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According to Ted
Kendall, maker of the Front End audio restoration unit also known as "The Mousetrap", the equalization time constants for post-1955 78s used in the Front End are 3180/450/50 ms. These time constants are identical to those used in the AES Coarse-groove Calibration Discs. Since the 78
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So, the dilemma is this: should coarse-groove recordings be transferred in mass to digital using an arbitrary phonoequalization curve such as with the AES calibration discs, or should each recording be matched to the curve appropriate to its vintage and label, then transferred to digital media?
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are. For vintage recordings the
Esoteric Sound Re-Equalizer can readily be connected as a standard item to the record playback equipment. The Re-Equalizer is used to modify RIAA. Then, depending on the vintage and label of the 78 rpm record, the appropriate equalizer bass turnover and treble
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Another approach to obtaining the right phonograph record equalization settings for transferring vintage recordings to digital media is to use the
Chronologic Equalizer in the Souvenir Vintage Sound Processor – MK-2 made by K-A-B Electronics.
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records since 1953 and is based on recording practices used for many years by RCA Victor, a dominant record producer, the electronics needed for this purpose are as readily available as
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Powell, James R., Jr. and
Randall G. Stehle. Playback Equalizer Settings for 78 rpm Recordings. Third Edition. Gramophone Adventures, Portage, Michigan; 1993, 2002, 2007.
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by 1960, this means that there is a very large population of pre-1955 78s requiring different equalization settings depending on the vintage and label of the disc.
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media now make it possible to consider all mechanical audio recordings for transfer to the digital domain. Thus a widespread need was recognized by the
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137:(AES) to provide a calibration tool for standard transfer of mechanical coarse-groove audio recordings from the
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Audio
Engineering Society Standards Committee, AES 78 rpm Calibration Disc Set (last updated 2007-07-20).
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AE: Early electric recordings; Victor (some 1925), Columbia (1925), and most
European to 1955
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discs (AES-S001-064) are a boxed set of two identical discs, one for routine use, one for
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around the world have collections of many thousands of coarse-groove mechanical
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by 1960. These mechanical recordings won't be available indefinitely since the
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programs have been underway by a number of organizations. Decreasing costs of
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E7: Recordings with a 700 Hz turnover (some NBC Orthacoustic transcriptions)
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E3: Recordings with a 300 Hz turnover; Columbia (1925-1938), and FRR to 1955
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K-A-B Electronics P. O. Box 2922, Plainfield, New Jersey 07062-0922
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made over a period of 65 years. The 78 rpm disc was largely out of
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Esoteric Sound, 4813 Wallbank Ave., Downers Grove, Illinois 60515
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71:. The intent is to characterize the reproduction chain for the
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E5: Recordings with a 500 Hz turnover; Victor (most 1925-1952)
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105:(rpm) discs. This is a substantial recorded heritage of
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settings can be easily looked up in a reference guide.
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CCIR standard coarse-groove transcriptions: Flat/450/50
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390:Kendall, Ted. The Front End-EQ Settings, 1996.
207:(Pressed under license from EMI Records Ltd.)
288:standard has been in use internationally for
259:Vertical cut NAB transcriptions: Flat/531/40*
244:BBC direct recordings 1945-1960: Flat/BBC/BBC
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256:Lateral cut NAB transcriptions: 2250/250/100
253:Modern LPs (RIAA equalization): 3180/318/75
238:Most other UK 78s 1925-1945: Flat/531/Flat
229:Acoustic recordings (pre-1925): Flat/AC/AC
211:A Closer Look At The Preservation Problem
183:approx 8 cm/s peak-to-peak, 5.7 cm/s rms
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250:AES (some early US Lps): Flat/400/63.6
225:Type of Recording: Equalizer Settings
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334:CO: Columbia 78 curve (1938 to 1955)
262:Western Electric 78s: Flat 531/Flat*
165:Separate outer & inner bands:
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33:to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
235:EMI 78s 1945-1955: Flat/636/Flat
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203:Time constants: 3180/450/50 ms
178:*20 mm Light Band Width (LBW);
121:used in their manufacture are
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171:Gliding tone, 20 Hz to 20 kHz
162:Time constants: 3180/450/0 ms
153:Gliding tone, 20 Hz to 20 kHz
200:Lateral (mono) coarse groove
194:Single tones, 18kHz to 30 Hz
159:Lateral (mono) coarse groove
75:of coarse-groove records to
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241:Post-1955 78s: 3180/450/50
135:Audio Engineering Society
337:TR: Transcriptions (NAB)
280:Use of RIAA Equalization
46:may contain suggestions.
31:may need to be rewritten
319:AC: Acoustic recordings
141:to the digital domain.
174:1 kHz reference level*
103:revolutions per minute
63:The AES coarse-groove
446:Broadcast engineering
340:MO: RIAA equalization
232:FFRR 78s: Flat/636/25
125:slowly but steadily.
216:rpm record would be
101:, largely 78s or 78
269:Adjustments needed*
168:1 kHz trigger tone
99:gramophone records
441:Audio engineering
315:Equalizer Setting
286:RIAA equalization
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35:quality standards
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451:Sound technology
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197:Speed: 77.92 rpm
156:Speed: 77.92 rpm
91:audio recordings
69:master reference
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359:"AES Standards"
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305:Other Equipment
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123:deteriorating
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77:digital media
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73:mass transfer
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52:February 2017
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29:This article
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366:. Retrieved
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284:Because the
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127:Preservation
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40:You can help
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363:www.aes.org
111:spoken word
65:calibration
435:Categories
368:2018-03-15
290:phonograph
115:production
109:music and
95:phonograph
107:mankind's
83:Libraries
44:talk page
218:obsolete
190:Side B:
149:Side A:
119:plastics
87:archives
299:rolloff
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139:analog
42:. The
345:Notes
410:ISBN
85:and
97:or
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
