289:
31:
110:
degrees of success and reliability. Over time, they may deteriorate, particularly in corrosive environments, due to the materials from which they are manufactured. New tools have been developed that make re-entry easier; these tools offer higher expansion ratios than conventional bridge plugs and higher differential pressure ratings than inflatable packers, all while providing a V0-rated, gas-tight seal that cement cannot provide.
197:
80:. Much of this leakage can be attributed to failure to have them plugged properly or leaking plugs. A 2020 estimate of abandoned wells in the United States was that methane emissions released from abandoned wells produced greenhouse gas impacts equivalent to three weeks of US oil consumption each year. The scale of leaking abandoned wells is well understood in the US and Canada because of public data and regulation; however, a
2972:
330:
work"; some sold these wells "strategically to insolvent operators". Landowners suffer both "environmental and economic consequences" of having these wells on their property. OWA funding is underfunded by at least several hundred million. The total estimate for cleaning up all existing sites is as much as $ 260 billion. Remediation is paid for through federal and provincial bailouts, a PPP violation.
350:
65:), or neglect, and thus no longer have legal owners responsible for their care. Decommissioning wells effectively can be expensive, costing several thousands of dollars for a shallow land well to millions of dollars for an offshore one. Thus the burden may fall on government agencies or surface landowners when a business entity can no longer be held responsible.
106:
merely shut in, or temporary plugs may be placed downhole. There are thousands of "temporarily abandoned" wells throughout North
America, waiting to see what the market will do before permanent abandonment. However, lease provisions and governmental regulations often require quick abandonment; liability and tax concerns also may favor abandonment.
325:
Once the current environmental legislation was in place, and the industry-led and industry-funded Orphan Wells
Association (OWA), was established in 2002, some orphan wells became the OWA's responsibility. OWA's Inventory does not include legacy wells which are more complex, time-intensive and costly
105:
At the economic limit, a significant amount of unrecoverable oil is often left in the reservoir. It might be tempting to defer physical abandonment for an extended period, hoping that the oil price will increase or that new supplemental recovery techniques will be perfected. In these cases, wells are
329:
As of March 2023, oil and gas companies owe rural municipalities $ 268 million in unpaid taxes; they owe landowners "tens of millions in unpaid lease payments". Original owners of what are now orphan wells "failed to fulfill their responsibility for costly end-of-life decommissioning and restoration
97:
A well is said to reach an "economic limit" when revenue from production does not cover the operating expenses, including taxes. If the economic limit is increased, the useful life of the well is shortened and proven oil reserves are lost. Conversely, when the financial limit is lowered, the life of
118:
Some abandoned wells are subsequently plugged and the site is remediated; however, the cost of such efforts can be in the millions of dollars. In this process, tubing is removed from the well, and sections of wellbore are filled with cement to isolate the flow path between gas and water zones from
144:
land in the United States must post financial assurance to cover the cost of plugging wells if they go bankrupt or cannot plug the well themselves. The current financial assurance requirement, which has been in place for 60 years, is $ 10,000 per well. This is significantly less than the cost of
109:
Theoretically, an abandoned well can be re-entered to restore production (or converted to injection service for supplemental recovery or downhole hydrocarbon storage), but reentry is often difficult mechanically and expensive. Traditionally elastomer and cement plugs have been used with varying
88:
Abandoned wells have the potential to contaminate land, air and water, potentially harming ecosystems, wildlife, livestock, and humans. For example, many wells in the United States are situated on farmland, and if not maintained could contaminate soil and groundwater with toxic contaminants.
127:
The primary method of plugging wells is through elastomer and cement plugs. Government-led campaigns to plug wells are expensive but often facilitated by oil and gas taxes, bonds, or other fees applied to production. Environmental non-profit organizations, such as the
669:
365:
is considered abandoned when it has been permanently taken out of production. Similarly, orphaned wells may have different legal definitions across different jurisdictions, but can be thought of as wells whose legal owner it is not possible to determine.
302:
are inactive oil or gas well sites that have no solvent owner that can be held legally or financially accountable for the decommissioning and reclamation obligations to ensure public safety and to address environmental liabilities.
1360:
156:
will increase the financial assurance requirement to a minimum of $ 150,000 per well. This will help ensure that oil and gas companies have the financial resources to plug wells if they can no longer do so themselves.
322:(ARO). An operator's liability for surface reclamation issues continues for 25 years following the issuance of a site reclamation certificate. There is also a lifelong liability in case of contamination.
84:
investigation in 2020 could not find good estimates for Russia, Saudi Arabia and China—the next biggest oil and gas producers. However, they estimate there are 29 million abandoned wells internationally.
175:
Unused wells, especially from natural gas might be used for carbon capture or storage. However, if not sealed properly, or the storage site is not sufficiently sealed, there is a possibility of leakage.
2197:
407:
investigation in 2021 highlighted how government estimates of abandoned wells in Texas and New Mexico were likely underestimated and that market forces might have reduced prices so much creating
2093:
314:
requirements, including orphaned and abandoned wells. Oil and gas licensees are liable for the responsible and safe closure and clean-up of their oil and gas well sites under the
1385:
2938:
99:
2318:
1616:
1410:
354:
326:
to remediate. Following the 2014 downturn in the global price of oil, there was a "tsunami" of orphaned wells, facilities, and pipelines resulting from bankruptcies.
35:
258:
is done in the vicinity of an orphaned well it can cause breaches of poorly sealed or unsealed abandoned wells that possibly can contaminate local ecosystems. These
445:
New York State is expecting to receive $ 70 million from the Act in 2022 which will be used to plug orphaned wells. The state has 6,809 orphaned wells, and the
1606:
1480:
1271:
Mitchell, Austin L.; Casman, Elizabeth A. (2011-11-15). "Economic
Incentives and Regulatory Framework for Shale Gas Well Site Reclamation in Pennsylvania".
763:
377:. For this reason, several state and federal programs have been initiated to plug wells; however, many of these programs are under capacity. In states like
2088:
2083:
2068:
2063:
1611:
2033:
599:
119:
each other, as well as from the surface. The wellhead is cut off, a cap is welded in place and then the stub is buried as the land contours are restored.
310:(AER)—the sole regulator of the province's energy sector—manages licensing and enforcement related to the full lifecycle of oil and gas wells based on
733:
1657:
1626:
1621:
435:
184:
A 2014 study in China evaluated the use of abandoned wells for geothermal power generation. A similar study followed in 2019 for natural gas wells.
2400:
311:
500:
The oil and gas industry uses the counter-intuitive term "abandoned" to refer to plugged wells, which has led to "countless confusing headlines."
2274:
2098:
431:
153:
1682:
1257:
1229:
1210:
1191:
1172:
1153:
1134:
1115:
1096:
1077:
1058:
1039:
1020:
998:
976:
957:
938:
919:
806:
538:
361:
Though different jurisdictions have varying criteria for what exactly qualifies as an orphaned or abandoned oil well, generally speaking, an
2405:
2073:
1647:
146:
1652:
342:
259:
2786:
2465:
2181:
2933:
2237:
1990:
652:
523:
Decommissioning forecasting and operating cost estimation : Gulf of Mexico well trends, structure inventory and forecast models
468:
2822:
2475:
1970:
1667:
1662:
1473:
396:
686:
2480:
2038:
1923:
299:
281:
2948:
2719:
2385:
1938:
1856:
1783:
2156:
2053:
2043:
1965:
2928:
2923:
2460:
2445:
1894:
574:
472:
295:
are leaking from this "abandoned" plugged well, which may be licensed to an operator and suspended, or simply orphaned.
2975:
2943:
1466:
369:
Once a well is abandoned, it can be a source of toxic emissions and pollution contaminating groundwater and releasing
319:
61:. These wells may have been deactivated because had become uneconomic, failure to transfer ownerships (especially at
2530:
2131:
2116:
2078:
1839:
1716:
480:
166:
471:
were also in short supply in
Pennsylvania and Ohio. Federally funded well plugging contracts are required to meet
2902:
2435:
2176:
1980:
416:
288:
374:
307:
69:
467:
reported a shortage of trained staff necessary to implement federally funded well capping programs. Qualified
399:, the 2.1 million unplugged abandoned wells in the United States could cost as much as $ 300 billion. A joint
2953:
2827:
1884:
1876:
1827:
1778:
1698:
1583:
1578:
315:
385:, these programs do not have enough funding or staff to fully evaluate and implement mitigation programs.
2430:
2171:
1861:
1711:
1548:
1523:
623:
292:
58:
1436:
2807:
2249:
2232:
2166:
1928:
1795:
1748:
1721:
1563:
1515:
170:
1849:
1332:
2704:
2374:
2136:
2018:
1844:
1817:
1800:
1726:
1558:
1386:"Plugging Abandoned Oil Wells Is One 'Green New Deal' Aspect Loved By Both Republicans And Democrats"
1280:
868:
255:
233:
129:
2852:
2797:
2724:
2613:
2425:
2343:
2023:
1889:
449:
estimates it will cost $ 248 million to plug them all. The NYSDEC uses a fleet of drones carrying
2996:
2699:
2121:
1731:
1631:
1489:
544:
404:
238:
Hydraulic fracturing, also known as fracture treating or fracking, is the process of fracturing
98:
the well is lengthened. When the economic limit is reached, the well becomes a liability if not
30:
2847:
1975:
1950:
1753:
1738:
1304:
1296:
896:
802:
768:
648:
642:
534:
370:
73:
2674:
2395:
1998:
1916:
1834:
1672:
1553:
1441:
1288:
886:
876:
835:
794:
526:
419:
policy in the United States have advocated for funding plugging programs that would address
400:
132:, also carry out well-plugging projects and develop programs alongside government entities.
714:
2907:
2897:
2639:
2390:
2279:
2205:
2008:
2003:
1933:
1901:
1812:
1528:
476:
424:
857:"Potential for heat production by retrofitting abandoned gas wells into geothermal wells"
824:"An analysis of insulation of abandoned oil wells reused for geothermal power generation"
442:
study estimated that there are as many as two to three million wells across the nation.
1361:"Bakken Restart is among energy priorities sandwiched in bipartisan infrastructure deal"
1284:
872:
624:"Abandoned Wells. What happens to oil and gas wells when they are no longer productive?"
2744:
2664:
2654:
2644:
2585:
2560:
2269:
2210:
2141:
2028:
2013:
1822:
1760:
1505:
891:
856:
798:
575:"Special Report: Millions of abandoned oil wells are leaking methane, a climate menace"
420:
412:
77:
196:
2990:
2812:
2769:
2734:
2363:
2244:
2217:
2151:
1543:
548:
141:
2872:
2802:
2694:
2684:
2679:
2669:
2659:
2545:
2525:
2470:
2254:
2161:
2058:
1960:
1866:
1743:
1677:
479:, in order to ensure that the training of new oil field workers will contribute to
456:
450:
434:, includes $ 4.7 billion in funds for plugging and maintaining orphaned wells. The
2764:
840:
823:
349:
881:
2842:
2714:
2535:
2505:
2450:
2440:
2146:
2126:
1805:
1788:
1706:
1568:
1538:
1533:
392:
pandemic relief funds for plugging and reclaiming abandoned and orphaned wells.
263:
243:
789:
Stephenson M (2013-01-01). "Chapter 5 - Will It Leak?". In
Stephenson M (ed.).
411:
conditions that would lead to more abandonment. Advocates of programs like the
17:
2892:
2759:
2749:
2515:
2353:
2259:
1411:"New York to receive $ 70M in federal grants to plug abandoned oil, gas wells"
464:
382:
62:
1300:
2887:
2618:
2565:
2510:
2500:
2410:
2358:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2264:
1945:
1573:
1500:
1437:"Inside the rough-and-tumble race to clean up America's abandoned oil wells"
530:
389:
247:
242:
with pressurized liquids. This creates cracks in rock formations that allow
1308:
900:
734:"Cleaning Up Abandoned Wells Proves Costly To Gas And Oil Producing States"
671:
The technological process on
Offshore Drilling Rigs for fresher candidates
2882:
2862:
2857:
2837:
2832:
2608:
2598:
2520:
2455:
2227:
1955:
1911:
1906:
1770:
1354:
1352:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
988:
986:
408:
362:
54:
1331:
Aldern, Clayton; Collins, Christopher; Sadasivam, Naveena (April 2021).
764:"New public-land drilling rules would overhaul the Western oil industry"
2550:
2540:
2420:
2415:
2330:
239:
81:
1292:
438:
has documented the existence of 130,000 orphaned wells nationwide. An
2867:
2754:
2739:
2729:
2689:
2603:
1458:
446:
668:
2649:
2623:
2593:
2555:
2495:
2490:
2485:
378:
348:
287:
251:
29:
855:
Mehmood A, Yao J, Fan D, Bongole K, Liu J, Zhang X (2019-08-06).
600:"More Exposures from Abandoned Oil and Gas Wells Come Into Focus"
2877:
2817:
2570:
2048:
460:
1462:
2709:
2575:
2348:
439:
191:
997:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFAER_"Who_We_Are"n.d. (
1152:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFOWA_Annual_Report_2017/182018 (
373:, making orphan wells a significant contributor to national
2338:
992:
644:
Petroleum
Engineering Handbook for the Practicing Engineer
1147:
715:"Rigless Well Abandonment for the Oil & Gas Industry"
687:"How 'Orphan' Wells Leave States Holding the Cleanup Bag"
145:
plugging a well, ranging as high as $ 400,000. Thus many
1409:
Schoenbaum, Hannah; Miller, Isabel (February 10, 2022).
1057:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFImperial_Oil_v_Quebec2003 (
208:
1010:
1008:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1052:
2939:
2916:
2782:
2632:
2584:
2372:
2329:
2314:
2305:
2190:
2107:
1989:
1875:
1769:
1697:
1640:
1599:
1592:
1514:
149:have a bond that cannot cover the cost of cleanup.
1171:sfn error: no target: CITEREFOWA_Inventory2023 (
822:Cheng WL, Li TT, Nian YL, Xie K (January 2014).
355:Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge
36:Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge
956:sfn error: no target: CITEREFOWA_homepage2023 (
525:. Cambridge, MA: Gulf Professional Publishing.
617:
615:
613:
1474:
1166:
8:
951:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
388:North Dakota dedicated $ 66 million of its
2326:
2311:
1596:
1481:
1467:
1459:
1209:sfn error: no target: CITEREFJohnson2019 (
1019:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMcClure2019 (
1256:sfn error: no target: CITEREFCosbey2022 (
1228:sfn error: no target: CITEREFWeber2023b (
1190:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMorgan2019 (
1114:sfn error: no target: CITEREFMorgan2021 (
890:
880:
839:
68:Orphan wells are a potent contributor of
918:sfn error: no target: CITEREFRiley2019 (
2401:China National Offshore Oil Corporation
1204:
1095:sfn error: no target: CITEREFEPEA2000 (
1014:
647:. Tulsa, Okla.: PennWell. p. 447.
513:
493:
2275:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
2034:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
1273:Environmental Science & Technology
1251:
1223:
1185:
1133:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAER2014 (
1109:
1076:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAER2013 (
1038:sfn error: no target: CITEREFAER2021 (
975:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPBO2022 (
937:sfn error: no target: CITEREFOWA2019 (
793:. Boston: Elsevier. pp. 103–120.
432:Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
154:Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
913:
685:Frosch D, Gold R (26 February 2015).
430:The REGROW Act, which is part of the
262:can allow gas and oil to contaminate
7:
2406:China National Petroleum Corporation
1090:
709:
707:
622:Allison E, Mandler B (14 May 2018).
1128:
1071:
1033:
970:
932:
791:Returning Coal and Carbon to Nature
343:Orphaned wells in the United States
2466:National Iranian South Oil Company
2182:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
799:10.1016/B978-0-12-407671-6.00005-7
25:
2934:Intercontinental Exchange Futures
2823:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
2476:Oil & Gas Development Company
630:. American Geosciences Institute.
427:for skilled oil and gas workers.
59:fossil fuel extraction industries
2971:
2970:
397:Government Accountability Office
341:This section is an excerpt from
280:This section is an excerpt from
254:to flow more effortlessly. When
195:
2481:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
300:Orphan wells in Alberta, Canada
282:Orphan wells in Alberta, Canada
2949:Society of Petroleum Engineers
2720:Port Harcourt Refining Company
2386:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
1148:OWA Annual Report 2017/18 2018
455:In 2023, state governments in
353:Abandoned gas well located in
1:
1895:Production sharing agreements
1435:Peischel, Will (2023-09-28).
841:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.1181
2929:Canadian petroleum companies
2924:American Petroleum Institute
2461:National Iranian Oil Company
2446:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
882:10.1371/journal.pone.0220128
732:Bloom M (6 September 2019).
312:Alberta Environment Ministry
57:that have been abandoned by
2944:International Energy Agency
1929:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
762:Bowlin, Nick (2023-07-21).
320:asset retirement obligation
3013:
2531:PTT Public Company Limited
2132:East Midlands Oil Province
2117:List of natural gas fields
1717:Integrated asset modelling
1359:Jean, Renée (2021-08-16).
1053:Imperial Oil v Quebec 2003
481:local economic development
340:
279:
231:
167:Carbon capture and storage
164:
147:federal oil and gas leases
34:Abandoned oil well in the
2966:
2903:Weatherford International
2436:Iraq National Oil Company
1496:
674:. Petrogav International.
628:Petroleum and Environment
598:Geller D (13 July 2020).
417:climate change mitigation
306:The 100% industry-funded
266:due to improper sealing.
152:New rules related to the
140:Oil and gas companies on
453:to find orphaned wells.
375:greenhouse gas emissions
308:Alberta Energy Regulator
70:greenhouse gas emissions
27:Disused oil or gas wells
2954:World Petroleum Council
2828:China Oilfield Services
1885:Petroleum fiscal regime
1584:Western Canadian Select
1579:West Texas Intermediate
743:. National Public Radio
531:10.1016/C2018-0-02728-0
316:Polluter Pays Principle
63:bankruptcy of companies
2431:Indian Oil Corporation
1917:Submersible pump (ESP)
1862:Underbalanced drilling
1683:of gasoline and diesel
1333:"Waves of Abandonment"
573:Groom N (2020-06-17).
358:
296:
293:Fugitive gas emissions
39:
2808:Cameron International
2250:Petrodollar recycling
2233:fossil fuel phase-out
1796:Differential sticking
1749:Reflection seismology
1722:Petroleum engineering
1564:OPEC Reference Basket
741:All Things Considered
352:
291:
188:Environmental impacts
180:Geothermal generation
171:Enhanced oil recovery
33:
2705:Occidental Petroleum
2019:1990 oil price shock
1845:Shale oil extraction
1818:Drilling engineering
1801:Directional drilling
1727:Reservoir simulation
993:AER "Who We Are" n.d
256:hydraulic fracturing
234:Hydraulic fracturing
228:Hydraulic fracturing
130:Well Done Foundation
2853:Naftiran Intertrade
2798:Amec Foster Wheeler
2725:Reliance Industries
2614:Naftiran Intertrade
2426:Hindustan Petroleum
2024:2000s energy crisis
1285:2011EnST...45.9506M
873:2019PLoSO..1420128M
691:Wall Street Journal
436:Interior Department
2700:Marathon Petroleum
2122:List of oil fields
1732:Reservoir modeling
1490:Petroleum industry
1415:www.timesunion.com
1384:Marcacci, Silvio.
1167:OWA Inventory 2023
521:Kaiser MJ (2019).
405:The Texas Observer
359:
297:
207:. You can help by
76:, contributing to
40:
2984:
2983:
2962:
2961:
2848:Nabors Industries
2778:
2777:
1976:Well intervention
1951:Petroleum product
1850:Ljungström method
1754:Seismic inversion
1739:Petroleum geology
1693:
1692:
1293:10.1021/es2021796
1279:(22): 9506–9514.
952:OWA homepage 2023
808:978-0-12-407671-6
769:High Country News
540:978-0-12-818113-3
469:oil field workers
395:According to the
318:(PPP) as a legal
225:
224:
114:Reclaim and reuse
74:methane emissions
16:(Redirected from
3004:
2974:
2973:
2675:Hess Corporation
2396:Bharat Petroleum
2327:
2312:
1999:1967 Oil Embargo
1835:Lost circulation
1673:Posted oil price
1597:
1554:Isthmus-34 Light
1483:
1476:
1469:
1460:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1365:Williston Herald
1356:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1328:
1313:
1312:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1249:
1234:
1233:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1012:
1003:
1002:
990:
981:
980:
968:
962:
961:
949:
943:
942:
930:
924:
923:
911:
905:
904:
894:
884:
852:
846:
845:
843:
819:
813:
812:
786:
780:
779:
777:
776:
759:
753:
752:
750:
748:
738:
729:
723:
722:
711:
702:
701:
699:
697:
682:
676:
675:
665:
659:
658:
641:Mian MA (1992).
638:
632:
631:
619:
608:
607:
595:
589:
588:
586:
585:
570:
553:
552:
518:
501:
498:
477:prevailing wages
220:
217:
199:
192:
55:oil or gas wells
21:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2958:
2912:
2908:John Wood Group
2898:Valaris Limited
2791:
2788:
2785:
2774:
2640:APA Corporation
2628:
2580:
2379:
2376:
2368:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2307:
2301:
2202:Classification
2186:
2109:
2103:
2039:Nationalization
2009:1979 oil crisis
2004:1973 oil crisis
1985:
1971:Water injection
1939:Steam injection
1934:Gas reinjection
1902:Artificial lift
1871:
1813:Drill stem test
1765:
1689:
1636:
1588:
1510:
1492:
1487:
1457:
1456:
1447:
1445:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1394:
1392:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1369:
1367:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1341:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1316:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1250:
1237:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1018:
1013:
1006:
996:
991:
984:
974:
969:
965:
955:
950:
946:
936:
931:
927:
917:
912:
908:
867:(8): e0220128.
854:
853:
849:
828:Energy Procedia
821:
820:
816:
809:
788:
787:
783:
774:
772:
761:
760:
756:
746:
744:
736:
731:
730:
726:
713:
712:
705:
695:
693:
684:
683:
679:
667:
666:
662:
655:
640:
639:
635:
621:
620:
611:
597:
596:
592:
583:
581:
572:
571:
556:
541:
520:
519:
515:
510:
505:
504:
499:
495:
490:
485:
484:
483:in rural areas.
473:Davis-Bacon Act
425:Just Transition
421:stranded assets
346:
338:
333:
332:
285:
277:
275:Alberta, Canada
272:
236:
230:
221:
215:
212:
205:needs expansion
190:
182:
173:
163:
138:
125:
116:
95:
93:Economic limits
51:abandoned wells
28:
23:
22:
18:Abandoned wells
15:
12:
11:
5:
3010:
3008:
3000:
2999:
2989:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2745:Surgutneftegas
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2665:Eneos Holdings
2662:
2657:
2655:ConocoPhillips
2652:
2647:
2645:Cenovus Energy
2642:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2586:Energy trading
2582:
2581:
2579:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2333:
2324:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2272:
2270:Swing producer
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2142:Gulf of Mexico
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2029:2010s oil glut
2026:
2021:
2016:
2014:1980s oil glut
2011:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1881:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1823:Drilling fluid
1820:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1781:
1775:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1761:Seismic source
1758:
1757:
1756:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1703:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1603:
1601:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1559:Japan Cocktail
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1506:Primary energy
1503:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1463:
1455:
1454:
1427:
1401:
1376:
1348:
1314:
1263:
1235:
1216:
1197:
1178:
1159:
1140:
1121:
1102:
1083:
1064:
1045:
1026:
1004:
982:
963:
944:
925:
906:
847:
814:
807:
781:
754:
724:
703:
677:
660:
653:
633:
609:
590:
554:
539:
512:
511:
509:
506:
503:
502:
492:
491:
489:
486:
475:standards for
423:and provide a
413:Green New Deal
347:
339:
337:
334:
286:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
260:orphaned wells
232:Main article:
229:
226:
223:
222:
202:
200:
189:
186:
181:
178:
162:
159:
137:
134:
124:
121:
115:
112:
94:
91:
78:climate change
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3009:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2977:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2781:
2771:
2770:Valero Energy
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2735:Suncor Energy
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2371:
2365:
2364:TotalEnergies
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2313:
2310:
2308:organisations
2306:Companies and
2304:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2245:Petrocurrency
2243:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2218:Oil shale gas
2216:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2198:Abbreviations
2196:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2157:Permian Basin
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2094:United States
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2054:Seven Sisters
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1707:Core sampling
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1544:Indian Basket
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1431:
1428:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1402:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1377:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1264:
1259:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1212:
1206:
1201:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1163:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1125:
1122:
1117:
1111:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1054:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1000:
994:
989:
987:
983:
978:
972:
967:
964:
959:
953:
948:
945:
940:
934:
929:
926:
921:
915:
910:
907:
902:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
851:
848:
842:
837:
833:
829:
825:
818:
815:
810:
804:
800:
796:
792:
785:
782:
771:
770:
765:
758:
755:
742:
735:
728:
725:
720:
716:
710:
708:
704:
692:
688:
681:
678:
673:
672:
664:
661:
656:
654:9780878143702
650:
646:
645:
637:
634:
629:
625:
618:
616:
614:
610:
605:
601:
594:
591:
580:
576:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
555:
550:
546:
542:
536:
532:
528:
524:
517:
514:
507:
497:
494:
487:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
452:
451:magnetometers
448:
443:
441:
437:
433:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
364:
356:
351:
344:
336:United States
335:
331:
327:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
301:
294:
290:
283:
274:
269:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
235:
227:
219:
210:
206:
203:This section
201:
198:
194:
193:
187:
185:
179:
177:
172:
168:
161:CO2 injection
160:
158:
155:
150:
148:
143:
135:
133:
131:
122:
120:
113:
111:
107:
103:
101:
92:
90:
86:
83:
79:
75:
71:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
19:
2873:Schlumberger
2803:Baker Hughes
2695:Marathon Oil
2685:Imperial Oil
2680:Husky Energy
2670:Galp Energia
2660:Devon Energy
2546:Saudi Aramco
2526:Petrovietnam
2471:NNPC Limited
2375:National oil
2255:Petrofiction
2223:Orphan wells
2222:
2191:Other topics
2162:Persian Gulf
2089:Saudi Arabia
2059:Standard Oil
1867:Well logging
1744:Petrophysics
1446:. Retrieved
1440:
1430:
1420:February 10,
1418:. Retrieved
1414:
1404:
1393:. Retrieved
1389:
1379:
1368:. Retrieved
1364:
1340:. Retrieved
1336:
1276:
1272:
1266:
1219:
1205:Johnson 2019
1200:
1181:
1162:
1150:, p. 2.
1143:
1124:
1105:
1086:
1067:
1048:
1029:
1015:McClure 2019
966:
947:
928:
909:
864:
860:
850:
831:
827:
817:
790:
784:
773:. Retrieved
767:
757:
745:. Retrieved
740:
727:
718:
694:. Retrieved
690:
680:
670:
663:
643:
636:
627:
603:
593:
582:. Retrieved
578:
522:
516:
496:
457:Pennsylvania
444:
429:
415:and broader
394:
387:
368:
360:
328:
324:
305:
298:
237:
213:
209:adding to it
204:
183:
174:
151:
139:
126:
117:
108:
104:
96:
87:
67:
50:
46:
42:
41:
2843:Halliburton
2715:Phillips 66
2536:QatarEnergy
2506:Petrobangla
2441:KazMunayGas
2331:Supermajors
2280:heavy crude
2167:Prudhoe Bay
2147:Niger Delta
2127:Caspian Sea
1890:Concessions
1840:Measurement
1806:Geosteering
1789:Squeeze job
1699:Exploration
1648:Consumption
1607:Consumption
1600:Natural gas
1529:Bonny Light
1252:Cosbey 2022
1224:Weber 2023b
1186:Morgan 2019
1110:Morgan 2021
696:26 February
264:groundwater
244:natural gas
2893:Transocean
2760:Tullow Oil
2750:TechnipFMC
2516:PetroChina
2354:ExxonMobil
2260:Shale band
2137:East Texas
2110:and fields
1924:Downstream
1877:Production
1784:Completion
1712:Geophysics
1653:Production
1612:Production
1549:Indonesian
1524:Argus Sour
1516:Benchmarks
1448:2023-10-01
1395:2021-04-06
1370:2021-09-15
1342:2021-04-06
914:Riley 2019
834:: 607–10.
775:2023-07-24
747:4 November
584:2021-04-07
508:References
465:California
383:New Mexico
270:By context
216:April 2021
165:See also:
136:Plug bonds
72:, such as
2997:Oil wells
2888:TC Energy
2789:companies
2619:Trafigura
2566:Sonatrach
2511:Petrobras
2501:Pertamina
2411:Ecopetrol
2377:companies
2321:companies
2319:petroleum
2295:tight oil
2290:oil shale
2285:oil sands
2265:Shale gas
2206:sweet oil
2177:Venezuela
2152:North Sea
2108:Provinces
2099:Venezuela
1946:Midstream
1641:Petroleum
1501:Petroleum
1301:0013-936X
1091:EPEA 2000
549:239358078
390:CARES Act
248:petroleum
100:abandoned
47:orphaned,
2991:Category
2976:Category
2883:Subsea 7
2863:Petrofac
2858:NOV Inc.
2838:GE Power
2833:Enbridge
2787:services
2609:Mercuria
2599:Glencore
2561:Sonangol
2521:Petronas
2456:Naftogaz
2228:Peak oil
2211:sour oil
1966:Upstream
1961:Refining
1956:Pipeline
1912:Pumpjack
1907:Gas lift
1828:invasion
1771:Drilling
1658:Reserves
1617:Reserves
1309:21985662
1129:AER 2014
1072:AER 2013
1034:AER 2021
971:PBO 2022
933:OWA 2019
901:31386664
861:PLOS ONE
409:peak oil
363:oil well
123:Plugging
2551:Sinopec
2541:Rosneft
2421:Gazprom
2416:Equinor
2344:Chevron
1991:History
1857:Tracers
1779:Blowout
1668:Exports
1663:Imports
1627:Exports
1622:Imports
1281:Bibcode
892:6684097
869:Bibcode
737:(Audio)
579:Reuters
371:methane
240:bedrock
82:Reuters
2917:Others
2868:Saipem
2765:TĂĽpraĹź
2755:TNK-BP
2740:Sunoco
2730:Repsol
2690:Lukoil
2633:Others
2604:Gunvor
2238:timing
2172:Russia
2084:Norway
2069:France
2064:Canada
1390:Forbes
1307:
1299:
899:
889:
805:
651:
604:Verisk
547:
537:
463:, and
447:NYSDEC
250:, and
142:public
43:Orphan
2784:Major
2650:Cepsa
2624:Vitol
2594:Enron
2556:SOCAR
2496:Pemex
2491:PDVSA
2486:Orlen
2451:Lotos
2391:ANCAP
2359:Shell
2316:Major
2074:India
1678:Price
1632:Price
1574:Urals
1569:Tapis
1539:Dubai
1534:Brent
1442:Grist
1337:Grist
545:S2CID
488:Notes
401:Grist
379:Texas
252:brine
2878:Snam
2818:CH2M
2571:TPAO
2079:Iraq
2049:OPEC
2044:GECF
1593:Data
1422:2022
1305:PMID
1297:ISSN
1258:help
1230:help
1211:help
1192:help
1173:help
1154:help
1135:help
1116:help
1097:help
1078:help
1059:help
1040:help
1021:help
999:help
977:help
958:help
939:help
920:help
897:PMID
803:ISBN
749:2019
719:BiSN
698:2015
649:ISBN
535:ISBN
461:Ohio
403:and
381:and
169:and
53:are
2813:CGG
2710:OMV
2576:YPF
2349:Eni
1289:doi
887:PMC
877:doi
836:doi
795:doi
527:doi
440:EPA
211:.
49:or
2993::
2339:BP
1981:XT
1439:.
1413:.
1388:.
1363:.
1351:^
1335:.
1317:^
1303:.
1295:.
1287:.
1277:45
1275:.
1238:^
1007:^
985:^
895:.
885:.
875:.
865:14
863:.
859:.
832:61
830:.
826:.
801:.
766:.
739:.
717:.
706:^
689:.
626:.
612:^
602:.
577:.
557:^
543:.
533:.
459:,
246:,
102:.
45:,
1482:e
1475:t
1468:v
1451:.
1424:.
1398:.
1373:.
1345:.
1311:.
1291::
1283::
1260:)
1254:.
1232:)
1226:.
1213:)
1207:.
1194:)
1188:.
1175:)
1169:.
1156:)
1137:)
1131:.
1118:)
1112:.
1099:)
1093:.
1080:)
1074:.
1061:)
1055:.
1042:)
1036:.
1023:)
1017:.
1001:)
995:.
979:)
973:.
960:)
954:.
941:)
935:.
922:)
916:.
903:.
879::
871::
844:.
838::
811:.
797::
778:.
751:.
721:.
700:.
657:.
606:.
587:.
551:.
529::
357:.
345:.
284:.
218:)
214:(
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
