636:. Since the host star is smaller and colder than the Sunâand thus less luminousâthis distance places the planet on the "warm" edge of the habitable zone around the star according to Udry's team. Note that in astrophysics, the "habitable zone" is defined as the range of distances from the star at which a planet could support liquid water on its surface: it should not be taken to mean that the planet's environment would be suitable for humans, a situation which requires a more restrictive range of parameters. In any case, based on newer models of the habitable zone, the planet is likely too hot to be potentially habitable.
660:. The most recent orbital fit to the system, taking stellar activity into account indicates a nearly circular orbit, but older fits used an eccentricity between 0.10 and 0.22. If the orbit of the planet were eccentric, it would undergo violent tidal flexing. Because tidal forces are stronger when the planet is close to the star, eccentric planets are expected to have a rotation period that is shorter than its orbital period, also called pseudo-synchronization. An example of this effect is seen in
40:
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825:. Over time, the entire atmosphere might freeze into ice caps on the night side of the planet. However, it remains unknown if water and/or carbon dioxide are even present on the surface of Gliese 581c. Alternatively, an atmosphere large enough to be stable would circulate the heat more evenly, allowing for a wider habitable area on the surface. For example, although
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745:. However, the effective temperature and actual surface temperature can be very different due to the greenhouse properties of the planetary atmosphere. For example, Venus has an effective temperature of â41 °C (â42 °F), but a surface temperature of 464 °C (867 °F) (mainly due to a 96.5%
692:
The study of Gliese 581c by the von Bloh et al. team is quoted as concluding "The super-Earth Gl 581c is clearly outside the habitable zone, since it is too close to the star." The study by Selsis et al. states that "a planet in the habitable zone is not necessarily habitable" itself, and this planet
607:
The new research suggests that the rocky centres of super-Earths are unlikely to evolve into terrestrial rocky planets like the inner planets of the Solar System because they appear to hold onto their large atmospheres. Rather than evolving to a planet composed mainly of rock with a thin atmosphere,
489:
of the planet is determined to be 5.5 Earth masses. The radial velocity method cannot by itself determine the true mass, but it cannot be very much larger than this or the system would be dynamically unstable. Dynamical simulations of the Gliese 581 system which assume the orbits of the planets are
829:
has a small axial inclination, very little sunlight reaches the surface at the poles. A slow rotation rate approximately 117 times slower than Earth's produces prolonged days and nights. Despite the uneven distribution of sunlight cast on Venus at any given time, polar areas and the night side of
514:
used to detect it only puts a lower limit on the planet's mass, which means theoretical models of planetary radius and structure can only be of limited use. However, assuming a random orientation of the planet's orbit, the true mass is likely to be close to the measured minimum mass.
693:"is outside what can be considered the conservative habitable zone" of the parent star, and further that if there was any water there then it was lost when the red dwarf was a strong X-ray and EUV emitter, it could have surface temperatures ranging from 700 to 1,000
769:(reflectivity), and thus could reflect enough of the incident sunlight back into space to render the planet too cold for habitability, although this situation is expected to be very unstable except for very high albedos greater than about 0.95 (i.e. ice): release of
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and, as such, is highly unlikely to be habitable. Nevertheless, this runaway greenhouse effect could be prevented by the presence of sufficient reflective cloud cover on the planet's day side. Alternatively, if the surface were covered in ice, it would have a high
864:. The signal will reach the planet Gliese 581c in early 2029. More than half a million people including celebrities and politicians participated in the AMFE project, which was the world's first digital time capsule where the content was selected by the public.
1474:
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is 0.00128 AU, against the Sun's 0.00465 AU. This proximity means that the primary star should appear 3.75 times wider and 14 times larger in area for an observer on the planet's surface looking at the sky than the Sun appears to be from Earth's surface.
494:
indicate that the planets cannot exceed approximately 1.6 to 2 times their minimum masses or the planetary system would be unstable (this is primarily due to the interaction between planets e and b). For Gliese 581c, the upper bound is 10.4 Earth masses.
1028:
von
Stauffenberg, A.; Trifonov, T.; Quirrenbach, A.; et al. (5 June 2024). "The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Revisiting the GJ 581 multi-planetary system with new Doppler measurements from CARMENES, HARPS, and HIRES".
542:. Gravity on the surface of such an icy and/or watery planet would be at least 1.25 times as strong as on Earth. They claim the real value of the radius may be anything between the two extremes calculated by density models outlined above.
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675:
resulting from this tidal locking may play a major role in the planet's geology. Models proposed by scientists predict that tidal heating could yield a surface heat flux about three times greater than that of
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Udry, Stéphane; Bonfils, Xavier; Delfosse, Xavier; Forveille, Thierry; Mayor, Michel; Perrier, Christian; Bouchy, François; Lovis, Christophe; Pepe, Francesco; Queloz, Didier; Bertaux, Jean-Loup (2007).
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forms of Earth-like life. However, further research cast doubt upon the planet's habitability. Based on newer models of the habitable zone, the planet is likely too hot to be potentially habitable.
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If the planet transits the star as seen from the direction of the Earth, the radius should be measurable, albeit with some uncertainty. Unfortunately, measurements made with the
Canadian-built
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481:. The mass of a planet is calculated by the small periodic movements around a common centre of mass between the host star Gliese 581 and its planets. When all planets are fitted with a
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664:, which is tidally locked in a 3:2 resonance, completing three rotations every two orbits. In any case, even in the case of 1:1 tidal lock, the planet would undergo
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At the time of its discovery in 2007, Gliese 581c gained interest from astronomers because it was reported to be the first potentially Earth-like planet in the
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A 2024 study determined the inclination of the planet, allowing its true mass to be determined, which is about 30% greater than the minimum mass at about 6.8
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and have been calculated without factoring in the margin of error (96 °C/K) for the star's temperature of 3,432 K to 3,528 K, which leads to a large
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As of 22 January 2015, the message has traveled 59.48 trillion km of the total 192 trillion km, which is 31.0% of the distance to the Gliese 581 system.
47:
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3942:
1907:
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Girardi L.; Bressan A.; Bertelli G.; Chiosi C. (2000). "Evolutionary tracks and isochrones for low- and intermediate-mass stars: From 0.15 to 7
632:("year") of 13 Earth days and its orbital radius is only about 7% that of the Earth, about 11 million km, while the Earth is 150 million km from the
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915:. Since the true mass is now known to be somewhat greater, the sizes are likely underestimated, especially if the planet has a hydrogen atmosphere.
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A Message from Earth (AMFE) is a high-powered digital radio signal that was sent on 9 October 2008 towards Gliese 581c. The signal is a digital
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Valencia, D.; Sasselov, Dimitar D.; OâConnell, Richard J. (2007). "Detailed Models of Super-Earths: How Well Can We Infer Bulk
Properties?".
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482:
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1083:; Endl, Michael; Roy, Arpita (3 July 2014). "Stellar activity masquerading as planets in the habitable zone of the M dwarf Gliese 581".
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Assuming that the true mass is the minimum mass, the radius may be calculated using various models. For example, if Gliese 581c is a
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730:
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741:), and assuming an Earth-like albedo (0.296), it would be 40 °C (104 °F), a range of temperatures that overlap with the
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to be present, and it is probably not present in the liquid state. Techniques like the one used to measure the extrasolar planet
61:
821:, if present, might evaporate in the scorching heat of the sunward side, migrate to the cooler night side, and condense to form
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Using the measured stellar luminosity of Gliese 581 of 0.013 times that of the Sun, it is possible to calculate Gliese 581c's
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planet with a large iron core, it should have a radius approximately 50% larger than that of Earth, according to Udry's team.
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3376:
2934:
1363:
Valencia; Sasselov, Dimitar D.; O'Connell, Richard J. (2007). "Radius and
Structure Models of the First Super-Earth Planet".
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of its star, with a temperature right for liquid water on its surface, and, by extension, potentially capable of supporting
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by volcanic activity or of water vapor due to heating at the substellar point would trigger a runaway greenhouse effect.
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today. Temperature speculations by other scientists were based on the temperature of (and heat from) the parent star
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on such a planet's surface would be approximately 2.24 times as strong as on Earth. However, if Gliese 581c is an
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1420:
1365:
757:
74:
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Bean, J. L.; Benedict, G. F.; Endl, M. (2006). "Metallicities of M Dwarf Planet Hosts from
Spectral Synthesis".
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1267:"The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets, XVIII. An Earth-mass planet in the GJ 581 planetary system"
1982:
Selsis, Franck; Kasting, James F.; Levrard, Benjamin; Paillet, Jimmy; Ribas, Ignasi; Delfosse, Xavier (2007).
510:
Since Gliese 581c has not been detected in transit, there are no measurements of its radius. Furthermore, the
652:
Because of its small separation from Gliese 581, the planet has been generally considered to always have one
3214:
2683:"Red, Willing, and Able: 2001 New Scientist article on types of planets likely to be around red dwarf stars"
1902:
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2146:"would be habitable only if clouds with the highest reflectivity covered most of the daytime hemisphere. "
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system, as per the 2009 four-planet model. In the picture, Gliese 581c is the third planet from the star.
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The team released a paper of their findings dated 27 April 2007, published in the July 2007 journal
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facing the star (only day), and the other always facing away (only night), or in other words being
196:
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1209:
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may in the future be used to determine the presence of water in the form of vapor in the planet's
448:, was announced. In the paper, they also announced the discovery of another planet in the system,
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428:. At the time of discovery, it was reported to be the first potentially Earth-like planet in the
2106:
1689:
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2397:
1929:
Jackson, Brian; Richard
Greenberg; Rory Barnes (2008). "Tidal Heating of Extra-Solar Planets".
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planet, its radius would be less than 2 times that of Earth, even with a very large outer
453:
407:
3064:
1814:
Beust, H.; et al. (2008). "Dynamical evolution of the Gliese 581 planetary system".
1663:
684:, which could result in major geological activity such as volcanoes and plate tectonics.
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system. It is the second planet discovered in the system and the third in order from the
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Gliese 581 - The "Red Dwarf" and implications for its "earthlike" planet Gliese 581c
2092:
2027:
1968:
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In astronomical terms, the Gliese 581 system is relatively close to Earth, at 20.55
17:
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912:
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753:
733:. According to Udry's team, the effective temperature for Gliese 581c, assuming an
549:
at MIT has speculated that Gliese 581c and other five-Earth-mass planets could be:
539:
486:
384:
1632:
1317:
1305:
1048:
949:"The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XI. Super-Earths (5 and 8
3107:
2019:
1847:
1186:
992:
376:(a category of planets with masses greater than Earth's up to ten Earth masses).
3824:
3489:
3297:
3115:
3013:
2854:
2847:
2836:
2831:
1983:
1153:
von Bloh; et al. (2007). "The
Habitability of Super-Earths in Gliese 581".
790:
640:
546:
535:
449:
441:
403:
394:(194 trillion kilometres; 121 trillion miles) in the direction of the
373:
2682:
2499:
2238:
Ralph D Lorenz; Jonathan I Lunine; Paul G Withers; Christopher P McKay (2001).
830:
Venus are kept almost as hot as on the day side by globally circulating winds.
3839:
3717:
3636:
3080:
2815:
2781:
911:
The estimated range of sizes in this image from 2009 is based on the planet's
794:
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and the terminator would be alternatively lit and darkened during libration.
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the small rocky core remains engulfed by its large hydrogen-rich envelope.
1753:
737:(reflectivity) such as that of Venus (0.64), would be â3 °C (27
538:, according to density models compiled by Diana Valencia and her team for
3581:
3556:
3468:
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3356:
3287:
2738:
2240:"Titan, Mars and Earth: Entropy Production by Latitudinal Heat Transport"
2067:
1736:
1379:
882:
572:
554:
491:
2926:
2366:
1265:
Mayor, Michel; Bonfils, Xavier; Forveille, Thierry; et al. (2009).
842:
containing 501 messages that were selected through a competition on the
616:
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3341:
3045:
857:
822:
797:, but only in the rare case of a planet with an orbit aligned so as to
698:
677:
586:
579:
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766:
734:
694:
671:
Models of the evolution of the planet's orbit over time suggest that
653:
568:
2750:
756:
forms of life) conclude that Gliese 581c is likely to suffer from a
473:
The existence of Gliese 581c and its mass have been measured by the
2621:"First habitable Earth like planet outside Solar System discovered"
2084:
1960:
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2002:
1943:
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1169:
1099:
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range at which water would be liquid at a pressure of 1 atmosphere
702:
531:
369:
216:
3131:
2717:
846:
561:
440:
star, but on 21 April 2009, another planet orbiting Gliese 581,
365:
284:
2930:
2754:
1572:"Probing the blow-off criteria of hydrogen-rich 'super-Earths'"
713:
range for the planet, even before eccentricity is considered.
633:
527:
334:
188:
2398:"A Planet Is Too Hot for Life, but Another May Be Just Right"
2424:"Astronomers Find First Earth-like Planet in Habitable Zone"
1338:"Astronomers Find First Earth-like Planet in Habitable Zone"
2572:"All Wet? Astronomers Claim Discovery of Earth-like Planet"
1869:
Hut, P. (1981). "Tidal
Evolution in Close Binary Systems".
340:
2790:
2475:"Major Discovery: New Planet Could Harbor Water and Life"
1210:"Major Discovery: New Planet Could Harbor Water and Life"
328:
639:
A typical radius for an M0 star of Gliese 581's age and
2524:. Scientificblogging.com. 24 April 2007. Archived from
2640:"Artist conceptions of extrasolar planet Gliese 581 c"
2250:, University of Arizona Lunar and Planetary Laboratory
44:
Size comparison of Gliese 581c with Earth and
Neptune
3905:
3870:
Potential cultural impact of extraterrestrial contact
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
749:), a difference of about 505 °C (910 °F).
604:
space telescope indicate that transits do not occur.
337:
2522:"Astronomers find first habitable Earth-like planet"
2280:"Messages from Earth sent to distant planet by Bebo"
1664:"20 light years away, the most Earthlike planet yet"
331:
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3726:
3665:
3620:
3478:
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3183:
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126:
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105:
85:
73:
60:
55:
3250:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
3240:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
1576:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
3537:Communication with extraterrestrial intelligence
2500:"'Goldilocks' planet may be just right for life"
1237:"Planet Hunters Edge Closer to Their Holy Grail"
801:its star, which Gliese 581c is not known to do.
452:, with a minimum mass of 7.7 Earth masses and a
2794:
1512:
1510:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
752:Studies of habitability (i.e. liquid water for
2706:Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (2 May 2007).
1332:
1330:
2942:
2766:
1804:"becomes tidally locked in less than 1 Gyr. "
729:temperature, which probably differs from its
8:
1582:(2). Royal Astronomical Society: 1247â1256.
1520:. Spaceref.com. 10 June 2007. Archived from
410:coordinates, give its exact location in the
32:
3845:History of the extraterrestrial life debate
3542:Gauss's Pythagorean right triangle proposal
2308:. Sky News. 10 October 2008. Archived from
1984:"Habitable planets around the star Gl 581?"
1260:
1258:
3160:Planetary habitability in the Solar System
3027:
2949:
2935:
2927:
2773:
2759:
2751:
2598:"Distant planet judged possibly habitable"
2134:"Gl 581c is very unlikely to be habitable"
1545:"Super-Earths are more like mini-Neptunes"
368:. With a mass about 6.8 times that of the
38:
2708:"Sunrise from the Surface of Gliese 581c"
2545:"'Second Earth' may mean we're not alone"
2066:
2001:
1942:
1829:
1735:
1605:
1587:
1433:
1378:
1287:
1168:
1098:
1038:
974:
809:Theoretical models predict that volatile
781:Gliese 581c is likely to lie outside the
27:Super-Earth exoplanet orbiting Gliese 581
3587:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence
3255:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
785:. No direct evidence has been found for
615:
3912:
3392:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment
2333:"One Giant Leap For The Bebo Community"
1627:
1625:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
927:
904:
3948:Exoplanets detected by radial velocity
1898:"New planet found: It might hold life"
1518:"Boring Star May Mean Livelier Planet"
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
31:
3293:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
2485:from the original on 24 December 2010
1643:from the original on 10 November 2012
1243:from the original on 13 December 2010
1216:from the original on 24 December 2010
7:
3245:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
3230:Habitability of neutron star systems
2990:Viking lander biological experiments
2582:from the original on 13 October 2007
2286:from the original on 11 October 2008
2034:from the original on 4 November 2018
1777:"Out of our world: Earthlike planet"
1483:. ISSN. 0037â6604 (January): 22â25.
3220:Habitability of binary star systems
3195:Catalog of Nearby Habitable Systems
2259:from the original on 9 October 2019
432:of its star and the smallest-known
3855:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
3698:Hypothetical types of biochemistry
3225:Habitability of natural satellites
2693:from the original on 30 April 2008
2604:from the original on 26 April 2009
2506:from the original on 18 April 2009
2450:"New 'super-Earth' found in space"
1910:from the original on 27 April 2007
1670:from the original on 27 April 2007
1633:"New 'super-Earth' found in space"
1551:from the original on 14 March 2013
444:, with an approximate mass of 1.9
25:
3235:Habitability of red dwarf systems
2460:from the original on 5 March 2012
2278:Moore, Matthew (9 October 2008).
2205:10.1038/scientificamerican1105-28
2113:from the original on 8 March 2016
1662:Overbye, Dennis (25 April 2007).
849:. The message was sent using the
3943:Exoplanets in the Gliese Catalog
3915:
3387:Life Investigation For Enceladus
2910:
2900:
2899:
2623:. DailyIndia.com. Archived from
2600:. World Science. 23 April 2007.
2555:from the original on 6 June 2009
2410:from the original on 5 June 2015
2306:"Stars' Faces Beamed Into Space"
2179:Alpert, Mark (7 November 2005).
1896:Perlman, David (24 April 2007).
1783:from the original on 23 May 2011
1666:. International Herald Tribune.
545:Other scientists' views differ.
402:. This distance, along with the
321:
46:(based on selected hypothetical
2432:. 25 April 2007. Archived from
2396:Dennis Overbye (12 June 2007).
1696:from the original on 8 May 2013
3377:Journey to Enceladus and Titan
2570:J. R. Minkle (24 April 2007).
1775:Vergano, Dan (25 April 2007).
1722:, and from Z=0.0004 to 0.03".
1235:Than, Ker (24 February 2007).
560:"cannonball" planets of solid
1:
3938:Exoplanets discovered in 2007
3510:Berkeley SETI Research Center
3210:Extraterrestrial liquid water
2429:European Southern Observatory
1724:Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser
3830:Extraterrestrials in fiction
3703:Interplanetary contamination
3200:Circumstellar habitable zone
3084:(unusual light fluctuations)
3076:(unusual light fluctuations)
3068:(unusual light fluctuations)
2713:Astronomy Picture of the Day
2543:Ian Sample (24 April 2007).
2498:Hazel Muir (25 April 2007).
2331:Sarah Gavin (29 July 2008).
1031:Astronomy & Astrophysics
963:Astronomy & Astrophysics
877:Circumstellar habitable zone
425:Astronomy & Astrophysics
3688:Extraterrestrial hypothesis
2659:"The Neighbor: Gliese 581c"
2473:Than, Ker (24 April 2007).
2359:"Bebo All-In-One Streaming"
2166:
2155:
2143:
2131:
1801:
1306:10.1051/0004-6361/200912172
1208:Than, Ker (24 April 2007).
1049:10.1051/0004-6361/202449375
229:Argument of periastron
3979:
3402:Mars sample-return mission
2020:10.1051/0004-6361:20078091
1989:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1871:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1848:10.1051/0004-6361:20078794
1817:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1475:"Alien Earths from A to Z"
1275:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1187:10.1051/0004-6361:20077939
1156:Astronomy and Astrophysics
993:10.1051/0004-6361:20077612
3155:Earliest known life forms
2891:
2788:
2055:The Astrophysical Journal
1421:The Astrophysical Journal
1366:The Astrophysical Journal
760:similar to that found on
758:runaway greenhouse effect
747:carbon dioxide atmosphere
311:
173:Orbital period (sidereal)
37:
3520:Breakthrough Initiatives
688:Habitability and climate
553:"rock giants" mostly of
464:Physical characteristics
372:, it is classified as a
279:Physical characteristics
3624:extraterrestrial beings
3215:Galactic habitable zone
2744:5 December 2010 at the
2663:The Geochemical Society
2012:2007A&A...476.1373S
1903:San Francisco Chronicle
1883:1981A&A....99..126H
1840:2008A&A...479..277B
1746:2000A&AS..141..371G
1570:Lammer, Helmut (2013).
1489:2008S&T...115a..22S
1298:2009A&A...507..487M
1179:2007A&A...476.1365V
1117:10.1126/science.1253253
985:2007A&A...469L..43U
956:) in a 3-planet system"
879:(Goldilocks phenomenon)
567:"gas dwarfs" mostly of
217:Time of periastron
121:Orbital characteristics
3772:Planetarium hypothesis
3762:HartâTipler conjecture
3747:Dark forest hypothesis
3737:Aestivation hypothesis
3456:Venus In Situ Explorer
3260:Planetary habitability
3049:(misidentified quasar)
3041:(misidentified pulsar)
2802:
2502:. New ScientistSpace.
2335:. Bebo. Archived from
2169:Abstract, 3. Figure 4.
893:Planetary habitability
844:social networking site
717:Effective temperatures
625:
512:radial velocity method
475:radial velocity method
3958:Libra (constellation)
3875:Post-detection policy
3777:Rare Earth hypothesis
3602:Voyager Golden Record
3495:Allen Telescope Array
3330:Enceladus Life Finder
3265:Superhabitable planet
2958:Extraterrestrial life
2801:
2619:ANI (23 April 2007).
1931:Astrophysical Journal
1340:. ESO. Archived from
805:Tidally locked models
723:effective temperature
619:
3865:Planetary protection
3752:Firstborn hypothesis
3742:Berserker hypothesis
3713:Mediocrity principle
3530:Breakthrough Message
3148:Life in the Universe
2878:A Message from Earth
2339:on 25 September 2018
2282:. .telegraph.co.uk.
2248:Ames Research Center
1607:10.1093/mnras/sts705
834:A Message from Earth
360:orbiting within the
80:La Silla Observatory
48:modeled compositions
18:A Message from Earth
3678:Directed panspermia
3657:Reptilian humanoids
3525:Breakthrough Listen
3505:Arecibo Observatory
3451:Titan Mare Explorer
3024:Signals of interest
2984:Murchison meteorite
2972:Shergotty meteorite
2905:Category:Gliese 581
2669:on 27 December 2007
2576:Scientific American
2197:2005SciAm.293e..28A
2185:Scientific American
2077:2006ApJ...653L..65B
1953:2008ApJ...681.1631J
1754:10.1051/aas:2000126
1598:2013MNRAS.430.1247L
1480:Sky & Telescope
1444:2007ApJ...665.1413V
1389:2007ApJ...656..545V
1109:2014Sci...345..440R
888:Interstellar travel
731:surface temperature
628:Gliese 581c has an
86:Discovery date
75:Discovery site
34:
3800:Ancient astronauts
3397:Mars Geyser Hopper
3325:Enceladus Explorer
2965:Events and objects
2803:
2403:The New York Times
2390:News media reports
2312:on 2 February 2013
2219:on 12 October 2007
2107:"Venus Fact Sheet"
1690:"Earth Fact Sheet"
1081:Mahadevan, Suvrath
1010:on 8 October 2010.
862:State Space Agency
626:
620:The orbits of the
458:astronomical units
62:Discovered by
3903:
3902:
3433:SpaceX Red Dragon
3348:Rosalind Franklin
3143:
3142:
3002:Allan Hills 84001
2996:Allan Hills 77005
2924:
2923:
2782:Gliese 581 system
2627:on 27 April 2007.
2456:. 25 April 2007.
2436:on 28 August 2008
2181:"Red Star Rising"
1639:. 25 April 2007.
1495:on 15 August 2009
1344:on 28 August 2008
1093:(6195): 440â444.
1079:Robertson, Paul;
697:(427 to 727
315:
314:
98:
16:(Redirected from
3970:
3920:
3919:
3918:
3911:
3880:San Marino Scale
3820:Brookings Report
3767:Neocatastrophism
3673:Cosmic pluralism
3647:Little green men
3622:Types of alleged
3547:Astrolinguistics
3136:
3128:
3127:(unknown origin)
3124:Fast radio burst
3120:
3112:
3093:
3092:(unknown origin)
3089:HD 164595 signal
3085:
3077:
3069:
3050:
3042:
3028:
2978:Nakhla meteorite
2951:
2944:
2937:
2928:
2916:Portal:Astronomy
2914:
2903:
2902:
2883:Hello from Earth
2793:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2752:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2665:. Archived from
2654:
2652:
2650:
2628:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2528:on 16 March 2009
2515:
2513:
2511:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2419:
2417:
2415:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2365:. Archived from
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2258:
2244:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2215:. Archived from
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2070:
2068:astro-ph/0611060
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2005:
1996:(3): 1373â1387.
1979:
1973:
1972:
1946:
1937:(2): 1631â1638.
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1833:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1739:
1737:astro-ph/9910164
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1629:
1620:
1619:
1609:
1591:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1543:Black, Charles.
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1514:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1491:. Archived from
1470:
1464:
1463:
1437:
1428:(2): 1413â1420.
1415:
1409:
1408:
1382:
1380:astro-ph/0610122
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1334:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1316:. Archived from
1291:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1172:
1163:(3): 1365â1371.
1150:
1137:
1136:
1102:
1076:
1061:
1060:
1042:
1025:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1003:. Archived from
978:
960:
943:
916:
909:
347:
346:
343:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
307:
297:
296:
264:
259:
252:
243:
242:
241:
210:
209:
208:
191:
186:
185:
166:
165:
164:
147:
142:
141:
108:Detection method
96:
42:
35:
21:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3916:
3914:
3906:
3904:
3899:
3895:Xenoarchaeology
3885:Technosignature
3786:
3722:
3708:Kardashev scale
3661:
3623:
3616:
3612:Xenolinguistics
3577:Project Phoenix
3567:Project Cyclops
3552:Lincos language
3515:Bracewell probe
3500:Arecibo message
3481:
3474:
3372:Icebreaker Life
3274:
3186:
3179:
3139:
3134:
3126:
3118:
3110:
3096:
3091:
3083:
3075:
3067:
3053:
3048:
3040:
3019:
2960:
2955:
2925:
2920:
2887:
2866:
2820:
2804:
2800:
2791:
2784:
2779:
2746:Wayback Machine
2735:
2722:
2720:
2705:
2696:
2694:
2687:KenCroswell.com
2681:
2672:
2670:
2657:
2648:
2646:
2638:
2635:
2618:
2607:
2605:
2596:
2585:
2583:
2569:
2558:
2556:
2542:
2531:
2529:
2520:
2509:
2507:
2497:
2488:
2486:
2472:
2463:
2461:
2448:
2439:
2437:
2422:
2413:
2411:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2385:Further reading
2382:
2372:
2370:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2315:
2313:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2150:
2142:
2138:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2035:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1671:
1661:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1644:
1631:
1630:
1623:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1552:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1473:Seager (2008).
1472:
1471:
1467:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1345:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1323:on 21 May 2009.
1320:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1256:
1246:
1244:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1217:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1152:
1151:
1140:
1078:
1077:
1064:
1027:
1026:
1015:
1007:
958:
955:
952:
945:
944:
929:
925:
920:
919:
910:
906:
901:
873:
854:radar telescope
836:
807:
779:
719:
690:
650:
614:
594:carbon monoxide
508:
471:
466:
454:semi-major axis
420:
408:right ascension
324:
320:
305:
294:
292:
291:
289:
257:
255:
248:
239:
237:
236:
234:
231:
222:2454759.2 ± 0.1
219:
206:
204:
203:
201:
183:
181:
180:
178:
175:
162:
160:
159:
157:
139:
137:
136:
134:
131:
129:Semi-major axis
114:Radial velocity
110:
101:
51:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3976:
3974:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3924:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3796:
3794:
3792:Related topics
3788:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3782:Zoo hypothesis
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3683:Drake equation
3680:
3675:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3562:Pioneer plaque
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3527:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3486:
3484:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3435:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3412:Northern Light
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3339:
3336:Europa Clipper
3332:
3327:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3280:Space missions
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3135:(radio signal)
3129:
3121:
3119:(inconclusive)
3113:
3111:(radio source)
3104:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3086:
3078:
3073:EPIC 204278916
3070:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3043:
3034:
3032:
3025:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2981:
2975:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2931:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2907:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2851:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2734:
2733:External links
2731:
2730:
2729:
2703:
2679:
2655:
2634:
2633:Non-news media
2631:
2630:
2629:
2615:
2614:
2593:
2592:
2566:
2565:
2539:
2538:
2517:
2516:
2495:
2470:
2446:
2420:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2369:on 4 July 2009
2350:
2323:
2297:
2270:
2230:
2171:
2159:
2148:
2136:
2124:
2098:
2085:10.1086/510527
2061:(1): L65âL68.
2045:
1974:
1961:10.1086/587641
1921:
1888:
1877:(1): 126â140.
1861:
1824:(1): 277â282.
1806:
1794:
1767:
1730:(3): 371â383.
1719:
1716:
1707:
1681:
1654:
1621:
1562:
1535:
1524:on 26 May 2012
1506:
1465:
1452:10.1086/519554
1410:
1397:10.1086/509800
1373:(1): 545â551.
1355:
1326:
1282:(1): 487â494.
1254:
1227:
1200:
1138:
1062:
1013:
969:(3): L43âL47.
953:
950:
926:
924:
921:
918:
917:
903:
902:
900:
897:
896:
895:
890:
885:
880:
872:
869:
835:
832:
819:carbon dioxide
806:
803:
783:habitable zone
778:
775:
771:carbon dioxide
718:
715:
689:
686:
658:tidally locked
649:
646:
630:orbital period
613:
610:
598:
597:
590:
583:
576:
565:
558:
507:
504:
485:solution, the
470:
467:
465:
462:
430:habitable zone
419:
416:
381:habitable zone
313:
312:
309:
308:
303:
287:
281:
280:
276:
275:
270:
266:
265:
253:
250:Semi-amplitude
245:
244:
232:
227:
224:
223:
220:
215:
212:
211:
199:
193:
192:
176:
171:
168:
167:
155:
149:
148:
132:
127:
124:
123:
117:
116:
111:
106:
103:
102:
100:
99:
95:24 April 2007
93:
89:
87:
83:
82:
77:
71:
70:
64:
58:
57:
53:
52:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3975:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3923:
3913:
3909:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3728:Fermi paradox
3725:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3693:Fermi paradox
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
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3655:
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3652:Nordic aliens
3650:
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3632:Energy beings
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3175:Life on Titan
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3165:Life on Venus
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3033:
3031:Misidentified
3029:
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3009:
3008:Yamato 000593
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2644:Cosmographica
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1779:. USA Today.
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1239:. space.com.
1238:
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1212:. space.com.
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584:
581:
578:carbon-rich "
577:
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543:
541:
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533:
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493:
488:
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477:of detecting
476:
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439:
438:main-sequence
435:
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396:constellation
393:
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94:
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76:
72:
68:
67:Stéphane Udry
65:
63:
59:
54:
49:
41:
36:
30:
19:
3963:Super-Earths
3890:UFO religion
3835:Extremophile
3815:Biosignature
3810:Astroecology
3805:Astrobiology
3757:Great Filter
3572:Project Ozma
3480:Interstellar
3467:
3460:
3438:
3426:Perseverance
3425:
3417:
3347:
3334:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3205:Earth analog
3187:habitability
3170:Life on Mars
2861:
2853:
2846:
2841:
2721:. Retrieved
2711:
2695:. Retrieved
2686:
2671:. Retrieved
2667:the original
2662:
2647:. Retrieved
2643:
2625:the original
2606:. Retrieved
2584:. Retrieved
2557:. Retrieved
2548:
2530:. Retrieved
2526:the original
2508:. Retrieved
2487:. Retrieved
2478:
2462:. Retrieved
2453:
2438:. Retrieved
2434:the original
2427:
2412:. Retrieved
2401:
2371:. Retrieved
2367:the original
2362:
2353:
2341:. Retrieved
2337:the original
2326:
2314:. Retrieved
2310:the original
2300:
2288:. Retrieved
2273:
2261:. Retrieved
2246:
2233:
2221:. Retrieved
2217:the original
2188:
2184:
2174:
2162:
2156:Selsis 3.1.2
2151:
2139:
2127:
2117:20 September
2115:. Retrieved
2101:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2036:. Retrieved
1993:
1987:
1977:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1912:. Retrieved
1901:
1891:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1821:
1815:
1809:
1802:Selsis 2.4.1
1797:
1785:. Retrieved
1770:
1727:
1723:
1710:
1698:. Retrieved
1684:
1672:. Retrieved
1657:
1645:. Retrieved
1636:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1553:. Retrieved
1538:
1528:15 September
1526:. Retrieved
1522:the original
1497:. Retrieved
1493:the original
1478:
1468:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1346:. Retrieved
1342:the original
1318:the original
1279:
1273:
1245:. Retrieved
1230:
1218:. Retrieved
1203:
1160:
1154:
1090:
1084:
1030:
1005:the original
966:
962:
913:minimum mass
907:
866:
840:time capsule
837:
808:
780:
777:Liquid water
754:extremophile
751:
720:
691:
670:
651:
638:
627:
606:
599:
585:purely hot "
544:
540:Gliese 876 d
517:
509:
500:Earth masses
497:
487:minimum mass
472:
446:Earth masses
423:
421:
389:
385:extremophile
378:
353:
349:
317:
316:
300:
153:Eccentricity
92:4 April 2007
29:
3922:Outer space
3825:Exotheology
3637:Grey aliens
3490:Active SETI
3418:Opportunity
3298:BioSentinel
3116:Wow! signal
3065:KIC 8462852
3014:CI1 fossils
2895:- Disproven
2862:Gliese 581f
2855:Gliese 581d
2848:Gliese 581g
2842:Gliese 581c
2837:Gliese 581b
2832:Gliese 581e
2343:15 November
1700:21 December
791:HD 209458 b
641:metallicity
547:Sara Seager
536:hydrosphere
450:Gliese 581d
442:Gliese 581e
404:declination
392:light-years
374:super-Earth
318:Gliese 581c
197:Inclination
97:(announced)
33:Gliese 581c
3953:Gliese 581
3932:Categories
3860:Noogenesis
3840:Hemolithin
3718:Panspermia
3666:Hypotheses
3642:Insectoids
3607:Water hole
3108:SHGb02+14a
3081:VVV-WIT-07
2816:Gliese 581
2673:6 December
2316:5 November
2144:Selsis 3.1
2038:4 November
1040:2407.11520
923:References
795:atmosphere
727:black body
711:irradiance
707:Gliese 581
654:hemisphere
648:Tidal lock
622:Gliese 581
479:exoplanets
362:Gliese 581
273:Gliese 581
3730:solutions
3597:setiQuest
3592:SETI@home
3407:Mars 2020
3382:Laplace-P
3319:Dragonfly
3304:Curiosity
3185:Planetary
2549:The Hindu
2510:29 August
2479:SPACE.com
2290:9 October
2263:21 August
2191:(5): 28.
2132:Selsis 5.
2003:0710.5294
1944:0803.0026
1856:119152085
1831:0712.1907
1589:1210.0793
1435:0704.3454
1289:0906.2780
1170:0705.3758
1133:206556796
1100:1407.1049
1057:0004-6361
1001:119144195
976:0704.3841
811:compounds
725:, a.k.a.
666:libration
483:Keplerian
436:around a
434:exoplanet
418:Discovery
412:Milky Way
358:exoplanet
260:0.1
56:Discovery
3582:SERENDIP
3557:NIROSETI
3469:Viking 2
3462:Viking 1
3367:Foton-M3
3357:ExoLance
3288:Beagle 2
2871:Messages
2742:Archived
2691:Archived
2602:Archived
2586:26 April
2580:Archived
2559:26 April
2553:Archived
2532:25 April
2504:Archived
2483:Archived
2458:Archived
2454:BBC News
2408:Archived
2373:10 April
2284:Archived
2254:Archived
2223:25 April
2213:16318021
2111:Archived
2109:. NASA.
2093:16002711
2032:Archived
2028:11492499
1969:42315630
1914:24 April
1908:Archived
1781:Archived
1762:14566232
1720:☉
1694:Archived
1692:. NASA.
1668:Archived
1647:25 April
1641:Archived
1637:BBC News
1616:55890198
1555:14 March
1549:Archived
1460:15605519
1405:17656317
1247:29 April
1241:Archived
1220:29 April
1214:Archived
1195:14475537
1125:24993348
883:CoRoT-7b
871:See also
823:ice caps
813:such as
701:), like
680:'s moon
596:worlds".
592:purely "
589:worlds";
582:worlds";
573:hydrogen
555:silicate
492:coplanar
456:of 0.25
356:) is an
3446:Tanpopo
3342:ExoMars
3046:CTA-102
3038:CP 1919
2825:Planets
2723:20 June
2697:20 June
2649:20 June
2489:20 June
2464:20 June
2440:20 June
2414:11 July
2193:Bibcode
2073:Bibcode
2008:Bibcode
1949:Bibcode
1879:Bibcode
1836:Bibcode
1742:Bibcode
1594:Bibcode
1485:Bibcode
1440:Bibcode
1385:Bibcode
1314:2983930
1294:Bibcode
1175:Bibcode
1105:Bibcode
1086:Science
981:Bibcode
858:Ukraine
799:transit
678:Jupiter
673:heating
662:Mercury
587:ice VII
580:diamond
530:and/or
524:Gravity
354:GJ 581c
350:Gl 581c
184:â0.0007
182:+0.0008
179:12.9211
140:â0.0009
138:+0.0008
3908:Portal
3850:MERMOZ
3439:Spirit
3362:EXPOSE
3312:Darwin
3270:Tholin
3016:(2011)
3010:(2000)
3004:(1984)
2998:(1977)
2992:(1976)
2986:(1969)
2980:(1911)
2974:(1865)
2909:
2898:
2211:
2167:Selsis
2091:
2026:
1967:
1854:
1787:10 May
1760:
1674:10 May
1614:
1499:6 July
1458:
1403:
1348:10 May
1312:
1193:
1131:
1123:
1055:
999:
767:albedo
735:albedo
569:helium
532:watery
506:Radius
298:
187:
163:â0.021
161:+0.027
143:
135:0.0718
69:et al.
3441:rover
3428:rover
3420:rover
3350:rover
3306:rover
3101:Other
3058:Stars
2608:4 May
2257:(PDF)
2243:(PDF)
2089:S2CID
2063:arXiv
2024:S2CID
1998:arXiv
1965:S2CID
1939:arXiv
1852:S2CID
1826:arXiv
1758:S2CID
1732:arXiv
1612:S2CID
1584:arXiv
1456:S2CID
1430:arXiv
1401:S2CID
1375:arXiv
1321:(PDF)
1310:S2CID
1284:arXiv
1270:(PDF)
1191:S2CID
1165:arXiv
1129:S2CID
1095:arXiv
1035:arXiv
1008:(PDF)
997:S2CID
971:arXiv
959:(PDF)
899:Notes
851:RT-70
827:Venus
815:water
787:water
762:Venus
703:Venus
612:Orbit
520:rocky
400:Libra
370:Earth
295:â1.16
293:+0.21
158:0.032
3132:BLC1
2809:Star
2725:2008
2718:NASA
2699:2008
2675:2007
2651:2008
2610:2007
2588:2007
2561:2007
2534:2007
2512:2017
2491:2008
2466:2008
2442:2008
2416:2009
2375:2017
2363:Bebo
2345:2008
2318:2008
2292:2008
2265:2007
2225:2007
2209:PMID
2119:2008
2040:2018
1916:2007
1789:2007
1702:2015
1676:2007
1649:2007
1557:2013
1530:2008
1501:2017
1350:2007
1249:2007
1222:2007
1121:PMID
1053:ISSN
847:Bebo
817:and
602:MOST
571:and
562:iron
469:Mass
406:and
366:star
290:6.81
285:Mass
269:Star
240:â89°
238:+61°
207:â13°
205:+15°
2201:doi
2189:293
2081:doi
2059:653
2016:doi
1994:476
1957:doi
1935:681
1844:doi
1822:479
1750:doi
1728:141
1602:doi
1580:430
1448:doi
1426:665
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