465:. Few resources are needed to train and raise a rat to adulthood, and they have a lifespan of six to eight years. Furthermore, rats do not form bonds with specific trainers like dogs but rather are motivated to work for food, so trained rats can be transferred between handlers. In the minefields, the rats are too light to detonate a pressure-activated mine when walking over it. Their small size also means that they can be more easily transported to sites than dogs.
172:
415:'. After two weeks they learn to associate a "click" sound with a food reward – banana or peanuts. Once they know that "click" means food, the rats are ready to be trained on a target scent. According to the type of specialization, a series of training stages are followed, each one building on skills learned in the previous stage. The complexity of their tasks gradually increases until they have to do a final
483:
floor of the cage. The program began in
Tanzania in 2007, double-checking samples from four government clinics, by 2016 some 1000 samples a week were sent by 24 clinics in and around Dar es Salaam and Morogoro. The rats have been screening samples from clinics in Mozambique since 2013. APOPO have a facility at the Eduardo Mondlane University in Maputo. In 2015 14 health centres in the city worked with it.
302:, a study undertaken to determine the accuracy of the rats in a population of presumptive TB patients. In 2014 five additional health centres joined the TB detection programme in Maputo. In 2016 APOPO covered almost 100% of all the suspect TB patients who go to clinics in the city, and the TB detection program in Tanzania had expanded to 28 clinics in three areas and processed around 800 samples per week.
27:
454:
nuts and bolts, etc., thus they are able to check areas of land faster than conventional methods. They claim that one rat can check 200 m (2,200 sq ft) in around 20 minutes. In the field, the practical rate is slower: rats are capable of searching up to 400 m (4,300 sq ft) each per day as part of a team that includes conventional equipment.
391:
in 2015 to support APOPO's global activities with financial resources, networking among mine clearance and tuberculosis stakeholders, and increasing visibility. An office was set up in the United States to better access important institutional donors and public funding. The U.S. office was registered
358:
Mine Action Centre (CMAC) started demining a site, with the help of
Norwegian Peoples Aid, using conventional mine clearance methods. Following a six-month acclimatization and training period, 14 out of the 16 rats were accredited by CMAC in November 2015 to be used in mine clearance operations. Two
473:
It has been noted that rats cannot search reliably in areas of thick vegetation and often search more erratically than humans, offering a lower level of assurance that the land is mine-free. Additionally, they can only work for short periods in the heat, limiting their output. Manual demining teams
440:
and mechanical demining machines are also still necessary. Before the rats can be used, the land must first be prepared with special heavy machinery to cut the brush to ground level. Paths must also be cleared by conventional metal detectors at every 2m intervals for the handlers to safely walk on.
403:
Full training takes approximately nine months on average, and is followed by a series of accreditation tests. Once trained, rats are able to work for approximately four to five years before they get retired. All of the rats are bred and trained in the
Morogoro breeding and training centre. One rat
482:
Sputum samples that have already been conventionally tested are retested by the rats. The rats sniff a series of holes in a glass chamber, under which sputum samples are placed. When a rat detects tuberculosis (TB), it indicates this by keeping its nose in the sample hole and/or scratching at the
453:
According to the NGO, the main advantage over conventional methods is speed. They point to past studies that show that less than three percent of landmine-suspected land actually contains any landmines. Animals such as dogs or rats detect only explosives and ignore scrap metal, such as old coins,
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The rats wear harnesses connected to a rope suspended between two handlers. Rats are led to search a demarcated zone of 10 x 20m (200 m ) and indicate the scent of explosives usually by scratching at the ground. The points indicated by the rats are marked, and then followed up later by
282:
samples. In 2010 a research plan to evaluate the effectiveness and implementation of the rats in diagnosing tuberculosis was started. The same year APOPO developed an automated training cage in order to remove human bias. The rats' response is measured by optical sensors and the cage produces an
243:
was determined to be the best candidate due to its longevity and
African origin. The APOPO project was launched on 1 November 1997 by Bart Weetjens and his former schoolmate Christophe Cox. Both Weetjens and Cox had previously collaborated in a not-for-profit organisation that had been headed by
486:
The key advantage of the rats is speed. Public clinics use microscopy to detect TB; this is slow and imprecise. In
Mozambique only 50% of TB positive patients tested at clinics are actually identified, so the rats are used to double check the samples. According to the NGO, one trained rat can
230:
being used as scent detectors. He believed that rats, with their strong sense of smell and ability to be trained, could provide a better means to detect landmines. Weetjens's former university lecturer Prof. Mic Billet, the founder of the
Institute for Product Development at
326:
provinces. Mozambique was officially declared free of all landmines on 17 September 2015. APOPO assisted the government with clearing five provinces. Sixteen rats were maintained in the country at the request of the government in order to carry out residual (mop-up) tasks.
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as a 501(c)(3) tax exempt non-profit organization in 2015, which enables public and corporation donations to be tax deductible. In 2014 APOPO set up a TB Scientific
Advisory Committee to provide credibility. APOPO also has a research and development centre.
305:
After the first 11 rats were given accreditation according to
International Mine Action Standards in 2004, beginning in 2006 machinery for ground preparation, manual deminers and the rats assisted with detection in long-running mine clearance operations in
235:, fully supported the idea and made his personal resources available for further investigation and promotion of the new initiative. After consulting with Professor Ron Verhagen, rodent expert at the department of evolutionary biology of the
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public health clinics increase TB detection rate by 48% and contributed to halting 3,800 potential TB infections. Over 9,166 presumptive TB patients evaluated by the rats in 2015, 666 missed by conventional methods were diagnosed.
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province, bordering the
Democratic Republic of Congo. 49 hectares were cleared. The 52 ha (130 acres) Malele site was cleared one year in advance. In 2016 rats assisted clearance at a site in Ndondele Mpasi, Zaire province.
375:
in
Morogoro, Tanzania. It has field offices for its mine action programmes in Mozambique, Angola and Cambodia as of 2016. The TB programmes are operational in Tanzania and Mozambique, with offices based in Morogoro,
225:
in the 1990s, working with the support of research and government grants to develop the concept of Detection Rats Technology. As a pet owner, Bart Weetjens, one of the co-founders, came across an article about
1421:
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2013 : ranked 11th on the 'Top 100 NGO's' Global Journal's list. The organization is also featured in the top three lists for the best NGOs in terms of innovation and in the peace-building sector.
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In 2015 APOPO began a study with the support of the USAID, screening prisoners in Tanzanian and Mozambican jails for tuberculosis. This study aimed to convince decision makers of the rats' use.
395:
As of May 2024, APOPO employs over 450 staff in local operations and internationally, and has 279 rats and 79 dogs in various stages of breeding, detection training, research, or operations.
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in 2007. A TB detection program in Tanzania was launched in mid-2007 as a partnership with four government clinics. In 2008 proof of principle was provided in using trained rats to detect
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evaluate 40 samples in 7 minutes, which a laboratory technician can process in a day. The rats make it possible to mass-screen many samples. They work at low cost and a fast pace.
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Initial financial support came in 1997 from Belgian government foreign development aid funds. In 2000 it moved its training and headquarters to SUA, partnering with the
1758:
433:) used by APOPO are flown in, they must first be acclimatised to the specific country, and be accredited by the local national agency, which takes a number of months.
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Cambodian handlers spent six months in the training centre in Tanzania. By June 2016 the first minefield was cleared. In 2017 a visitor centre was opened in
270:, which provided seed funding to research another application of the rats: tuberculosis (TB) detection at SUA. Weetjens got a three-year personal grant from
567:, Only The Brave Foundation and the lotteries from Sweden, the UK and Holland. It also receives money from private donors and public fundraising campaigns.
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Prof. Mic Billet, and together they started building a kennel facility for the training and breeding of African giant pouched rats. They contacted the
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are still the globally preferred method of landmine clearance, and currently, APOPO is the only organisation in the world to use giant rats.
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In 2015 the rats screened more than 40,000 sputum samples, thereby identifying over 1,150 positive samples that were missed by microscopy.
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314:, the province was mine-free in 2012, one year ahead of schedule. In 2013 the government allowed APOPO to expand its operations in
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294:. In 2014, in partnership with the Central Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, the National Institute of Medical Research and the
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since 2012. From 2013 to 2015 up to 31 rats assisted demining by heavy machinery and people with metal detectors at two sites,
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To develop detection rats technology to provide solutions for global problems and inspire positive social change.
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Poling, Alan; Weetjens, Bart J.; Cox, Christophe; Beyene, Negussie; Bach, Håvard; Sully, Andrew (2010).
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technicians using metal detectors; the mines that are found are then excavated by hand and destroyed.
958:
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412:
1136:"Teaching Giant African Pouched Rats to Find Landmines: Operant Conditioning With Real Consequences"
1414:"Giant African Rats Successfully Detect Tuberculosis More Accurately Than Commonly Used Techniques"
552:
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2013 : received the first level of "C2E" (committed to excellence) accreditation from the
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In 2015 to 2016 more than 2,500 prisoners were to be tested for TB in Mozambique and Tanzania.
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APOPO operational headquarters, including the training and research centers, are based at the
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Following results in Tanzania, the TB detection program was replicated in 2013 at a clinic in
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197:'Anti-Personnel Landmines Detection Product Development') is a registered Belgian
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Appendix T: CANINE-ASSISTED DETECTION in HLD NEEDS – Alternatives for Landmine Detection
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and in the United States, and an administrative support office in Antwerp (Belgium).
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419:. Rats that fail the test are retired and are cared for the rest of their life.
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1445:"Giant rats to sniff out tuberculosis in Tanzania, Mozambique prisons"
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APOPO suggests it increased the detection of TB patients by over 40%.
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so are suited to tropical climates and could be resistant to many
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256:, and placed an order for the import of Gambian pouched rats.
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1475:"Polish support for TB clinics in Dodoma andMorogoro regions"
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Rats are only a component of integrated demining operations.
213:. They call their trained animals 'HeroRATs' and 'HeroDOGs'.
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at the age of 5–6 weeks and then through the principles of '
1643:"Rat That Sniffs Out Land Mines Receives Award for Bravery"
579:
2015 : ranked 24th in the Global Geneva Top 500 NGOs.
576:
2016 : ranked 16th in the Global Geneva Top 500 NGOs.
906:"Efficiency and Effectiveness Study using MDR capability"
1384:"Giant Rats Trained to Sniff Out Tuberculosis in Africa"
16:
NGO that trains landmine- and tuberculosis-sniffing rats
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may contain excessive or inappropriate references to
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Anti-Persoonsmijnen Ontmijnende Product Ontwikkeling
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Anti-Persoonsmijnen Ontmijnende Product Ontwikkeling
380:and Maputo. It has also two fundraising offices in
153:
138:
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117:
109:
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736:"Training African Rats As A Cheap Diagnostic Tool"
290:, Mozambique, at the veterinary department of the
1694:Detecting Tuberculosis: No Microscopes, Just Rats
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310:. Tasked in 2008 as the sole operator to clear
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600:for detecting unexploded ordnance in Cambodia.
1719:Mine warfare and mine clearance organizations
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898:
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894:
892:
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8:
1575:"The Global Journal - The Top 100 NGOs 2013"
1301:. MBI Publishing Company. pp. 285–298.
221:APOPO started as an R&D organization in
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266:In 2003 APOPO was awarded a grant from the
149:, research and development, disaster relief
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404:costs approximately 6,000 euros to train.
283:automated click sound with food delivery.
78:
1159:
67:Learn how and when to remove this message
1754:Non-profit organizations based in Africa
1689:The Landmine-Sniffing Rats of Mozambique
1204:
1202:
1200:
531:governments, the Polish government, the
1759:Foreign charities operating in Cambodia
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387:An APOPO foundation was established in
1641:Schaverien, Anna (25 September 2020).
918:from the original on 13 September 2016
427:When the southern giant pouched rats (
296:Center for Infectious Disease Research
1424:from the original on 18 December 2010
1390:. National Geographic. Archived from
1269:. Washington, D.C.: SAGE Publishing.
646:from the original on 27 December 2017
634:
632:
175:One of APOPO's "HeroRATs" in Cambodia
47:by removing references to unreliable
7:
1525:from the original on 4 November 2016
1292:BACH, Håvard; PHELAN, James (2003).
533:United Nations Development Programme
205:and technical survey dogs to detect
51:where they are used inappropriately.
1585:from the original on 27 August 2016
1455:from the original on 21 August 2016
1308:from the original on 4 October 2016
1273:from the original on 18 August 2018
1054:from the original on 26 August 2016
984:"Mozambique mine-free celebrations"
1519:www.ngoadvisor.net/ong/apopo-temp/
1221:from the original on 16 March 2019
1080:from the original on 29 March 2018
805:from the original on 29 March 2019
14:
1739:Organizations established in 1997
1555:from the original on 29 June 2016
865:"APOPO TB Projects in Mozambique"
373:Sokoine University of Agriculture
272:Ashoka: Innovators for the Public
246:Sokoine University of Agriculture
1443:Kizito, Makoye (29 March 2016).
261:Tanzanian People's Defence Force
25:
1744:Organisations based in Tanzania
1263:"Desperately Seeking Landmines"
201:and US non-profit which trains
1749:Non-governmental organizations
1684:The Giant Rats That Save Lives
1489:"Skoll Entrepreneurship Award"
1364:APOPO - Tuberculosis detection
1261:Beiser, Vince (1 March 2010).
559:, the UBS Optimus Foundation,
1:
1606:"EFQM Excellence Awards 2013"
1140:Behavior Analysis in Practice
537:National Institutes of Health
515:APOPO has been funded by the
199:non-governmental organisation
104:Non-governmental organization
1729:Mine warfare countermeasures
1545:"Global Geneva Top 500 NGOs"
1217:. Humanitarian Mine Action.
1211:"Using animals as detectors"
640:"Frequently Asked Questions"
1388:news.nationalgeographic.com
457:The rats are indigenous to
354:In early 2014 the national
292:Eduardo Mondlane University
203:southern giant pouched rats
134:Africa, Asia, South America
85:
1775:
1734:Tuberculosis organizations
1100:"Tanzania training center"
642:. Apopo.org. 14 May 2016.
469:Criticisms and limitations
1704:TED Talk by Bart Weetjens
1579:www.theglobaljournal.net/
1515:"Top 500 NGOs World 2016"
692:APOPO – Training HeroRATs
84:
722:January 3, 2010, at the
399:Scent detection training
1335:. APOPO. Archived from
957:. APOPO. Archived from
795:"Tanzania TB Detection"
617:Mine clearance agencies
1074:"APOPO Visitor Center"
496:APOPO assisted Maputo
478:Detecting tuberculosis
336:Norwegian People's Aid
276:pulmonary tuberculosis
187:
176:
38:self-published sources
407:Training starts with
334:APOPO has worked for
237:University of Antwerp
174:
1420:. 14 December 2011.
1342:on 24 September 2016
994:on 25 September 2016
964:on 25 September 2016
948:"Annual Report 2015"
413:operant conditioning
1240:APOPO - Mine action
1186:- APOPO - Why rats?
772:on 21 November 2008
766:"Ashoka Fellowship"
553:Province of Antwerp
430:Cricetomys ansorgei
423:Detecting landmines
241:Gambian pouched rat
81:
1699:Rats to the rescue
1647:The New York Times
1549:www.ngoadvisor.net
1495:on 5 February 2009
1369:2011-09-27 at the
1329:2014 Annual Report
1245:2011-09-27 at the
1191:2016-03-31 at the
1152:10.1007/BF03391761
697:2011-08-07 at the
670:2011-09-27 at the
665:APOPO – Who We Are
459:Sub-Saharan Africa
233:Antwerp University
177:
1622:on 4 October 2016
1394:on 15 August 2016
946:APOPO, HeroRATs.
611:Giant pouched rat
346:and in Malele in
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717:APOPO - History
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672:Wayback Machine
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