3860:
3856:
3849:
3840:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3791:
3788:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3747:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3732:(2): 97–110.
3731:
3727:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3637:(6): 1502–7.
3636:
3632:
3625:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3524:
3521:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3495:
3490:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3309:
3306:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3150:Sports Health
3147:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3091:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3042:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2799:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2750:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2523:(1): 203–15.
2522:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2414:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2291:(4): 721–38.
2290:
2286:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2189:
2186:
2181:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1999:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1880:(4): 585–91.
1879:
1875:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1820:(8): 863–70.
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1671:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1565:(4): 234–51.
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1453:Sports Health
1450:
1443:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1320:(7): 176–81.
1319:
1315:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1003:
1001:
997:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
957:
955:
951:
946:
942:
938:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
912:
899:
895:
891:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
835:
828:
826:
820:
818:
814:
808:
806:
799:
797:
793:
791:
787:
781:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
759:
751:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
731:
730:
729:
721:
717:
713:
712:
711:
710:
706:
702:
695:
693:
689:
687:
683:
682:chondroplasty
679:
675:
670:
666:
662:
659:
654:
652:
648:
641:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
612:
607:
604:
601:
598:
597:
596:
590:
588:
584:
581:
575:
571:
564:
562:
560:
559:unhappy triad
554:
547:
545:
543:
539:
530:
528:
525:
522:
520:
511:
504:
502:
498:
496:
492:
488:
479:
474:
467:
464:
463:
459:
455:
452:
448:
447:
444:
442:
438:
433:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
411:
404:
402:
400:
395:
388:
386:
382:
378:
376:
368:
366:
362:
359:
354:
350:
344:
340:
335:
328:
326:
322:
315:
312:
309:
308:
307:
300:
298:
294:
287:
284:
281:
278:
277:
276:
269:
262:
260:
256:
249:
247:
243:
241:
237:
234:
230:
229:physiotherapy
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:alpine skiing
185:
184:are damaged.
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
149:
145:
142:
138:
134:
131:
127:
124:
120:
117:
113:
110:
106:
104:
100:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
76:
72:
69:
66:
64:
60:
55:
51:
46:
41:
33:
19:
4747:Sacroiliitis
4745:
4699:Bethlem sign
4632:Cozen's test
4601:Rotator cuff
4599:
4539:Gower's sign
4470:Patellar tap
4457:
4438:
4434:Lachman test
4419:Ballottement
4294:Shin splints
4152:
4099:Pulled elbow
4067:ALPSA lesion
3978:subluxations
3974:Dislocations
3924:
3900:
3885:
3870:
3804:
3800:
3790:
3757:
3753:
3746:
3729:
3725:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3634:
3630:
3586:
3582:
3572:
3537:
3533:
3523:
3511:. Retrieved
3507:
3497:
3452:
3448:
3398:
3394:
3322:
3318:
3308:
3265:
3261:
3251:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3153:
3149:
3139:
3104:
3100:
3090:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3008:
3004:
2998:
2957:
2953:
2942:
2934:
2927:. Retrieved
2922:
2913:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2766:
2762:
2752:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2671:(1): 33–47.
2668:
2664:
2654:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2572:
2568:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2474:(9): 520–7.
2471:
2467:
2457:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2327:
2323:
2313:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2173:
2141:(2): 130–8.
2138:
2134:
2108:
2104:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1990:. Retrieved
1986:
1977:
1966:. Retrieved
1962:
1953:
1942:. Retrieved
1938:
1929:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1848:
1842:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1724:
1720:
1711:
1687:(13): 4470.
1684:
1680:
1670:
1637:
1633:
1602:(1): 87–92.
1599:
1595:
1589:
1562:
1558:
1508:
1504:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1412:(5): 782–9.
1409:
1405:
1399:
1375:(2): 311–9.
1372:
1368:
1358:
1317:
1313:
1278:(1): 81–98.
1275:
1271:
1261:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1164:
1160:
1150:
1142:The Guardian
1141:
1131:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1057:
1053:
1019:(5): 282–9.
1016:
1012:
969:(3): 490–8.
966:
962:
940:
902:. Retrieved
893:
824:
815:
812:
803:
800:Epidemiology
794:
786:inflammatory
782:
778:
769:
765:
761:
757:
756:
727:
726:
708:
707:
703:
699:
690:
678:meniscectomy
671:
667:
663:
655:
643:
628:
624:
620:
616:
594:
585:
576:
572:
568:
555:
551:
542:Lachman test
537:
534:
526:
523:
516:
499:
495:Lachman test
483:
480:Manual tests
434:
423:
412:
408:
396:
392:
383:
379:
372:
363:
355:
351:
347:
323:
319:
304:
295:
291:
274:
257:
253:
244:
233:arthroscopic
214:
186:
157:
155:
93:Risk factors
4583:Jobe's test
4429:Drawer test
4396:Thomas test
4381:Ober's test
4342:examination
3807:(1): 9546.
2379:: 133–141.
1987:Physiopedia
1237:(1): 3–15.
1054:Arthroscopy
658:arthroscope
613:Nonsurgical
580:plyometrics
68:Orthopedics
4796:Categories
4678:Tinel sign
4374:Allis test
3907:D000070598
3455:: 939209.
1992:2018-03-22
1968:2018-03-22
1944:2018-03-22
829:References
674:outpatient
565:Prevention
202:basketball
115:Prevention
4776:Palpation
4232:upper arm
4072:SLAP tear
4039:upper arm
3999:ligaments
3926:eMedicine
3471:1664-1078
3417:1473-0480
3339:1935-973X
3282:2666-061X
3243:199503697
3227:0271-6798
3170:1941-0921
2990:232243480
2974:1552-3365
2887:2666-061X
2832:1552-3365
2638:1543-8627
2115:eMedicine
2078:2197-1153
2062:(1): 22.
1703:2076-3417
1294:1941-417X
941:OrthoInfo
894:OrthoInfo
775:Prognosis
651:allograft
647:autograft
591:Treatment
538:objective
475:Diagnosis
255:forward.
178:cartilage
174:ligaments
147:Frequency
129:Treatment
63:Specialty
4440:Meniscus
4228:Shoulder
4200:Turf toe
4035:Shoulder
4025:Whiplash
3839:33953264
3782:23050724
3774:26657853
3708:29977938
3659:36050753
3651:26920430
3613:20702858
3564:36561222
3513:23 March
3489:36072023
3425:36731908
3357:28702921
3300:35141539
3235:31393290
3188:34903114
3131:35949375
3082:32607546
3033:24764031
3025:25086064
2982:33720764
2929:23 March
2905:35141537
2848:73505146
2840:30790526
2793:28045756
2744:36038357
2695:31431274
2646:22742078
2599:28759729
2547:23048042
2498:20810933
2449:46577033
2441:28590374
2405:28652828
2354:29478021
2305:14784482
2270:29554717
2221:19423416
2165:26984335
2096:29916182
2037:25181956
2029:23085822
1921:10589146
1894:17141016
1834:16005555
1795:11088632
1787:21737831
1751:27053841
1654:26084526
1616:21925949
1581:21655382
1533:31261104
1525:15722287
1483:29016234
1434:42096840
1426:12728025
1391:17710181
1342:16948498
1253:28217412
1191:27039329
1123:29514822
1074:18063176
1035:25452612
991:25395274
983:16382007
945:Archived
898:Archived
583:theory.
271:ACL tear
194:football
182:meniscus
75:Symptoms
18:ACL tear
4692:General
4515:General
4219:tendons
4214:Muscles
4091:forearm
3986:strains
3982:sprains
3830:8100293
3809:Bibcode
3699:6024527
3604:4920967
3555:9749126
3480:9443932
3348:5577421
3291:8811523
3179:9460090
3122:9340830
3073:7462171
2896:8811524
2784:5359784
2735:9606531
2686:6723618
2590:6604048
2538:4160039
2489:3625971
2396:5476725
2345:5867447
2261:5990229
2156:4896874
2087:6005994
1742:4805849
1662:5953765
1572:3096145
1474:5665118
1382:1941297
1350:2473817
1334:4295693
1244:5294945
1182:6464826
1114:6561829
904:30 June
634:Surgery
375:puberty
373:Before
240:cadaver
225:bracing
141:surgery
3994:Joints
3837:
3827:
3780:
3772:
3706:
3696:
3657:
3649:
3611:
3601:
3562:
3552:
3487:
3477:
3469:
3423:
3415:
3355:
3345:
3337:
3298:
3288:
3280:
3241:
3233:
3225:
3186:
3176:
3168:
3129:
3119:
3080:
3070:
3031:
3023:
2988:
2980:
2972:
2903:
2893:
2885:
2846:
2838:
2830:
2791:
2781:
2742:
2732:
2693:
2683:
2644:
2636:
2597:
2587:
2545:
2535:
2496:
2486:
2447:
2439:
2403:
2393:
2352:
2342:
2303:
2268:
2258:
2219:
2163:
2153:
2094:
2084:
2076:
2035:
2027:
1919:
1892:
1855:
1832:
1793:
1785:
1749:
1739:
1701:
1660:
1652:
1614:
1579:
1569:
1531:
1523:
1481:
1471:
1432:
1424:
1389:
1379:
1348:
1340:
1332:
1292:
1251:
1241:
1189:
1179:
1121:
1111:
1072:
1033:
989:
981:
809:Sports
734:75.5%)
493:, and
263:Causes
133:Braces
84:Causes
4764:Other
4713:Spine
4254:thigh
4178:Ankle
4118:thigh
4087:Elbow
3931:pmr/3
3896:844.2
3881:S83.5
3778:S2CID
3655:S2CID
3239:S2CID
3029:S2CID
2986:S2CID
2844:S2CID
2445:S2CID
2033:S2CID
1791:S2CID
1658:S2CID
1529:S2CID
1430:S2CID
1346:S2CID
1330:JSTOR
987:S2CID
358:trunk
200:, or
180:, or
4274:and
4272:Knee
4252:and
4230:and
4182:foot
4180:and
4138:and
4136:Knee
4116:and
4089:and
4037:and
4012:neck
4010:and
4008:Head
3984:and
3902:MeSH
3891:9-CM
3835:PMID
3770:PMID
3704:PMID
3647:PMID
3609:PMID
3560:PMID
3515:2018
3485:PMID
3467:ISSN
3421:PMID
3413:ISSN
3353:PMID
3335:ISSN
3296:PMID
3278:ISSN
3231:PMID
3223:ISSN
3184:PMID
3166:ISSN
3127:PMID
3078:PMID
3021:PMID
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