203:
2543:
472:. Thus, Mathews' dictionary signifies the end of missionaries compiling Chinese bilingual dictionaries and the beginning of a new era for Chinese and English bilingual dictionaries, "based on stronger theoretical underpinnings and more sophisticated information technology as from the latter part of the twentieth century".
698:
says that from a lexicographic point of view, "Mathews' dictionary was no advance over Giles'" and its only real advantage was that it was more compact and up-to-date with modern terminology. Otherwise, "it scrambled together without differentiation words from the earliest texts of
Chinese literature
302:
system for romanizing
Chinese pronunciation, Baller created his own system, now referred to as Baller's system or the China Inland Mission system. Another shortcoming of Baller's dictionary was inconsistent treatment of Chinese varietal pronunciations, furnishing "the sounds of characters as given in
737:
to early 20th-century merchant and missionary vocabulary, with the "unhappy result that students infer all terms and meanings to be equally applicable throughout three thousand years of
Chinese history". Another problem is the seemingly random arrangement of various meanings for any particular word,
723:
The lexicographer Robert Dunn says that despite the fact that many of
Mathews's dictionary entries are outdated or obsolete, some have changed meanings today, and numerous new and current Chinese terms are omitted, the reference work "will doubtless continue to be one of the most widely used by
680:"A red stone. Excellent; beautiful." (no. 1245), Schafer translates "rose-gem (cf. rhodonite; rose quartz); carbuncle (possibly an archaic word for "garnet" or "spinel"; overtones of classic, divine and fairy beauty." Second, Schafer wrote two supplements noting mistranslations and omissions in
605:
adds an introduction on
Chinese pronunciation and over 15,000 editorial changes. Furthermore, it gives a 5-page List of Syllabic Headings for quick reference, since the original order of syllables "is not strictly alphabetic". Another feature of the new edition is indicating all cases of the
349:(March 1943), which was a "pirated" edition since Mathews never received any payment. The revised edition made a total of 15,000 changes to the original, "errors have been corrected, pronunciations and definitions revised, and new entries inserted". In addition, the Chinese-American linguist
719:
in the China Inland
Mission system. The result of using three transcription systems, says Norman, is that although the entries are in alphabetic order, "it is often frustratingly difficult to find a particular entry unless one is familiar with these various systems of transcription".
288:. Consequently Mathews compiled a replacement dictionary, keeping in mind Baller's original objective, "to supply the demand for a dictionary at once portable and inexpensive and at the same time sufficiently large to meet the wants of an ordinary student." Mathews' Chinese title is
488:薀 "Hippuris or mare's tail.") and gave over 104,000 usage examples drawn from "the classics, general literature, magazines, newspapers, advertisements, legal documents, and many other sources", including technical terms "relating to motors, electricity, aviation, wireless".
593:
translation, "The walrus said to the centipede …", which notes, "'Walrus' is of course an analogue. But for the one leg, the description given by a commentator of the creature mentioned in the text applies with significant exactitude." Giles's dictionary translates
656:
says a user of
Mathews's dictionary will be struck by "the deep scholarship, the care and the accuracy of the man who produced this monument of learning". Mathews has a "peculiar kind of immortality" among those who use his work, "one does not say
277:. In 1943, Japanese occupation troops interned Mathews, commandeered the CIM compound in Shanghai to use as their headquarters, and destroyed both the dictionary printing plates and Mathews' manuscripts and proofs for a revised edition.
545:, but differ over the degree of copying. Aylmer says many definitions "are taken, without acknowledgment" from Giles, Wilkinson says Mathews's is "based on" Giles's dictionary, and Kroll says Matthews's is "heavily indebted" to Giles's.
322:
said the need for
Chinese dictionaries in America had "grown from chronic to acute", and selected Mathews' lexicon as one of two "practical dictionaries" to revise and reprint for "the immediate demands of American students". Both
672:
made detailed criticisms of
Mathews's dictionary. First, he used it to illustrate how an ideal dictionary of classical Chinese could "improve on vague, conventional equivalents given in most dictionaries"; while Mathews's gives
699:
with contemporary neologisms". However, the "most serious problem" was its treatment of pronunciation. As Yuen Ren Chao's introduction points out, Mathews's dictionary uses three systems of pronunciation, giving the example of
284:, ended up as "a 'new' dictionary". Robert Mathew's preface says that in the 30 years since Baller's outdated dictionary, the "influx of modern inventions and the advance of scientific knowledge" in China have introduced many
506:
Mathews's 1164-page dictionary is collated alphabetically according to the Wade–Giles system of romanization. It includes two appendices comprising 61 pages. Appendix A has tables including 29
2430:
1295:漢英韻府 A Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language; Arranged According to the Wu-Fang Yuen Yin, with the Pronunciation of the Characters as Heard in Peking, Canton, Amoy, and Shanghai
570:"HSIA 黠 Crafty; artful. … Transliterating particle. 黠憂斯 ancient name for the Kirghiz:—lit. "red-yellow faces, in allusion to their red hair, white complexion and green eyes."
638:), says Mathews's dictionary "is probably known by every westerner who undertakes Chinese, as well as by many Chinese themselves"; but on the other, the American scholar of
1981:
1636:
491:
Mathews changed Baller's romanization system to Wade–Giles, and omitted Baller's explanations of
Chinese character construction. For example, saying Number 5047,
253:, where he could fully utilize his printing and Chinese linguistic skills. They commissioned him to revise two out-of-print China Inland Mission publications by
2370:
458:
314:
After Japanese troops in Shanghai destroyed the Mathews' dictionary original printing plates, the lack of copies became an urgent matter for English-speaking
2360:
2238:
403:
Mathews' Chinese–English dictionary has been reprinted time and again—but without his authorization—and became so prominent that it is often simply called
731:, says the most troubling inadequacy of Mathews's dictionary is that "it indiscriminately mixes together vocabulary of all periods", from the ancient
353:
wrote an Introduction on Pronunciation. The dictionary was reduced in size from 8x11 to 7x10 inches. In 1944, Harvard University Press also published
17:
480:
Mathews not only revised Baller's dictionary but augmented and innovated it as well. Baller included 6,089 character head entries (not including
1425:, London: Bernard Quaritch, pp. 211-2; 2nd edition, revised (1926), Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh; reprinted (1961), London: George Allen and Unwin.
661:
but simply, 'I must look up that in Mathews'. Mathews, in fact, is a household word to the Sinologist, an indispensable adjunct to his work".
202:
1629:
1382:
215:
2410:
2350:
438:
598:
as "A one-legged creature; a walrus. Grave; reverential." Mathews's dictionary gives "A one-legged monster; a walrus; Grave, respectful".
269:
in 1931, after only three years (he calls it a "rush job"), and then, for westerners seeking a "working knowledge" of Chinese, the 1938
2440:
421:
1243:
1032:
691:"A large boat. Two boats lashed together" (1814) is more accurately translated "rectangular, scowlike barge, usually with deckhouse".
665:
897:
869:
484:) and 40,000 word and phrase examples; Mathews increased the number of character entries to "7,785" (the last entry is number 7,783
35:
2380:
468:
160:
1622:
1280:
Chinese and English Dictionary, Containing all the Words in the Chinese Imperial Dictionary; Arranged According to the Radicals
319:
790:
649:
621:
has generally been well received but some authors have criticized lexicographical shortcomings. On one hand, Noel Stock, the
448:
567:
red-yellow face; name given by the Ouigours, in allusion to the red hair, white complexions, and green eyes of the Kirghiz."
392:, which went into a 335-page third revision in 1988. Harry M. Branch developed a Five Willows system and published in 1973
2565:
1261:
2546:
2390:
1610:
Chinese–English Dictionary (A Chinese–English Dictionary Compiled for the China Inland Mission) Revised American Edition
433:
333:
1600:
186:
system, and includes 104,000 words and phrases taken from the classics, general literature, and news media. Owing to a
2036:
2271:
889:
607:
2315:
879:
695:
481:
1170:
A New Index to Mathews' Chinese-English Dictionary, Based on the "Chung" system for Arranging Chinese Characters
378:
A New Index to Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary, Based on the "Chung" system for Arranging Chinese Characters
2282:
1140:
861:
831:
428:
In the history of Chinese lexicography, Mathews' dictionary was the last major compilation in the tradition of
274:
191:
2420:
580:
373:
154:, but ended up compiling a new dictionary. Mathews copied, without acknowledgment, from the two editions of
2334:
728:
429:
315:
1274:
1226:
Mandarin Pronunciation Explained With Diagrams: A Companion to R. H. Mathews' Chinese-English Dictionary
453:
443:
398:
Mandarin Pronunciation Explained with Diagrams: A Companion to R. H. Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary
304:
782:
Chinese-English and English-Chinese dictionaries in the Library of Congress: an annotated bibliography
194:
published a revised American edition, which included 15,000 corrections, revisions, and new examples.
2494:
2218:
2014:
851:
839:
622:
328:
239:
227:
219:
179:
139:
51:
1614:
2082:
765:
534:, and, for the dictionary's frustrated user, a helpful list of characters having obscure radicals.
254:
147:
1420:
2523:
2003:
1899:
1649:
1645:
1470:
642:
639:
408:
143:
2484:
1910:
1888:
1877:
1844:
1560:
1532:
1378:
1186:
1156:
893:
865:
786:
753:
733:
669:
507:
412:
324:
265:, both printed in 1900. Robert Mathews and his wife Violet worked intensively to complete the
223:
168:
135:
108:
2504:
2293:
2181:
1609:
1238:
804:
653:
519:
515:
463:
308:
2260:
2104:
2051:
2025:
1921:
708:
589:
527:
511:
385:
645:
says it "does not always give the correct or current pronunciation for many characters".
578:
There are many cases where Mathews uses Giles's dictionary without citation, such as the
183:
2227:
1932:
416:
1502:
Schafer, Edward H. (1966), "Thoughts on a Students' Dictionary of Classical Chinese",
360:
Up through the 1970s, English-speaking students of Chinese relied chiefly on Mathews'
230:(CIM). Mathews first sailed to China in 1908, and the CIM assigned him to stations in
2559:
1789:
1734:
1415:
1294:
814:
800:
556:
538:
350:
155:
844:
A Chinese-English Dictionary: Compiled for the China Inland Mission by R. H. Mathews
125:
A Chinese–English Dictionary: Compiled for the China Inland Mission by R. H. Mathews
18:
A Chinese–English Dictionary: Compiled for the China Inland Mission by R. H. Mathews
2203:
2192:
2170:
2159:
187:
2148:
1575:
Astor, Wally G. (1969), "A Content Analysis of two Chinese–English Dictionaries",
1279:
780:
1018:
883:
855:
769:
2514:
1866:
1811:
1712:
1683:
523:
415:, but for other purposes it has been outdated by excellent dictionaries such as
211:
1000:
998:
785:. Library of Congress, for sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. Gov't. Print. Off.
771:
An Analytical Chinese-English Dictionary, Compiled for the China Inland Mission
635:
631:
626:
587:"legendary dragon-like monster with one foot". The problem began with Giles's
357:. By 1984, the Press had sold more than 45,000 copies of Mathew's dictionary.
299:
757:
1767:
1723:
531:
285:
175:
146:
for decades. Mathews originally intended his dictionary to be a revision of
1213:
Chinese Lexicology and Lexicography: A Selected and Classified Bibliography
249:
In 1928, Mathews was assigned to the China Inland Mission headquarters in
115:
2115:
2060:
250:
171:
981:
979:
34:
2137:
2093:
1822:
1756:
1745:
548:
Mathews occasionally cites Giles's dictionary, such as for the Chinese
243:
724:
students of Chinese history, literature, thought, and civilization"..
688:
677:
584:
384:衷 indexing system based on character strokes. Olov Bertil Anderson of
222:
started a printing business, but in 1906 he abandoned it to become a
2460:
2071:
1970:
1800:
549:
365:
2126:
1992:
1855:
1778:
1019:
Kuoyü Primer: Progressive Studies in the Chinese National Language
235:
231:
201:
1556:
1544:
1458:
1123:
1096:
1004:
953:
949:
495:道 "A road; a way; a path…" comes "From Nos. 1036; 4771", that is
1833:
1694:
1618:
1584:
A Companion Volume to R.H. Matthew's Chinese–English Dictionary
1183:
A companion volume to R. H. Mathews' Chinese-English dictionary
390:
A companion volume to R. H. Mathews' Chinese–English dictionary
280:
The 1931 first edition, which began as a revision of Baller's
109:
1016:
Mathews, Robert Henry and Frederick William Baller (1938),
907:
Stock, Noel (1956). "Mathews' Chinese-English Dictionary".
537:
Scholars agree that Mathews's dictionary closely resembles
503:首 "The head. A chief; a leader; first. The 185th Radical."
966:
964:
962:
411:
says Mathews' continues in use, especially by students of
828:
Mathews' Chinese-English Dictionary Revised English Index
774:. China Inland Mission and American Presbyterian Mission.
355:
Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary Revised English Index
311:) and ignoring the variety "spoken in the south-eastern.
1475:
A Companion to R. H. Mathews' Chinese-English Dictionary
1375:
A Student's Dictionary of Classical and Medieval Chinese
563:"HSIA 黠 Artful; wily. Clever; sharp. … 黠憂斯 The Kirghiz,
2431:
Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary of Modern Usage
1172:麥氏漢英大字典新索引 : ("衷"字七筆檢字法), University of Wisconsin.
1107:
1105:
1085:
Chinese Lexicography: A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911
821:(revised and enlarged 2nd ed.). Bernard Quaritch.
238:, where he became interested in studying the regional
1577:
Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers' Association
1330:
1328:
933:
931:
929:
748:
Aylmer, Charles (1997). "The Memoirs of H.A. Giles".
2476:
2453:
2342:
2333:
2307:
2252:
2217:
2050:
1946:
1663:
1656:
1255:
1253:
1079:
1077:
107:
99:
91:
83:
73:
65:
57:
47:
1519:, Berkeley Department of Oriental Languages. p. 5.
738:leading the user to a "pick-and-choose approach".
1982:Ministry of Education Mandarin Chinese Dictionary
1200:Mathews' and Fenn re-indexed Five Willows System
703:for current Peking pronunciation in Wade–Giles,
2371:A Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language
1630:
1582:Weys, George (1973), " Olov Bertil Anderson:
459:A Syllabic Dictionary of the Chinese Language
167:The 1,250-page first edition contained 7,783
8:
1369:
1367:
1068:
970:
396:. Raymond Huang wrote in 1981 a descriptive
27:
2239:Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects
1434:
1394:
1346:
989:
985:
727:Paul W. Kroll, Professor of Chinese at the
2542:
2450:
2339:
1660:
1637:
1623:
1615:
190:shortage of Chinese–English dictionaries,
33:
26:
2361:Medhurst's Chinese and English Dictionary
1479:Journal of the American Oriental Society
826:Harvard-Yenching Institute, ed. (1943).
601:As noted above, the 1943 second edition
499:辵 or 辶 "Walking. The 162nd Radical" and
152:An Analytical Chinese–English Dictionary
1446:
1423:: Mystic, Moralist and Social Reformer
1319:
1056:
937:
925:
273:in seven years during the start of the
1528:
1358:
1307:
1298:, American Presbyterian Mission Press.
1152:
407:. The English diplomat and sinologist
1490:
1111:
526:. Appendix B gives a list of the 214
259:Analytical Chinese–English Dictionary
7:
2411:Concise Dictionary of Spoken Chinese
2351:A Dictionary of the Chinese Language
1334:
1044:
439:A Dictionary of the Chinese Language
295:"Mai's Chinese–English dictionary".
28:Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary
2401:Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary
1602:Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary
1215:, Chinese University Press. p. 290.
1137:Harvard University Press: A History
1083:Yong, Heming and Jing Peng (2008),
857:Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary
659:Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary
619:Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary
603:Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary
347:Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary
131:Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary
40:Mathews' Chinese–English Dictionary
1557:Mathews' Harvard-American Ed. 1943
1545:Mathews' Harvard-American Ed. 1943
1459:Mathews' Harvard-American Ed. 1943
1265:, Harvard University Press. p. 93.
1244:Australian Dictionary of Biography
1124:Mathews' Harvard-Yenching Ed. 1943
1097:Mathews' Harvard-Yenching Ed. 1943
1087:, Oxford University Press. p. 390.
1005:Mathews' Harvard-American Ed. 1943
954:Mathews' Harvard-American Ed. 1943
950:Mathews' Harvard-Yenching Ed. 1943
666:University of California, Berkeley
216:Working Men's College of Melbourne
25:
1239:Mathews, Robert Henry (1877–1970)
1033:Sinological Profiles: R H Mathews
2541:
1608:Harvard University Press page:
1517:Combined Supplements to Mathews
1292:Williams, Samuel Wells (1874),
1247:, National Centre of Biography.
1035:", University of Massachusetts.
380:, referring to the obsolescent
2441:ABC Chinese–English Dictionary
1959:
1954:
1950:
1672:
1181:Anderson, Olov Bertil (1972),
650:Australian National University
449:Chinese and English Dictionary
422:ABC Chinese–English Dictionary
372:. Tse-tsung Chow (周策縱) of the
298:Instead of adopting the usual
206:The CIM headquarters, Shanghai
142:(1877–1970), was the standard
1:
1701:
1262:Chinese History: A New Manual
1228:, Hong Kong University Press.
846:. China Inland Mission Press.
364:. Scholars published several
343:A Chinese–English Dictionary…
341:(November 1942) and Mathews'
327:reproductions were retitled:
2547:List of Chinese dictionaries
2391:The Five Thousand Dictionary
2381:A Chinese–English Dictionary
1259:Wilkinson, Endymion (2000),
819:A Chinese–English Dictionary
806:A Chinese–English Dictionary
469:A Chinese–English Dictionary
466:Herbert Giles' (1892, 1912)
394:Mathews' and Fenn re-indexed
334:The Five Thousand Dictionary
161:A Chinese–English Dictionary
2037:Xiandai Hanyu Guifan Cidian
1515:Schafer, Edward H. (1978),
1211:Yang, Paul Fu-mien (1985),
711:ㄙㄩㄢ in the obsolete (1920)
182:syllabic order in modified
134:, edited by the Australian
2582:
2272:Yiqiejing Yinyi (Xuanying)
1031:Brooks, E. Bruce (2008), "
890:Cambridge University Press
860:(rev. American ed.).
779:Dunn, Robert, ed. (1977).
629:(who refers to Mathews in
543:Chinese–English Dictionary
362:Chinese–English Dictionary
320:Harvard–Yenching Institute
267:Chinese–English Dictionary
144:Chinese–English dictionary
69:China Inland Mission Press
2539:
2316:Zhongguo Renming Dacidian
1667:
1198:Branch, Harry M. (1973),
766:Baller, Frederick William
290:Maishi Han-Ying da cidian
32:
2283:Yiqiejing Yinyi (Huilin)
1406:Mathews 1941 ed. P. 374.
1168:Chow, Tse-tsung (1972),
1141:Harvard University Press
862:Harvard University Press
832:Harvard University Press
694:The American sinologist
532:radical-and-stroke index
432:in China. It began with
339:Fenn's Pocket Dictionary
275:Second Sino-Japanese War
226:missionary and join the
192:Harvard University Press
2421:Grammata Serica Recensa
1605:at the Internet Archive
1373:Kroll, Paul K. (2017),
1224:Huang, Raymond (1981),
1022:, China Inland Mission.
374:University of Wisconsin
2489:(Tangut; 12th century)
1689:(first millennium BCE)
1283:, 2 vols., Parapattan.
1275:Medhurst, Walter Henry
1237:Huck, Arthur (1986), "
729:University of Colorado
430:Christian missionaries
316:Allies of World War II
207:
1705: 3rd century BC
1202:, Five Willows Press.
454:Samuel Wells Williams
444:Walter Henry Medhurst
442:, and continued with
305:Southwestern Mandarin
282:Analytical Dictionary
205:
2566:Chinese dictionaries
2495:Pentaglot Dictionary
2015:Xiandai Hanyu Cidian
1506:25: 197-206. p. 202.
815:Giles, Herbert Allen
801:Giles, Herbert Allen
636:"Rock-Drill" section
623:University of Toledo
329:Henry Courtenay Fenn
240:varieties of Chinese
228:China Inland Mission
220:Robert Henry Mathews
140:Robert Henry Mathews
52:Robert Henry Mathews
2083:Kanmiu Buque Qieyun
1471:Knechtges, David R.
1322:, pp. vi, vii.
809:. Bernard Quaritch.
652:historian of China
255:Frederick W. Baller
148:Frederick W. Baller
29:
2524:Han-Han Dae Sajeon
2477:In other languages
2004:Zhongwen Da Cidian
1900:Zhonghua Da Zidian
1650:Chinese characters
1648:for scripts using
1135:Hall, Max (1986),
852:Mathews, Robert H.
840:Mathews, Robert H.
750:East Asian History
643:David R. Knechtges
640:Chinese literature
482:variant characters
409:Endymion Wilkinson
388:published in 1972
208:
2553:
2552:
2535:
2534:
2485:Pearl in the Palm
2472:
2471:
2329:
2328:
2165:(c. 12th century)
1911:Xinhua Dictionary
1889:Shuowen Jiezi Zhu
1878:Kangxi Dictionary
1839:(c. 11th century)
1383:978-90-04-32478-7
1187:Studentlitteratur
1069:Baller Dict. 1900
971:Baller Dict. 1900
909:Meanjin Quarterly
734:Book of Documents
715:國音字典 system, and
670:Edward H. Schafer
508:Chinese dynasties
413:Classical Chinese
376:compiled in 1972
325:photolithographic
224:Congregationalist
218:, the Australian
174:, alphabetically
169:Chinese character
136:Congregationalist
121:
120:
84:Publication place
42:book cover (1943)
16:(Redirected from
2573:
2545:
2544:
2528:
2520:
2510:
2509:(Japanese; 1960)
2505:Dai Kan-Wa Jiten
2500:
2490:
2465:
2451:
2446:
2436:
2426:
2416:
2406:
2396:
2386:
2376:
2366:
2356:
2340:
2322:
2300:
2294:Longkan Shoujian
2289:
2278:
2267:
2245:
2234:
2233:(c. 1st century)
2210:
2199:
2188:
2182:Zhongyuan Yinyun
2177:
2166:
2155:
2144:
2133:
2122:
2111:
2100:
2089:
2078:
2067:
2043:
2032:
2021:
2010:
1999:
1988:
1977:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1939:
1928:
1917:
1906:
1895:
1884:
1873:
1862:
1851:
1840:
1829:
1818:
1817:(c. 7th century)
1807:
1796:
1795:(c. 4th century)
1785:
1774:
1763:
1752:
1741:
1730:
1719:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1690:
1674:
1669:
1661:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1616:
1564:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1526:
1520:
1513:
1507:
1504:Monumenta Serica
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1435:Giles Dict. 1892
1432:
1426:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1398:
1395:Giles Dict. 1912
1392:
1386:
1371:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1347:Giles Dict. 1912
1344:
1338:
1332:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1290:
1284:
1272:
1266:
1257:
1248:
1235:
1229:
1222:
1216:
1209:
1203:
1196:
1190:
1185:, 3rd ed. 1988,
1179:
1173:
1166:
1160:
1150:
1144:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1100:
1094:
1088:
1081:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1036:
1029:
1023:
1014:
1008:
1002:
993:
990:Giles Dict. 1912
986:Giles Dict. 1892
983:
974:
968:
957:
947:
941:
935:
916:
903:
875:
847:
835:
822:
810:
796:
775:
761:
654:C. P. Fitzgerald
520:Chinese calendar
516:earthly branches
464:anti-clericalist
366:companion pieces
309:Chang-Du dialect
150:'s out-of-print
111:
75:Publication date
61:Chinese, English
37:
30:
21:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2531:
2526:
2518:
2508:
2498:
2488:
2468:
2463:
2449:
2444:
2434:
2424:
2414:
2404:
2394:
2384:
2374:
2364:
2354:
2343:Chinese–English
2325:
2320:
2303:
2298:
2287:
2276:
2265:
2261:Jingdian Shiwen
2248:
2243:
2232:
2213:
2208:
2197:
2186:
2175:
2164:
2153:
2142:
2131:
2120:
2109:
2105:Yunhai jingyuan
2098:
2087:
2076:
2065:
2046:
2041:
2030:
2026:Hanyu Da Cidian
2019:
2008:
1997:
1986:
1975:
1948:
1942:
1937:
1926:
1922:Hanyu Da Zidian
1915:
1904:
1893:
1882:
1871:
1860:
1849:
1838:
1827:
1816:
1805:
1794:
1783:
1772:
1761:
1750:
1739:
1728:
1717:
1704:
1699:
1688:
1665:
1652:
1643:
1597:
1572:
1570:Further reading
1567:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1527:
1523:
1514:
1510:
1501:
1497:
1489:
1485:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1372:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1291:
1287:
1273:
1269:
1258:
1251:
1236:
1232:
1223:
1219:
1210:
1206:
1197:
1193:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1163:
1151:
1147:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1075:
1067:
1063:
1055:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1030:
1026:
1015:
1011:
1003:
996:
984:
977:
969:
960:
948:
944:
936:
927:
906:
900:
878:
872:
850:
838:
825:
813:
799:
793:
778:
764:
752:(13/14): 1–90.
747:
744:
709:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
684:, for example,
616:
528:Kangxi radicals
512:celestial stems
478:
462:—excepting the
436:'s (1815-1823)
434:Robert Morrison
386:Lund University
263:Mandarin Primer
210:After studying
200:
92:Media type
76:
43:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2579:
2577:
2569:
2568:
2558:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2521:
2519:(French; 2001)
2515:Le Grand Ricci
2511:
2501:
2499:(Manchu; 1794)
2491:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2457:
2455:
2448:
2447:
2437:
2427:
2417:
2407:
2397:
2387:
2377:
2367:
2357:
2346:
2344:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2290:
2279:
2268:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2235:
2223:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2200:
2198:(17th century)
2189:
2178:
2176:(14th century)
2167:
2156:
2145:
2134:
2123:
2112:
2101:
2090:
2079:
2068:
2056:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2033:
2022:
2011:
2000:
1989:
1978:
1966:
1964:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1933:Zhonghua Zihai
1929:
1918:
1907:
1896:
1885:
1874:
1863:
1852:
1841:
1830:
1819:
1808:
1797:
1786:
1775:
1764:
1753:
1742:
1731:
1720:
1709:
1691:
1679:
1677:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1606:
1596:
1595:External links
1593:
1592:
1591:
1580:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1549:
1537:
1521:
1508:
1495:
1493:, p. 425.
1483:
1463:
1451:
1449:, p. 538.
1439:
1437:, p. 821.
1427:
1408:
1399:
1397:, p. 523.
1387:
1363:
1351:
1339:
1324:
1312:
1300:
1285:
1267:
1249:
1230:
1217:
1204:
1191:
1174:
1161:
1145:
1128:
1116:
1114:, p. 424.
1101:
1089:
1073:
1071:, p. iii.
1061:
1049:
1037:
1024:
1009:
994:
975:
958:
942:
924:
918:
917:
904:
898:
876:
870:
854:, ed. (1943).
848:
842:, ed. (1931).
836:
823:
817:, ed. (1912).
811:
803:, ed. (1892).
797:
791:
776:
768:, ed. (1900).
762:
743:
740:
615:
612:
576:
575:
568:
477:
474:
417:John DeFrancis
199:
196:
119:
118:
113:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
77:
74:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
49:
45:
44:
38:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2578:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2548:
2538:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2332:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2241:
2240:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2154:(before 1161)
2151:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1945:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1773:(3rd century)
1770:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1740:(2nd century)
1737:
1736:
1735:Shuowen Jiezi
1732:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1547:, p. ix.
1546:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1417:
1416:Herbert Giles
1412:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1337:, p. 82.
1336:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1059:, p. vi.
1058:
1053:
1050:
1047:, p. 77.
1046:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
982:
980:
976:
972:
967:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
946:
943:
939:
934:
932:
930:
926:
923:
922:
915:(4): 424–425.
914:
910:
905:
901:
899:9780521296533
895:
891:
887:
886:
881:
880:Norman, Jerry
877:
873:
871:9780674123502
867:
863:
859:
858:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
807:
802:
798:
794:
788:
784:
783:
777:
773:
772:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
746:
745:
741:
739:
736:
735:
730:
725:
721:
718:
714:
713:Guoyln zidian
710:
706:
702:
697:
692:
690:
687:
683:
679:
676:
671:
667:
662:
660:
655:
651:
646:
644:
641:
637:
634:
633:
628:
624:
620:
613:
611:
609:
604:
599:
597:
592:
591:
586:
583:
582:
573:
569:
566:
562:
561:
560:
558:
557:Kyrgyz people
554:
551:
546:
544:
540:
539:Herbert Giles
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
504:
502:
498:
494:
489:
487:
483:
475:
473:
471:
470:
465:
461:
460:
455:
451:
450:
445:
441:
440:
435:
431:
426:
424:
423:
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
358:
356:
352:
351:Yuen Ren Chao
348:
344:
340:
336:
335:
330:
326:
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
303:West China" (
301:
296:
294:
291:
287:
283:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
204:
197:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
170:
165:
163:
162:
157:
156:Herbert Giles
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:
127:
126:
117:
114:
112:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:
50:
46:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2513:
2503:
2493:
2483:
2439:
2429:
2419:
2409:
2400:
2399:
2389:
2379:
2369:
2359:
2349:
2314:
2308:Biographical
2292:
2281:
2270:
2259:
2237:
2226:
2204:Peiwen Yunfu
2202:
2193:Qi Lin Bayin
2191:
2180:
2171:Menggu Ziyun
2169:
2160:Pingshui Yun
2158:
2147:
2136:
2125:
2114:
2103:
2092:
2081:
2070:
2059:
2035:
2024:
2013:
2002:
1991:
1980:
1969:
1958:
1931:
1920:
1909:
1898:
1887:
1876:
1865:
1854:
1843:
1832:
1821:
1810:
1799:
1788:
1777:
1766:
1755:
1744:
1733:
1722:
1711:
1693:
1682:
1671:
1646:Dictionaries
1601:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1552:
1540:
1524:
1516:
1511:
1503:
1498:
1486:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1461:, p. v.
1454:
1447:Mathews 1931
1442:
1430:
1419:
1411:
1402:
1390:
1374:
1361:, p. 5.
1354:
1342:
1320:Mathews 1931
1315:
1310:, p. 2.
1303:
1293:
1288:
1278:
1270:
1260:
1242:
1233:
1225:
1220:
1212:
1207:
1199:
1194:
1182:
1177:
1169:
1164:
1148:
1136:
1131:
1126:, p. v.
1119:
1092:
1084:
1064:
1057:Mathews 1931
1052:
1040:
1027:
1017:
1012:
945:
938:Mathews 1931
920:
919:
912:
908:
884:
856:
843:
827:
818:
805:
781:
770:
749:
732:
726:
722:
716:
712:
704:
700:
696:Jerry Norman
693:
685:
681:
674:
663:
658:
647:
630:
618:
617:
608:neutral tone
602:
600:
595:
588:
579:
577:
571:
564:
552:
547:
542:
536:
505:
500:
496:
492:
490:
485:
479:
467:
457:
447:
437:
427:
420:
404:
402:
397:
393:
389:
381:
377:
369:
361:
359:
354:
346:
342:
338:
332:
313:
297:
292:
289:
281:
279:
271:Kuoyü Primer
270:
266:
262:
258:
248:
209:
188:World War II
172:head entries
166:
159:
151:
130:
129:
124:
123:
122:
39:
2286:一切經音義 (慧琳)
2275:一切經音義 (玄英)
1867:Zhengzitong
1812:Ganlu Zishu
1718:(c. 220 BC)
1713:Cangjiepian
1684:Shizhoupian
1657:Monolingual
1579:4.2: 55-60.
1529:Norman 1988
1359:Aylmer 1997
1308:Aylmer 1997
1153:Norman 1988
668:sinologist
625:scholar of
606:unstressed
524:solar terms
212:lithography
138:missionary
2253:Exegetical
2242:現代漢語方言大詞典
1729:(c. 40 BC)
1664:Characters
1588:Asia Major
1491:Stock 1956
1481:93.3: 420.
1473:(1973), "
1421:Chuang Tzŭ
1112:Stock 1956
792:0844402206
742:References
632:The Cantos
627:Ezra Pound
446:'s (1842)
331:'s (1926)
300:Wade-Giles
286:neologisms
184:Wade–Giles
103:xxiv, 1226
79:1931, 1943
2335:Bilingual
2219:Varieties
2149:Qiyin lüe
2040:现代汉语规范词典
1768:Xiao Erya
1724:Jijiupian
1533:pp. 173-4
1377:, Brill,
1335:Dunn 1977
1045:Dunn 1977
921:Footnotes
758:1036-6008
614:Reception
456:' (1874)
419:' (1996)
180:romanized
116:825731138
66:Publisher
2560:Category
2527:(Korean)
2319:中國人名大辭典
2288:(c. 807)
2277:(c. 649)
2266:(c. 583)
2116:Guangyun
2066:(c. 230)
2061:Shenglei
1985:教育部國語辭典
1806:(c. 543)
1784:(c. 350)
1762:(c. 230)
1751:(c. 200)
1590:18: 220.
1418:(1889),
1277:(1842),
1143:. p. 84.
882:(1988).
590:Zhuangzi
553:Xiáyōusī
251:Shanghai
176:collated
58:Language
2228:Fangyan
2138:Yunjing
2094:Tangyun
2086:刊謬補缺切韻
2018:现代汉语词典
1823:Leipian
1757:Guangya
1746:Shiming
885:Chinese
682:Mathews
675:ch'iung
476:Content
405:Mathews
370:Mathews
293:麥氏漢英大辭典
244:Sichuan
214:at the
198:History
2464:(1997)
2461:CEDICT
2454:Online
2445:(1996)
2435:(1972)
2425:(1957)
2415:(1947)
2405:(1931)
2395:(1926)
2385:(1892)
2375:(1874)
2365:(1842)
2355:(1823)
2321:(1921)
2244:(2002)
2209:(1711)
2187:(1324)
2143:(1161)
2132:(1037)
2121:(1008)
2072:Qieyun
2042:(2004)
2031:(1994)
2029:漢語大詞典
2020:(1978)
2009:(1968)
2007:中文大辭典
1998:(1938)
1987:(1926)
1976:(1915)
1971:Ciyuan
1938:(1994)
1927:(1989)
1925:漢語大字典
1916:(1957)
1905:(1915)
1903:中華大字典
1894:(1815)
1892:說文解字注
1883:(1716)
1872:(1627)
1861:(1615)
1850:(1254)
1845:Zitong
1828:(1066)
1801:Yupian
1790:Ziyuan
1561:p. 431
1381:
1157:p. 173
896:
868:
789:
756:
550:exonym
522:, and
510:, the
318:. The
257:, the
242:, and
48:Author
2299:(997)
2297:龍龕手鑒
2264:經典釋文
2207:佩文韻府
2196:戚林八音
2185:中原音韻
2174:蒙古字韻
2127:Jiyun
2110:(780)
2108:韻海鏡源
2099:(732)
2088:(706)
2077:(601)
1993:Cihai
1947:Words
1936:中华字海
1914:新华字典
1881:康熙字典
1856:Zihui
1815:干祿字書
1779:Zilin
1738:說文解字
717:Hsüen
701:HSÜAN
572:Giles
555:黠憂斯 "
382:zhōng
236:Anhui
232:Henan
100:Pages
95:print
87:China
2163:平水韻
2152:七音略
2052:Rime
1870:正字通
1834:Piya
1771:小爾雅
1727:急就篇
1716:倉頡篇
1695:Erya
1687:史籀篇
1379:ISBN
894:ISBN
866:ISBN
787:ISBN
754:ISSN
707:and
705:SÜAN
686:fang
664:The
648:The
559:".
530:, a
514:and
501:sheo
497:choh
452:and
368:for
345:was
337:was
307:and
261:and
110:OCLC
2231:方言
2141:韻鏡
2130:集韻
2119:廣韻
2097:唐韻
2075:切韻
2064:聲類
1996:辭海
1974:辭源
1859:字彙
1848:字通
1837:埤雅
1826:類篇
1804:玉篇
1793:字苑
1782:字林
1760:廣雅
1749:釋名
1698:爾雅
1477:",
596:kui
581:Kuí
565:lit
541:'s
493:tao
486:yün
178:by
158:'s
128:or
2562::
1960:cí
1957:;
1702:c.
1673:zì
1670:;
1586:,
1559:,
1531:,
1366:^
1327:^
1252:^
1241:,
1155:,
1139:,
1104:^
1076:^
997:^
988:;
978:^
961:^
952:;
928:^
913:15
911:.
892:.
888:.
864:.
830:.
610:.
574:."
518:,
425:.
400:.
246:.
234:,
164:.
1963:)
1955:词
1953:／
1951:詞
1949:(
1707:)
1700:(
1676:)
1668:字
1666:(
1638:e
1631:t
1624:v
1563:.
1535:.
1385:.
1349:.
1189:.
1159:.
1099:.
1007:.
992:.
973:.
956:.
940:.
902:.
874:.
834:.
795:.
760:.
689:舫
678:瓊
585:夔
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
