703:, van Wijngaarden's draft remained incomplete and Wirth and Hoare presented a version using more traditional descriptions. It was generally agreed that their paper was "the right language in the wrong formalism". As these approaches were explored, it became clear there was a difference in the way parameters were described that would have real-world effects, and while Wirth and Hoare protested that further delays might become endless, the committee decided to wait for van Wijngaarden's version. Wirth then implemented their current definition as ALGOL W.
8560:" More than ever it will be required from an adequate programming tool that it assists, by structure, the programmer in the most difficult aspects of his job, viz. in the reliable creation of sophisticated programs. In this respect we fail to see how the language proposed here is a significant step forward: on the contrary, we feel that its implicit view of the programmer's task is very much the same as, say, ten years ago. This forces upon us the conclusion that, regarded as a programming tool, the language must be regarded as obsolete. "
7925:
8516:... C does not descend from Algol 68 is true, yet there was influence, much of it so subtle that it is hard to recover even when I think hard. In particular, the union type (a late addition to C) does owe to A68, not in any details, but in the idea of having such a type at all. More deeply, the type structure in general and even, in some strange way, the declaration syntax (the type-constructor part) was inspired by A68. And yes, of course, "long".
8105:
8064:
7779:
8294:
8247:
8143:
7998:
7963:
7739:
7663:
7541:
7500:
7439:
8371:
8331:
8030:
7574:
7325:
7830:
7625:
8507:... The scheme of type composition adopted by C owes considerable debt to Algol 68, although it did not, perhaps, emerge in a form that Algol's adherents would approve of. The central notion I captured from Algol was a type structure based on atomic types (including structures), composed into arrays, pointers (references), and functions (procedures). Algol 68's concept of unions and casts also had an influence that appeared later.
40:
11535:
11525:
7880:
7791:
5480:
8497:"Despite good intentions, a programmer may violate portability by inadvertently employing a local extension. To guard against this, each implementation should provide a PORTCHECK pragmat option. While this option is in force, the compiler prints a message for each construct that it recognizes as violating some portability constraint."
791:, and on several occasions became deadlocked over issues both in the definition and the group as a whole. Hoare released a "Critique of ALGOL 68" almost immediately, which has been widely referenced in many works. Wirth went on to further develop the ALGOL W concept and released this as Pascal in 1970.
5519:
is the term used to refer to ALGOL 68's input and output facilities. It includes pre-defined procedures for unformatted, formatted and binary transput. Files and other transput devices are handled in a consistent and machine-independent manner. The following example prints out some unformatted output
775:
in June 1968. It was supposed to discuss the release of compilers and other issues, but instead devolved into a discussion on the language. van
Wijngaarden responded by saying (or threatening) that he would release only one more version of the report. By this point Naur, Hoare, and Wirth had left the
6772:
ALGOL 68 allows for every natural language to define its own set of keywords Algol-68. As a result, programmers are able to write programs using keywords from their native language. Below is an example of a simple procedure that calculates "the day following", the code is in two languages: English
379:
have been deep, wide-ranging and enduring, although many of these contributions were only publicly identified when they had reappeared in subsequently developed programming languages. Many languages were developed specifically as a response to the perceived complexity of the language, the most
695:
on "Orthogonal design and description of a formal language". The latter, written in almost indecipherable "W-Grammar", proved to be a decisive shift in the evolution of the language. The meeting closed with an agreement that van
Wijngaarden would re-write the Wirth/Hoare submission using his
6376:
and Эльбрус-2 were created using high-level language Эль-76 (AL-76), rather than the traditional assembly. Эль-76 resembles Algol-68, The main difference is the dynamic binding types in Эль-76 supported at the hardware level. Эль-76 is used for application, job control, system programming.
6517:
All implementations must recognize at least POINT, UPPER and RES inside PRAGMAT sections. Of these, POINT and UPPER stropping are quite common, while RES stropping is a contradiction to the specification (as there are no reserved words). QUOTE (single apostrophe quoting) was the original
2624:
produce a coercee from a coercend according to three criteria: the a priori mode of the coercend before the application of any coercion, the a posteriori mode of the coercee required after those coercions, and the syntactic position or "sort" of the coercee. Coercions may be cascaded.
644:(IFIP) formed and started the Working Group on ALGOL, or WG2.1. This group released an updated ALGOL 60 specification in Rome in April 1962. At a follow-up meeting in March 1964, it was agreed that the group should begin work on two follow-on standards,
763:
in May 1968, attendees complained that the language was being forced upon them and that IFIP was "the true villain of this unreasonable situation" as the meetings were mostly closed and there was no formal feedback mechanism. Wirth and
6513:
language # 'INT'A REAL INT = 3; # QUOTE stropping style # .INT A REAL INT = 3; # POINT stropping style # INT a real int = 3; # UPPER stropping style # int a_real_int = 3; # RES stropping style, there are 61 accepted reserved words #
7235:): creation of functions (with fewer parameters) by specification of some, but not all parameters for a call, e.g. a function logarithm of two parameters, base and argument, could be specialised to natural, binary or decadic log,
758:
attempted to figure out what "language was hidden inside of it", a process that took six man-weeks of effort. The resulting paper, "ALGOL 68 with fewer tears", was widely circulated. At a wider information processing meeting in
5925:
Both official reports included some advanced features that were not part of the standard language. These were indicated with an ℵ and considered effectively private. Examples include "≮" and "≯" for templates, the
823:
Among the changes in 68-R was the requirement for all variables to be declared before their first use. This had a significant advantage that it allowed the compiler to be one-pass, as space for the variables in the
391:
Many languages of the 1970s trace their design specifically to ALGOL 68, selecting some features while abandoning others that were considered too complex or out-of-scope for given roles. Among these is the language
1242:
December 1968: Report on the
Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68 — Offprint from Numerische Mathematik, 14, 79-218 (1969); Springer-Verlag. — Edited by: A. van Wijngaarden, B. J. Mailloux, J. E. L. Peck and C. H. A.
8411:
was a direct derivative of Algol 68. However, it omitted many of the more complex features, and replaced the basic modes with a set of data types that mapped directly to the 2900 Series hardware architecture.
408:
ALGOL 68 features include expression-based syntax, user-declared types and structures/tagged-unions, a reference model of variables and reference parameters, string, array and matrix slicing, and concurrency.
1413:. West Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, USSR and Czechoslovakia willing to participate in preparing the standard but the USSR and Czechoslovakia "were not the right kinds of member of the right ISO committees"
623:
For a full-length treatment of the language, see "Programming ALGOL 68 Made Easy" by Dr. Sian
Mountbatten, or "Learning ALGOL 68 Genie" by Marcel van der Veer which includes the Revised Report.
6634:'pr' quote 'pr' 'mode' 'xint' = 'int'; 'xint' sum sq:=0; 'for' i 'while' sum sq≠70×70 'do' sum sq+:=i↑2 'od'
443:
to generate an infinite set of productions that will recognize a particular ALGOL 68 program; notably, they are able to express the kind of requirements that in many other programming language
8546:
The best we could do was to send with it a minority report, stating our considered view that, "... as a tool for the reliable creation of sophisticated programs, the language was a failure."
6552:
characters, indeed in the 1973 report it was written: "Four worthy characters — "|", "_", "" — are often coded differently, even at installations which nominally use the same character set."
1239:
October 1968: Penultimate Draft Report on the
Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68 — Chapters 1-9 Chapters 10-12 — Edited by: A. van Wijngaarden, B.J. Mailloux, J. E. L. Peck and C. H. A. Koster.
7270:: for implementation of limited parametrical polymorphism (most operations on data structures like lists, trees or other data containers can be specified without touching the pay load).
9098:. Vol. 28. also in ACM SIGPLAN Notices 28(3), March 1993 (includes a comprehensive bibliography of the meetings and discussions before, during and after development of ALGOL 68).
10926:
780:
in August 1968, Munich in
December which produced the release of the official Report in January 1969 but also resulted in a contentious Minority Report being written. Finally, at
754:
A draft report was finally published in
February 1968. This was met by "shock, horror and dissent", mostly due to the hundreds of pages of unreadable grammar and odd terminology.
2490:
mode-indication appears to the left of the equals symbol, and most notably the construction is made, and can be read, from left to right without regard to priorities. Also, the
3343:
Normally, comments cannot be nested in ALGOL 68. This restriction can be circumvented by using different comment delimiters (e.g. use hash only for temporary code deletions).
420:
on
Algorithmic Languages and Calculi. On December 20, 1968, the language was formally adopted by the group, and then approved for publication by the General Assembly of IFIP.
10917:
641:
413:
364:
implementation difficult and it was said it had "no implementations and no users". This was only partly true; ALGOL 68 did find use in several niche markets, notably in the
1772:
in other contemporary languages. When keywords are used, generally the reversed character sequence of the introducing keyword is used for terminating the enclosure, e.g. (
816:, the final editor of the Report, joked that "It is a question of morality. We have a Bible and you are sinning!" This version nevertheless became very popular on the
742:. In the resulting confusion, there was some discussion of abandoning the entire effort. The confusion continued through what was supposed to be the ALGOL Y meeting in
8491:
was a portable compiler that implemented a subset of ALGOL 68, restricting operator definitions and omitting garbage collection, flexible rows and formatted transput.
8478:
made assignments to this variable eligible for parallel evaluation, i.e. the right hand side was made into a procedure which was moved to one of the processors of the
568:(RSRE)) promoted the use of ALGOL 68 for its expected security advantages, the American side of the NATO alliance decided to develop a different project, the language
11576:
7169:
Before revision, the programmer could decide to have the arguments of a procedure evaluated serially instead of collaterally by using semicolons instead of commas (
10521:
10182:
8826:. March 1993. Page 12, 2nd paragraph: Algol68 operator overloading(§3.3.3), references (§3.3.4), and the ability to declare variables anywhere in a block (§3.3.1)
8463:. The language was based on the Revised Report, but with similar subset restrictions to ALGOL 68R. This compiler survives in the form of an Algol68-to-C compiler.
6525:
11586:
10364:
699:
This seemingly simple task ultimately proved more difficult than expected, and the follow-up meeting had to be delayed six months. When it met in April 1966 in
784:
in
September 1969, the project was generally considered complete and the discussion was primarily on errata and a greatly expanded Introduction to the Report.
8678:
5399:
Hence the need for separate constructs not subject to the normal coercion rules for operands to operators. But there is a gotcha. The following expressions:
1281:
September 1973: Revised Report on the
Algorithmic Language Algol 68 — Springer-Verlag 1976 — Edited by: A. van Wijngaarden, B. Mailloux, J. Peck, K. Koster,
10754:
10592:
9586:
6346:– The hardware was custom and microprogrammable, with an operating system, (modular) compiler, editor, garbage collector and filing system all written in
11566:
11529:
10213:
10091:
6438:
TORRIX – a programming system for operations on vectors and matrices over arbitrary fields and of variable size by S. G. van der Meulen and M. Veldhorst.
4364:) in the formal argument list. The following example defines a procedure that applies a function (specified as a parameter) to each element of an array:
718:
but had not yet made much progress. The two proposals from the previous meeting were again explored, and this time a new debate emerged about the use of
8713:
11581:
3352:
871:
in 1976 as 68S, and was again a one-pass compiler based on various simplifications of the original and intended for use on smaller machines like the
10259:
11571:
6492:
in the code as this may depend on hardware and cultural issues. Different methods to denote these identifiers have been devised. This is called a
5500:"golf-ball" print head inserted; these became available in the mid-1960s while ALGOL 68 was being drafted. These characters are also part of the
9655:
583:'s 2014 paper: "ALGOL 68 and Its Impact on the USSR and Russian Programming", and "Алгол 68 и его влияние на программирование в СССР и России".
11591:
2684:
ALGOL 68 has a hierarchy of contexts which determine the kind of coercions available at a particular point in the program. These contexts are:
2656:, prescribes a corresponding dynamic effect on the associated values. Hence, many primitive actions can be programmed implicitly by coercions.
1365:
1968: On 20 December 1968, the "Final Report" (MR 101) was adopted by the Working Group, then subsequently approved by the General Assembly of
10565:
10344:
9690:
2509:: defined directly or indirectly in terms of themselves. This is subject to some restrictions – for instance, these declarations are illegal:
400:
and structures. Most modern languages trace at least some of their syntax to either C or Pascal, and thus directly or indirectly to ALGOL 68.
11103:
10989:
10841:
9771:
9736:
9115:
9036:
8699:
8444:
6401:
565:
460:
ALGOL 68 was the first (and possibly one of the last) major language for which a full formal definition was made before it was implemented.
424:
5711:
printf (($ 2l"The sum is:"x, g(0)$ , m + n)); ¢ prints the same as: ¢ print ((new line, new line, "The sum is:", space, whole (m + n, 0))
8791:
8447:
was a portable compiler system written in ALGOL 68RS (bootstrapped from ALGOL 68R), and implemented on a variety of systems including the
5371:
at the same time, because then calls become ambiguous, due to the implicit coercions that can be applied: should the operands be left as
832:
s be declared twice, once as a declaration of the types, and then again as the body of code. Another change was to eliminate the assumed
11216:
10948:
10900:
10610:
7366:
5492:
Most of Algol's "special" characters (⊂, ≡, ␣, ×, ÷, ≤, ≥, ≠, ¬, ⊃, ≡, ∨, ∧, →, ↓, ↑, ⌊, ⌈, ⎩, ⎧, ⊥, ⏨, ¢, ○ and □) can be found on the
961:
190:
55:
11211:
1321:
723:
11260:
11140:
10060:
9712:
9364:
8666:
8121:
8079:
7806:
10128:
8744:
11507:
8603:
2239:
11449:
10540:
9095:
7899:
7043:, i.e. coercing the value of a term into a procedure which evaluates the term. Proceduring would be intended to make evaluations
1197:
1100:
10482:
9806:
9532:
9387:
8869:
1472:
The standard language contains about sixty reserved words, typically bolded in print, and some with "brief symbol" equivalents:
1192:
10969:
10585:
7676:
1039:
817:
369:
59:
10545:
3594:: (month| 31, (year÷×4=0 ∧ year÷×100≠0 ∨ year÷×400=0 | 29 | 28 ), 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 );
11596:
10166:
10115:
8618:
8084:
354:
281:
9002:
8964:
8941:
8918:
8895:
8844:
5170:
360:
The complexity of the language's definition, which runs to several hundred pages filled with non-standard terminology, made
4654:
722:; ALGOL W used them only to refer to records, while van Wijngaarden's version could point to any object. To add confusion,
10476:
9862:
8628:
7904:
1110:
G. E. Hedrick and Alan Robertson. The Oklahoma State ALGOL 68 Subset Compiler. 1975 International Conference on ALGOL 68.
1058:
711:
537:
381:
289:
10518:
10189:
9494:
7587:
6522:
5875:– a standards reports procedure raising an exception in the runtime system. ℵ – Used in the standards report to inhibit
10790:
10686:
10360:
10035:
10003:
9977:
8258:
6626:
6397:
5309:
Now consider how to decide whether these two are pointing to the same location, or whether one of them is pointing to
3452:
653:
297:
127:
9954:
1414:
11085:
10785:
10769:
10578:
8623:
8467:
8386:
8347:
8200:
5497:
868:
719:
673:
569:
385:
285:
11006:
10313:
8662:
8440:
students learnt ALGOL 68 as their first programming language; the compiler was renowned for good error messages.
8421:
8400:
7840:
7224:
After the revision of the report, some extensions to the language have been proposed to widen the applicability:
6357:
5688:
on logical file end, on physical file end, on page end, on line end, on format end, on value error, on char error
5293:
Consider trying to compare two pointer values, such as the following variables, declared as pointers-to-integer:
4440:
1035:
805:
301:
10979:
10884:
10479:
The official reference for users and implementors of the language (large pdf file, scanned from Algol Bulletin)
10152:
9582:
8593:
8391:
8352:
3398:
3369:
3356:
2621:
1821:
1455:
602:
529:
393:
323:
261:
182:
177:
3303:
in the program, typically hints to the compiler; in newer languages these are called "pragmas" (no 't'). e.g.
353:
programming language, designed with the goal of a much wider scope of application and more rigorously defined
8682:
8494:
Algol 68 Genie by M. van der Veer is an ALGOL 68 implementation for today's computers and operating systems.
11278:
10974:
10854:
10722:
10559:
9269:
8674:
8654:
8485:
8304:
8153:
6494:
6424:
5735:
3522:
3300:
2168:
1210:
922:
692:
436:
432:
85:
6393:
are written in ALGOL 68, effectively making ALGOL 68 an application of itself. Other applications include:
1313:
10921:
10232:
9239:
6668:
6314:
5822:
For its technical intricacies, ALGOL 68 needs a cornucopia of methods to deny the existence of something:
4431:
977:
715:
417:
397:
343:
170:
162:
63:
9330:
1271:
44:
Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language – Algol 68 Edited by: A. van Wijngaarden et al, September 1973
11360:
11132:
11075:
10984:
10943:
10868:
10779:
10255:
8972:
8949:
8926:
8903:
8091:
7166:
Some implementations emulate the expected behaviour for this special case by extension of the language.
6548:
This reflected a problem in the 1960s where some hardware didn't support lower-case, nor some other non-
5960:
3573:
statement: ( switch1 | statements,statements,... |: switch2 | statements,statements,... | statements )
1267:
1222:
465:
451:, and must be expressed in ambiguity-prone natural language prose, and then implemented in compilers as
97:
7311:
7047:. The most useful application could have been the short-circuited evaluation of boolean operators. In:
1294:
9631:
9607:
8986:
7171:
6321:, although several other closely associated protected procedures, such as a paginator, are written in
9662:
8658:
8281:
8269:
8130:
7599:
6642:
3949:
2843:
then weak dereferencing (dereferencing or deproceduring, yielding a name)
1756:
or one of several technically needed constructs (assignation, jump, skip, nihil). The technical term
911:
883:
804:
The first implementation of the standard, based on the late-1968 draft Report, was introduced by the
727:
665:
440:
346:
228:
50:
10284:
8482:
multiprocessor system. Accesses to such variables were delayed after termination of the assignment.
6518:
recommendation, while matched apostrophe quoting, common in ALGOL 60, is not used much in ALGOL 68.
1325:
1096:
11394:
11050:
10649:
10494:
10341:
10237:
9772:"GOST 27975-88 Programming language ALGOL 68 extended – Язык программирования АЛГОЛ 68 расширенный"
9686:
9021:
2014 Third International Conference on Computer Technology in Russia and in the Former Soviet Union
2506:
1337:
1251:
9782:
9747:
1333:
528:
writer's task easier, in contrast to deliberately simple contemporaries (and competitors) such as
217:
11370:
11150:
11045:
10733:
10619:
10551:
10332:
9125:
9087:
9042:
6521:
The following characters were recommended for portability, and termed "worthy characters" in the
6432:
6407:
5876:
4226:
print(("real:", r)), print(("int:", i)), print(("compl:", c)), print(("string:", s))
3919:
3451:. A block of code returns the value of the last expression it evaluated; this idea is present in
1432:
GOST 27975-88 Programming language ALGOL 68 extended — Язык программирования АЛГОЛ 68 расширенный
1386:
1301:
1286:
1255:
1172:
845:
828:
was set aside before it was used. However, this change also had the side-effect of demanding the
755:
739:
613:
504:
444:
10849:
10104:
7463:
6364:
VME. S3 was based on ALGOL 68 but with data types and operators aligned to those offered by the
5608:
is a means of communicating between a program and a book that has been opened via some channel.
1305:
860:
The first full implementation of the language was introduced in 1974 by CDC Netherlands for the
10457:
512:
ALGOL 68 has been criticized, most prominently by some members of its design committee such as
17:
11561:
11539:
11375:
11250:
11145:
11065:
10207:
10085:
9360:
9111:
9032:
8705:
8695:
8613:
7984:
7199:
The first argument to test is guaranteed to be evaluated before the second, but in the usual:
6373:
5701:"Formatted transput" in ALGOL 68's transput has its own syntax and patterns (functions), with
4355:
1825:
1390:
1214:
1092:
825:
598:
277:
89:
10116:
An abstract ALGOL 68 machine and its application in a machine independent compiler – Springer
7725:
7611:
2854:
then dereferencing (dereferencing or deproceduring)
668:
in May 1965. A report of the meeting noted two broadly supported themes, the introduction of
11469:
11464:
11383:
11265:
10417:
10322:
10280:
9935:
9284:
9103:
9024:
8540:
8537:
it was said that A68's popularity was inversely proportional to the distance from Amsterdam
8437:
8212:
7027:
Except where noted (with a ), the language described above is that of the "Revised Report".
6428:
6361:
6329:
5919:
5856:
or "○" – a name not denoting anything, of an unspecified reference mode, () or specifically
5739:
1394:
1374:
1290:
1230:"Van Wijngaarden once characterized the four authors, somewhat tongue-in-cheek, as: Koster:
788:
376:
5922:, the integer bit representation, and the degree of numerical accuracy for floating point.
5386:
and that version used instead? Therefore the following expression can never be made legal:
2068:
All variables need to be declared, but declaration does not have to precede the first use.
39:
11426:
11410:
11402:
11306:
11231:
11160:
10830:
10525:
10348:
10252:
10170:
10132:
9163:
9137:
9006:
8691:
8448:
8425:
8408:
7764:
7591:
7519:
7451:
6529:
6365:
6333:
4350:
is the value of the last expression evaluated in the procedure. References to procedures (
1970:
1382:
1378:
1341:
1282:
1247:
1218:
1086:
1042:
886:. This was "nearly complete". Lindsey released a version for small machines including the
710:
in October 1966, there was an initial report from the I/O Subcommittee who had met at the
580:
517:
221:
93:
80:
10508:
10067:
6475:
from identifiers, and spaces are allowed in identifiers, so this next fragment is legal:
4443:
and their priorities may be changed by the coder. The following example defines operator
3359:
statement is a reference to the destination. Thus, the following is valid ALGOL 68 code:
372:(ICL) machines, and in teaching roles. Outside these fields, use was relatively limited.
9019:
Terekhov, Andrey (2014). "ALGOL 68 and Its Impact on the USSR and Russian Programming".
2234:– used to specify procedures, like functions in C/C++ and procedures/functions in Pascal
864:
mainframe series. This saw limited use, mostly teaching in Germany and the Netherlands.
11482:
11301:
11188:
11165:
11098:
11070:
10953:
10712:
9883:
8787:
8740:
8670:
8518:
8509:
8433:
8299:
8252:
8148:
8003:
7968:
7744:
7668:
7546:
7505:
7444:
1872:
1409:
1345:
1155:
951:
813:
781:
735:
652:, which would have the ability to modify its own programs in the style of the language
524:, becoming a vehicle for complex or overly general ideas, and doing little to make the
513:
428:
365:
9472:, Munich, July 20–24, 1970, J. E. L. Peck, editor, North Holland, pages 239–243.
5527:
print ((newpage, "Title", newline, "Value of i is ", i, "and x is ", x, newline))
1234:, Peck: syntaxer, Mailloux: implementer, Van Wijngaarden: party ideologist." – Koster.
820:
machines, and became a widely-used language in military coding, especially in the UK.
11555:
11418:
11331:
11239:
11226:
11206:
11155:
10749:
10716:
10530:
9810:
9536:
9391:
8873:
8525:
8452:
7835:
7630:
6350:. The command shell Curt was designed to access typed data similar to Algol-68 modes.
3747:
3506:
1405:
1349:
1263:
777:
680:
669:
479:
10535:
9046:
3287:
For more details about Primaries, Secondaries, Tertiary & Quaternaries refer to
776:
effort, and several more were threatening to do so. Several more meetings followed,
11459:
11454:
11431:
11365:
11339:
11283:
11255:
11196:
11055:
9832:
9062:"Алгол 68 и его влияние на программирование в СССР и России" – pages: 336 & 342
8774:
Influence on C: types, structures, arrays, pointers and procedures – Dennis Ritchie
8608:
8553:
8110:
8069:
7784:
6660:
MODE XINT = INT; XINT sum sq:=0; FOR i WHILE sum sq/=70*70 DO sum sq+:=i**2 OD
6343:
5964:
5742:. In A68S a different paradigm of parallel processing was implemented (see below).
5738:. In A68G the parallel actions are mapped to threads when available on the hosting
5380:
and that version of the operator called? Or should they be dereferenced further to
4589:
dereferencing, deproceduring(~,~), subscripting, rowing, slicing, size denotations
4292:) declarations require type specifications for both the parameters and the result (
4105:
3502:"brief" form: ( condition1 | statements |: condition2 | statements | statements )
1832:
1417:
1353:
1317:
1275:
861:
688:
679:
At the second meeting in October in France, three formal proposals were presented,
590:
586:
576:
269:
10164:
8751:
5417:
while legal, will probably not do what might be expected. They will always return
4449:
with both dyadic and monadic versions (scanning across the elements of an array).
11347:
10336:
10022:
10019:
9558:
9507:
9444:
8999:
8848:
8470:
the power of parallel processing was improved by adding an orthogonal extension,
1459:
1309:
844:
be added where it would have been assumed. Further, 68-R eliminated the explicit
327:
11444:
11352:
11201:
11178:
11173:
11093:
11060:
11040:
9632:"Penultimate Draft Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68 – Chapters 10-12"
9150:
8376:
8336:
8035:
7949:
7579:
7330:
6411:
5935:
3728:
400 = 0 | 29 | 28 ), ¢Mar¢ 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31 ¢ to Dec. ¢
3447:
Note that, being an integer expression, the former block of code can be used in
2186:
Complex types can be created from simpler ones using various type constructors:
166:
158:
153:
10502:
10488:
9443:
Van Wijngaarden, A.; Mailloux, B. J.; Peck, J.; Koster, C. H. A. (1968-03-01).
7216:
then the compiler could evaluate the arguments in whatever order it felt like.
3756:
1445:
313:
11270:
11221:
11183:
10682:
10677:
10304:
9940:
9923:
9854:
9737:"GOST 27974-88 Programming language ALGOL 68 – Язык программирования АЛГОЛ 68"
9608:"Penultimate Draft Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68 – Chapters 1-9"
9326:
9288:
8549:
8261:
7860:
7850:
7680:
7486:
7425:
7274:
So far, only partial parametrisation has been implemented, in Algol 68 Genie.
7246:
7114:
As defined in ALGOL 68, it did not work as expected, for example in the code:
6390:
6347:
6337:
1955:
long long pi = 3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279 50288 41971 69399 37510;
1329:
1259:
1031:
957:
915:
872:
809:
765:
594:
555:
551:
544:
205:
201:
9059:
7584:
4116:
For an example of all this, here is the traditional linked list declaration:
1411:
10906:
10692:
10672:
10657:
9099:
9028:
8820:
8810:
Influence on C: union, structure, syntax and long precision – Dennis Ritchie
8588:
8488:
8224:
8171:
8162:
7649:
7262:
7241:: for support of external linkage, two mechanisms were proposed, bottom-up
6484:
The programmer who writes executable code does not always have an option of
6472:
6386:
6318:
6286:
hd(l) ~= 0; cons(hd(l), sieve( filter( not multiple, tl(l) )))
1852:
1429:
GOST 27974-88 Programming language ALGOL 68 — Язык программирования АЛГОЛ 68
1141:
1082:
743:
589:, who was on the ALGOL 68 revision committee, took some of its ideas to his
273:
209:
197:
8709:
7890:
7035:
The original language (As per the "Final Report") differs in syntax of the
5569:
are made up of pages, lines and characters, and may be backed up by files.
1209:
March 1968: Draft Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68 – Edited by:
882:
mainframes did not become available until 1978, when one was released from
760:
10422:
10405:
10327:
10308:
9107:
648:
which would be a redefinition of the language with some additions, and an
11497:
11117:
11028:
10813:
10809:
10634:
10629:
8573:
8208:
7846:
7811:
7604:
7232:
7000:
5493:
5483:
4418:
3840:
portion was compulsory, in which case the loop will iterate indefinitely.
3765:
3377:
2279:– declare the array to be flexible, i.e. it can grow in length on demand.
1843:. This construct just looks like the parameter pack of a procedure call.
772:
700:
525:
521:
361:
350:
245:
9909:
6400:– a hardware description language and support toolset. Developed by the
3905:
to achieve a small optimisation. The same compilers also incorporated:
3458:
Compound statements are all terminated by distinctive closing brackets:
3340:# Style ii comment # £ This is a hash/pound comment for a UK keyboard £
1182:
Algol 68 Genie published on the internet (GNU GPL open source licensing)
10805:
10707:
10702:
10697:
8583:
8578:
8456:
8404:
8216:
7885:
7757:
7346:
6556:
Base characters: "Worthy characters" are a subset of "base characters".
6353:
5501:
5479:
3381:
3365:
half pi, one pi; one pi := 2 * ( half pi := 2 * arc tan(1) )
1451:
1398:
684:
649:
645:
533:
319:
249:
9955:
Applications, libraries, and test suites — Software Preservation Group
9425:
1408:
considered ALGOL 68 for standardisation as "New Work Item" TC97/N1642
11293:
10818:
10795:
10774:
9470:
Proceedings of the IFIP Working Conference on ALGOL 68 Implementation
9357:
Proceedings of the IFIP working conference on ALGOL 68 Implementation
8220:
7930:
7796:
1366:
887:
787:
The effort took five years, burned out many of the greatest names in
707:
10570:
8428:. Based on the original language, the main subset restrictions were
812:
in July 1970. This was, however, a subset of the full language, and
768:
formally resigned their authorship positions in WG2.1 at that time.
10912:
Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification
8598:
6471:
language. ALGOL 68's reserved words are effectively in a different
6317:– All procedures constituting the operating system were written in
5584:
s correspond to physical devices. e.g. card punches and printers.
4417:
This simplicity of code was unachievable in ALGOL 68's predecessor
3547:"brief" form: ( switch | statements,statements,... | statements )
2494:
of Algol 68 arrays is one by default, but can be any integer from -
1204:
The Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68 Reports and Working Group members
606:
265:
10894:
10824:
10800:
10764:
10727:
10662:
10601:
10541:Система программ динамической поддержки для транслятора с Алгол 68
10513:
9406:
8479:
8204:
8196:
8192:
8188:
8051:
7911:
6549:
6448:
2882:
Widening occurs if there is no loss of precision. For example: An
901:
637:
293:
213:
73:
5903: :/=:), whereas it is not known to which value a comparison
5169:
These are technically not operators, rather they are considered "
4653:
These are technically not operators, rather they are considered "
1246:
March 1970: Minority report, ALGOL Bulletin AB31.1.1 — signed by
10911:
10758:
10744:
10738:
10667:
9778:
9743:
9009:. jmvdveer.home.xs4all.nl (1968-12-20). Retrieved on 2013-07-21.
7640:
6322:
5918:
ALGOL 68 leaves intentionally undefined what happens in case of
5505:
3373:
3288:
2959:
A variable can also be coerced (rowed) to an array of length 1.
1829:
1422:
1370:
1047:
974:
10574:
5722:
supports programming of parallel processing. Using the keyword
3325:¢ The original way of adding your 2 cents worth to a program ¢
640:
language that was first formalized in 1960. That same year the
396:, which was directly influenced by ALGOL 68, especially by its
8460:
7684:
5828:, "~" or "?" – an undefined value always syntactically valid,
1760:
unifies some of the inherently bracketing constructs known as
879:
10105:
http://htportal.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=803425&type=pdf
8424:
was the first ALGOL 68 subset implementation, running on the
8383:
Portable interpreter; optional compilation of selected units
6499:. For example, all or some of the following may be available
2065:
are provided to adapt programs to different implementations.
7156:
that was procedured. Textual insertion of the commented-out
6463:
intended to be used in compiler input. The examples contain
6002:# Algol-68 prime number sieve, functional style #
3893:
Subsequent "extensions" to the standard Algol68 allowed the
1373:
for publication. Translations of the standard were made for
375:
Nevertheless, the contributions of ALGOL 68 to the field of
7896:
An Abstract ALGOL 68 Machine – machine independent Compiler
5946:
operators for "straightening" nested arrays and structures
5734:, where the synchronisation of actions is controlled using
5504:
standard and most of them are available in several popular
691:, a similar language by Gerhard Seegmüller, and a paper by
10004:"A Modules and Separate Compilation facility for ALGOL 68"
9718:. Peking, China: Institute of Mathematics, Academia Sinica
7935:
Revised Report complete implementation with debug features
6523:
Report on the Standard Hardware Representation of Algol 68
4358:
parameters are provided by specifying references (such as
3926:
Further examples can be found in the code examples below.
3409:
As another example, to express the mathematical idea of a
3376:, among others. Note that as in earlier languages such as
8432:
and no parallel processing. This compiler was popular in
6302:: sieve( tl( one to(n) )); show( primes(100) )
4329:
or, using the "brief" form of the conditional statement:
3864:"syntactic element" allowed a programmer to break from a
2285:– allocate variable some free space from the global heap.
676:
concepts of 'trees' or 'lists' for handling collections.
559:
10509:
Algol 68 Genie – a GNU GPL Algol 68 compiler-interpreter
9251:
9249:
9222:
9220:
7278:
True ALGOL 68s specification and implementation timeline
6451:
tradition, is its different representations. There is a
5752:: ( muffins-:=1; print(("Yum!",new line))), speak =
5620:
establish, create, open, associate, lock, close, scratch
2858:
2847:
2836:
2829:
9195:
9193:
9191:
9189:
8562:
1968 Working Group minority report on 23 December 1968.
8407:
operating system and much other system software on the
6183:| print((" ",whole(hd(l),0))); show(tl(l)));
5439:. To achieve the right effect, one would have to write
3480:"brief" form: ( condition | statements | statements )
2291:– allocate variable some free space of the local stack.
10153:
Open source Algol 68 implementations – Browse Files at
5572:
A specific book can be located by name with a call to
5323:
will dereference both pointers down to values of type
4060:m := (v1, v2, v1+v2); print ((m));
2675:
strong – firm, followed by widening, rowing or voiding
2666:
weak – dereferencing or deproceduring, yielding a name
893:
Three open source Algol 68 implementations are known:
572:, making its use obligatory for US defense contracts.
11502:
9833:"The Cambridge CAP Computer and its Operating System"
9687:"Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language Algol 68"
9508:"Proposals for ALGOL H - A Superlanguage of ALGOL 68"
8965:"Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language Algol 68"
8942:"Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language Algol 68"
8919:"Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language Algol 68"
8896:"Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language Algol 68"
7144:
against the programmers naïve expectations the print
4560:
Array, Procedure, Dereference and coercion operations
3952:
with any number of dimensions, and it allows for the
636:
ALGOL 68, as the name implies, is a follow-on to the
384:, or were reimplementations for specific roles, like
10514:
Open source ALGOL 68 implementations, on SourceForge
6459:(rigorously defined in the Report), and an official
6414:
code was produced with three man-years of work. ..."
5615:
of a file may be read, write, char, bin, and opened.
612:
The complete history of the project can be found in
472:
The main aims and principles of design of ALGOL 68:
11520:^ = full name and link in prior ALGOL version above
11491:
11319:
11292:
11116:
11084:
11027:
11020:
10999:
10962:
10936:
10918:
International Federation for Information Processing
10883:
10876:
10867:
10840:
10648:
10618:
10609:
10566:
Web enabled ALGOL 68 compiler for small experiments
10483:
Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68
10477:
Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68
9957:. Softwarepreservation.org. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
9583:"Draft Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68"
9445:"Draft Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68"
9000:
Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language Algol 68
8684:
Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68
6014:: (print(( newline, " error: ", s, newline));
5899:for any variable (but see above for correct use of
5756:: ( words-:=1; print(("Yak...",new line)));
5286:
5282:
5268:
5258:
5157:
4186:
3931:
2689:
1129:
Proposals for ALGOL H – A Superlanguage of ALGOL 68
836:mode, an expression that returns no value (named a
664:The first meeting of the ALGOL X group was held in
642:
International Federation for Information Processing
414:
International Federation for Information Processing
255:
239:
227:
188:
176:
152:
126:
104:
79:
69:
49:
7749:Proposed extensions to the mode system of Algol 68
9506:Black, A. P.; Rayward-Smith, V. J. (1978-05-01).
7245:, a more powerful version of the facilities from
2339:A name for a mode (type) can be declared using a
1020:ALGOL 68 Final Report Presented at Munich Meeting
987:Algol 68 Final Report Presented at Munich Meeting
550:In the 1973 revision, certain features — such as
6764:for i while sum sq≠70×70 do sum sq+:=i↑2 od
6435:routines. Supplied in ALGOL 68 during the 1980s.
3735:Algol68 allowed the switch to be of either type
2228:– used to build unions, like in C/C++ and Pascal
1300:other WG 2.1 members active in ALGOL 68 design:
875:. It too was used mostly for teaching purposes.
547:became the first working compiler for ALGOL 68.
10519:Algol68 Standard Hardware representation (.pdf)
10465:, London, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1972
8531:The more I see of it, the more unhappy I become
6455:used to describe algorithms in printed work, a
3671:, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31, 31, 30, 31, 30, 31
3322:Comments can be inserted in a variety of ways:
1231:
1228:
687:along with comments about record structures by
458:
10757:(ESPOL) → New Executive Programming Language (
10485:Hyperlinked HTML version of the Revised Report
10256:"To the Editor ALGOL 68 Mathematische Centrum"
9831:Needham, R. M.; Wilkes, M. V. (January 1979).
8474:. Any variable declaration containing keyword
3449:any context where an integer value can be used
1839:, which is constructed from other values by a
1421:1988: Subsequently ALGOL 68 became one of the
867:A version similar to 68-R was introduced from
10586:
10002:Lindsey, C. H.; Boom, H. J. (December 1978).
9656:"Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68"
9090:(1996). Bergin, T. J.; Gibson, R. G. (eds.).
8524:"Congratulations, your Master has done it" –
7585:"An interpreter for simple Algol 68 Programs"
5058:-:=, +:=, *:=, /:=, %:=, %*:=, +=:
4241:n := "1234"; # or n := EMPTY; #
4113:including array slices and structure fields.
4099:ALGOL 68 supports multiple field structures (
3780:The minimum form of a "loop clause" is thus:
3384:, spaces are allowed in identifiers, so that
2818:One side of an identity relation, as "~" in:
575:ALGOL 68 also had a notable influence in the
564:Though European defence agencies (in Britain
455:code attached to the formal language parser.
8:
10927:Society of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics
10361:"ALGOL Bulletin (referred to in AB30.1.1.1)"
10118:. Springerlink.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-21.
9468:Sidney Marshall, "ALGOL 68 Implementation",
9350:
9348:
6561:Example of different program representations
3883:print(("So far:",i,newline)); sum sq≠70↑2
3826:The construct have several unusual aspects:
2869:
32:
10755:Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language
10155:. Sourceforge.net. Retrieved on 2013-07-21.
5654:get good line, get good page, get good book
5587:Three standard channels are distinguished:
4802:Dyadic operators with associated priorities
3266:
3178:
3107:
3016:
2880:
1416:and Algol 68's ISO standardisation stalled.
840:in other languages) and demanding the word
11122:
11033:
11024:
10880:
10873:
10615:
10593:
10579:
10571:
10531:Из истории создания компилятора с Алгол 68
10396:Lindsey, C. H. and van der Meulen, S. G.,
9855:"KDF9 Time Sharing: Eldon 2 is not EGDON!"
9713:"The Translation of Algol 68 into Chinese"
9381:
9379:
9377:
9375:
9060:http://toc.proceedings.com/25445webtoc.pdf
8679:Meertens, Lambert Guillaume Louis Théodore
7635:"The importance of implementation models."
7281:
6983:In English Algol68's case statement reads
6564:
6447:A feature of ALGOL 68, inherited from the
1397:. The standard was also made available in
503:Representations – in minimal & larger
31:
10441:, Univ. of British Columbia, October 1971
10421:
10326:
10236:
9939:
9882:I F Currie; J M Foster (September 1982).
9082:
9080:
6046:| cons(m, f(m+1,n))); f(1,n));
5143:operators are automatically available on
4066:Matrices can be sliced either way, e.g.:
2389:This is similar to the following C code:
1118:Strathclyde ALGOL 68 conference, Scotland
349:that was conceived as a successor to the
10129:"The Encyclopedia of Computer Languages"
8782:
8780:
8735:
8733:
7152:of the elaborated enclosed-clause after
5864:is an empty array (here specifically of
5478:
5175:
5165:Assignation and identity relations, etc.
4805:
4664:
4563:
3353:expression-oriented programming language
2815:All parts (but one) of a balanced clause
2686:
933:
10552:"Algol 68 implementations and dialects"
9924:"Practical experience with ALGOL 68-RT"
9313:
9301:
9255:
9226:
9211:
9199:
9180:
9071:
8646:
7513:ICL 2900/Series 39, Multics, VMS &
6544:0123456789 "#$ %'()*+,-./:;<=>@_|
6360:was the implementation language of the
4109:. Reference variables may point to any
3103:Primaries of calls (e.g. sin in sin(x))
3056:Enquiries: e.g. as "~" in the following
2876:then widening, rowing or voiding
1456:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
730:and the ability to string together and
476:Completeness and clarity of description
324:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
11577:Computer-related introductions in 1968
10212:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
10205:
10090:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
10083:
9910:Эльбрус Бабаяна и Pentium Пентковского
9559:"Marcel van der Veer - Algol 68 Genie"
9485:, PhD Thesis, Dartmouth College, 1972.
9407:"Open source Algol 68 implementations"
9164:"Marcel van der Veer - Algol 68 Genie"
9133:
9123:
8436:universities in the 1970s, where many
6878:# Nachfolgetag - Deutsche Variante #
5705:s embedded between two $ characters.
5121:of the dimension of an array is fixed.
4439:those and the pre-defined ones may be
4253:): print(("void:", "EMPTY")), (
4193:Algol68 as in the 1973 Revised Report
4062:# a slice of the 2nd and 3rd columns #
4000:# array variable initially (1,2,3) #
3897:syntactic element to be replaced with
3794:"universal" loop, the full syntax is:
3509:problem but also avoids having to use
3417:from i=1 to n, the following ALGOL 68
3167:Secondaries of selections, as "~" in:
2797:Enclosed clauses of casts, as "~" in:
2788:Actual-parameters of calls, as "~" in:
2659:Context strength – allowed coercions:
2628:The six possible coercions are termed
2009:Furthermore, instead of defining both
11587:Programming languages created in 1968
10990:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
10389:Brailsford, D. F. and Walker, A. N.,
10231:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science.
9922:Oliver, J. R.; Newton, R. S. (1979).
9853:David Holdsworth (Winter 2009–2010).
9533:"Algol68 S published on the internet"
6776:# Next day date - English variant #
6402:Royal Signals and Radar Establishment
6309:Operating systems written in ALGOL 68
5627:char number, line number, page number
4007:# constant array, type equivalent to
3956:of whole or partial rows or columns.
3937:: Structures, unions and arrays": -->
2669:meek – dereferencing or deproceduring
1458: instead of something like "₁₀" (
771:The next WG2.1 meeting took place in
566:Royal Signals and Radar Establishment
560:The language of the unrevised report.
326: instead of something like "₁₀" (
133:Algol 68/RR / Revised Report: 1973
7:
7891:"The Berlin ALGOL 68 implementation"
7220:Extension proposals from IFIP WG 2.1
7133:( print ("Should not be executed");
7031:The language of the unrevised report
5760:muffins := 4, words := 8;
4190:Algol68 as in the 1968 Final Report
2505:Mode declarations allow types to be
2245:Other declaration symbols include:
1740:The basic language construct is the
605:(and thereby to descendants such as
10901:Association for Computing Machinery
10823:Small Machine ALGOL Like Language (
10432:ALGOL 68, A First and Second Course
9912:. Ixbt.com. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
9096:History of Programming Languages-II
8963:Veer, Marcel van der (2023-04-05).
8940:Veer, Marcel van der (2023-04-05).
8917:Veer, Marcel van der (2023-04-05).
8894:Veer, Marcel van der (2023-04-05).
8745:"The Development of the C Language"
8681:; Fisker, Richard G., eds. (1976).
8341:Includes standard collateral clause
5959:This sample program implements the
5267:) tests if two pointers are equal;
5128:and ⎧ operators are similar on the
3347:Expressions and compound statements
3261:The LHS of assignments, as "~" in:
3161:Primaries of slices, as in "~" in:
1916:whose value is initially set to 3.
1444:This article contains Unicode 6.0 "
1169:Algol68 S published on the internet
579:, details of which can be found in
520:, for abandoning the simplicity of
312:This article contains Unicode 6.0 "
9966:Revised Report, page 123, footnote
8667:Koster, Cornelis Hermanus Antonius
8416:Implementation specific extensions
8118:IBM, DEC, CAMCOH, PS 1001 & PC
8040:Proposed superlanguage of ALGOL 68
6231:cons(hd(l), filter(p,tl(l)))
5425:actual addresses of the variables
3746:. The latter allows the enforcing
3295:pr & co: Pragmats and Comments
2765:Identity-declarations, as "~" in:
2174:which can be initialised with the
1959:square root of minus one = 0 ⊥ 1;
1460:Decimal Exponent Symbol U+23E8 TTF
1009:Meeting in North Berwick, Scotland
921:experimental Algol68 frontend for
328:Decimal Exponent Symbol U+23E8 TTF
25:
11567:Algol programming language family
10501:, Vol. 8, No. 2, June 1976, with
10461:Woodward, P. M. and Bond, S. G.,
10398:Informal Introduction to ALGOL 68
10391:Introductory ALGOL 68 Programming
9859:Computer Resurrection – Number 49
9483:On the implementation of ALGOL 68
8845:"Interview with Guido van Rossum"
6410:System – "... 400K of error-free
5975:in other languages. The notation
5423:, because they are comparing the
5251:Note: Quaternaries include names
5062:×:=, ÷:=, ÷×:=, ÷*:=, %×:=
2901:. But not vice versa. Examples:
2701:Coercion examples in the context
2343:declaration, which is similar to
2214:– used to build structures, like
2196:– a reference to a value of type
1835:. An expression may also yield a
1132:A. P. Black, V. J. Rayward-Smith
1071:Algol 68 Revised Report Published
904:, written by Marcel van der Veer.
218:Алгол 68 Ленинград/Leningrad Unit
11582:Procedural programming languages
11534:
11533:
11524:
11523:
8369:
8329:
8292:
8266:Portable C generator
8245:
8141:
8103:
8062:
8028:
7996:
7961:
7923:
7878:
7828:
7789:
7777:
7737:
7661:
7623:
7572:
7539:
7498:
7437:
7323:
6540:Worthy Characters: ABCDEFGHIJKLM
5971:is the ALGOL 68 analogue of the
5437:, rather than what they point to
3505:This scheme not only avoids the
2680:Coercion hierarchy with examples
2672:firm – meek, followed by uniting
1147:C. H. Lindsey et al, Manchester
1144:compiler for Sun, SPARC, and PCs
1085:– transportable compiler (zcode
38:
10546:C history with Algol68 heritage
10536:Algol 68 – 25 Years in the USSR
10505:(Vol. 9, No. 3, September 1977)
10367:from the original on 2007-09-30
10262:from the original on 2007-04-21
9693:from the original on 2007-09-27
9661:. December 1968. Archived from
9589:from the original on 2007-09-30
9388:"A Shorter History of Algol 68"
8870:"A Shorter History of ALGOL 68"
8719:from the original on 2019-04-19
6372:Note: The Soviet Era computers
5832:– the only value admissible to
5530:Note the predefined procedures
5329:, and compare those, since the
4265:c): print(("compl:", c)), (
4261:i): print(("int:", i)), (
4257:r): print(("real:", r)), (
3933:: Structures, unions and arrays
3251:
3149:
3037:
3002:Operands of formulas as "~" in:
2990:
2752:
2741:
2732:
2723:
2714:
2705:
2033:, so that the presently common
1901:n is fixed as a constant of 2.
1468:Bold symbols and reserved words
1198:ALGOL 68 – 3rd generation ALGOL
1193:"A Shorter History of Algol 68"
925:, written by Jose E. Marchesi.
370:International Computers Limited
18:ALGOL 68 (programming language)
11572:Academic programming languages
11498:ALGOL 58 influence on ALGOL 60
10285:"Python-Dev Wishlist: dowhile"
9151:Programming Algol 68 Made Easy
8619:Steelman language requirements
8604:Comparison of ALGOL 68 and C++
7679:, IBM 360, PDP 10 & Unix,
7335:ALGOL for generalised grammars
7148:be executed as it is only the
6863:(1, successor of month (month
6819:x < length of month (month
6581:
5804:mouth; speak;
4429:The programmer may define new
3857:, will iterate only 100 times.
3392:identifier (thus avoiding the
2240:Comparison of ALGOL 68 and C++
1:
11592:Systems programming languages
10434:, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1978
10404:Lindsey, C. H. (1993-03-02).
9863:Computer Conservation Society
8821:"A History of C++: 1979−1991"
8629:Python (programming language)
7900:Technische Universität Berlin
7551:Addition of areas to Algol 68
5618:transput procedures include:
5277:) tests if they are unequal.
4269:s): print(("string:", s))
4095:(pointer) to the 2nd column #
3998:v1 := (1,2,3);
3678:Choice clause example mixing
1059:Dartmouth Time Sharing System
726:presented a new proposal for
712:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
423:ALGOL 68 was defined using a
412:ALGOL 68 was designed by the
10970:Case Institute of Technology
10034:Lindsey, C. H. (July 1974).
9976:Lindsey, C. H. (July 1974).
9807:"Format syntax in ALGOL 68G"
9355:Peck, J. E. L., ed. (1970),
8359:Algol 68 Genie version 2.0.0
7209:a, b) :... ... test (x
7039:, and it had the feature of
6467:typeface words, this is the
5785:mouth; eat;
5200:
5187:Algol68 "Worthy characters"
5025:
5007:
4988:
4966:
4936:
4922:
4895:
4849:
4830:
4817:Algol68 "Worthy characters"
4689:
4676:Algol68 "Worthy characters"
4621:
4601:
4583:
3912:– for late loop termination.
3565:statements, statements,...
3543:statements, statements,...
3012:Parameters of transput calls
2774:Initialisations, as "~" in:
2652:. Each coercion, except for
1859:s in Algol 68 parlance) are
1048:Royal Signals and Radar Est.
593:(and thereby, to descendant
11503:ALGOL 68 to other languages
10556:Software Preservation Group
10456:, 255-256, September 1977,
10393:, Ellis Horwood/Wiley, 1979
10309:"The emperor's old clothes"
9270:"ALGOL 68 with fewer tears"
8847:. July 1998. Archived from
8403:that was used to write the
6501:programming representations
6404:during the 1980s and 1990s.
5313:. The following expression
5171:units associated with names
5147:s of different orders (and
5109:: In Algol68 the operators
4655:units associated with names
4030:erator definition #
3918:– for working on arrays in
3597:Choice clause example with
3576:Choice clause example with
3557:statements, statements,...
3355:, the value returned by an
2832:deproceduring
1912:m is a newly created local
1361:Timeline of standardization
200:, Algol 68 Genie (recent),
135:; 51 years ago
110:; 56 years ago
11613:
9426:"Algol68 frontend for GCC"
8663:Peck, John Edward Lancelot
8624:Ada (programming language)
8468:Carnegie Mellon University
7712:IFIP WG 2.1 Revised Report
6921:x < monatslaenge(monat
5911:evaluates for any integer
5512:transput: Input and output
5158:union(int, real, flexchar)
4081:(pointer) to the 2nd row #
3368:This notion is present in
2054:instead, for example. The
2029:, etc., ALGOL 68 provides
1709:"( ~ | ~ |: ~ | ~ | ~ )",
1657:"( ~ | ~ |: ~ | ~ | ~ )",
998:Meeting in Tirrenia, Italy
869:Carnegie Mellon University
235:ALGOL 68/FR (Final Report)
11515:
11125:
11036:
11007:Royal Radar Establishment
10452:, 155-190, June 1976 and
10314:Communications of the ACM
9978:"Partial Parametrization"
9359:, Munich: North-Holland,
7841:Oklahoma State University
7360:First version of Algol 68
7192:b) :... ... test (x
6965:(1, nachfolgemonat(monat
6953:x = "Dezember"
6732:
6666:
6640:
6622:
6575:
6570:
6567:
5632:layout routines include:
5542:Books, channels and files
5486:keyboard with APL symbols
5099:Tertiaries include names
3455:, among other languages.
2700:
2697:
2694:
1962:However, the declaration
1944:avogadro = 6.0221415⏨23;
1437:Notable language elements
942:
939:
936:
806:Royal Radar Establishment
340:Algorithmic Language 1968
260:
244:
234:
196:
148:
122:
37:
10980:University of St Andrews
10227:C. H. A. Koster (1993).
9563:jmvdveer.home.xs4all.nl/
9168:jmvdveer.home.xs4all.nl/
8969:jmvdveer.home.xs4all.nl/
8946:jmvdveer.home.xs4all.nl/
8923:jmvdveer.home.xs4all.nl/
8900:jmvdveer.home.xs4all.nl/
8675:Lindsey, Charles Hodgson
8655:van Wijngaarden, Adriaan
8594:C (programming language)
7941:lease, Chion Corporation
7733:Experimental & other
7535:Experimental & other
7510:Portable compiler system
7412:IFIP WG 2.1 Final Report
7387:IFIP WG 2.1 Draft Report
7306:Implementation language
6742:
6723:SUM SQ .PLUSAB I .UP 2 .
6674:
6671:character code compiler
6648:
6645:character code compiler
6632:
5967:that are less than 100.
5715:par: Parallel processing
5333:operator is defined for
4913:×, ÷, ÷×, ÷*, %×, □
4005:v2 = (4,5,6);
3993:declaration (typedef) #
3975:declaration (typedef) #
2391:
2002:a newly generated local
1161:Ed. C. H. Lindsey / ACM
494:Mode-independent parsing
437:Van Wijngaarden grammars
368:where it was popular on
11279:Adriaan van Wijngaarden
10975:University of Edinburgh
10855:Van Wijngaarden grammar
10560:Computer History Museum
10406:"A History of ALGOL 68"
9941:10.1093/comjnl/22.2.114
9495:Algol 68 Revised Report
9411:algol68.sourceforge.net
9289:10.1093/comjnl/15.2.176
9268:Lindsey, C. H. (1972).
9029:10.1109/SoRuCom.2014.29
8312:Noncommercial shareware
8305:Incremental compilation
8185:Sun version of ALGOL 68
8154:Incremental compilation
8115:Full language + modules
7824:programming instruction
7699:ALGOL 68 Revised Report
7229:partial parametrisation
6981:Russian/Soviet example:
6578:as typically published
6453:representation language
6425:NAG Numerical Libraries
6328:Eldon 3 – Developed at
5879:of certain types. e.g.
5848:– syntactically like a
5836:, needed for selecting
5550:is considered to be of
4488:: ( a>b | a | b );
4473:: ( a>b | a | b );
4011:, bounds are implied #
3708:¢Jan¢ 31, ¢Feb¢ ( year
2564:while these are valid:
2486:For ALGOL 68, only the
2238:For some examples, see
2143:– a "packed vector" of
2133:– a "packed vector" of
1446:Miscellaneous Technical
1211:Adriaan van Wijngaarden
1074:IFIP Working Group 2.1
1023:IFIP Working Group 2.1
1012:IFIP Working Group 2.1
1001:IFIP Working Group 2.1
990:IFIP Working Group 2.1
706:At the next meeting in
693:Adriaan van Wijngaarden
433:Adriaan van Wijngaarden
314:Miscellaneous Technical
10922:IFIP Working Group 2.1
10490:A Tutorial on Algol 68
10463:ALGOL 68-R Users Guide
10446:A Tutorial on ALGOL 68
10229:The Making of Algol 68
9781:. 1988. Archived from
9746:. 1988. Archived from
9557:Veer, Marcel van der.
9521:– via May. 1978.
9458:– via Mar. 1968.
9405:van der Veer, Marcel.
9331:"Critique of ALGOL 68"
9162:Veer, Marcel van der.
8533:– E. W. Dijkstra, 1968
7415:Specification – August
6905:naechster tag nach = (
6509:a real int = 3; # the
6481:a real int = 3 ;
6443:Program representation
6315:Cambridge CAP computer
6235:filter(p, tl(l))
5487:
5213: :/=: :~=:,
5113:and ⎩ ... both return
4552:( a>out | out:=a )
4511:b | a | b );
4354:) are also permitted.
4346:The return value of a
3049:Trimscripts (yielding
2806:Units of routine-texts
1236:
971:Draft Report Published
716:University of Illinois
462:
418:IFIP Working Group 2.1
11597:Programming languages
11361:Cornelis H. A. Koster
11133:Roland Carl Backhouse
11076:Joseph Henry Wegstein
10985:Manchester University
10944:Burroughs Corporation
10439:An ALGOL 68 Companion
10423:10.1145/155360.155365
10400:, North-Holland, 1971
10328:10.1145/358549.358561
9108:10.1145/155360.155365
9092:A history of ALGOL 68
8659:Mailloux, Barry James
8430:definition before use
8344:Portable interpreter
7390:Specification – March
7107:is only evaluated if
6851:x = "December"
6803:the day following = (
5961:Sieve of Eratosthenes
5538:passed as arguments.
5482:
5356:for operands of type
2894:will be coerced to a
2886:will be coerced to a
1824:syntax was reused by
1425:standards in Russia.
1314:Peter Zilahy Ingerman
1223:Cornelis H. A. Koster
618:A History of ALGOL 68
558:— were omitted. C.f.
497:Independent compiling
10448:, Computing Surveys
9928:The Computer Journal
9277:The Computer Journal
9240:"The Algol Bulletin"
8282:Interactive ALGOL 68
8270:Open-source software
8131:Interactive ALGOL 68
7600:Mathematisch Centrum
7596:Portable interpreter
6855:(1, "January", year
6374:Эльбрус-1 (Elbrus-1)
5895:always evaluates to
4530:out := a;
4343:: (a>b | a | b);
3930:struct, union &
3790:This was considered
2809:Statements yielding
2762:Right hand side of:
2698:Coercions available
2663:soft – deproceduring
2071:primitive-declarer:
2037:would be written as
1185:Marcel van der Veer
912:open-source software
884:Cambridge University
728:operator overloading
666:Princeton University
491:Static mode checking
441:context-free grammar
347:programming language
27:Programming language
11395:Willem van der Poel
11051:Hermann Bottenbruch
10495:Andrew S. Tanenbaum
10430:McGettrick, A. D.,
10410:ACM SIGPLAN Notices
9711:Lu Hu-quan (1971).
9424:E. Marchesi, Jose.
9102:. pp. 97–132.
9088:Lindsey, Charles H.
9023:. pp. 97–106.
8235:Algol68toC (ctrans)
7973:Parallel ALGOL 68-R
7529:Algol 68 with areas
6957:(1, "Januar", jahr
6754:mode .xint = int; .
5625:position enquires:
4622:Effectively 11
4584:Effectively 12
4202:n := "1234";
3760:below for example.
3289:Operator precedence
3278:random: e.g. random
2865:then uniting
1996:constant identifier
1338:Willem van der Poel
846:parallel processing
740:anonymous functions
689:C.A.R. (Tony) Hoare
445:technical standards
105:First appeared
34:
11540:Category: ALGOL 60
11371:Charles H. Lindsey
11151:Edsger W. Dijkstra
11046:Friedrich L. Bauer
10734:Dartmouth ALGOL 30
10524:2014-01-02 at the
10444:Tanenbaum, A. S.,
10347:2017-10-02 at the
10307:(February 1981) .
10169:2006-08-29 at the
9840:Microsoft Research
9689:. September 1973.
9005:2013-03-17 at the
8466:In ALGOL 68S from
8099:Telecommunications
8092:Leningrad ALGOL 68
7673:Cambridge Algol 68
7590:2011-07-18 at the
7515:C generator (1993)
7243:definition modules
6719:SUM SQ .NE 70*70 .
6528:2014-01-02 at the
6461:reference language
6433:numerical analysis
6419:Libraries and APIs
6408:RAF Strike Command
6102: := (n,l);
5985:accesses a member
5730:is converted to a
5697:formatted transput
5496:keyboard with the
5488:
5473:Special characters
5151:s) of arrays. eg.
5095:Specific details:
4273:print(("?:", n))
4230:print(("?:", n))
4171:Usage example for
3948:ALGOL 68 supports
3419:integer expression
3351:ALGOL 68 being an
3270:deproceduring of:
2616:Coercions: casting
1923:This is short for
1847:mode: Declarations
1744:. A unit may be a
1736:Units: Expressions
1302:Friedrich L. Bauer
1287:Charles H. Lindsey
1268:Gerhard Seegmüller
1173:Charles H. Lindsey
848:commands based on
756:Charles H. Lindsey
660:Definition process
108:Final Report: 1968
86:A. van Wijngaarden
11549:
11548:
11478:
11477:
11440:
11439:
11376:Barry J. Mailloux
11315:
11314:
11251:Jacob T. Schwartz
11146:Stephen R. Bourne
11112:
11111:
11066:Heinz Rutishauser
11016:
11015:
10863:
10862:
10499:Computing Surveys
10281:van Rossum, Guido
9884:"RSRE Memorandum"
9481:Sidney Marshall,
9386:Koster, C. H. A.
9329:(November 1968).
9117:978-0-201-89502-5
9038:978-1-4799-1799-0
8701:978-0-387-07592-1
8614:Bash (Unix shell)
8397:
8396:
7818:Oklahoma ALGOL 68
7312:Generalized ALGOL
7253:, similar to the
7163:: makes it work.
6961:x + 1)
6770:
6769:
5728:collateral clause
5249:
5248:
5093:
5092:
4799:
4798:
4661:Monadic operators
4651:
4650:
4356:Call-by-reference
4281:
4280:
3692:days in month = (
3607:days in month = (
3586:days in month = (
3285:
3284:
2695:Context location
2056:prelude constants
1841:collateral clause
1452:rendering support
1389:, and then later
1295:Richard G. Fisker
1215:Barry J. Mailloux
1189:
1188:
1057:ALGOL 68 for the
978:Working Group 2.1
826:activation record
320:rendering support
307:
306:
154:Typing discipline
16:(Redirected from
11604:
11537:
11536:
11527:
11526:
11470:John C. Reynolds
11415:van Wijngaarden^
11384:Lambert Meertens
11266:Bernard Vauquois
11123:
11104:Robert M. Graham
11034:
11025:
10949:Elliott Brothers
10881:
10874:
10616:
10595:
10588:
10581:
10572:
10437:Peck, J. E. L.,
10427:
10425:
10376:
10375:
10373:
10372:
10357:
10351:
10340:
10330:
10301:
10295:
10294:
10292:
10291:
10277:
10271:
10270:
10268:
10267:
10249:
10243:
10242:
10240:
10224:
10218:
10217:
10211:
10203:
10201:
10200:
10194:
10188:. Archived from
10187:
10179:
10173:
10162:
10156:
10150:
10144:
10143:
10141:
10140:
10131:. Archived from
10125:
10119:
10113:
10107:
10102:
10096:
10095:
10089:
10081:
10079:
10078:
10072:
10066:. Archived from
10065:
10057:
10051:
10050:
10048:
10047:
10031:
10025:
10018:
10016:
10015:
9999:
9993:
9992:
9990:
9989:
9973:
9967:
9964:
9958:
9952:
9946:
9945:
9943:
9919:
9913:
9907:
9901:
9900:
9898:
9897:
9888:
9879:
9873:
9872:
9870:
9869:
9850:
9844:
9843:
9837:
9828:
9822:
9821:
9819:
9818:
9809:. Archived from
9803:
9797:
9796:
9794:
9793:
9787:
9776:
9768:
9762:
9761:
9759:
9758:
9752:
9741:
9733:
9727:
9726:
9724:
9723:
9717:
9708:
9702:
9701:
9699:
9698:
9683:
9677:
9676:
9674:
9673:
9667:
9660:
9652:
9646:
9645:
9643:
9642:
9636:
9628:
9622:
9621:
9619:
9618:
9612:
9604:
9598:
9597:
9595:
9594:
9579:
9573:
9572:
9570:
9569:
9554:
9548:
9547:
9545:
9544:
9535:. Archived from
9529:
9523:
9522:
9520:
9519:
9503:
9497:
9492:
9486:
9479:
9473:
9466:
9460:
9459:
9457:
9456:
9440:
9434:
9433:
9421:
9415:
9414:
9402:
9396:
9395:
9390:. Archived from
9383:
9370:
9369:
9352:
9343:
9342:
9323:
9317:
9311:
9305:
9299:
9293:
9292:
9274:
9265:
9259:
9253:
9244:
9243:
9236:
9230:
9224:
9215:
9209:
9203:
9197:
9184:
9178:
9172:
9171:
9159:
9153:
9148:
9142:
9141:
9135:
9131:
9129:
9121:
9084:
9075:
9069:
9063:
9057:
9051:
9050:
9016:
9010:
8997:
8991:
8990:
8983:
8977:
8976:
8971:. Archived from
8960:
8954:
8953:
8948:. Archived from
8937:
8931:
8930:
8925:. Archived from
8914:
8908:
8907:
8902:. Archived from
8891:
8885:
8884:
8882:
8881:
8872:. Archived from
8866:
8860:
8859:
8857:
8856:
8841:
8835:
8834:
8832:
8831:
8825:
8817:
8811:
8808:
8802:
8801:
8799:
8798:
8792:"C and Algol 68"
8784:
8775:
8772:
8766:
8765:
8763:
8762:
8756:
8750:. Archived from
8749:
8737:
8728:
8727:
8725:
8724:
8718:
8689:
8671:Sintzoff, Michel
8651:
8552:in his Oct 1980
8541:Guido van Rossum
8443:ALGOL 68RS from
8438:computer science
8375:
8373:
8372:
8335:
8333:
8332:
8298:
8296:
8295:
8251:
8249:
8248:
8213:Acorn Archimedes
8147:
8145:
8144:
8109:
8107:
8106:
8068:
8066:
8065:
8034:
8032:
8031:
8002:
8000:
7999:
7967:
7965:
7964:
7929:
7927:
7926:
7884:
7882:
7881:
7834:
7832:
7831:
7795:
7793:
7792:
7783:
7781:
7780:
7743:
7741:
7740:
7667:
7665:
7664:
7629:
7627:
7626:
7578:
7576:
7575:
7545:
7543:
7542:
7516:
7504:
7502:
7501:
7443:
7441:
7440:
7329:
7327:
7326:
7282:
7260:
7256:
7239:module extension
7178:For example in:
6763:
6760:
6757:
6753:
6750:
6747:
6739:(reserved word)
6726:
6722:
6718:
6715:
6712:
6708:
6705:
6702:
6698:
6695:
6692:
6689:
6685:
6682:
6679:
6659:
6656:
6653:
6576:Algol68 "strict"
6565:
6543:
6541:
6539:
6429:software library
6362:operating system
6330:Leeds University
6274:not multiple = (
5963:to find all the
5920:integer overflow
5740:operating system
5689:
5677:
5655:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5628:
5621:
5575:
5537:
5533:
5468:
5452:
5435:
5429:
5422:
5413:
5405:
5395:
5385:
5379:
5370:
5364:
5355:
5347:
5338:
5332:
5328:
5319:
5305:
5288:
5284:
5276:
5270:
5266:
5260:
5245:
5240:, ::=, ..,
5228:
5223:
5218:
5176:
5159:
4806:
4665:
4602:currying(~,,,),
4564:
4448:
4389:f):
4363:
4349:
4284:proc: Procedures
4187:
4052:out := a+b
3945:
3944:
3940:
3932:
3868:loop early. e.g.
3843:thus the clause
3754:variables. c.f.
3569:"brief" form of
3520:
3514:
3416:
3387:
3336:Style i comment
3279:
3264:
3257:
3174:
3164:
3155:
3099:
3072:
3043:
3032:
3009:
2996:
2877:
2866:
2855:
2844:
2833:
2825:
2803:
2794:
2780:
2771:
2758:
2747:
2738:
2729:
2720:
2711:
2687:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2064:
2060:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
1993:
1989:
1968:
1948:Avogadro number
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1770:switch statement
1291:Lambert Meertens
1063:Sidney Marshall
934:
789:computer science
738:wanted to allow
734:constructs, and
672:and interest in
468:
377:computer science
143:
141:
136:
118:
116:
111:
81:Designed by
42:
35:
21:
11612:
11611:
11607:
11606:
11605:
11603:
11602:
11601:
11552:
11551:
11550:
11545:
11530:Category: ALGOL
11522:
11511:
11508:ALGOL 68 to C++
11487:
11474:
11436:
11427:Philip Woodward
11411:Michel Sintzoff
11403:Douglas T. Ross
11311:
11307:Kristen Nygaard
11288:
11232:John E. L. Peck
11161:Robert W. Floyd
11108:
11080:
11012:
10995:
10958:
10932:
10886:
10859:
10850:Jensen's device
10836:
10723:Burroughs ALGOL
10644:
10621:
10611:Implementations
10605:
10599:
10550:McJones, Paul,
10526:Wayback Machine
10473:
10468:
10403:
10385:
10380:
10379:
10370:
10368:
10359:
10358:
10354:
10349:Wayback Machine
10305:Hoare, C. A. R.
10303:
10302:
10298:
10289:
10287:
10279:
10278:
10274:
10265:
10263:
10253:Dijkstra, E. W.
10251:
10250:
10246:
10226:
10225:
10221:
10204:
10198:
10196:
10192:
10185:
10183:"Archived copy"
10181:
10180:
10176:
10171:Wayback Machine
10163:
10159:
10151:
10147:
10138:
10136:
10127:
10126:
10122:
10114:
10110:
10103:
10099:
10082:
10076:
10074:
10070:
10063:
10061:"Archived copy"
10059:
10058:
10054:
10045:
10043:
10033:
10032:
10028:
10013:
10011:
10001:
10000:
9996:
9987:
9985:
9975:
9974:
9970:
9965:
9961:
9953:
9949:
9921:
9920:
9916:
9908:
9904:
9895:
9893:
9886:
9881:
9880:
9876:
9867:
9865:
9852:
9851:
9847:
9835:
9830:
9829:
9825:
9816:
9814:
9805:
9804:
9800:
9791:
9789:
9785:
9774:
9770:
9769:
9765:
9756:
9754:
9750:
9739:
9735:
9734:
9730:
9721:
9719:
9715:
9710:
9709:
9705:
9696:
9694:
9685:
9684:
9680:
9671:
9669:
9665:
9658:
9654:
9653:
9649:
9640:
9638:
9634:
9630:
9629:
9625:
9616:
9614:
9610:
9606:
9605:
9601:
9592:
9590:
9581:
9580:
9576:
9567:
9565:
9556:
9555:
9551:
9542:
9540:
9531:
9530:
9526:
9517:
9515:
9505:
9504:
9500:
9493:
9489:
9480:
9476:
9467:
9463:
9454:
9452:
9442:
9441:
9437:
9423:
9422:
9418:
9404:
9403:
9399:
9385:
9384:
9373:
9367:
9354:
9353:
9346:
9327:Hoare, C. a. R.
9325:
9324:
9320:
9312:
9308:
9300:
9296:
9272:
9267:
9266:
9262:
9254:
9247:
9238:
9237:
9233:
9225:
9218:
9210:
9206:
9198:
9187:
9179:
9175:
9161:
9160:
9156:
9149:
9145:
9132:
9122:
9118:
9086:
9085:
9078:
9070:
9066:
9058:
9054:
9039:
9018:
9017:
9013:
9007:Wayback Machine
8998:
8994:
8985:
8984:
8980:
8962:
8961:
8957:
8939:
8938:
8934:
8916:
8915:
8911:
8893:
8892:
8888:
8879:
8877:
8868:
8867:
8863:
8854:
8852:
8843:
8842:
8838:
8829:
8827:
8823:
8819:
8818:
8814:
8809:
8805:
8796:
8794:
8786:
8785:
8778:
8773:
8769:
8760:
8758:
8754:
8747:
8739:
8738:
8731:
8722:
8720:
8716:
8702:
8692:Springer-Verlag
8687:
8653:
8652:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8569:
8503:
8420:ALGOL 68R from
8418:
8409:ICL 2900 Series
8370:
8368:
8330:
8328:
8293:
8291:
8246:
8244:
8142:
8140:
8104:
8102:
8063:
8061:
8029:
8027:
7997:
7995:
7962:
7960:
7924:
7922:
7879:
7877:
7868:Berlin ALGOL 68
7829:
7827:
7790:
7788:
7778:
7776:
7738:
7736:
7662:
7660:
7624:
7622:
7592:Wayback Machine
7573:
7571:
7540:
7538:
7520:Crown Copyright
7514:
7499:
7497:
7438:
7436:
7324:
7322:
7280:
7268:mode parameters
7258:
7254:
7222:
7214:
7197:
7142:
7102:
7033:
7025:
6978:
6876:
6766:
6765:
6761:
6758:
6755:
6751:
6748:
6745:
6738:
6728:
6727:
6724:
6720:
6716:
6713:
6710:
6706:
6703:
6700:
6696:
6693:
6690:
6687:
6683:
6680:
6677:
6662:
6661:
6657:
6654:
6651:
6636:
6635:
6624:
6623:Quote stropping
6618:
6586:bold typeface ¢
6583:¢ underline or
6577:
6568:Representation
6563:
6536:
6530:Wayback Machine
6515:
6482:
6457:strict language
6445:
6421:
6383:
6366:ICL 2900 Series
6336:was written in
6311:
6306:
5957:
5952:
5950:Examples of use
5883:
5852:, but not one,
5820:
5815:
5778:muffins > 0
5732:parallel clause
5717:
5712:
5699:
5687:
5672:page,line,char)
5657:
5653:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5626:
5619:
5573:
5544:
5535:
5531:
5528:
5522:standard output
5514:
5475:
5455:
5443:
5433:
5427:
5418:
5408:
5404:ip :=: jp
5403:
5390:
5381:
5372:
5366:
5357:
5353:
5340:
5334:
5330:
5324:
5317:
5297:
5291:
5272:
5271:(alternatively
5262:
5261:(alternatively
5231:
5226:
5221:
5204:
5184:(Quaternaries)
5183:
5167:
4899:*, /, %,
4813:
4804:
4672:
4663:
4623:
4585:
4562:
4557:
4444:
4427:
4415:
4411:a := f(a)
4359:
4347:
4344:
4335:max of real = (
4327:
4302:max of real = (
4286:
4277:
4234:
4169:
4097:
4064:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3891:
3824:
3788:
3733:
3676:
3595:
3574:
3548:
3532:choice clauses:
3516:
3510:
3503:
3481:
3465:choice clauses:
3445:
3428:sum := 0;
3414:
3385:
3366:
3349:
3341:
3329:"bold" comment
3320:
3297:
3271:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3151:
3074:
3060:
3044:
3039:
3031:) var := 1
3019:
3003:
2997:
2992:
2878:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2856:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2819:
2798:
2789:
2775:
2766:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2692:
2682:
2618:
2613:
2562:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2387:
2062:
2058:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
1991:
1974:
1971:syntactic sugar
1963:
1960:
1891:. For example:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1822:Guarded Command
1758:enclosed clause
1750:enclosed clause
1738:
1733:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1450:Without proper
1439:
1363:
1283:Michel Sintzoff
1248:Edsger Dijkstra
1206:
1158:Issue 52 (last)
954:Issue 1 (First)
932:
858:
802:
797:
795:Implementations
752:
662:
634:
629:
581:Andrey Terekhov
518:Edsger Dijkstra
500:Loop optimizing
470:
466:C. H. A. Koster
464:
406:
357:and semantics.
333:
332:
331:
318:Without proper
191:implementations
144:
139:
137:
134:
114:
112:
109:
98:C. H. A. Koster
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
11610:
11608:
11600:
11599:
11594:
11589:
11584:
11579:
11574:
11569:
11564:
11554:
11553:
11547:
11546:
11544:
11543:
11516:
11513:
11512:
11510:
11505:
11500:
11495:
11493:
11489:
11488:
11486:
11485:
11483:ALGOL Bulletin
11479:
11476:
11475:
11473:
11472:
11467:
11462:
11457:
11452:
11447:
11441:
11438:
11437:
11435:
11434:
11429:
11424:
11421:
11416:
11413:
11408:
11405:
11400:
11397:
11392:
11389:
11386:
11381:
11378:
11373:
11368:
11363:
11358:
11355:
11350:
11345:
11342:
11337:
11334:
11329:
11325:
11323:
11317:
11316:
11313:
11312:
11310:
11309:
11304:
11302:Ole-Johan Dahl
11298:
11296:
11290:
11289:
11287:
11286:
11281:
11276:
11273:
11268:
11263:
11258:
11253:
11248:
11245:
11242:
11237:
11234:
11229:
11224:
11219:
11217:Carroll Morgan
11214:
11209:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11191:
11186:
11181:
11176:
11171:
11168:
11166:Jeremy Gibbons
11163:
11158:
11153:
11148:
11143:
11138:
11135:
11130:
11126:
11120:
11114:
11113:
11110:
11109:
11107:
11106:
11101:
11099:Bernard Galler
11096:
11090:
11088:
11082:
11081:
11079:
11078:
11073:
11071:Klaus Samelson
11068:
11063:
11058:
11053:
11048:
11043:
11037:
11031:
11022:
11018:
11017:
11014:
11013:
11011:
11010:
11003:
11001:
10997:
10996:
10994:
10993:
10987:
10982:
10977:
10972:
10966:
10964:
10960:
10959:
10957:
10956:
10954:Regnecentralen
10951:
10946:
10940:
10938:
10934:
10933:
10931:
10930:
10924:
10915:
10909:
10904:
10898:
10891:
10889:
10878:
10871:
10865:
10864:
10861:
10860:
10858:
10857:
10852:
10846:
10844:
10838:
10837:
10835:
10834:
10828:
10821:
10816:
10803:
10798:
10793:
10788:
10783:
10777:
10772:
10767:
10762:
10752:
10747:
10742:
10736:
10731:
10725:
10720:
10713:Atlas Autocode
10710:
10705:
10700:
10695:
10690:
10680:
10675:
10670:
10665:
10660:
10654:
10652:
10646:
10645:
10643:
10642:
10637:
10632:
10626:
10624:
10613:
10607:
10606:
10600:
10598:
10597:
10590:
10583:
10575:
10569:
10568:
10563:
10548:
10543:
10538:
10533:
10528:
10516:
10511:
10506:
10486:
10480:
10472:
10471:External links
10469:
10467:
10466:
10459:
10442:
10435:
10428:
10401:
10394:
10386:
10384:
10381:
10378:
10377:
10363:. March 1970.
10352:
10296:
10272:
10244:
10238:10.1.1.76.2072
10219:
10174:
10157:
10145:
10120:
10108:
10097:
10052:
10040:ALGOL Bulletin
10026:
10008:ALGOL Bulletin
9994:
9982:ALGOL Bulletin
9968:
9959:
9947:
9934:(2): 114–118.
9914:
9902:
9874:
9845:
9823:
9798:
9777:(in Russian).
9763:
9742:(in Russian).
9728:
9703:
9678:
9647:
9637:. October 1968
9623:
9613:. October 1968
9599:
9585:. March 1968.
9574:
9549:
9524:
9512:ALGOL Bulletin
9498:
9487:
9474:
9461:
9451:(Sup 26): 1–84
9449:ALGOL Bulletin
9435:
9416:
9397:
9394:on 2007-12-17.
9371:
9365:
9344:
9335:ALGOL Bulletin
9318:
9306:
9294:
9283:(1): 176–188.
9260:
9245:
9231:
9216:
9204:
9185:
9173:
9154:
9143:
9134:|journal=
9116:
9076:
9064:
9052:
9037:
9011:
8992:
8978:
8975:on 2013-03-17.
8955:
8952:on 2013-03-17.
8932:
8929:on 2013-03-17.
8909:
8906:on 2013-03-17.
8886:
8861:
8836:
8812:
8803:
8788:Dennis Ritchie
8776:
8767:
8743:(April 1993).
8741:Dennis Ritchie
8729:
8700:
8645:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8586:
8581:
8576:
8570:
8568:
8565:
8564:
8563:
8557:
8550:C. A. R. Hoare
8543:
8534:
8528:
8522:
8521:, 18 June 1988
8519:Dennis Ritchie
8513:
8510:Dennis Ritchie
8502:
8499:
8417:
8414:
8395:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8381:
8379:
8366:
8363:
8360:
8356:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8342:
8339:
8326:
8323:
8320:
8319:Algol 68 Genie
8316:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8307:
8302:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8277:
8276:
8273:
8267:
8264:
8255:
8242:
8239:
8236:
8232:
8231:
8229:
8227:
8186:
8183:
8180:
8177:
8174:
8168:
8167:
8165:
8161:Noncommercial
8159:
8156:
8151:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8127:
8126:
8124:
8119:
8116:
8113:
8100:
8097:
8094:
8088:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8059:
8057:
8055:
8048:
8047:
8045:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8025:
8022:
8019:
8015:
8014:
8012:
8010:
8008:
8006:
7993:
7990:
7987:
7981:
7980:
7978:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7958:
7955:
7952:
7946:
7945:
7942:
7939:
7936:
7933:
7920:
7917:
7914:
7908:
7907:
7902:
7897:
7894:
7888:
7875:
7872:
7869:
7865:
7864:
7857:
7854:
7844:
7843:implementation
7838:
7825:
7822:
7819:
7815:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7774:
7773:practical uses
7771:
7768:
7761:
7760:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7747:
7734:
7731:
7728:
7722:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7713:
7710:
7707:
7704:
7701:
7695:
7694:
7691:
7688:
7683:, Tesla &
7674:
7671:
7658:
7655:
7652:
7646:
7645:
7643:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7620:
7617:
7614:
7608:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7594:
7582:
7569:
7566:
7563:
7559:
7558:
7556:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7536:
7533:
7530:
7526:
7525:
7522:
7517:
7511:
7508:
7495:
7492:
7489:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7478:
7476:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7466:
7460:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7449:
7447:
7434:
7431:
7428:
7422:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7413:
7410:
7407:
7404:
7401:
7397:
7396:
7394:
7391:
7388:
7385:
7382:
7381:Draft proposal
7379:
7376:
7372:
7371:
7369:
7364:
7361:
7358:
7355:
7354:Draft proposal
7352:
7349:
7343:
7342:
7340:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7320:
7317:
7314:
7308:
7307:
7304:
7301:
7298:
7295:
7292:
7289:
7286:
7279:
7276:
7272:
7271:
7265:
7236:
7221:
7218:
7201:
7180:
7116:
7049:
7032:
7029:
7024:
7021:
6877:
6775:
6768:
6767:
6743:
6740:
6733:Algol68 using
6730:
6729:
6675:
6672:
6664:
6663:
6649:
6646:
6638:
6637:
6633:
6630:
6620:
6619:
6614:sum sq+:=i↑2
6610:sum sq≠70×70
6579:
6573:
6572:
6569:
6562:
6559:
6558:
6557:
6546:
6545:
6505:
6477:
6444:
6441:
6440:
6439:
6436:
6420:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6405:
6382:
6379:
6370:
6369:
6351:
6341:
6326:
6310:
6307:
5998:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5824:
5819:
5816:
5744:
5716:
5713:
5710:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5684:event routines
5680:
5679:
5678:
5651:
5630:
5623:
5616:
5602:
5601:
5600:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5543:
5540:
5526:
5513:
5510:
5490:
5489:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5453:
5415:
5414:
5406:
5397:
5396:
5321:
5320:
5307:
5306:
5290:
5279:
5247:
5246:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5202:
5198:
5197:
5194:
5191:
5188:
5185:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5161:
5133:
5122:
5104:
5091:
5090:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5027:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5009:
5005:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4990:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4968:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4938:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4920:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4897:
4893:
4892:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4851:
4847:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4832:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4818:
4815:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4779:
4758:
4757:¬, ↑, ↓, ⌊, ⌈
4755:
4691:
4687:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4674:
4662:
4659:
4649:
4648:
4642:
4641:→ (selection)
4639:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4600:
4597:
4587:
4581:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4561:
4558:
4458:= 9;
4451:
4426:
4423:
4366:
4331:
4298:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4237:
4235:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4118:
4068:
3958:
3934:
3928:
3924:
3923:
3913:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3858:
3841:
3796:
3772:
3771:
3770:
3688:
3603:
3582:
3549:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3482:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3423:
3404:all lower-case
3361:
3348:
3345:
3324:
3305:
3296:
3293:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3265:
3259:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3221:
3199:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3165:
3157:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3125:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3045:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3010:
2998:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2974:
2957:
2956:
2946:
2936:
2926:
2916:
2879:
2870:
2868:
2859:
2857:
2848:
2846:
2837:
2835:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2816:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2795:
2782:
2781:
2772:
2760:
2753:
2750:
2749:
2742:
2740:
2733:
2731:
2724:
2722:
2715:
2713:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2617:
2614:
2566:
2511:
2392:
2353:
2337:
2336:
2314:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2209:
2184:
2183:
2162:
2157:ible array of
2148:
2138:
1994:is really the
1953:long long real
1893:
1873:complex number
1848:
1845:
1837:multiple value
1828:in the common
1826:Stephen Bourne
1737:
1734:
1593:":/=:" ":≠:",
1474:
1469:
1466:
1454:, you may see
1442:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1346:Klaus Samelson
1298:
1279:
1244:
1240:
1227:
1226:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1156:ALGOL Bulletin
1153:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1097:Andrew Birrell
1090:
1080:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1068:September 1973
1065:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1029:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1002:
999:
996:
992:
991:
988:
985:
981:
980:
972:
969:
965:
964:
955:
952:ALGOL Bulletin
949:
945:
944:
941:
938:
931:
928:
927:
926:
919:
905:
878:A version for
857:
854:
814:Barry Mailloux
801:
798:
796:
793:
782:Banff, Alberta
751:
748:
736:Klaus Samelson
661:
658:
633:
630:
628:
625:
514:C. A. R. Hoare
510:
509:
508:
507:
505:character sets
501:
498:
495:
492:
486:
483:
477:
457:
431:, invented by
429:formal grammar
427:, a two-level
405:
402:
380:notable being
366:United Kingdom
322:, you may see
310:
309:
308:
305:
304:
258:
257:
253:
252:
242:
241:
237:
236:
232:
231:
225:
224:
194:
193:
186:
185:
180:
174:
173:
156:
150:
149:
146:
145:
132:
130:
128:Stable release
124:
123:
120:
119:
106:
102:
101:
90:B. J. Mailloux
83:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
56:Multi-paradigm
53:
47:
46:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
11609:
11598:
11595:
11593:
11590:
11588:
11585:
11583:
11580:
11578:
11575:
11573:
11570:
11568:
11565:
11563:
11560:
11559:
11557:
11542:
11541:
11532:
11531:
11521:
11518:
11517:
11514:
11509:
11506:
11504:
11501:
11499:
11496:
11494:
11490:
11484:
11481:
11480:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11465:Peter O'Hearn
11463:
11461:
11458:
11456:
11453:
11451:
11448:
11446:
11443:
11442:
11433:
11430:
11428:
11425:
11422:
11420:
11419:Niklaus Wirth
11417:
11414:
11412:
11409:
11406:
11404:
11401:
11398:
11396:
11393:
11390:
11387:
11385:
11382:
11379:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11356:
11354:
11351:
11349:
11346:
11343:
11341:
11338:
11335:
11333:
11332:Susan G. Bond
11330:
11327:
11326:
11324:
11322:
11318:
11308:
11305:
11303:
11300:
11299:
11297:
11295:
11291:
11285:
11282:
11280:
11277:
11274:
11272:
11269:
11267:
11264:
11262:
11259:
11257:
11254:
11252:
11249:
11246:
11243:
11241:
11240:Brian Randell
11238:
11235:
11233:
11230:
11228:
11227:Maurice Nivat
11225:
11223:
11220:
11218:
11215:
11213:
11212:John McCarthy
11210:
11208:
11207:Conor McBride
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11187:
11185:
11182:
11180:
11177:
11175:
11172:
11169:
11167:
11164:
11162:
11159:
11157:
11156:Andrey Ershov
11154:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11139:
11136:
11134:
11131:
11128:
11127:
11124:
11121:
11119:
11115:
11105:
11102:
11100:
11097:
11095:
11092:
11091:
11089:
11087:
11083:
11077:
11074:
11072:
11069:
11067:
11064:
11062:
11059:
11057:
11054:
11052:
11049:
11047:
11044:
11042:
11039:
11038:
11035:
11032:
11030:
11026:
11023:
11019:
11008:
11005:
11004:
11002:
10998:
10991:
10988:
10986:
10983:
10981:
10978:
10976:
10973:
10971:
10968:
10967:
10965:
10961:
10955:
10952:
10950:
10947:
10945:
10942:
10941:
10939:
10935:
10928:
10925:
10923:
10919:
10916:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10902:
10899:
10896:
10893:
10892:
10890:
10888:
10882:
10879:
10877:Organizations
10875:
10872:
10870:
10866:
10856:
10853:
10851:
10848:
10847:
10845:
10843:
10839:
10832:
10829:
10826:
10822:
10820:
10817:
10815:
10811:
10807:
10804:
10802:
10799:
10797:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10787:
10784:
10781:
10778:
10776:
10773:
10771:
10768:
10766:
10763:
10760:
10756:
10753:
10751:
10750:Elliott ALGOL
10748:
10746:
10743:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10732:
10729:
10726:
10724:
10721:
10718:
10717:Edinburgh IMP
10714:
10711:
10709:
10706:
10704:
10701:
10699:
10696:
10694:
10691:
10688:
10684:
10681:
10679:
10676:
10674:
10671:
10669:
10666:
10664:
10661:
10659:
10656:
10655:
10653:
10651:
10647:
10641:
10638:
10636:
10633:
10631:
10628:
10627:
10625:
10623:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10608:
10603:
10596:
10591:
10589:
10584:
10582:
10577:
10576:
10573:
10567:
10564:
10561:
10557:
10553:
10549:
10547:
10544:
10542:
10539:
10537:
10534:
10532:
10529:
10527:
10523:
10520:
10517:
10515:
10512:
10510:
10507:
10504:
10500:
10496:
10492:
10491:
10487:
10484:
10481:
10478:
10475:
10474:
10470:
10464:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10451:
10447:
10443:
10440:
10436:
10433:
10429:
10424:
10419:
10416:(3): 97–132.
10415:
10411:
10407:
10402:
10399:
10395:
10392:
10388:
10387:
10382:
10366:
10362:
10356:
10353:
10350:
10346:
10343:
10338:
10334:
10329:
10324:
10320:
10316:
10315:
10310:
10306:
10300:
10297:
10286:
10283:(June 2005).
10282:
10276:
10273:
10261:
10257:
10254:
10248:
10245:
10239:
10234:
10230:
10223:
10220:
10215:
10209:
10195:on 2014-01-02
10191:
10184:
10178:
10175:
10172:
10168:
10165:
10161:
10158:
10154:
10149:
10146:
10135:on 2011-03-10
10134:
10130:
10124:
10121:
10117:
10112:
10109:
10106:
10101:
10098:
10093:
10087:
10073:on 2010-04-15
10069:
10062:
10056:
10053:
10041:
10037:
10030:
10027:
10024:
10021:
10009:
10005:
9998:
9995:
9983:
9979:
9972:
9969:
9963:
9960:
9956:
9951:
9948:
9942:
9937:
9933:
9929:
9925:
9918:
9915:
9911:
9906:
9903:
9892:
9891:vitanuova.com
9885:
9878:
9875:
9864:
9860:
9856:
9849:
9846:
9841:
9834:
9827:
9824:
9813:on 2008-01-09
9812:
9808:
9802:
9799:
9788:on 2011-04-29
9784:
9780:
9773:
9767:
9764:
9753:on 2008-11-15
9749:
9745:
9738:
9732:
9729:
9714:
9707:
9704:
9692:
9688:
9682:
9679:
9668:on 2008-04-06
9664:
9657:
9651:
9648:
9633:
9627:
9624:
9609:
9603:
9600:
9588:
9584:
9578:
9575:
9564:
9560:
9553:
9550:
9539:on 2005-12-03
9538:
9534:
9528:
9525:
9513:
9509:
9502:
9499:
9496:
9491:
9488:
9484:
9478:
9475:
9471:
9465:
9462:
9450:
9446:
9439:
9436:
9431:
9427:
9420:
9417:
9412:
9408:
9401:
9398:
9393:
9389:
9382:
9380:
9378:
9376:
9372:
9368:
9366:0-7204-2045-8
9362:
9358:
9351:
9349:
9345:
9340:
9336:
9332:
9328:
9322:
9319:
9316:, p. 15.
9315:
9310:
9307:
9304:, p. 13.
9303:
9298:
9295:
9290:
9286:
9282:
9278:
9271:
9264:
9261:
9258:, p. 12.
9257:
9252:
9250:
9246:
9241:
9235:
9232:
9229:, p. 10.
9228:
9223:
9221:
9217:
9214:, p. 24.
9213:
9208:
9205:
9201:
9196:
9194:
9192:
9190:
9186:
9182:
9177:
9174:
9169:
9165:
9158:
9155:
9152:
9147:
9144:
9139:
9127:
9119:
9113:
9109:
9105:
9101:
9097:
9093:
9089:
9083:
9081:
9077:
9073:
9068:
9065:
9061:
9056:
9053:
9048:
9044:
9040:
9034:
9030:
9026:
9022:
9015:
9012:
9008:
9004:
9001:
8996:
8993:
8988:
8982:
8979:
8974:
8970:
8966:
8959:
8956:
8951:
8947:
8943:
8936:
8933:
8928:
8924:
8920:
8913:
8910:
8905:
8901:
8897:
8890:
8887:
8876:on 2006-08-10
8875:
8871:
8865:
8862:
8851:on 2007-05-01
8850:
8846:
8840:
8837:
8822:
8816:
8813:
8807:
8804:
8793:
8790:(June 1988).
8789:
8783:
8781:
8777:
8771:
8768:
8757:on 2005-11-06
8753:
8746:
8742:
8736:
8734:
8730:
8715:
8711:
8707:
8703:
8697:
8693:
8686:
8685:
8680:
8676:
8672:
8668:
8664:
8660:
8656:
8650:
8647:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8558:
8555:
8551:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8538:
8535:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8526:Niklaus Wirth
8523:
8520:
8517:
8514:
8511:
8508:
8505:
8504:
8500:
8498:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8483:
8481:
8477:
8473:
8469:
8464:
8462:
8458:
8454:
8450:
8446:
8441:
8439:
8435:
8431:
8427:
8423:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8406:
8402:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8382:
8380:
8378:
8367:
8365:Full language
8364:
8361:
8358:
8357:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8327:
8325:Full language
8324:
8321:
8318:
8317:
8314:
8311:
8308:
8306:
8303:
8301:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8279:
8278:
8274:
8271:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8256:
8254:
8243:
8240:
8237:
8234:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8226:
8222:
8218:
8214:
8210:
8206:
8202:
8198:
8194:
8190:
8187:
8184:
8181:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8169:
8166:
8164:
8160:
8157:
8155:
8152:
8150:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8117:
8114:
8112:
8101:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8089:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8071:
8060:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8050:
8049:
8046:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8026:
8023:
8020:
8017:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8009:
8007:
8005:
7994:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7959:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7947:
7943:
7940:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7921:
7919:Multi-purpose
7918:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7909:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7898:
7895:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7876:
7873:
7870:
7867:
7866:
7862:
7858:
7855:
7852:
7848:
7845:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7826:
7823:
7820:
7817:
7816:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7798:
7786:
7775:
7772:
7769:
7766:
7763:
7762:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7752:Specification
7751:
7748:
7746:
7735:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7724:
7723:
7720:
7717:
7715:Specification
7714:
7711:
7708:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7696:
7692:
7689:
7686:
7682:
7678:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7659:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7621:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7609:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7589:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7570:
7567:
7564:
7562:Mini ALGOL 68
7561:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7537:
7534:
7531:
7528:
7527:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7496:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7477:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7461:
7457:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7446:
7435:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7423:
7420:
7417:
7414:
7411:
7408:
7405:
7402:
7399:
7398:
7395:
7392:
7389:
7386:
7383:
7380:
7377:
7374:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:Specification
7362:
7359:
7356:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7344:
7341:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7321:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7309:
7305:
7302:
7299:
7296:
7293:
7290:
7287:
7284:
7283:
7277:
7275:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:clauses from
7252:
7249:and top-down
7248:
7244:
7240:
7237:
7234:
7230:
7227:
7226:
7225:
7219:
7217:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7183:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7173:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7155:
7151:
7147:
7140:
7136:
7132:
7128:
7125:
7122:
7119:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7106:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7089:
7085:
7081:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7063:
7059:
7055:
7052:
7048:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7030:
7028:
7022:
7020:
7018:
7014:
7010:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6976:
6973:x)
6972:
6968:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6952:
6948:
6945:x)
6944:
6940:
6937:x + 1, monat
6936:
6932:
6929:x)
6928:
6924:
6920:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6881:
6874:
6870:
6866:
6862:
6859:x + 1)
6858:
6854:
6850:
6846:
6842:
6838:
6835:x + 1, month
6834:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6810:
6806:
6802:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6786:
6782:
6779:
6774:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6673:
6670:
6665:
6647:
6644:
6639:
6631:
6628:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6609:
6605:
6601:
6597:
6593:
6590:
6587:
6584:
6580:
6574:
6566:
6560:
6555:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6542:NOPQRSTUVWXYZ
6538:
6535:
6534:
6533:
6531:
6527:
6524:
6519:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6502:
6498:
6496:
6491:
6487:
6480:
6476:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6442:
6437:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6423:
6422:
6418:
6413:
6409:
6406:
6403:
6399:
6396:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6388:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6352:
6349:
6345:
6342:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6313:
6312:
6308:
6305:
6301:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6270:
6267:
6264:
6261:
6258:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6223:
6220:
6217:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6194:
6190:
6186:
6182:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6163:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6063:
6059:
6056:
6052:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5995:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5981:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5965:prime numbers
5962:
5954:
5949:
5947:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5923:
5921:
5916:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5891:
5888:
5882:
5878:
5877:introspection
5874:
5870:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5818:Miscellaneous
5817:
5814:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5800:
5797:words > 0
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5781:
5777:
5774:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5714:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5696:
5685:
5681:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5664:
5660:
5652:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5624:
5617:
5614:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5603:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5571:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5541:
5539:
5525:
5523:
5518:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5466:
5462:
5459:
5454:
5450:
5447:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5432:
5426:
5421:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5401:
5400:
5394:
5389:
5388:
5387:
5384:
5378:
5375:
5369:
5363:
5360:
5351:
5346:
5343:
5337:
5327:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5312:
5303:
5300:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5265:
5256:
5254:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5222::≠: :¬=:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5203:
5201:Effectively 0
5199:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5186:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5164:
5160:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5006:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4801:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4660:
4658:
4656:
4647:(generators)
4646:
4643:
4640:
4638:(generators)
4637:
4633:
4630:(selection),
4629:
4626:
4620:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4598:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4533:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4476:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4425:op: Operators
4424:
4422:
4420:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4357:
4353:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4283:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4174:
4167:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4102:
4096:
4094:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4074:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4029:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3986:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3941:
3929:
3927:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3890:
3887:sum sq+:=i↑2
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3793:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3748:strong typing
3745:
3741:
3738:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3685:
3681:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3600:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3579:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3519:
3513:
3508:
3507:dangling else
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3440:sum +:= f(i)
3439:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3420:
3412:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3346:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3302:
3299:Pragmats are
3294:
3292:
3290:
3277:
3274:
3269:
3268:
3263:~ := ...
3260:
3256:
3250:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3214:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3011:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2962:For example:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2875:
2864:
2853:
2842:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2792:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2778:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2746:
2737:
2728:
2719:
2710:
2704:
2688:
2685:
2679:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2634:dereferencing
2631:
2630:deproceduring
2626:
2623:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2390:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2350:
2347:in C/C++ and
2346:
2342:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2319:– declare an
2318:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2297:– declare an
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2241:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:in C/C++ and
2217:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:in C/C++ and
2203:
2200:, similar to
2199:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2069:
2066:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2032:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1908:m := 3;
1907:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1874:
1854:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1448:" characters.
1447:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1350:Niklaus Wirth
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1322:John McCarthy
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1264:Brian Randell
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:Fraser Duncan
1249:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1179:November 2001
1178:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1017:December 1968
1016:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1000:
997:
994:
993:
989:
986:
983:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
968:February 1968
967:
966:
963:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
946:
935:
929:
924:
920:
917:
913:
909:
906:
903:
899:
896:
895:
894:
891:
889:
885:
881:
876:
874:
870:
865:
863:
855:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
821:
819:
815:
811:
808:in the UK as
807:
799:
794:
792:
790:
785:
783:
779:
778:North Berwick
774:
769:
767:
762:
757:
749:
747:
746:in May 1967.
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
724:John McCarthy
721:
717:
713:
709:
704:
702:
697:
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:Niklaus Wirth
677:
675:
671:
670:strong typing
667:
659:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
631:
626:
624:
621:
619:
615:
614:C. H. Lindsey
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
582:
578:
573:
571:
567:
562:
561:
557:
556:formal bounds
554:, gommas and
553:
548:
546:
541:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
506:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
489:
487:
484:
481:
480:Orthogonality
478:
475:
474:
473:
469:
467:
461:
456:
454:
450:
447:are labelled
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
419:
415:
410:
403:
401:
399:
398:strong typing
395:
389:
387:
383:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
345:
341:
337:
329:
325:
321:
317:
316:" characters.
315:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
254:
251:
247:
243:
240:Influenced by
238:
233:
230:
226:
223:
222:Odra ALGOL 68
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
192:
187:
184:
181:
179:
175:
172:
168:
164:
160:
157:
155:
151:
147:
131:
129:
125:
121:
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:J. E. L. Peck
91:
87:
84:
82:
78:
75:
72:
68:
65:
61:
57:
54:
52:
48:
41:
36:
30:
19:
11538:
11528:
11519:
11460:Ron Morrison
11455:Tony Brooker
11432:Nobuo Yoneda
11366:Peter Landin
11348:Gerhard Goos
11340:Robert Dewar
11320:
11284:Mike Woodger
11261:David Turner
11256:Micha Sharir
11244:Rutishauser^
11197:Peter Landin
11170:Julien Green
11141:Richard Bird
11056:Charles Katz
10887:associations
10885:Professional
10639:
10562:, 2011-07-05
10555:
10498:
10489:
10462:
10453:
10449:
10445:
10438:
10431:
10413:
10409:
10397:
10390:
10369:. Retrieved
10355:
10321:(2): 75–83.
10318:
10312:
10299:
10288:. Retrieved
10275:
10264:. Retrieved
10247:
10228:
10222:
10197:. Retrieved
10190:the original
10177:
10160:
10148:
10137:. Retrieved
10133:the original
10123:
10111:
10100:
10075:. Retrieved
10068:the original
10055:
10044:. Retrieved
10039:
10029:
10012:. Retrieved
10007:
9997:
9986:. Retrieved
9981:
9971:
9962:
9950:
9931:
9927:
9917:
9905:
9894:. Retrieved
9890:
9877:
9866:. Retrieved
9858:
9848:
9839:
9826:
9815:. Retrieved
9811:the original
9801:
9790:. Retrieved
9783:the original
9766:
9755:. Retrieved
9748:the original
9731:
9720:. Retrieved
9706:
9695:. Retrieved
9681:
9670:. Retrieved
9663:the original
9650:
9639:. Retrieved
9626:
9615:. Retrieved
9602:
9591:. Retrieved
9577:
9566:. Retrieved
9562:
9552:
9541:. Retrieved
9537:the original
9527:
9516:. Retrieved
9511:
9501:
9490:
9482:
9477:
9469:
9464:
9453:. Retrieved
9448:
9438:
9429:
9419:
9410:
9400:
9392:the original
9356:
9338:
9334:
9321:
9314:Lindsey 1993
9309:
9302:Lindsey 1993
9297:
9280:
9276:
9263:
9256:Lindsey 1993
9234:
9227:Lindsey 1993
9212:Lindsey 1993
9207:
9202:, p. 9.
9200:Lindsey 1993
9183:, p. 7.
9181:Lindsey 1993
9176:
9167:
9157:
9146:
9091:
9072:Lindsey 1996
9067:
9055:
9020:
9014:
8995:
8981:
8973:the original
8968:
8958:
8950:the original
8945:
8935:
8927:the original
8922:
8912:
8904:the original
8899:
8889:
8878:. Retrieved
8874:the original
8864:
8853:. Retrieved
8849:the original
8839:
8828:. Retrieved
8815:
8806:
8795:. Retrieved
8770:
8759:. Retrieved
8752:the original
8721:. Retrieved
8683:
8649:
8609:Bourne shell
8559:
8554:Turing Award
8545:
8536:
8530:
8515:
8506:
8496:
8493:
8484:
8475:
8471:
8465:
8442:
8429:
8419:
8398:
8257:ctrans from
8111:Soviet Union
8070:Soviet Union
7803:Odra 1204/IL
7785:Soviet Union
7698:
7273:
7267:
7250:
7242:
7238:
7228:
7223:
7215:
7210:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7177:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7160:
7157:
7153:
7149:
7145:
7143:
7138:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7123:
7120:
7117:
7113:
7108:
7104:
7103:
7098:
7094:
7090:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7076:
7072:
7068:
7064:
7061:
7057:
7053:
7050:
7044:
7040:
7036:
7034:
7026:
7016:
7012:
7008:
7004:
6996:
6992:
6988:
6984:
6980:
6979:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6942:
6938:
6934:
6930:
6926:
6922:
6918:
6914:
6913::
6910:
6906:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6879:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6777:
6773:and German.
6771:
6734:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6602:sum sq:=0;
6599:
6595:
6591:
6588:
6585:
6582:
6547:
6537:
6520:
6516:
6510:
6506:
6500:
6493:
6489:
6488:typeface or
6485:
6483:
6478:
6468:
6464:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6446:
6384:
6381:Applications
6371:
6344:Flex machine
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6290:;
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6268:
6265:
6262:
6259:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6239:;
6236:
6232:
6228:
6224:
6221:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6152:| error("tl
6149:
6146:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6121:| error("hd
6118:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6061:
6057:
6054:
6050:
6047:
6043:
6042:: (m>n |
6039:
6035:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5993:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5979:
5976:
5973:null pointer
5972:
5968:
5958:
5943:
5939:
5931:
5927:
5924:
5917:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5880:
5872:
5868:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5821:
5812:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5779:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5718:
5707:
5702:
5700:
5683:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5662:
5658:
5612:
5605:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5581:
5566:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5545:
5529:
5521:
5516:
5515:
5491:
5464:
5460:
5457:
5456:ip :=:
5448:
5445:
5444:ip :=:
5436:
5430:
5424:
5419:
5416:
5410:
5409:ip :=:
5398:
5392:
5382:
5376:
5373:
5367:
5361:
5358:
5349:
5344:
5341:
5335:
5325:
5322:
5310:
5308:
5301:
5298:
5292:
5273:
5263:
5257:
5252:
5250:
5244:, "..", ".,"
5241:
5237:
5233:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5179:
5168:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5129:
5125:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5100:
5094:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5011:
4993:
4974:
4970:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4941:
4908:
4904:
4903:, %*,
4900:
4888:
4884:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4835:
4809:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4668:
4652:
4644:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:proceduring
4594:
4590:
4567:
4556:; out)
4553:
4549:
4545:
4542:
4538:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4445:
4436:
4430:
4428:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4360:
4351:
4345:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4293:
4289:
4287:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4222:r,i,c,s::=n
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4110:
4106:united modes
4104:
4100:
4098:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4008:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3953:
3947:
3925:
3915:
3909:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3865:
3861:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3844:
3836:
3832:
3831:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:loop clause:
3764:
3755:
3751:
3743:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3696:year, month)
3693:
3689:
3683:
3679:
3677:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3611:year, month)
3608:
3604:
3598:
3596:
3591:
3590:year, month)
3587:
3583:
3577:
3575:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3529:
3521:in embedded
3517:
3511:
3504:
3499:
3498:statements
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3477:
3476:statements
3473:
3469:
3462:
3457:
3448:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3410:
3408:
3403:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3367:
3362:
3350:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3298:
3286:
3275:
3272:
3254:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3170:
3152:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3059:
3050:
3040:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3018:
3005:
2993:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2967:
2961:
2958:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2929:
2923:
2919:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2881:
2873:
2862:
2851:
2840:
2821:
2810:
2799:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2767:
2755:
2744:
2735:
2726:
2717:
2708:
2683:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2627:
2619:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2504:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2485:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2338:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2244:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2063:min long int
2055:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2030:
2008:
2003:
2000:reference to
1999:
1995:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1937: := 3;
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1850:
1840:
1836:
1833:Bourne shell
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1766:do statement
1765:
1761:
1757:
1754:routine text
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1739:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1443:
1420:
1403:
1364:
1354:Nobuo Yoneda
1334:Manfred Paul
1318:Peter Landin
1310:Gerhard Goos
1276:Mike Woodger
1229:
943:Contributor
907:
897:
892:
877:
866:
862:Control Data
859:
849:
841:
837:
833:
829:
822:
803:
786:
770:
753:
731:
705:
698:
678:
663:
635:
622:
617:
611:
591:Bourne shell
587:Steve Bourne
585:
577:Soviet Union
574:
563:
549:
542:
511:
488:Efficiency:
471:
463:
459:
452:
448:
422:
411:
407:
390:
374:
359:
339:
335:
334:
311:
270:Bourne shell
29:
11450:John Barnes
11445:Hal Abelson
11353:Michael Guy
11202:Tom Maibaum
11189:Jørn Jensen
11179:Eric Hehner
11174:David Gries
11094:Bruce Arden
11061:Alan Perlis
11041:John Backus
10604:programming
10383:Works cited
10042:(37): 26–29
10010:(43): 19–53
9984:(37): 24–26
9514:(42): 36–49
9430:jemarch.net
8461:DEC VAX/VMS
8401:S3 language
8275:ALGOL 68RS
8241:Electronics
7950:ALGOL 68-RT
7524:ALGOL 68RS
7297:Description
7129:proc bool:
7041:proceduring
7003:this reads
6490:underlining
6412:ALGOL 68-RT
5955:Code sample
5940:STRAIGHTOUT
5936:duck typing
5682:A file has
5236:, ::,
5217:@, ":", ";"
5209: :=:,
5130:upper state
5119:lower state
4814:(Tertiary)
4673:(Tertiary)
4624:(Secondary)
4573:Operation
4288:Procedure (
4091:# define a
4077:# define a
3875:sum sq:=0;
3784:statements
3776:statements
3742:(uniquely)
3525:sequences.
3494:condition2
3490:statements
3486:condition1
3394:underscores
2779:x := ~
2492:lower bound
2351:in Pascal:
2331:to be of a
2309:to be of a
1990:. That is,
1326:Jack Merner
1272:Wlad Turski
1256:Jan Garwick
1232:transputter
1152:August 1988
1101:Michael Guy
750:Publication
696:W-Grammar.
595:Unix shells
552:proceduring
338:(short for
11556:Categories
11492:Comparison
11271:Eiiti Wada
11222:Peter Naur
11184:Tony Hoare
11000:Government
10842:Formalisms
10683:ALGOL 68RS
10678:ALGOL 68-R
10503:Corrigenda
10371:2007-03-01
10290:2007-04-28
10266:2007-04-28
10199:2005-08-27
10139:2010-03-20
10077:2010-03-20
10046:2022-09-19
10014:2020-01-29
9988:2022-09-19
9896:2023-04-07
9868:2010-10-03
9817:2023-04-07
9792:2008-11-15
9757:2008-11-15
9722:2012-08-17
9697:2007-04-30
9672:2007-12-30
9641:2007-06-22
9617:2007-06-22
9593:2007-06-22
9568:2023-04-07
9543:2004-08-30
9518:2023-04-07
9455:2023-04-07
8880:2006-09-15
8855:2007-04-29
8830:2008-05-06
8797:2006-09-15
8761:2007-04-26
8723:2019-05-11
8636:References
8262:ALGOL 68RS
8207:ST (under
8199:4.1 &
8179:Scientific
8024:Scientific
7992:Scientific
7957:Scientific
7944:Assembler
7938:System/370
7861:Fortran 66
7851:System/370
7693:ALGOL 68C
7681:Telefunken
7657:Scientific
7487:ALGOL 68RS
7471:Scientific
7464:EPOS ALGOL
7426:ALGOL 68-R
7319:Scientific
7300:Target CPU
7247:ALGOL 68-R
7071::(a | b |
6391:ALGOL 68-R
6348:ALGOL 68RS
6338:ALGOL 68-R
6294:primes = (
6187:filter = (
6022:one to = (
5944:STRAIGHTIN
5938:, and the
5934:for crude
5808:mouth
5789:mouth
5768:1;
5736:semaphores
5708:Examples:
5597:stand back
5352:to define
5339:, but not
5289:are needed
4948:, >=,
4878:↑, ↓, ⌊, ⌈
4441:overloaded
4296:if none):
4089:col = m;
4075:row = m;
3472:condition
3421:suffices:
3399:camel case
3357:assignment
3301:directives
3179:Examples:
3108:Examples:
2361:newmode =
2006:variable.
1853:data types
1851:The basic
1330:Peter Naur
1306:Hans Bekic
1260:Tony Hoare
1032:ALGOL 68-R
1028:April 1970
984:March 1968
958:Peter Naur
948:March 1959
916:ALGOL 68RS
908:algol68toc
873:DEC PDP-11
810:ALGOL 68-R
800:ALGOL 68-R
766:Peter Naur
545:ALGOL 68-R
344:imperative
256:Influenced
206:ALGOL 68RS
202:ALGOL 68-R
171:structural
64:imperative
60:concurrent
11407:Samelson^
11380:McCarthy^
11344:Dijkstra^
11275:Wegstein^
11247:Samelson^
10963:Education
10907:BSI Group
10869:Community
10780:Kidsgrove
10693:ALGOL 68S
10673:ALGOL 68C
10658:ABC ALGOL
10622:standards
10620:Technical
10233:CiteSeerX
9136:ignored (
9126:cite book
9100:ACM Press
8987:"Gommas?"
8641:Citations
8589:ALGOL 68C
8512:Apr 1993.
8489:ALGOL 68C
8486:Cambridge
8453:Series 39
8225:Ultrix-32
8172:ALGOL 68S
8163:shareware
8018:ALGOL 68+
7690:Cambridge
7650:ALGOL 68C
7458:ALGOL 60
7303:Licensing
7263:ALGOL 68C
7111:is true.
7037:mode cast
7023:Revisions
6969:x), jahr
6963:ANSONSTEN
6871:x)
6867:x), year
6843:x)
6827:x)
6737:stropping
6495:stropping
6473:namespace
6387:ALGOL 68C
6319:ALGOL 68C
6243:sieve = (
6227:p(hd(l))
6018:stop);
6006:error = (
5885:The term
5873:undefined
5640:backspace
5595:channel,
5593:stand out
5591:channel,
5350:not legal
5232:..=, .=,
5227::=:=, =:=
5196:+Algol68
5193:+Algol68
5190:+Algol68
4944:, <=,
4826:+Algol68
4823:+Algol68
4820:+Algol68
4685:+Algol68
4682:+Algol68
4679:+Algol68
4586:(Primary)
4579:+Algol68
4576:+Algol68
4432:operators
4370:apply = (
4314:a > b
4149:),
4056:; out);
4026:# binary
3989:# matrix
3971:# vector
3830:only the
3816:i×i≠4444
3720:100 ≠ 0
3686:symbols:
3601:symbols:
3580:symbols:
3523:statement
3406:issues).
3267:Example:
3017:Example:
2622:coercions
2507:recursive
2379:i, j, k,
2372:a, b, c,
2357:max=99;
2222:in Pascal
2208:in Pascal
2031:modifiers
1720:"( ~ )",
1387:Bulgarian
1342:Doug Ross
1219:John Peck
1142:ALGOL 68S
1115:June 1977
1107:June 1975
1093:S. Bourne
1083:ALGOL 68C
1054:July 1970
995:June 1968
890:in 1984.
838:statement
744:Zandvoort
601:) and to
543:In 1970,
482:of design
449:semantics
425:formalism
274:KornShell
210:ALGOL 68S
198:ALGOL 68C
51:Paradigms
11562:ALGOL 68
11423:Woodger^
11399:Randell^
11321:ALGOL 68
11118:ALGOL 60
11029:ALGOL 58
10937:Business
10814:Napier88
10810:PS-algol
10650:Dialects
10640:ALGOL 68
10635:ALGOL 60
10630:ALGOL 58
10522:Archived
10365:Archived
10345:Archived
10260:Archived
10208:cite web
10167:Archived
10086:cite web
10036:"Modals"
10020:Comments
9691:Archived
9587:Archived
9341:: 27–29.
9047:16097093
9003:Archived
8714:Archived
8574:ALGOL 60
8567:See also
8472:eventing
8449:ICL 2900
8426:ICL 1900
8054:ALGOL 68
7985:RS Algol
7874:Research
7847:IBM 1130
7812:ALGOL 60
7767:Algol 68
7706:Standard
7619:Research
7605:ALGOL 60
7588:Archived
7568:Research
7494:Military
7452:ICL 1900
7433:Military
7406:Standard
7400:ALGOL 68
7375:ALGOL 68
7233:Currying
7205:test = (
7184:test = (
7001:Cyrillic
6975:ENDEWENN
6947:WENNABER
6941:x, jahr
6925:x, jahr
6903:FUNKTION
6901:jahr);
6839:x, year
6823:x, year
6811::
6799:year);
6627:wikitext
6526:Archived
6334:ICL 1900
6332:for the
6168:show = (
6137:tl = (
6106:hd = (
6083:cons = (
6030:: (
5764:mouth =
5720:ALGOL 68
5599:channel.
5589:stand in
5556:CHANNELS
5548:TRANSPUT
5524:device:
5517:Transput
5494:IBM 2741
5484:IBM 2741
5348:. It is
5318:ip = jp
5086:, ÷::=,
4952:, >,
4788:, ⎩, ⎧,
4419:ALGOL 60
4361:ref real
4352:ref proc
3920:parallel
3623:31,
3561:switch2
3553:switch1
3378:Algol 60
3316:heap=32
3309:heap=32
2890:, and a
2793:: sin(~)
2642:widening
2335:er size.
2313:er size.
2059:max real
1969:is just
1914:variable
1855:(called
1820:). This
1391:Japanese
1166:May 1997
1126:May 1978
1036:GEORGE 3
1006:Aug 1968
930:Timeline
914:port of
773:Tirrenia
720:pointers
714:and the
701:Kootwijk
597:such as
526:compiler
522:ALGOL 60
485:Security
404:Overview
362:compiler
351:ALGOL 60
342:) is an
336:ALGOL 68
282:Steelman
246:ALGOL 60
229:Dialects
100:, et al.
33:ALGOL 68
11336:Bourne^
11236:Perlis^
11129:Backus^
10920:(IFIP)
10806:S-algol
10708:ALGOL X
10703:ALGOL W
10698:ALGOL N
10342:Alt URL
8710:1991170
8584:ALGOL N
8579:ALGOL Y
8556:Lecture
8457:Multics
8405:ICL VME
8387:GNU GPL
8348:GNU GPL
8217:RISC OS
8215:(under
8201:Solaris
8195:(under
8085:EPSILON
7856:Unknown
7758:ALGOL W
7726:Algol H
7612:OREGANO
7347:ALGOL Y
7291:Purpose
7255:ENVIRON
7213:1, x);
7196:1, x);
6897:monat,
6795:month,
6251::
6207::
6164:l );
6133:l );
5928:OUTTYPE
5686:. e.g.
5648:newpage
5644:newline
5582:CHANNEL
5536:newline
5532:newpage
5520:to the
5502:Unicode
5304:ip, jp
5255:and ~.
5117:if the
5038:TIMESAB
5030:MINUSAB
4992:&,
4891:, ⎩, ⎧
4883:××, ^,
4860:, **,
4752:SHORTEN
4526:: (
4507:a >
4168:next);
3954:slicing
3916:FOREACH
3539:switch
3444:; sum)
3402:versus
3396:versus
3386:half pi
3382:FORTRAN
3331:COMMENT
3327:COMMENT
3311:PRAGMAT
3307:PRAGMAT
2691:Context
2654:uniting
2650:voiding
2638:uniting
2500:max int
2496:max int
2488:NEWMODE
2478:newmode
2412:typedef
2365:(
2345:TYPEDEF
2178:erator
2121:CHANNEL
2085:COMPLEX
1897:n = 2;
1746:formula
1631:PRAGMAT
1623:COMMENT
1586:":=:",
1556:CHANNEL
1399:Braille
1395:Chinese
1375:Russian
1274:, and
1243:Koster.
685:ALGOL W
674:Euler's
650:ALGOL Y
646:ALGOL X
632:Origins
627:History
534:S-algol
416:(IFIP)
250:ALGOL Y
183:Lexical
138: (
113: (
11357:Hoare^
11328:Bauer^
11294:Simula
11137:Bauer^
11021:People
10929:(GAMM)
10914:(EASC)
10819:Simula
10796:NELIAC
10775:JOVIAL
10335:
10235:
10023:errata
9363:
9114:
9045:
9035:
8708:
8698:
8501:Quotes
8374:
8334:
8297:
8250:
8223:under
8221:VAX-11
8209:GEMDOS
8191:, Sun
8146:
8122:Soviet
8108:
8080:Soviet
8067:
8033:
8001:
7966:
7928:
7883:
7833:
7807:Soviet
7797:Poland
7794:
7782:
7742:
7687:(1980)
7666:
7628:
7577:
7544:
7503:
7442:
7328:
7101:| b);
7097::(a |
6949:monat
6847:month
6793:STRING
6785:STRUCT
6762:sq:=0;
6717:.WHILE
6707:SQ:=0;
6667:For a
6641:For a
6625:(like
6511:STRICT
6497:regime
6469:STRICT
6176:: ( l
6145:: ( l
6114:: ( l
6079:t);
6069:STRUCT
6008:STRING
5991:STRUCT
5932:INTYPE
5862:vacuum
5793:,
5748:eat =
5703:FORMAT
5656:, and
5242:is not
5103:and ○.
5054:PLUSTO
5046:OVERAB
5034:PLUSAB
4940:<,
4728:ENTIER
4634:&
4593:&
4541:a + 1
4339:a, b)
4310::
4306:a, b)
4267:STRING
4216:STRING
4155:STRUCT
4147:STRING
4103:) and
4101:STRUCT
4087:VECTOR
4073:VECTOR
4058:MATRIX
4034:VECTOR
4022:VECTOR
4018:VECTOR
4009:VECTOR
3996:VECTOR
3981:MATRIX
3965:=
3963:VECTOR
3950:arrays
3903:DOWNTO
3712:4 = 0
3704:month
3619:month
3390:single
3244:STRUCT
3228:STRUCT
3169:value
2950:STRING
2784:Also:
2756:Strong
2745:Strong
2648:, and
2646:rowing
2575:STRUCT
2533:STRUCT
2421:double
2415:struct
2386:r );
2363:STRUCT
2220:RECORD
2216:STRUCT
2212:STRUCT
2151:STRING
2109:FORMAT
2097:STRING
2035:double
2015:double
1998:for a
1591:IS NOT
1580:EITHER
1568:STRUCT
1564:FORMAT
1548:STRING
1404:1984:
1383:French
1379:German
1367:UNESCO
1099:, and
1038:on an
1034:under
888:IBM PC
856:Others
761:Zürich
708:Warsaw
538:Pascal
453:ad hoc
439:use a
382:Pascal
355:syntax
290:Python
189:Major
163:strong
159:static
70:Family
11391:Peck^
11388:Naur^
11193:Katz^
11009:(RRE)
10992:(MIT)
10903:(ACM)
10897:Group
10895:ALCOR
10833:ALGOL
10825:SMALL
10801:RTL/2
10782:Algol
10765:FLACC
10741:ALGOL
10728:CORAL
10663:ALCOR
10602:ALGOL
10497:, in
10493:, by
10337:97895
10333:S2CID
10193:(PDF)
10186:(PDF)
10071:(PDF)
10064:(PDF)
9887:(PDF)
9836:(PDF)
9786:(PDF)
9775:(PDF)
9751:(PDF)
9740:(PDF)
9716:(PDF)
9666:(PDF)
9659:(PDF)
9635:(PDF)
9611:(PDF)
9273:(PDF)
9043:S2CID
8824:(PDF)
8755:(PDF)
8748:(PDF)
8717:(PDF)
8688:(PDF)
8480:C.mmp
8476:EVENT
8205:Atari
8197:SunOS
8193:SPARC
8189:Sun-3
8076:M-220
8052:M-220
7912:FLACC
7905:CDL 2
7893:&
7859:ANSI
7294:State
7259:USING
7251:holes
7231:(aka
7172:gomma
7150:value
7146:would
7121:FALSE
7073:FALSE
6999:, in
6933:(tag
6911:DATUM
6907:DATUM
6893:tag,
6887:TUPEL
6883:DATUM
6880:MENGE
6831:(day
6791:day,
6697:.INT;
6691:.XINT
6681:POINT
6669:6-bit
6655:UPPER
6643:7-bit
6608:WHILE
6571:Code
6550:ASCII
6449:ALGOL
6385:Both
6038:m,n)
6034:f = (
6000:BEGIN
5989:of a
5907:<
5842:UNION
5840:in a
5830:EMPTY
5795:WHILE
5776:WHILE
5773:BEGIN
5766:LEVEL
5661:set=(
5636:space
5574:match
5567:Books
5560:FILES
5552:BOOKS
5506:fonts
5451:(jp)
5420:FALSE
5391:ip =
5145:UNION
5080:OVERB
5068:MINUS
5050:MODAB
5042:DIVAB
4980:≠, ¬=
4977:~= /=
4840:+×, ⊥
4765:TRACE
4748:ROUND
4736:LEVEL
4608:TRNSP
4595:SHORT
4570:rity
4501:COMPL
4499:a,b)
4497:COMPL
4484:a,b)
4469:a,b)
4263:COMPL
4212:COMPL
4173:UNION
4161:val,
4143:COMPL
4127:UNION
4036:out;
4024::
4020:a,b)
4016:+ = (
3910:UNTIL
3881:WHILE
3862:WHILE
3814:WHILE
3812:-333
3757:union
3752:UNION
3750:onto
3744:UNION
3724:year
3716:year
3684:Brief
3651:year
3639:year
3627:year
3578:Brief
3512:BEGIN
3388:is a
3230:from
3208:from
3189:from
3131:from
3115:from
3088:WHILE
3073:and
3021:UNION
2980:from
2970:from
2954:BYTES
2952:from
2942:from
2932:from
2930:COMPL
2922:from
2912:from
2770:x = ~
2463:float
2442:short
2394:const
2374:SHORT
2333:SHORT
2329:COMPL
2317:SHORT
2307:COMPL
2271:EVENT
2267:SHORT
2226:UNION
2202:&
2180:LEVEL
2172:phore
2141:BYTES
2105:BYTES
2081:COMPL
2027:short
2017:, or
2011:float
1957:COMPL
1889:bytes
1869:compl
1810:WHILE
1762:block
1748:, an
1732:"□".
1722:GO TO
1714:BEGIN
1675:WHILE
1625:"¢",
1621:"¢",
1617:"~",
1613:"○",
1607:EMPTY
1603:FALSE
1597:"→",
1578:"@",
1572:UNION
1532:COMPL
1524:BYTES
1512:SHORT
1406:TC 97
1140:Full
1043:1907F
940:Event
910:, an
902:GPLv3
638:ALGOL
294:Seed7
214:FLACC
178:Scope
74:ALGOL
10831:SMIL
10791:Mary
10759:NEWP
10745:DG/L
10739:DASK
10687:ELLA
10668:ALGO
10214:link
10092:link
9779:GOST
9744:GOST
9361:ISBN
9138:help
9112:ISBN
9033:ISBN
8706:OCLC
8696:ISBN
8459:and
8445:RSRE
8399:The
8362:2010
8322:2001
8286:1992
8280:MK2
8272:1995
8259:ELLA
8238:1985
8203:2),
8182:Intl
8176:1985
8135:1983
8096:1980
8021:1980
7989:1979
7954:1979
7916:1977
7871:1977
7853:/158
7849:and
7821:1976
7770:1976
7765:Odra
7730:1975
7709:Intl
7703:1975
7654:1975
7641:UCLA
7616:1973
7565:1973
7532:1972
7491:1972
7468:1971
7430:1970
7409:Intl
7403:1968
7384:Intl
7378:1968
7357:Intl
7351:1966
7316:1962
7288:Year
7285:Name
7257:and
7211:PLUS
7207:REAL
7203:PROC
7194:PLUS
7190:REAL
7186:REAL
7182:PROC
7175:s).
7161:BOOL
7158:PROC
7154:ANDF
7141:...
7139:THEN
7135:TRUE
7124:ANDF
7099:TRUE
7095:BOOL
7091:BOOL
7088:PROC
7084:BOOL
7069:BOOL
7065:BOOL
7062:PROC
7058:BOOL
7054:ANDF
7045:lazy
7013:либо
6997:ESAC
6985:CASE
6955:DANN
6931:DANN
6917:tag
6915:WENN
6899:GANZ
6895:WORT
6891:GANZ
6861:ELSE
6853:THEN
6845:ELIF
6829:THEN
6815:day
6809:DATE
6805:DATE
6801:PROC
6781:DATE
6778:MODE
6756:xint
6701:XINT
6688:MODE
6600:XINT
6592:XINT
6589:MODE
6486:BOLD
6465:BOLD
6427:– a
6398:ELLA
6389:and
6323:BCPL
6300:LIST
6292:PROC
6282:: n
6280:BOOL
6272:PROC
6269:ELSE
6263:THEN
6249:LIST
6245:LIST
6241:PROC
6233:ELSE
6229:THEN
6225:ELIF
6219:THEN
6205:LIST
6201:LIST
6197:BOOL
6189:PROC
6185:PROC
6178:ISNT
6174:VOID
6170:LIST
6166:PROC
6160:| t
6158:SKIP
6156:");
6143:LIST
6139:LIST
6135:PROC
6129:| h
6127:SKIP
6125:");
6108:LIST
6104:PROC
6100:NODE
6097:HEAP
6093:LIST
6089:LIST
6081:PROC
6077:LIST
6065:NODE
6062:MODE
6060:;
6058:NODE
6051:LIST
6048:MODE
6040:LIST
6032:PROC
6028:LIST
6020:PROC
6016:GOTO
6012:VOID
6004:PROC
5942:and
5909:SKIP
5897:TRUE
5881:SEMA
5866:MODE
5860:– a
5850:MODE
5846:VOID
5838:VOID
5834:VOID
5826:SKIP
5802:DOWN
5783:DOWN
5762:SEMA
5754:VOID
5750:VOID
5746:PROC
5726:, a
5674:VOID
5666:FILE
5659:PROC
5613:MOOD
5611:The
5606:FILE
5558:and
5546:The
5534:and
5431:and
5365:and
5287::/=:
5285:and
5281:Why
5274:ISNT
5269::/=:
5253:SKIP
5238:CTAB
5211:ISNT
5205::=,
5182:rity
5180:PRIO
5149:MODE
5139:and
5135:The
5124:The
5115:TRUE
5088:PRUS
5084:MODB
5072:PLUS
4958:≤, ≥
4926:-, +
4909:ELEM
4901:OVER
4866:DOWN
4834:+*,
4812:rity
4810:PRIO
4761:NORM
4744:REPR
4732:LENG
4702:DOWN
4671:rity
4669:PRIO
4636:HEAP
4604:DIAG
4591:LONG
4568:PRIO
4536:FROM
4528:REAL
4524:REAL
4520:REAL
4503:: (
4486:REAL
4482:REAL
4453:PRIO
4437:both
4435:and
4395:FROM
4387:REAL
4383:REAL
4379:PROC
4375:REAL
4368:PROC
4348:proc
4341:REAL
4337:REAL
4333:PROC
4320:ELSE
4316:THEN
4308:REAL
4304:REAL
4300:PROC
4294:VOID
4290:PROC
4275:ESAC
4255:REAL
4251:VOID
4243:CASE
4239:NODE
4232:ESAC
4220:CASE
4204:REAL
4200:NODE
4181:NODE
4176:CASE
4166:LIST
4159:NODE
4151:LIST
4135:REAL
4131:VOID
4123:NODE
4120:MODE
4111:MODE
4042:FROM
4003:REAL
3991:MODE
3987:;
3985:REAL
3978:MODE
3973:MODE
3969:;
3967:REAL
3960:MODE
3939:edit
3901:and
3899:UPTO
3860:the
3848:100
3808:-22
3802:FROM
3730:ESAC
3702:CASE
3700::
3690:PROC
3682:and
3680:Bold
3673:ESAC
3665:ELSE
3661:THEN
3655:400
3643:100
3617:CASE
3615::
3605:PROC
3599:Bold
3584:PROC
3571:CASE
3567:ESAC
3559:OUSE
3551:CASE
3545:ESAC
3537:CASE
3530:CASE
3515:and
3496:THEN
3492:ELIF
3488:THEN
3474:THEN
3453:Lisp
3415:f(i)
3380:and
3374:Perl
3372:and
3363:REAL
3276:REAL
3273:PROC
3255:Soft
3219:REAL
3206:REAL
3153:Weak
3123:BOOL
3113:BOOL
3094:...
3076:FROM
3068:...
3066:THEN
3041:Meek
3029:REAL
2994:Firm
2984:etc.
2982:REAL
2978:REAL
2944:BITS
2940:BOOL
2934:REAL
2920:REAL
2907:LONG
2899:REAL
2896:LONG
2892:REAL
2888:REAL
2874:FIRM
2872:All
2863:MEEK
2861:All
2852:WEAK
2850:All
2841:SOFT
2839:All
2811:VOID
2800:REAL
2791:PROC
2777:REAL
2768:REAL
2736:Firm
2727:Meek
2718:Weak
2709:Soft
2620:The
2597:PROC
2590:MODE
2588:b)
2568:MODE
2552:PROC
2545:MODE
2543:b)
2526:MODE
2513:MODE
2384:REAL
2370:REAL
2367:LONG
2359:MODE
2349:TYPE
2341:MODE
2325:REAL
2311:LONG
2303:REAL
2295:LONG
2283:HEAP
2277:FLEX
2263:LONG
2251:HEAP
2247:FLEX
2232:PROC
2198:mode
2194:mode
2170:SEMA
2167:– a
2165:SEMA
2159:CHAR
2155:FLEX
2153:– a
2145:CHAR
2135:BOOL
2131:BITS
2125:SEMA
2117:PIPE
2113:FILE
2101:BITS
2093:CHAR
2089:BOOL
2077:REAL
2061:and
2052:REAL
2049:LONG
2046:LONG
2042:REAL
2039:LONG
2025:and
2023:long
2021:and
2013:and
2004:REAL
1986:REAL
1981:x =
1979:REAL
1973:for
1965:REAL
1942:REAL
1930:m =
1887:and
1885:bits
1881:char
1877:bool
1861:real
1857:mode
1830:Unix
1802:ESAC
1790:CASE
1782:ELSE
1778:THEN
1752:, a
1742:unit
1730:EXIT
1726:GOTO
1703:ELSE
1699:THEN
1695:ELIF
1691:THEN
1663:FROM
1655:ESAC
1643:OUSE
1635:CASE
1615:SKIP
1599:TRUE
1588:ISNT
1560:FILE
1552:VOID
1544:SEMA
1540:REAL
1528:CHAR
1520:BOOL
1516:BITS
1504:LONG
1496:HEAP
1492:FLEX
1488:PROC
1484:PRIO
1476:MODE
1423:GOST
1393:and
1385:and
1371:IFIP
1293:and
1221:and
1137:1984
1121:ACM
1079:1975
975:IFIP
937:Year
898:a68g
842:VOID
834:VOID
830:PROC
654:LISP
599:Bash
536:and
516:and
298:Mary
278:Bash
167:safe
140:1973
115:1968
96:and
11086:MAD
10786:MAD
10770:IMP
10418:doi
10323:doi
9936:doi
9285:doi
9104:doi
9025:doi
8599:C++
8422:RRE
8377:NLD
8337:NLD
8219:),
8211:),
8036:NLD
7931:CAN
7836:USA
7718:ACM
7685:Z80
7677:ICL
7580:NLD
7418:ACM
7393:ACM
7367:ACM
7331:NLD
7188:a;
7082:= (
7080:ORF
7075:);
7056:= (
7017:быв
7005:выб
6993:OUT
6971:VON
6967:VON
6959:VON
6951:VON
6943:VON
6939:VON
6935:VON
6927:VON
6923:VON
6919:VON
6909:x)
6807:x)
6797:INT
6789:INT
6759:sum
6752:.PR
6749:RES
6735:RES
6711:FOR
6704:SUM
6684:.PR
6658:.PR
6604:FOR
6598:;
6596:INT
6507:INT
6479:INT
6431:of
6354:VME
6304:END
6298:n)
6296:INT
6284:MOD
6278:n)
6276:INT
6266:NIL
6260:NIL
6247:l)
6222:NIL
6216:NIL
6203:l)
6199:p,
6193:INT
6181:NIL
6172:l)
6154:NIL
6150:NIL
6141:l)
6123:NIL
6119:NIL
6112:INT
6110:l)
6091:l)
6087:n,
6085:INT
6075:h,
6073:INT
6055:REF
6044:NIL
6036:INT
6026:n)
6024:INT
6010:s)
5969:NIL
5893:var
5887:NIL
5871:).
5869:INT
5858:INT
5854:NIL
5813:END
5770:PAR
5758:INT
5724:PAR
5670:INT
5668:f,
5663:REF
5498:APL
5465:NIL
5461:INT
5458:REF
5449:INT
5446:REF
5411:NIL
5393:NIL
5383:INT
5377:INT
5374:REF
5368:INT
5362:INT
5359:REF
5345:INT
5342:REF
5336:INT
5326:INT
5311:NIL
5302:INT
5299:REF
5283::=:
5259::=:
5155:of
5153:UPB
5141:UPB
5137:LWB
5126:UPS
5111:LWS
5107:LWS
5101:NIL
5076:DIV
5021:\/
5003:/\
4994:AND
4973:=,
4918:÷:
4905:MOD
4889:UPS
4885:LWS
4874:UPB
4870:LWB
4858:SHR
4854:SHL
4794:CTB
4790:BTB
4786:UPS
4782:LWS
4777:INV
4773:DET
4740:ODD
4724:BIN
4720:ARG
4716:ABS
4714:-,
4710:UPB
4706:LWB
4696:~,
4694:NOT
4645:NEW
4632:LOC
4616:COL
4612:ROW
4546:UPB
4539:LWB
4532:FOR
4522:a)
4518:= (
4516:MAX
4509:ABS
4505:ABS
4495:= (
4493:MAX
4480:= (
4478:MAX
4471:INT
4467:INT
4465:= (
4463:MAX
4456:MAX
4446:MAX
4405:UPB
4398:LWB
4391:FOR
4377:a,
4372:REF
4271:OUT
4259:INT
4228:OUT
4218:s
4214:c;
4210:i;
4208:INT
4206:r;
4178:of
4163:REF
4139:INT
4093:REF
4084:REF
4079:REF
4070:REF
4048:⌈a
4044:⌊a
4038:FOR
3877:FOR
3873:INT
3866:FOR
3798:FOR
3792:the
3737:INT
3726:MOD
3718:MOD
3714:AND
3710:MOD
3698:INT
3694:INT
3667:28
3663:29
3653:MOD
3647:0
3641:MOD
3637:AND
3629:MOD
3613:INT
3609:INT
3592:INT
3588:INT
3518:END
3430:FOR
3426:INT
3413:of
3411:sum
3241:REF
3238:REF
3235:REF
3232:REF
3225:REF
3223:to
3216:REF
3213:REF
3210:REF
3203:REF
3201:to
3197:INT
3194:REF
3191:REF
3187:INT
3184:REF
3182:to
3142:INT
3139:REF
3136:REF
3133:REF
3129:INT
3127:to
3120:REF
3117:REF
3111:to
3098:etc
3051:INT
3025:INT
2976:to
2972:INT
2968:INT
2966:to
2948:to
2938:to
2928:to
2924:INT
2918:to
2914:INT
2910:INT
2905:to
2884:INT
2802:(~)
2608:REF
2606:a)
2601:REF
2584:a,
2579:REF
2558:a)
2539:a,
2520:REF
2498:to
2400:max
2397:int
2381:REF
2377:INT
2355:INT
2327:or
2321:INT
2305:or
2299:INT
2289:LOC
2259:REF
2255:LOC
2206:REF
2191:REF
2073:INT
2044:or
2019:int
1983:LOC
1976:REF
1935:int
1932:loc
1928:int
1925:ref
1906:INT
1895:INT
1875:),
1865:int
1806:FOR
1798:OUT
1718:END
1711:PAR
1659:FOR
1651:OUT
1611:NIL
1536:INT
1508:REF
1500:LOC
1369:'s
1262:,
1040:ICL
962:ACM
923:GCC
880:IBM
850:PAR
818:ICL
683:'s
616:'s
609:).
607:C++
570:Ada
386:Ada
286:Ada
266:C++
11558::
10812:,
10808:,
10730:66
10558:,
10554:,
10414:28
10412:.
10408:.
10331:.
10319:24
10317:.
10311:.
10258:.
10210:}}
10206:{{
10088:}}
10084:{{
10038:.
10006:.
9980:.
9932:22
9930:.
9926:.
9889:.
9861:.
9857:.
9838:.
9561:.
9510:.
9447:.
9428:.
9409:.
9374:^
9347:^
9339:29
9337:.
9333:.
9281:15
9279:.
9275:.
9248:^
9219:^
9188:^
9166:.
9130::
9128:}}
9124:{{
9110:.
9094:.
9079:^
9041:.
9031:.
8967:.
8944:.
8921:.
8898:.
8779:^
8732:^
8712:.
8704:.
8694:.
8690:.
8677:;
8673:;
8669:;
8665:;
8661:;
8657:;
8548:–
8539:–
8455:,
8434:UK
8309:PC
8300:UK
8253:UK
8158:PC
8149:UK
8004:UK
7969:UK
7886:DE
7863:.
7745:UK
7669:UK
7631:US
7547:UK
7506:UK
7445:UK
7137:)
7131:CO
7127:CO
7118:IF
7093:b)
7086:a,
7077:OP
7067:b)
7060:a,
7051:OP
7019:.
7015:~
7011:~
7007:~
6995:~
6991:~
6989:IN
6987:~
6977:;
6885:=
6875:;
6873:FI
6869:OF
6865:OF
6857:OF
6849:OF
6841:OF
6837:OF
6833:OF
6825:OF
6821:OF
6817:OF
6813:IF
6783:=
6746:PR
6725:OD
6721:DO
6678:PR
6652:PR
6629:)
6616:OD
6612:DO
6606:i
6594:=
6532::
6503::
6358:S3
6356:–
6288:FI
6257:IS
6255:l
6253:IF
6237:FI
6213:IS
6211:l
6209:IF
6195:)
6162:OF
6147:IS
6131:OF
6116:IS
6095::
6067:=
6053:=
5996:.
5980:OF
5915:.
5901:IS
5890:IS
5844:,
5810:OD
5806:UP
5799:DO
5791:OD
5787:UP
5780:DO
5646:,
5642:,
5638:,
5604:A
5562::
5554:,
5508:.
5467:)
5434:jp
5428:ip
5264:IS
5234:CT
5215:AT
5207:IS
5173:"
5082:,
5078:,
5074:,
5070:,
5056:,
5052:,
5048:,
5044:,
5040:,
5036:,
5032:,
5012:OR
4975:NE
4971:EQ
4954:GT
4950:GE
4946:LE
4942:LT
4907:,
4887:,
4872:,
4868:,
4864:,
4862:UP
4856:,
4845:!
4792:,
4784:,
4775:,
4771:,
4767:,
4763:,
4750:,
4746:,
4742:,
4738:,
4734:,
4730:,
4726:,
4722:,
4718:,
4712:,
4708:,
4704:,
4700:,
4698:UP
4690:10
4657:"
4628:OF
4614:,
4610:,
4606:,
4554:OD
4550:DO
4548:a
4543:TO
4534:i
4513:OP
4490:OP
4475:OP
4460:OP
4421:.
4413:OD
4409:DO
4407:a
4402:TO
4400:a
4393:i
4385:)
4326:;
4324:FI
4322:b
4318:a
4312:IF
4247:IN
4245:n
4224:IN
4184::
4153:=
4145:,
4141:,
4137:,
4133:,
4125:=
4054:OD
4050:DO
4046:TO
4040:i
4028:OP
4014:OP
3983:=
3895:TO
3889:OD
3885:DO
3879:i
3854:OD
3852:~
3850:DO
3846:TO
3837:OD
3835:~
3833:DO
3822:OD
3820:~
3818:DO
3810:TO
3806:BY
3804:1
3800:i
3786:OD
3782:DO
3778:OD
3774:DO
3766:do
3740:or
3732:;
3722:OR
3706:IN
3675:;
3669:FI
3659:0
3657:EQ
3649:OR
3645:NE
3635:0
3633:EQ
3631:4
3625:IF
3621:IN
3563:IN
3555:IN
3541:IN
3500:FI
3484:IF
3478:FI
3470:IF
3463:IF
3442:OD
3438:DO
3436:n
3434:TO
3432:i
3338:CO
3334:CO
3318:PR
3314:PR
3291:.
3171:OF
3096:OD
3092:DO
3090:~
3086:~
3084:TO
3082:~
3080:BY
3078:~
3070:FI
3064:~
3062:IF
3006:OP
3004:~
2822:IS
2820:~
2644:,
2640:,
2636:,
2632:,
2595:=
2573:=
2550:=
2531:=
2518:=
2502:.
2406:99
2323:,
2301:,
2269:,
2265:,
2261:,
2257:,
2253:,
2249:,
2242:.
2176:OP
2123:,
2119:,
2115:,
2111:,
2107:,
2103:,
2099:,
2095:,
2091:,
2087:,
2083:,
2079:,
2075:,
1967:x;
1950:CO
1946:CO
1939:CO
1921:CO
1918:CO
1910:CO
1903:CO
1899:CO
1883:,
1879:,
1867:,
1863:,
1818:OD
1816:~
1814:DO
1812:~
1808:~
1804:,
1800:~
1796:~
1794:IN
1792:~
1788:,
1786:FI
1784:~
1780:~
1776:~
1774:IF
1768:,
1764:,
1728:,
1724:,
1716:~
1707:FI
1705:~
1701:~
1697:~
1693:~
1689:~
1687:IF
1685:,
1683:OD
1681:~
1679:DO
1677:~
1673:~
1671:BY
1669:~
1667:TO
1665:~
1661:~
1653:~
1649:~
1647:IN
1645:~
1641:~
1639:IN
1637:~
1633:,
1629:,
1627:PR
1619:CO
1609:,
1605:,
1601:,
1595:OF
1584:IS
1582:,
1576:AT
1574:,
1570:,
1566:,
1562:,
1558:,
1554:,
1550:,
1546:,
1542:,
1538:,
1534:,
1530:,
1526:,
1522:,
1518:,
1514:,
1510:,
1506:,
1502:,
1498:,
1494:,
1490:,
1486:,
1482:,
1480:OP
1478:,
1462:).
1401:.
1381:,
1377:,
1352:•
1348:•
1344:•
1340:•
1336:•
1332:•
1328:•
1324:•
1320:•
1316:•
1312:•
1308:•
1304:•
1289:,
1285:,
1270:,
1266:,
1258:,
1254:,
1250:,
1217:,
1213:,
1095:,
1087:VM
960:/
900:,
852:.
732:or
656:.
620:.
540:.
532:,
435:.
388:.
330:).
302:S3
300:,
296:,
292:,
288:,
284:,
280:,
276:,
272:,
268:,
264:,
248:,
220:,
216:,
212:,
208:,
204:,
169:,
165:,
161:,
92:,
88:,
62:,
58::
10827:)
10761:)
10719:)
10715:(
10689:)
10685:(
10594:e
10587:t
10580:v
10454:9
10450:8
10426:.
10420::
10374:.
10339:.
10325::
10293:.
10269:.
10241:.
10216:)
10202:.
10142:.
10094:)
10080:.
10049:.
10017:.
9991:.
9944:.
9938::
9899:.
9871:.
9842:.
9820:.
9795:.
9760:.
9725:.
9700:.
9675:.
9644:.
9620:.
9596:.
9571:.
9546:.
9432:.
9413:.
9291:.
9287::
9242:.
9170:.
9140:)
9120:.
9106::
9074:.
9049:.
9027::
8989:.
8883:.
8858:.
8833:.
8800:.
8764:.
8726:.
8451:/
8392:C
8353:C
7787:/
7109:a
7105:b
7009:в
6889:(
6787:(
6744:.
6714:I
6709:.
6699:.
6694:=
6686:.
6676:.
6650:.
6368:.
6340:.
6325:.
6191:(
6071:(
5994:y
5987:x
5983:y
5977:x
5930:/
5913:x
5905:x
5690:.
5676::
5650:.
5629:.
5622:.
5576:.
5463:(
5354:=
5331:=
5132:.
5026:1
5016:∨
5008:2
4998:∧
4989:3
4967:4
4937:5
4923:6
4896:7
4850:8
4836:I
4831:9
4769:T
4381:(
4249:(
4157:(
4129:(
4032:(
3943:]
3922:.
3424:(
3370:C
3173:~
3163:~
3053:)
3027:,
3023:(
3008:~
2824:~
2611:A
2604:A
2599:(
2593:A
2586:B
2582:A
2577:(
2571:A
2560:A
2556:A
2554:(
2548:A
2541:B
2537:A
2535:(
2529:A
2523:A
2516:A
2481:;
2475:}
2472:;
2469:r
2466:*
2460:;
2457:k
2454:,
2451:j
2448:,
2445:i
2439:;
2436:c
2433:,
2430:b
2427:,
2424:a
2418:{
2409:;
2403:=
2182:.
2161:.
2147:.
2137:.
1992:x
1988:;
1871:(
1356:.
1297:.
1278:.
1225:.
1089:)
918:.
603:C
530:C
394:C
262:C
142:)
117:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.