381:
140:
789:
1284:
2408:
712:
770:
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2416:
808:
846:
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1008:
1459:
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622:
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1400:
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1322:
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673:
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1103:
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36:
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1027:
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927:
584:
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732:
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2513:
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499:
Having AGOA eligibility does not imply automatic eligibility for a "Wearing
Apparel" provision. To export apparel and certain textile to the United States under the AGOA duty-free, an eligible country must have implemented a "Visa System" that satisfies American authorities and proves compliance with
451:
The scheduled expiration in 2025 makes the future of U.S.–Africa relations uncertain. In part, this is due to a changing trade environment with respect to Africa; for example, intracontinental and intercontinental economic integration have increased significantly. Similarly, following the conclusion
447:
Passage of the legislation followed nearly a decade of leadership on the part of activists such as Paul Speck at
Environmental and Energy Institute, Witney Schneidman, Steve Lande, Mel Foote, Tony Carroll, Claude Fontheim, and Mark Neuman, and others. AGOA was signed by President Clinton into law in
2138:
1639:
passed the AGOA Acceleration Act of 2004, which extended the legislation to 2015. It has since been extended by 10 years from 2015 to 2025. The Act's apparel special provision, which permits lesser-developed countries to use foreign fabric for their garment exports, was to expire in
September 2007.
1675:
rules. Furthermore, it is seen as a one-sided agreement as there was little
African involvement in its preparation. AGOA has also been criticized for being "dominated by oil and raw materials" After the enactment of AGOA, "exports have increased by more than 500 per cent from around $ 8.2 billion
1643:
Every year an AGOA Forum is held, which brings together government leaders and private sector stakeholders from Africa and the United States. The Forum is held in
Washington every other year, and in an AGOA eligible African country in the other years. So far, the Forum has been held four times in
456:
and
African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP) countries, trade ties are shifting from unilateral preferences to reciprocal relations. In order for African producers and manufacturers to become more fully integrated into supply chain networks, it may be beneficial to consider restructuring U.S.–Africa
510:
Countries' inclusion has fluctuated with changes in the local political environment. In
December 2009, for example, Guinea, Madagascar, and Niger were all removed from the list of eligible countries; by October 2011, though, eligibility was restored to Guinea and Niger, and by June 2014, to
1580:, horticultural products, automotive components and steel. While Nigeria and Angola are the largest exporters under AGOA, other countries, particularly South Africa's have been more diverse and unlike the former are not mainly concentrated in the energy sector. To some countries, including
2139:"A Message to the Congress on the Termination of the Designation of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (Ethiopia), the Republic of Guinea (Guinea), and the Republic of Mali (Mali) as beneficiary sub-Saharan African countries under the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA)"
448:
May 2000. The legislation was reviewed again in 2015, was extended for 10 years following contentious debate. The revisions made it easier to become eligible and focused on improving the future business environment in developing
African countries.
1560:
goods into the United States for eligible countries, though many other goods are also included. This resulted in the growth of an apparel industry in southern Africa, and created hundreds of thousands of jobs. However, the dismantling of the
1573:, where most of the growth occurred. Orders from African manufacturers stabilised somewhat after the imposition of certain safeguard measures by U.S. authorities, but Africa's share of the U.S. market was still reduced after the phaseout.
158:
An Act to authorize a new trade and investment policy for sub-Saharan Africa, expand trade benefits to the countries in the
Caribbean Basin, renew the generalized system of preferences, and reauthorize the trade adjustment assistance
1565:'s world quota regime for textile and apparel trade in January 2005 reversed some of the gains made in the African textile industry due to increased competition from developing nations outside of Africa, particularly
1651:
for AGOA participant countries. In FY2008, the United States exported $ 17,125,389 in goods to the 41 AGOA countries, and the U.S. imported $ 81,426,951 for a balance of $ 64,301,562 in favor of the AGOA countries.
2267:
1871:
1576:
AGOA has resulted in limited successes in some countries. In addition to growth in the textile and apparel industry, some AGOA countries have begun to export new products to the United States, such as
1668:
has argued the legislation "exacts indirect imperial tribute" from
African states, noting AGOA contains a clause requiring participating African countries not to oppose American foreign policy.
1745:
2344:
2517:
1596:, AGOA remains of critical importance. Agricultural products are a promising area for AGOA trade; however much work needs to be done to assist African countries in meeting U.S.
2640:
2088:
1664:
scheme to further exploit African resources. Mentan has argued that despite promises of economic growth, the profits made from the scheme are "not for Africans". Sociologist
317:
53:
511:
Madagascar as well. Notice was given that Burundi would lose its AGOA eligibility status as of 1 January 2016. In August, 2017, Togo was recognized as an eligible country.
492:
to determine which sub-Saharan African countries would be eligible for AGOA on an annual basis. The eligibility criteria were to improve labor rights and movement toward a
1601:
2645:
2655:
527:
432:), and his Chief of Staff, Michael Williams. McDermott, along with Congressman Ed Royce, helped move the earliest versions of the legislation through Congress. Later
309:
313:
1868:
1660:
Cameroonian scholar Tatah Mentan has criticized AGOA, arguing that while the legislation "sounds like a benevolent multilateral trade agreement", it is actually a
2183:
1885:
389:
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2605:
2600:
639:
539:
2635:
1950:
457:
economic relations outside of the AGOA. The United States and sub-Saharan African countries have already discussed potential post-AGOA policy architectures.
416:
and the region. After completing its initial 15-year period of validity, the AGOA legislation was extended on 29 June 2015 by a further 10 years, to 2025.
635:
535:
2337:
1640:
However, legislation passed by Congress in December 2006 extended it through 2012, and later to 2025 as part of the general AGOA extension in June 2015.
358:
336:
2268:"U.S. tells Abiy's government human rights violations in Tigray could 'affect Ethiopia's future African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) eligibility'"
2166:
1850:
1605:
2650:
1604:
standards. The U.S. government is providing technical assistance to AGOA eligible countries to help them benefit from the legislation, through the
2002:
100:
72:
2430:
2050:
2330:
1910:
1706:
2425:
79:
2200:
1975:
2592:
2546:
2152:
1730:
259:
246:
2214:
1644:
Washington, and once each in Mauritius, Senegal, Ghana, Kenya (2009), Zambia (2011), Ethiopia (2013), Gabon (2015) and Togo (2017).
2250:
1549:
119:
86:
2541:
2529:
663:
380:
793:
788:
295:
2379:
1925:
2051:"Text of notification to Congress on Burundi's suspension from AGOA from 2016 - Agoa.info - African Growth and Opportunity Act"
1911:"Text of notification to Congress on Burundi's suspension from AGOA from 2016 - Agoa.info - African Growth and Opportunity Act"
227:
219:
68:
496:. Each year, the President evaluates the sub-Saharan African countries and determines which countries should remain eligible.
489:
57:
2568:
2563:
2471:
1676:
then to $ 54 billion in 2011, although about 90 per cent of these are natural resources, mainly oil," wrote Andualem Sisay.
1288:
1283:
998:
2064:
1135:
436:, who served as the first ever Assistant U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) for Africa in the administrations of Presidents
2505:
1608:(USAID) and other agencies. The U.S. government has established three regional trade hubs in Africa for this purpose, in
2299:
1794:
1491:
189:
2444:
2065:"Presidential Proclamation to take Certain Actions Under the African Growth and Opportunity Act and for Other Purposes"
503:
A country "graduates" from AGOA and thereby loses eligibility if it becomes a "high-income" country as defined by the
2466:
404:(Title I, Trade and Development Act of 2000; P.L. 106–200) is a piece of legislation that was approved by the
2304:
1731:"Obama signs trade (Incl. AGOA), worker assistance bills into law - Agoa.info - African Growth and Opportunity Act"
1665:
2374:
46:
1746:"WHITAKER COORDINATING U.S.-AFRICA TRADE POLICY SHE IS THE FIRST ASSISTANT U.S. TRADE REPRESENTATIVE FOR AFRICA"
530:
explained the removal was “due to actions taken by each of their governments in violation of the AGOA Statute”.
139:
93:
716:
711:
477:
1770:
2215:"'US to consider Zimbabwe's eligibility for AGOA this year' - Agoa.info - African Growth and Opportunity Act"
1276:
AGOA apparel benefits suspended on July 31, 2018, in response to the banning of second-hand clothing imports
1843:
2116:
2089:"US to expel Gabon, Niger, Uganda and the Central African Republic from trade program over rights concerns"
2420:
2316:
1636:
1548:
for quota and duty-free entry into the United States for certain goods, expanding the benefits under the
1562:
1158:
774:
769:
1693:
212:
2313:
1818:
526:
from the AGOA programme over alleged human rights violations and recent coups. In a statement the
437:
409:
253:
1795:"AGOA architect McDermott knighted in Lesotho - Agoa.info - African Growth and Opportunity Act"
2322:
2246:
2027:
850:
845:
287:
2242:
1648:
1545:
812:
272:
2167:"President Donald J. Trump Upholds AGOA Trade Preference Eligibility Criteria with Rwanda"
263:
2577:
1661:
493:
453:
441:
385:
2629:
2587:
2354:
1012:
1007:
433:
425:
413:
405:
1709:
retrieved from the United States Government Printing Office website August 23, 2010
1385:
1380:
1346:
1341:
626:
621:
531:
368:
1886:"US to evict Gabon, Niger, Uganda and Central African Republic from trade program"
408:
in May 2000. The stated purpose of this legislation is to assist the economies of
2536:
2524:
1577:
1404:
1399:
807:
424:
The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) was the brainchild of Congressman
35:
350:
326:
1593:
1326:
1321:
1191:
1186:
1149:
1144:
1088:
1083:
951:
946:
917:
916:
Suspended on January 1, 2022, over concerns of human rights violations in the
677:
672:
504:
291:
2480:
2397:
1172:
1167:
461:
388:
signs into law the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) of 2004 in the
542:. As of January 1, 2023, 35 countries are eligible to participate in AGOA.
1621:
1617:
1597:
1585:
1525:
1520:
1444:
1439:
908:
903:
889:
884:
831:
826:
696:
691:
607:
602:
515:
299:
231:
2451:
1694:"The African Growth and Opportunity Act: Looking Back, Looking Forward"
1625:
1581:
1570:
1557:
1553:
1365:
1360:
1307:
1302:
1249:
1244:
1210:
1205:
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1064:
1050:
1045:
870:
865:
755:
750:
654:
649:
164:
60: in this article. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1844:"the African Growth and Opportunity Act:Looking Back, Looking Forward"
2555:
2439:
2415:
1506:
1501:
1482:
1477:
1268:
1263:
1107:
1102:
989:
984:
569:
564:
523:
469:
1490:
Suspended on January 1, 2024 for human rights abuses, including the
17:
1533:
Has never been eligible for membership since the founding of AGOA
2512:
2500:
2461:
2407:
1629:
1613:
1609:
1589:
1566:
1424:
1419:
1229:
1224:
1031:
1026:
970:
965:
931:
926:
588:
583:
473:
465:
429:
379:
1771:"The African Growth and Opportunity Act: Building Trade Capacity"
2490:
2003:"U.S. cuts off Burkina Faso from Africa duty-free trade program"
1463:
1458:
1126:
1121:
736:
731:
519:
2326:
1432:
Has never requested designation as an AGOA beneficiary country
1373:
Has never requested designation as an AGOA beneficiary country
1672:
29:
1926:"New African Nations Get AGOA Trade Benefits, Others at Risk"
1869:"Current Issues on the African Growth and Opportunity Act..."
2153:"US to end trade benefits for Mauritania over forced labour"
1976:"US cuts off Ethiopia, Mali and Guinea from trade programme"
1951:"Determination Under the African Growth and Opportunity Act"
2295:
Complete resource on AGOA - news, legislation, trade data
1552:(GSP) program. Notably, AGOA expanded market access for
1157:
Suspended on January 1, 2019, over a failure to address
534:
lost its eligibility in 2023 due to successful coups in
2300:
Agoa 2013: Oil 'too dominant' in trade deal with the US
2294:
634:
Suspended on January 1, 2023 following coup d'Ă©tats in
2227:
Africa in the Colonial Ages of Empire (2018), page 453
1237:
Suspended on January 1, 2024 for human rights abuses.
939:
Suspended on January 1, 2024 for human rights abuses.
724:
Suspended on January 1, 2024 for human rights abuses.
704:
Suspended on January 1, 2020, for human rights abuses
2133:
2131:
2129:
1719:
B&FT. "US outlines new AGOA strategy". GhanaWeb.
2388:
2371:
Asian–African Sub-Regional Organisations Conference
2361:
1635:Initially, AGOA was set to expire in 2008, but the
428:(a former Foreign Service medical officer based in
270:
252:
242:
237:
218:
208:
203:
195:
184:
176:
163:
154:
150:
United States-Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act
146:
2305:
2028:"AGOA Eligible and Ineligible Countries – 2023"
1671:Some allege that AGOA is in contradiction with
452:of economic partnership agreements between the
1997:
1995:
514:On January 1, 2022, the United States removed
412:and to improve economic relations between the
390:Dwight D. Eisenhower Executive Office Building
2338:
2184:"AGOA Eligible and Ineligible Countries-2022"
2111:
2109:
27:U.S. legislation approved by Congress in 2000
8:
1134:Suspended on January 1, 2022, following the
997:Suspended on January 1, 2022, following the
662:Suspended on January 1, 2016, following the
132:
2641:United States foreign relations legislation
480:from AGOA, citing human rights violations.
2345:
2331:
2323:
2201:"South Sudan, Gambia struck off Agoa list"
343:Reported by the joint conference committee
2178:
2176:
1606:U.S. Agency for International Development
546:Eligibility Status as of January 1, 2024
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
2646:Acts of the 106th United States Congress
544:
444:, helped develop and implement the law.
2656:United States federal trade legislation
1819:"The Foreign Service Journal, May 2004"
1685:
131:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
1924:Donaldson, Tara (September 8, 2017).
7:
1744:PETER ALAN HARPER (29 August 1998).
318:House Banking and Financial Services
69:"African Growth and Opportunity Act"
58:adding citations to reliable sources
2636:International development in Africa
2375:Africa – European Union Partnership
1842:Brookings Institution (June 2012).
2310:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
1334:Graduated AGOA on January 1, 2017
858:Graduated AGOA on January 1, 2011
664:Nkurunziza re-election controversy
398:African Growth and Opportunity Act
353:, via Clerk.House.gov) and by the
133:African Growth and Opportunity Act
25:
2117:"2016 AGOA Implementation Report"
1550:Generalized System of Preferences
335:on November 3, 1999 (76-19,
180:Trade and Development Act of 2000
2586:
2576:
2554:
2535:
2523:
2511:
2499:
2489:
2479:
2460:
2450:
2438:
2414:
2406:
2396:
1874:from the original on 2020-06-13.
1856:from the original on 2021-03-18.
1519:
1500:
1476:
1457:
1438:
1418:
1398:
1379:
1359:
1340:
1320:
1301:
1282:
1262:
1243:
1223:
1204:
1185:
1166:
1143:
1120:
1101:
1082:
1063:
1044:
1025:
1006:
983:
964:
945:
925:
902:
883:
864:
844:
825:
806:
794:Democratic Republic of the Congo
787:
768:
749:
730:
710:
690:
671:
648:
620:
601:
582:
563:
325:on July 16, 1999 (234-163,
138:
34:
2661:United States–African relations
2651:2000 in international relations
488:The legislation authorized the
45:needs additional citations for
2353:Strategic Partnerships of the
2319:, Full text of the legislation
1647:Statistics suggest a positive
1569:. Some factories shut down in
1492:Anti-Homosexuality Act of 2023
490:President of the United States
349:on May 4, 2000 (309-110,
1:
1412:Suspended on January 1, 2015
357:on May 11, 2000 (77-19,
310:House International Relations
1529:
1510:
1486:
1467:
1448:
1428:
1408:
1389:
1369:
1350:
1330:
1311:
1292:
1272:
1253:
1233:
1214:
1195:
1176:
1153:
1130:
1111:
1092:
1073:
1054:
1035:
1016:
993:
974:
955:
935:
912:
893:
874:
854:
835:
816:
797:
778:
759:
740:
720:
700:
681:
658:
630:
611:
592:
573:
460:In November 2023, President
190:106th United States Congress
2380:Africa–South America Summit
2266:Ateba, Simon (2021-08-26).
2677:
1750:Greensboro News and Record
500:the AGOA Rules of Origin.
2241:. London: Verso. p.
464:urged for the removal of
279:
247:19 U.S.C.: Customs Duties
137:
999:2021 Guinean coup d'Ă©tat
717:Central African Republic
478:Central African Republic
1136:2021 Malian coup d'Ă©tat
528:US Trade Representative
392:Tuesday, July 13, 2004.
306:Committee consideration
2362:Continent to Continent
2237:Mann, Michael (2003).
1637:United States Congress
393:
347:agreed to by the House
329:, via Clerk.House.gov)
1563:Multi Fibre Agreement
1289:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
775:Republic of the Congo
383:
302:) on February 2, 1999
2389:Continent to Country
1540:Benefits and results
557:Notes on Suspension
494:market-based economy
314:House Ways and Means
54:improve this article
1696:. 30 November 2001.
554:Currently Eligible
547:
273:Legislative history
134:
2542:South Korea–Africa
2530:North Korea–Africa
2368:Africa–Arab Summit
2141:. 2 November 2021.
1775:commdocs.house.gov
1752:. Associated Press
545:
438:William J. Clinton
410:sub-Saharan Africa
394:
351:Roll call vote 145
337:Roll call vote 353
327:Roll call vote 307
147:Other short titles
2623:
2622:
2272:Today News Africa
2239:Incoherent Empire
1980:www.aljazeera.com
1546:trade preferences
1537:
1536:
851:Equatorial Guinea
378:
377:
361:, via Senate.gov)
359:Roll call vote 98
339:, via Senate.gov)
333:Passed the Senate
221:Statutes at Large
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
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2591:
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2558:
2540:
2539:
2528:
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2516:
2515:
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2503:
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2493:
2485:Indonesia–Africa
2484:
2483:
2465:
2464:
2455:
2454:
2443:
2442:
2419:
2418:
2411:
2410:
2401:
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2204:
2203:. 2 August 2020.
2197:
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2180:
2171:
2170:
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2156:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2135:
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2123:
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2104:
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2101:
2100:
2085:
2072:
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2055:
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2040:
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2037:
2032:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:. 2 January 2023
1999:
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1972:
1966:
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1955:Federal Register
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1930:Sourcing Journal
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1649:balance of trade
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694:
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653:
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625:
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606:
605:
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548:
345:on May 4, 2000;
323:Passed the House
286:in the House as
275:
256:sections created
222:
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111:
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62:
38:
30:
21:
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431:
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419:
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414:United States
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71: –
70:
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65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2612:
2506:Italy–Africa
2472:Forum Summit
2467:India–Africa
2421:China-Africa
2275:. Retrieved
2271:
2261:
2238:
2232:
2223:
2209:
2195:
2161:
2147:
2097:. Retrieved
2095:. 2023-11-01
2092:
2059:
2045:
2034:. Retrieved
2022:
2011:. Retrieved
2006:
1983:. Retrieved
1979:
1970:
1959:. Retrieved
1957:. 2017-08-22
1954:
1945:
1935:September 8,
1933:. Retrieved
1929:
1919:
1905:
1894:. Retrieved
1892:. 2023-10-31
1889:
1880:
1867:Jetro, IDE.
1862:
1837:
1826:. Retrieved
1823:FlippingBook
1822:
1813:
1802:. Retrieved
1798:
1789:
1778:. Retrieved
1774:
1765:
1754:. Retrieved
1749:
1739:
1725:
1714:
1702:
1688:
1670:
1666:Michael Mann
1662:neo-colonial
1659:
1646:
1642:
1634:
1575:
1543:
1386:South Africa
1347:Sierra Leone
1159:forced labor
627:Burkina Faso
532:Burkina Faso
513:
509:
502:
498:
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459:
450:
446:
423:
401:
397:
395:
369:Bill Clinton
364:
354:
346:
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322:
305:
283:
238:Codification
199:May 18, 2000
168:(colloquial)
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2593:U.S.–Africa
2495:Iran–Africa
1578:cut flowers
1405:South Sudan
484:Eligibility
110:August 2007
2630:Categories
2277:2024-05-21
2099:2023-11-07
2036:2023-09-17
2013:2023-09-17
1985:2022-01-02
1961:2017-09-08
1896:2023-11-02
1828:2021-02-23
1804:2021-02-23
1780:2021-02-23
1756:2021-02-23
1680:References
1594:Madagascar
1327:Seychelles
1192:Mozambique
1150:Mauritania
1089:Madagascar
952:The Gambia
918:Tigray War
678:Cabo Verde
505:World Bank
476:, and the
384:President
292:Phil Crane
284:Introduced
209:Public law
155:Long title
80:newspapers
1799:agoa.info
1656:Reception
1173:Mauritius
640:September
540:September
462:Joe Biden
260:19 U.S.C.
226:114
204:Citations
196:Effective
177:Nicknames
159:programs.
2597:summits
2426:economic
1872:Archived
1851:Archived
1622:Botswana
1618:Gaborone
1598:sanitary
1586:Eswatini
1526:Zimbabwe
1445:Tanzania
1273:Partial
909:Ethiopia
890:Eswatini
832:Djibouti
697:Cameroon
608:Botswana
551:Country
516:Ethiopia
165:Acronyms
2306:Pub. L.
1890:Reuters
1626:Nairobi
1582:Lesotho
1571:Lesotho
1558:apparel
1554:textile
1366:Somalia
1308:Senegal
1250:Nigeria
1211:Namibia
1070:Liberia
1051:Lesotho
871:Eritrea
756:Comoros
655:Burundi
636:January
536:January
420:History
213:106-200
94:scholar
2312:
2249:
1624:; and
1507:Zambia
1483:Uganda
1269:Rwanda
1108:Malawi
990:Guinea
570:Angola
524:Guinea
470:Uganda
355:Senate
264:ch. 23
254:U.S.C.
230:
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2518:TICAD
2431:FOCAC
2317:(PDF)
2187:(PDF)
2120:(PDF)
2068:(PDF)
2031:(PDF)
1854:(PDF)
1847:(PDF)
1630:Kenya
1614:Ghana
1610:Accra
1590:Kenya
1567:China
1425:Sudan
1230:Niger
1032:Kenya
971:Ghana
932:Gabon
589:Benin
474:Niger
466:Gabon
430:Zaire
400:, or
262:
228:Stat.
101:JSTOR
87:books
2613:AGOA
2606:2022
2601:2014
2569:2023
2564:2019
2547:2024
2402:AAPF
2247:ISBN
1937:2017
1600:and
1592:and
1556:and
1511:Yes
1468:Yes
1464:Togo
1449:Yes
1390:Yes
1351:Yes
1312:Yes
1293:Yes
1254:Yes
1215:Yes
1196:Yes
1177:Yes
1127:Mali
1112:Yes
1093:Yes
1074:Yes
1055:Yes
1036:Yes
1017:Yes
975:Yes
956:Yes
894:Yes
836:Yes
817:Yes
798:Yes
779:Yes
760:Yes
741:Yes
737:Chad
682:Yes
638:and
612:Yes
593:Yes
574:Yes
538:and
522:and
520:Mali
440:and
402:AGOA
396:The
188:the
172:AGOA
73:news
18:AGOA
1673:WTO
1530:No
1487:No
1429:No
1409:No
1370:No
1331:No
1234:No
1154:No
1131:No
994:No
936:No
913:No
875:No
855:No
721:No
701:No
659:No
631:No
308:by
290:by
232:251
56:by
2632::
2270:.
2245:.
2243:74
2175:^
2128:^
2108:^
2091:.
2076:^
2005:.
1994:^
1978:.
1953:.
1928:.
1888:.
1849:.
1821:.
1797:.
1773:.
1748:.
1632:.
1628:,
1620:,
1616:;
1612:,
1588:,
1584:,
1494:.
642:.
518:,
507:.
472:,
468:,
316:,
312:,
300:IL
2412:/
2346:e
2339:t
2332:v
2280:.
2255:.
2217:.
2189:.
2169:.
2155:.
2122:.
2102:.
2070:.
2053:.
2039:.
2016:.
1988:.
1964:.
1939:.
1913:.
1899:.
1831:.
1807:.
1783:.
1759:.
1733:.
298:–
296:R
294:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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