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position of the electron bunch in the wakefield is thus crucial, since only a fraction (1/4th) of the wakefield is both focused and accelerated, which is needed for the trapping and the acceleration of the electrons. AWAKE is the first plasma wakefield experiment using a bunch of protons as a driver. Protons, as for example the protons that form the CERN
208:≈ 1 mm. The length of currently available proton bunches though exceeds this value significantly. AWAKE profits form the seeded self-modulation (SSM) of the proton bunch travelling through the plasma, which divides the long proton bunch into shorts micro-bunches with the length of the plasma wavelength that can drive the wakefield resonantly.
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the Rb vapor. By propagating the laser pulse co-linearly within the proton bunch, the hard edge of the beam/plasma interaction seeds the self-modulation of the proton bunch, enforcing the grow over the 10m long plasma It also allows to create a phase reference for the start of the wakefield, which is
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The first run lasted from 2016 to 2018. The ten metre-long vapor source was installed 11 February 2016 and the first proton beam was sent through the beam-line and the empty vapor source on 16 June 2016. The first data with a proton bunch inside the plasma was acquired in
December 2016. On 26 May
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injected behind the proton can be interpreted as the same as the one between a surfer and a wave. The latter will transfer its energy to the surfer who will thus be accelerated. The wakefield consists of decelerating and accelerating phase, as well as focusing and defocusing phase. The injection
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The proton bunches for AWAKE are extracted from the CERN SPS and are transported through an ~800-meter beam-line to the 10-meter long vapor source of AWAKE. The electron witness bunches are injected behind the proton bunch. To detect acceleration of the injected electrons, a
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and negatively charged free electrons, while remaining macroscopically neutral. If a strong electric field is applied, ions and electrons can be spatially separated. A local electric field is thereby created, thus a charged particle entering a such plasma can be accelerated.
141:(SPS), can carry a large amount of energy (~ 400 GeV). Therefore, they can produce wakefields in a plasma for much longer distances than a laser pulse or electron bunch as a driver due to energy depletion.
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When the driver, the positively charged proton bunch, penetrates the plasma, it attracts the negatively charged plasma electrons, they overshoot and start to oscillate, creating a wakefield. The
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is expected to shrink. It is planned to increase the electron energy to 10 GeV. After this phase the goal is to increase the energy to at least 50 GeV and provide beams for first applications.
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Joshi, C.; Mori, W. B.; Katsouleas, T.; Dawson, J. M.; Kindel, J. M.; Forslund, D. W. (1984). "Ultrahigh gradient particle acceleration by intense laser-driven plasma density waves".
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is installed after the vapor, bending their path. The larger the electron's energy, the smaller curvature of its path. A scintillation screen then detects accelerated electrons.
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231:(CNGS) facility. This site was selected for its underground location, and it was specifically designed for the use of high-energy proton beams without any significant
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needed to inject the witness bunch at the right phase for trapping and acceleration. The electrons are produced by sending the laser onto an RF-gun photo-cathode.
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2018, AWAKE accelerated an electron beam for the first time. The beam was accelerated from 19 MeV to 2 GeV over a distance of 10 m.
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Kumar, Naveen; Pukhov, Alexander; Lotov, Konstantin (2010). "Self-Modulation
Instability of a Long Proton Bunch in Plasmas".
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AWAKE's high acceleration gradient will allow the construction of a new generation of shorter and less expensive high energy
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Circular accelerator machines are not efficient for transporting electrons at high energy due to the large energy loss in
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do not have this issue and are therefore better suited for accelerating and transporting electrons at high energies.
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and e the elementary charge. To excite those oscillators resonantly, the driver must contain a
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A second run is planned for 2021 to 2024. The acceleration gradient will be increased and the
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bunch as a driver, a world-wide first. It aims to accelerate a low-energy witness bunch of
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AWAKE Design Report: A Proton-Driven Plasma
Wakefield Acceleration Experiment at CERN
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of the oil, the Rb vapor density can be set and kept uniform along the vapor source.
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Caldwell, A.; Gschwendtner, E.; Lotov, K.; Muggli, P.; Wing, M., eds. (2013).
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Muggli, P., ed. (2016). Progress toward an experiment at AWAKE (Report).
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527:"Acceleration of electrons in the plasma wakefield of a proton bunch"
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of several GV/m. Particle accelerators currently in use, like CERN's
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is a proof-of-principle experiment, which investigates wakefield
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324:(Report). Geneva, Switzerland. CERN-SPSC-2013-013; SPSC-TDR-003.
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to several GeV over a short distance (10 m) by creating a high
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Particle physics applications of the AWAKE acceleration scheme
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The AWAKE experiment is installed at CERN, in the former
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AWAKE: Closer to a breakthrough acceleration technology
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Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments
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Adli, E.; et al. (AWAKE collaboration) (2018).
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Awakening acceleration: AWAKE's plasma cell arrives
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285:(red dots) interacting with the
35:Max Planck Institute for Physics
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423:(Report). Geneva, Switzerland.
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109:Layout of the AWAKE experiment
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1222:Scientific committees of CERN
46:Advanced WAKEfield Experiment
1187:Worldwide LHC Computing Grid
265:AWAKE uses a laser pulse to
229:CERN Neutrinos to Gran Sasso
200:). For AWAKE like density (n
1271:Particle physics facilities
1116:Non-accelerator experiments
899:81 cm Saclay Bubble Chamber
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419:Pandolfi, S., ed. (2016).
246:The vapor source contains
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1217:Directors-general of CERN
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347:Raynova, I., ed. (2017).
152:of the plasma frequency ω
1276:Underground laboratories
1149:Future Circular Collider
771:Super Proton Synchrotron
139:Super Proton Synchrotron
1144:Compact Linear Collider
780:List of SPS experiments
741:List of LEP experiments
682:List of LHC experiments
448:Physical Review Letters
117:consists of positively
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289:wakefield (blue waves)
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84:synchrotron radiation
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1192:Microcosm exhibition
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623:CERN's AWAKE website
168:the plasma electron
16:For other uses, see
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628:UCL's AWAKE website
553:2018Natur.561..363A
470:2010PhRvL.104y5003K
383:1984Natur.311..525J
223:source and beamline
88:Linear accelerators
54:plasma acceleration
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954:Other accelerators
889:2 m Bubble Chamber
855:Proton Synchrotron
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212:The AWAKE facility
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305:References
569:0028-0836
461:1003.5816
399:0028-0836
299:emittance
233:radiation
150:frequency
62:electrons
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486:20867389
274:Timeline
248:Rubidium
221:Electron
164:, with n
134:particle
73:gradient
56:using a
1083:MIRACLS
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940:Linac 3
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578:6786972
549:Bibcode
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283:Protons
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192:(=2πc/ω
182:Fourier
170:density
148:with a
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692:ATLAS
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675:(LHC)
539:arXiv
456:arXiv
256:laser
252:vapor
250:(Rb)
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