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887:
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63:
1017:. Eastern Visayas, the second largest producer had 24% and the Davao Region, the third largest producer had 11% of the total production. Around 42 percent of the total abacá fiber shipments from the Philippines went to the United Kingdom in 2014, making it the top importer. Germany imported 37.1 percent abacá pulp from the Philippines, importing around 7,755 metric tons (MT). Sales of abacá cordage surged 20 percent in 2014 to a total of 5,093
3723:
647:
42:
1054:
3733:
680:
1524:
dry before use so that the shrinkage is less than it would be if the rope had never been wet. A major disadvantage in this shrinkage is that many knots made with manila rope became harder and more difficult to untie when wet, thus becoming subject of increased stress. Manila rope will rot after a period of time when exposed to saltwater.
886:
611:
Mindanao. Ninety-five (95) percent was attributed to molecular variance within the population, and only 5% of the molecular variance to variation among populations. Genetic analysis by
Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) revealed several clusters irrespective of geographical origin.
610:
The
Philippines, especially the Bicol region in Luzon, has the most abaca genotypes and cultivars. Genetic analysis using simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers revealed that the Philippines' abaca germplasm is genetically diverse. Abaca genotypes in Luzon had higher genetic diversity than Visayas and
521:
that are tightly wrapped together to form the pseudostem. There are from 12 to 25 leaves, dark green on the top and pale green on the underside, sometimes with large brown patches. They are oblong in shape with a deltoid base. They grow in succession. The petioles grow to at least 1 foot (30 cm)
1523:
Manila ropes shrink when they become wet. This effect can be advantageous under certain circumstances, but if it is not a wanted feature, it should be well taken into account. Since shrinkage is more pronounced the first time the rope becomes wet, new rope is usually immersed into water and put to
850:
planted at the start of the rainy season. In addition, new plants can be started by seeds. Growers harvest abacá fields every three to eight months after an initial growth period of 12–25 months. Harvesting is done by removing the leaf-stems after flowering but before fruit appears. The plant loses
1527:
Manila hemp rope was previously the favoured variety of rope used for executions by hanging, both in the U.K. and USA. Usually 3/4 to 1 inch diameter, boiled prior to use to take out any overelasticity. It was also used in the 19th century as whaling line. Abacá fiber was once used primarily for
714:
By 1897, the
Philippines were exporting almost 100,000 tons of abacá, and it was one of the three biggest cash crops, along with tobacco and sugar. In fact, from 1850 through the end of the 19th century, sugar or abacá alternated with each other as the biggest export crop of the Philippines. This
670:
Today, Catanduanes has many other modern kinds of abacá which are more competitive. For many years, breeders from various research institutions have made the cultivated varieties of
Catanduanes even more competitive in local and international markets. This results in the optimum production of the
512:
The abacá plant is stoloniferous, meaning that the plant produces runners or shoots along the ground that then root at each segment. Cutting and transplanting rooted runners is the primary technique for creating new plants, since seed growth is substantially slower. Abacá has a "false trunk" or
525:
When the plant is mature, the flower stalk grows up inside the pseudostem. The male flower has five petals, each about 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) long. The leaf sheaths contain the valuable fiber. After harvesting, the coarse fibers range in length from 6–12 feet (180–370 cm) long. They are
634:
was a major source of high quality fiber: soft, silky and fine. Ancestors of the modern abacá are thought to have originated from the eastern
Philippines, where there is significant rainfall throughout the year. Wild varieties of abacá can still be found in the interior forests of the island
738:
claims the "colonial government found ways to prevent
Filipinos from profiting off of the abaca crops, instead favoring the businesses of American expats and Japanese immigrants, as well as ensuring that the bulk of the abaca harvests were exported to the United States" for use in military
456:
and naturally salt-resistant, making it ideal for making twines and ropes (especially for maritime shipping). It became a major trade commodity in the colonial era for this reason. The abaca industry declined sharply in the mid-20th century when abaca plantations were decimated by
1471:
541:
The fruit, which is inedible and is rarely seen as harvesting occurs before the plant fruits, grows to about 2–3 inches (5.1–7.6 cm) in length and 1 inch (2.5 cm) in diameter. It has black turbinate seeds that are 0.167 inches (0.42 cm) in diameter.
961:
1347:
3117:
Yllano, O. B., Diaz, M. G. Q., Lalusin, A. G., Laurena, A. C., & Tecson-Mendoza, E. M. (2020). Genetic
Analyses of Abaca (Musa textilis Née) Germplasm from its Primary Center of Origin, the Philippines, Using Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Markers.
1414:
833:
Today, abacá is produced primarily in the
Philippines and Ecuador. The Philippines produces between 85% and 95% of the world's abacá, and the production employs 1.5 million people. Production has declined because of virus diseases.
871:
901:
1520:. A 1 inch (2.5 cm) rope can require 4 metric tons (8,800 lb) to break. Manilla rope is still the only material specified for lifeboat falls (the ropes with which a ship's lifeboat is lowered) in the United Kingdom.
976:
997:, the Philippines provided 87.4% of the world's abacá in 2014, earning the Philippines US$ 111.33 million. The demand is still greater than the supply. The remainder came from Ecuador (12.5%) and Costa Rica (0.1%). The
1954:
1085:
931:
1012:
The
Philippine Rural Development Program (PRDP) and the Department of Agriculture reported that in 2009–2013, Bicol Region had 39% share of Philippine abacá production while overwhelming 92% comes from
1955:"Genetic Analyses of Abaca (Musa textilis Née) Germplasm from its Primary Center of Origin, the Philippines, Using Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Markers – The Philippine Agricultural Scientist"
1222:, etc.); and so on. They were often woven into specific patterns, and further ornamented with embroidery, beadwork, and other decorations. Most clothing made from abacá took the form of the
916:
1377:
2969:
Ploetz, Randy C.; Kepler, Angela Kay; Daniells, Jeff & Nelson, Scot C. (2007). "Banana and
Plantain: An Overview with Emphasis on Pacific Island Cultivars". In Elevitch, C. R. (ed.).
2656:
2357:
946:
458:
851:
productivity between 15 and 40 years. The slopes of volcanoes provide a preferred growing environment. Harvesting generally includes several operations involving the leaf sheaths:
895:
Abacá plants are harvested by "topping", cutting the leaves with a bamboo sickle, cutting or "tumbling" the stalks. The leaves are compost on the ground, creating a fertiliser.
1496:
1444:
1429:
1480:
The finished Manila hemp fabric, a natural beeswax coating is added to make the fabric waterproof. This particular fabric is manufactured by the Swiss company QWSTION.
2462:
Philippine Progress Prior to 1898: A Source Book of Philippine History to Supply a Fairer View of Filipino Participation and Supplement the Defective Spanish Accounts
5613:
3182:
994:
1606:
1362:
1234:, literally "shirt" or "clothing"), a simple collar-less shirt or jacket with close-fitting long sleeves worn by both men and women in most ethnic groups in the
5652:
465:
in the 1930s (which eventually replaced the use of abacá in maritime cordage). Today, abaca is mostly used in a variety of specialized paper products including
1064:
Due to its strength, it is a sought after product and is the strongest of the natural fibers. It is used by the paper industry for such specialty uses such as
3185:
A comprehensive pamphlet about Philippine abacá presented 1915 Panama Pacific International Exposition held in San Francisco. Online publication uploaded in
1392:
2606:
727:
2068:
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1235:
2319:
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1797:
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The fibres are then air-dried and bundled together before being transported from forest to the trading warehouse of the farmers cooperative.
3144:
1591:
1324:
people. Abacá cloth is found in museum collections around the world, like the Boston Museum of Fine Arts and the Textile Museum of Canada.
2502:
5783:
659:
2419:
2014:
5793:
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1853:
1824:
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landed in the Philippines in 1521, as the natives were already cultivating it and utilizing it in bulk for textiles. Throughout the
351:
2121:
1119:, they were the main source of textile fibers used for clothing in the pre-colonial Philippines. Abacá cloth was often compared to
2832:
2280:
415:
used in various clothing components. Native abaca textiles also survive into the modern era among various ethnic groups, like the
5773:
5366:
3213:
1132:
990:
In Costa Rica, more modern harvest and drying techniques are being developed to accommodate the very high yields obtained there.
62:
1423:
The natural white yarn is then coloured using the yarn dyeing method which is more sustainable than the roll dyeing alternative.
1115:
Abacá fibers were traditionally woven into sturdy textiles and clothing in the Philippines since pre-colonial times. Along with
5788:
5600:
5219:
806:
779:
260:
5631:
2731:
1275:
was recorded as being made of medriñaque as early as 1584. Abacá cloth also appear in English records, spelled variously as
2800:
2476:
1744:
1068:, banknotes and decorative papers. It can be used to make handcrafts such as hats, bags, carpets, clothing and furniture.
759:
for export. The railway system was destroyed during World War II; the abaca continues to be transported to Cebu by road.
1356:
The raw fibres are tied with rope and shipped to a factory, where they are boiled and pressed into cardboard like sheets.
5778:
865:
When the processing is complete, the bundles of fiber are pale and lustrous with a length of 6–12 feet (1.8–3.7 m).
735:
636:
50:
1625:
A plant grown from a shoot takes three years to maturity; while a plant grown from a seed takes four years to maturity.
5470:
5180:
2849:
1566:
1103:
1238:. These were paired with wraparound sarong-like skirts (for both men and women), close-fitting pants, or loincloths (
386:. The plant grows to 13–22 feet (4.0–6.7 m), and averages about 12 feet (3.7 m). The plant, also known as
619:
5704:
5657:
5249:
2950:
2550:
and the Emergence of Fine European-Style Embroidery Tradition in Colonial Philippines, 19th to early-20th Centuries
2610:
731:
5294:
1038:
5709:
985:
There they are sorted by colour grades, with lighter coloured fibres being more expensive due to their rarity.
2094:
5548:
2327:
300:
290:
270:
241:
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5540:
2657:"Textile Museum of Canada Collection and Exhibitions | Textile Museum of Canada Collection and Exhibitions"
5535:
5423:
5093:
4432:
1988:
1034:
684:
5475:
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5758:
5320:
3857:
3762:
2390:
910:
The tuxy, the outer layer of the leaf sheath contains primary fibres is separated from the inner layers.
195:
5579:
2786:
1730:
2530:
Clothing and the Colonial Culture of Appearances in Nineteenth Century Spanish Philippines (1820–1896)
1327:
The inner fibers are also used in the making of hats, including the "Manila hats", hammocks, matting,
5509:
5330:
5108:
5046:
4157:
3564:
3526:
3206:
3186:
1545:
791:
280:
168:
880:
Abacá plants have several stalks which can be harvested annually and regenerate fully within a year.
5325:
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4839:
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4252:
4087:
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3534:
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3093:
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3041:
Wong, Carol; Kiew, Ruth; Argent, George; Set, Ohn; Lee, Sing Kong & Gan, Yik Yuen (2002).
3027:
2955:
2934:
2915:
2896:
2776:
2586:
1849:
1820:
1793:
1542:(Japanese banana), banana species also used as a traditional source of fiber in Okinawa, Japan
1006:
360:
2954:. Vol. 1: A - ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.
2172:
1953:
Yllano, O. B.; Diaz, M. G. Q.; Lalusin, A. G.; Laurena, A. C.; Tecson-Mendoza, E. M. (2020).
1814:
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5396:
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4814:
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4362:
4167:
3947:
3937:
3922:
3817:
3755:
3166:
3066:
3058:
2553:
1872:
1260:
1256:
1189:
1108:
1096:
514:
422:
409:, the national male attire of the Philippines, as well as in sheer lace-like fabrics called
368:
325:
319:
2970:
411:
5371:
4824:
4738:
4663:
4612:
4542:
4342:
4337:
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3199:
3010:
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1206:
799:
775:
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478:
100:
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Wood, Frances A.; Roberts, George A. F. (2005). Prance, Ghillean; Nesbitt, Mark (eds.).
2129:
1875:. Transport Information Service, Gesamtverband der Deutschen Versicherungswirtschaft e.V
5683:
5678:
5391:
5315:
5173:
5166:
5161:
5151:
4635:
4529:
4457:
4357:
4257:
4202:
4192:
4177:
4092:
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3597:
3257:
3071:
3042:
2820:
1328:
1313:
1268:
1080:
771:
655:
560:
406:
405:) in the Philippines. They still figure prominently as the traditional material of the
87:
2681:
5752:
5639:
5244:
5209:
5185:
5156:
4925:
4905:
4829:
4716:
4706:
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4372:
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3387:
3230:
3020:
2567:
1842:
1601:
1596:
716:
430:
113:
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2255:
1131:. There are multiple traditional types and names of abaca cloth among the different
5735:
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5381:
5214:
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4910:
4819:
4577:
4467:
4312:
4307:
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3672:
3662:
3592:
3367:
3359:
2706:
1581:
1309:
1173:
1135:. Undyed plain abacá cloth, woven from fine fibers of abaca, is generally known as
998:
795:
767:
646:
579:
482:
470:
156:
136:
397:
The lustrous fiber is traditionally hand-loomed into various indigenous textiles (
1781:
1500:
Manila hawser is examined for defects at Brooklyn Navy Yard, New York, circa 1941
5587:
5455:
5118:
5030:
4920:
4915:
4844:
4798:
4643:
4162:
4152:
4147:
4132:
3982:
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3262:
2895:. Vol. I: A-H (6th ed.). New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
1538:
1517:
1169:
1058:
1014:
940:
The tuxies are separated by hand using a stripping knife at the harvesting site.
748:
720:
688:
640:
518:
383:
211:
126:
41:
1508:
made from manila hemp. Manila rope is very durable, flexible, and resistant to
650:
The Banton Burial Cloth (c. 1200-1400 AD), the oldest existing example of warp
504:. Abaca is grown as a commercial crop in the Philippines, Ecuador, Costa Rica.
5274:
5269:
5202:
5190:
5098:
4975:
4859:
4834:
4758:
4582:
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4347:
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3847:
3652:
3647:
3554:
3516:
3382:
3349:
3314:
3239:
3170:
3137:
2707:"Eliminating silo thinking and the word 'waste', plus a tip from Jimi Hendrix"
1715:; William Scrugham Lyon & Murad M. Saleeby (1904). "Abacá (manila hemp)".
1586:
1556:
1491:
1304:
1263:
name). They were exported to other Spanish colonies since the 16th century. A
1091:
1002:
814:
624:
595:
489:
417:
5446:
671:
island which had a consistent highest production throughout the archipelago.
5522:
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4077:
4057:
3932:
3852:
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3827:
3667:
3462:
3397:
3157:
2755:
2069:"A Manila Envelope: The Inspiration behind an Exhibition's Graphic Identity"
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822:
756:
527:
438:
434:
5722:
5103:
5088:
3962:
3457:
3080:
2857:
1139:
in most of the islands. Abacá cloth with a more delicate texture is called
1071:
Lupis is the finest quality of abacá. Sinamay is woven chiefly from abacá.
513:
pseudostem about 6–15 inches (15–38 cm) in diameter. The leaf stalks (
1168:
Traditional abacá textiles were often dyed in various colors from various
762:
Excluding the Philippines, abacá was first cultivated on a large scale in
5717:
5440:
5376:
5254:
5226:
5139:
5123:
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3977:
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3062:
2281:"Bananatex®, the World's First Waterproof Fabric Made From Banana Plants"
1509:
1211:
1065:
847:
818:
555:
497:
474:
146:
2886:. Vol. I: A to Ameland (1st ed.). New York, NY: P. F. Collier.
679:
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3867:
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3778:
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3689:
3684:
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3319:
3252:
2350:"Sugarcane mosaic virus abaca mosaic strain (SCMVA0)[Overview]"
1551:
1153:
763:
663:
592:
466:
5592:
2978:. Hōlualoa, HI: Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR). pp. 1–27.
2558:
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3630:
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2583:
Textiles in the Philippine Landscape: A Lexicon and Historical Survey
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1561:
1513:
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551:
535:
531:
379:
20:
5417:
1025:
MT, with the United States holding around 68 percent of the market.
2882:
Borneman, John A. Jr. (1997). "Abaca". In Johnston, Bernard (ed.).
1302:
Philippine indigenous tribes still weave abacá-based textiles like
5605:
5527:
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5299:
5064:
5020:
5005:
5000:
4970:
4960:
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3412:
3344:
3334:
3309:
3287:
3277:
3222:
2891:
Considine, Douglas M.; Considine, Glenn D., eds. (1983). "Abaca".
2732:"NATURAL & SYNTHETIC FIBRE CORDAGE FOR LIFE SAVING APPLIANCES"
2607:"Philippine Basketry of the Luzon Cordillera | www.flysfo.cn"
2349:
1576:
1495:
1102:
1084:
1052:
783:
752:
678:
645:
618:
575:
501:
462:
391:
74:
3151:
Christenhusz, M.J.M. (2009). "Typification of ornamental plants:
925:
The inner layers contain the secondary fibres and pulpy material.
5514:
5406:
5035:
5015:
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4945:
4930:
4701:
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1505:
1295:
for sails and for stiffening clothing like skirts, collars, and
1272:
1158:
843:
787:
723:, although in time rope-making shifted back to the Philippines.
651:
493:
453:
5421:
3751:
3195:
437:, as well as for bags, shawls, and other decorative items. The
2933:(3rd ed.). Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam Company.
2914:(3rd ed.). Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam Company.
1386:
They are then made into paper which are then cut into strips.
343:
328:
3026:. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
1123:
in terms of texture and was a major trade commodity in the
394:, also called Manila hemp, extracted from the leaf-stems.
334:
1974:
774:
since the nineteenth century, followed up by plantings in
770:, who had observed its cultivation in the Philippines for
3747:
3191:
2854:
National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
1816:
From the neck up : an illustrated guide to hatmaking
1782:"The Origins of Banana-fibre Cloth in the Ryukyus, Japan"
1528:
rope, but this application is now of minor significance.
755:
would transport Philippine abacá from the plantations to
390:, has great economic importance, being harvested for its
2877:. Vol. I: A-E. New York, NY: The Macmillan Company.
2358:
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
1143:. While especially fine lace-like abacá cloth is called
798:, the supply from the Philippines was eliminated by the
694:
Europeans first came into contact with Abacá fibre when
558:; it resembles the closely related wild seeded bananas,
2850:"(Research) Plant Molecular Biology and Plant Virology"
861:
drying (usually following the tradition of sun-drying).
5224:
5200:
5171:
5137:
5128:
5074:
4515:
1033:
Abacá is vulnerable to a number of pathogens, notably
452:
The fiber is also exceptionally strong, stronger than
2320:"PH biggest abaca exporter | Malaya Business Insight"
1719:. Bureau of Agriculture. Republic of the Philippines.
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
352:
340:
2380:"A Primer on the New Generation Philippine Currency"
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
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1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
855:
tuxying (separation of primary and secondary sheath)
331:
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5237:
5044:
4890:
4807:
4729:
4677:
4634:
4611:
4528:
4481:
3792:
3785:
3606:
3573:
3525:
3502:
3493:
3471:
3358:
3238:
3229:
3018:Seekins, Donald M. (1993). Dolan, Ronald E. (ed.).
2477:"Demand rises for PH abaca as raw material for PPE"
337:
3019:
2215:
1841:
662:). The cloth was found in the sacred Ipot cave of
1933:
19:"Abacas" redirects here. Not to be confused with
2972:Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry
2015:"Catanduanes declared Philippines abaca capital"
1848:(1st U.S. ed.). Hauppauge, N.Y.: Barron's.
1371:The abacá fibre sheets are then soaked in water.
461:and plant diseases, as well as the invention of
3043:"Assessment of the Validity of the Sections in
2533:(PhD thesis). Université Nice Sophia Antipolis.
1819:(1st ed.). Minneapolis, Minn.: Madhatter.
1548:, similar traditional fiber from Okinawa, Japan
995:Philippine Fiber Industry Development Authority
433:. Abaca is also used in traditional Philippine
2929:Gove, Philip Babcock, ed. (1976a). "Sinamay".
1711:H. T. Edwards; B. E. Brewer; George E. Nesom;
1607:Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia
955:The fibres are then "combed" to separate them.
715:19th-century trade was predominantly with the
3763:
3207:
2552:(MA thesis). Mount Saint Vincent University.
2314:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
1453:The yarn is then woven at extra high density.
1438:The warp yarns are then prepared for weaving.
1331:, ropes, coarse twines, and types of canvas.
8:
2931:Webster's Third New International Dictionary
2912:Webster's Third New International Dictionary
842:The plant is normally grown in well-drained
2910:Gove, Philip Babcock, ed. (1976). "Lupis".
2503:"Philippine Natural Dyes: A Short Overview"
2238:
2236:
1921:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1161:, or fine cotton to create a fabric called
1151:. Fine abacá fibers may also be woven with
1057:Mats made from woven abacá fibers from the
719:and the making of ropes was done mainly in
5418:
3789:
3770:
3756:
3748:
3499:
3235:
3214:
3200:
3192:
40:
27:
3070:
2778:The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 Vol. 15
2557:
1896:
1706:
1704:
1401:The paper strips are then spun into yarn.
747:In the early 1900s, a train running from
630:Before synthetic textiles came into use,
2609:(in Chinese). Flysfo.com. Archived from
2464:. Manila: Philippine Education Co., Inc.
2460:Craig, Austin; Benitez, Conrado (1916).
2455:
2453:
2242:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2051:
2049:
2047:
3110:The Philippine Islands and Their People
2948:Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "Sbaca".
2875:The Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture
2805:United States Department of Agriculture
2796:Germplasm Resources Information Network
2159:
2055:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1749:United States Department of Agriculture
1740:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1638:
1618:
1410:
1343:
1291:, among other names. They were used as
1099:dreamweavers are made from abacá fibers
867:
790:. Commercial planting began in 1930 in
728:United States colonized the Philippines
232:
3113:. New York, NY: The Macmillan Company.
3006:
2996:
2893:Van Nostrand's Scientific Encyclopedia
2630:
2628:
2422:from the original on January 20, 2020.
2227:
2211:
2209:
1989:"History and design in Death Blankets"
1987:Ocampo, Ambeth R. (October 19, 2011).
1892:
1890:
1684:
1672:
441:straw made from Manila hemp is called
2873:Bailey, L. H., ed. (1947) . "Abacá".
2585:. Ateneo De Manila University Press.
2444:
2201:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2073:The Guggenheim Museums and Foundation
2038:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1005:of abacá in 2014, the largest of any
367:
7:
3732:
3145:International Year of Natural Fibres
2985:from the original on January 1, 2016
2507:HABI: The Philippine Textile Council
2432:
2095:"What happened to Cebu's old train?"
1696:
1592:International Year of Natural Fibres
1465:Weaving looms processing the fabric.
1111:dreamweaver using a traditional loom
2835:from the original on August 5, 2017
1001:in the Philippines produced 27,885
517:) are expanded at the base to form
485:derive their name from this fiber.
1512:damage, allowing its use in rope,
1259:(apparently derived from a native
660:National Museum of the Philippines
623:Abacá fiber drying in abaca farm,
587:(now including the former section
14:
3120:Philippine Agricultural Scientist
2475:Ocampo, Keith R. (May 10, 2020).
5710:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:797617-1
3731:
3722:
3721:
2527:Coo, Stéphanie Marie R. (2014).
2013:Flores, Helen (April 30, 2022).
1792:. Leuven University Press: 170.
1470:
1458:
1443:
1428:
1413:
1391:
1376:
1361:
1346:
1133:ethnic groups of the Philippines
975:
960:
945:
930:
915:
900:
885:
870:
782:. It also was transplanted into
324:
61:
2326:. June 15, 2015. Archived from
2093:Tampos, Nikki (July 16, 2015).
550:The abacá plant belongs to the
3090:The Cultural History of Plants
2737:. Marine and Coastguard Agency
2544:Ramos, Marlene Flores (2016).
2216:Considine & Considine 1983
1844:The hat: trends and traditions
1251:, abacá cloth became known as
858:stripping (getting the fibers)
807:U.S. Department of Agriculture
780:U.S. Department of Agriculture
643:, away from cultivated areas.
1:
3801:
2801:Agricultural Research Service
2581:Castro-Baker, Sandra (2018).
1745:Agricultural Research Service
1335:Industrial textile production
3107:Worcester, Dean C. (1899) .
3022:Philippines: A Country Study
2711:www.innovationintextiles.com
2661:collections.textilemuseum.ca
1840:Ginsburg, Madeleine (1990).
51:United States Botanic Garden
5225:
5201:
5172:
5138:
5129:
5075:
4516:
3092:. New York, NY: Routledge.
2389:. p. 7. Archived from
2387:Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
1125:pre-colonial maritime trade
591:), members of which have a
297:Musa troglodytàrum textòria
5812:
2781:. Arthur H. Clark Company.
1780:Katrien Hendrickx (1904).
1489:
1172:. These include blue from
1078:
583:, it is placed in section
18:
5784:History of Asian clothing
3717:
3171:10.11646/phytotaxa.2.1.10
2481:Philippine Daily Inquirer
1788:. Studia anthropologica.
1504:Manila rope is a type of
778:in 1929 sponsored by the
702:, it was referred to as "
570:. Its scientific name is
488:Abaca is classified as a
225:
218:
201:
194:
58:Scientific classification
56:
48:
39:
30:
5794:Austronesian agriculture
5764:Flora of the Philippines
5392:Swatches and strike-offs
5295:Vitale Barberis Canonico
1236:pre-colonial Philippines
1039:abaca bract mosaic virus
666:. It is made from abacá.
5774:Biodegradable materials
3140:encyclopedia set, 1988.
2951:Encyclopædia Britannica
2324:Malaya Business Insight
1922:Wood & Roberts 2005
1813:Dreher, Denise (1981).
726:From 1898 to 1946, the
364:
5789:Philippine handicrafts
4433:Vinyl coated polyester
3047:(Musaceae) using ALFP"
2884:Collier's Encyclopedia
2173:"Future Fibres: Abaca"
2128:. RAFI. Archived from
2099:www.everythingcebu.com
1501:
1112:
1100:
1061:
1035:abaca bunchy top virus
809:started production in
691:
685:Lagonoy, Camarines Sur
667:
627:
526:composed primarily of
5309:Manufacturingindustry
2613:on September 30, 2017
2418:. Torb & Reiner.
2120:Palmera, Erica Jean.
1499:
1106:
1088:
1056:
682:
649:
622:
5265:Holland & Sherry
2775:Blair, Emma (1906).
1516:, ships' lines, and
1249:Spanish colonial era
1188:, etc.); black from
1129:Spanish colonial era
792:British North Borneo
732:Spanish-American War
700:Spanish colonial era
5779:Philippine clothing
5367:History of textiles
2860:on December 3, 2013
2416:"All About Sinamay"
2360:). February 4, 2001
2122:"The Sugbo railway"
1713:Otis Warren Barrett
1200:) leaves; red from
805:After the war, the
5220:Woodblock printing
4749:Conductive textile
3918:Cedar bark textile
3063:10.1093/aob/mcf170
2686:www.bananatex.info
2260:www.bananatex.info
1975:Ploetz et al. 2007
1502:
1407:Dyeing and weaving
1113:
1101:
1062:
1043:abaca mosaic virus
1015:Catanduanes Island
794:; at the onset of
766:in 1925 under the
696:Ferdinand Magellan
692:
668:
628:
378:, is a species of
5746:
5745:
5666:Open Tree of Life
5424:Taxon identifiers
5415:
5414:
4774:Lenticular fabric
4725:
4724:
4423:Vegetable flannel
3745:
3744:
3713:
3712:
3489:
3488:
2961:978-0-85229-961-6
2330:on August 9, 2016
2101:. Everything Cebu
1799:978-90-5867-614-6
1786:Farmers' Bulletin
1717:Farmers' Bulletin
1007:Philippine region
993:According to the
606:Genetic diversity
313:
312:
303:
293:
283:
273:
263:
257:Musa mindanaensis
253:
244:
5801:
5739:
5738:
5726:
5725:
5713:
5712:
5700:
5699:
5687:
5686:
5674:
5673:
5661:
5660:
5648:
5647:
5635:
5634:
5622:
5621:
5609:
5608:
5596:
5595:
5583:
5582:
5570:
5569:
5557:
5556:
5544:
5543:
5531:
5530:
5518:
5517:
5505:
5504:
5492:
5491:
5479:
5478:
5466:
5465:
5464:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5419:
5397:Synthetic fabric
5230:
5206:
5196:Textile printing
5177:
5143:
5134:
5080:
4654:Machine knitting
4588:Velours du Kasaï
4521:
3790:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3749:
3735:
3734:
3725:
3724:
3500:
3236:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3193:
3174:
3114:
3103:
3084:
3074:
3051:Annals of Botany
3037:
3025:
3014:
3008:
3004:
3002:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2984:
2977:
2965:
2944:
2925:
2906:
2887:
2878:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2856:. Archived from
2844:
2842:
2840:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2782:
2762:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2736:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2632:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2561:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2457:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2395:
2384:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2316:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2287:. April 27, 2020
2277:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2204:
2199:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1950:
1937:
1934:Wong et al. 2002
1931:
1925:
1919:
1900:
1894:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1847:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1777:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1708:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1670:
1626:
1623:
1474:
1462:
1447:
1432:
1417:
1395:
1380:
1365:
1350:
1089:The traditional
979:
964:
949:
934:
919:
904:
889:
874:
632:M. textilis
479:Manila envelopes
371:
369:[ɐbɐˈka]
356:
350:
349:
346:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
299:
289:
279:
269:
267:Musa mindanensis
259:
251:
249:Musa amboinensis
240:
207:
187:M. textilis
173:
66:
65:
44:
28:
16:Species of plant
5811:
5810:
5804:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5798:
5749:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5734:
5729:
5721:
5716:
5708:
5703:
5695:
5690:
5682:
5677:
5669:
5664:
5656:
5651:
5643:
5638:
5630:
5625:
5617:
5612:
5604:
5599:
5591:
5586:
5578:
5573:
5565:
5560:
5552:
5547:
5539:
5534:
5526:
5521:
5513:
5508:
5500:
5495:
5487:
5482:
5474:
5469:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5445:
5444:
5439:
5426:
5416:
5411:
5372:History of silk
5345:
5304:
5233:
5181:Roller printing
5053:
5040:
4886:
4875:Tartan or plaid
4803:
4739:Ballistic nylon
4721:
4673:
4630:
4607:
4524:
4483:
4477:
4343:Seerhand muslin
3781:
3776:
3746:
3741:
3709:
3602:
3569:
3521:
3512:Artificial silk
3485:
3467:
3354:
3225:
3220:
3187:Filipiniana.net
3150:
3133:
3106:
3100:
3087:
3040:
3034:
3017:
3005:
2995:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2962:
2947:
2941:
2928:
2922:
2909:
2903:
2890:
2881:
2872:
2863:
2861:
2847:
2838:
2836:
2818:
2809:
2807:
2785:
2774:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2760:Herman Melville
2754:
2750:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2688:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2626:
2616:
2614:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2485:
2483:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2397:
2396:on May 29, 2019
2393:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2354:Global Database
2348:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2318:
2317:
2300:
2290:
2288:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2262:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2241:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2158:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2132:on June 8, 2016
2126:www.rafi.org.ph
2119:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2102:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2021:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1920:
1903:
1895:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1779:
1778:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1691:
1687:, p. 2078.
1683:
1679:
1671:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1615:
1534:
1494:
1488:
1481:
1475:
1466:
1463:
1454:
1448:
1439:
1433:
1424:
1418:
1409:
1402:
1396:
1387:
1381:
1372:
1366:
1357:
1351:
1342:
1337:
1083:
1077:
1051:
1031:
986:
980:
971:
965:
956:
950:
941:
935:
926:
920:
911:
905:
896:
890:
881:
875:
840:
831:
800:Empire of Japan
776:Central America
745:
712:
683:Abacá Fiber in
677:
617:
608:
567:Musa balbisiana
548:
510:
382:endemic to the
354:
327:
323:
309:
306:
277:Musa silvéstris
231:
230:
214:
209:
203:
190:
171:
60:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5809:
5808:
5805:
5797:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5751:
5750:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5736:wfo-0000475111
5727:
5714:
5701:
5688:
5675:
5662:
5649:
5636:
5623:
5610:
5597:
5584:
5571:
5558:
5545:
5532:
5519:
5506:
5493:
5480:
5467:
5452:
5436:
5434:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5353:
5351:
5347:
5346:
5344:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5312:
5310:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5241:
5239:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5169:
5167:Rogan printing
5164:
5162:Parchmentising
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5135:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5056:
5054:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4896:
4894:
4892:Textile fibers
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4735:
4733:
4727:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4683:
4681:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4640:
4638:
4632:
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4629:
4628:
4623:
4617:
4615:
4609:
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4580:
4575:
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4508:
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4455:
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4415:
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4405:
4400:
4395:
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4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4178:Linsey-woolsey
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4158:Kijōka-bashōfu
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4093:Grenfell Cloth
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
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3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
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3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3798:
3796:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3752:
3743:
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3729:
3718:
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3711:
3710:
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3697:
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3687:
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3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
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3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
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3612:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3579:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3531:
3529:
3527:Semi-synthetic
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
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3460:
3455:
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3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
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3380:
3375:
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3364:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3233:
3227:
3226:
3221:
3219:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3180:
3175:
3148:
3141:
3132:
3131:External links
3129:
3128:
3127:
3115:
3104:
3098:
3085:
3057:(2): 231–238.
3038:
3032:
3015:
3007:|website=
2966:
2960:
2945:
2939:
2926:
2920:
2907:
2901:
2888:
2879:
2870:
2848:Anon (2013a).
2845:
2829:The Plant List
2816:
2783:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2748:
2723:
2698:
2673:
2648:
2624:
2598:
2591:
2573:
2536:
2519:
2493:
2467:
2449:
2447:, p. 2122
2437:
2435:, p. 1347
2425:
2407:
2371:
2341:
2298:
2285:Global Shakers
2272:
2247:
2232:
2230:, p. 171.
2220:
2205:
2189:
2164:
2143:
2112:
2085:
2060:
2043:
2031:
2005:
1979:
1967:
1938:
1926:
1901:
1897:Worcester 1899
1886:
1864:
1854:
1832:
1825:
1805:
1798:
1761:
1722:
1700:
1689:
1677:
1637:
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1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1546:Kijōka-bashōfu
1543:
1533:
1530:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1457:
1455:
1449:
1442:
1440:
1434:
1427:
1425:
1419:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1397:
1390:
1388:
1382:
1375:
1373:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1352:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1320:, made by the
1314:South Cotabato
1308:, made by the
1210:; yellow from
1081:Barong tagalog
1076:
1073:
1050:
1047:
1030:
1027:
988:
987:
981:
974:
972:
966:
959:
957:
951:
944:
942:
936:
929:
927:
921:
914:
912:
906:
899:
897:
891:
884:
882:
876:
869:
863:
862:
859:
856:
839:
836:
830:
827:
744:
741:
730:following the
711:
708:
676:
673:
656:Southeast Asia
616:
613:
607:
604:
561:Musa acuminata
547:
544:
509:
506:
407:barong tagalog
311:
310:
308:
307:
305:
304:
294:
284:
274:
264:
254:
246:
234:
228:
227:
226:
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72:
68:
67:
54:
53:
46:
45:
37:
36:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5807:
5806:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5737:
5732:
5728:
5724:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5654:
5650:
5646:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5628:
5624:
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5611:
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5563:
5559:
5555:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5472:
5468:
5463:
5462:Musa textilis
5457:
5453:
5448:
5442:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5432:Musa textilis
5429:
5425:
5420:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5348:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5321:Manufacturing
5319:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5307:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5245:Carlo Barbera
5243:
5242:
5240:
5236:
5229:
5228:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5210:Warp printing
5208:
5205:
5204:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5186:Sanforization
5184:
5182:
5179:
5176:
5175:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5147:Mercerization
5145:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
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5068:
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5048:
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5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
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4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:(Manila hemp)
4901:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
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4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4707:Needlerun net
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4692:Carbon fibers
4690:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4676:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4627:
4624:
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4604:
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4489:
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4486:
4480:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
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4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
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4244:
4241:
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4236:
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4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
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4199:
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4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
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4171:
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4166:
4164:
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4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
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4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4013:Donegal tweed
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3968:Cloth of gold
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3818:Almerían silk
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3773:
3768:
3766:
3761:
3759:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3738:
3730:
3728:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
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3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
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3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
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3333:
3331:
3328:
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3308:
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3269:
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3259:
3256:
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3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3217:
3212:
3210:
3205:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3194:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3155:(Musaceae)".
3154:
3153:Musa textilis
3149:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3105:
3101:
3099:0-415-92746-3
3095:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3046:
3039:
3035:
3033:0-8444-0748-8
3029:
3024:
3023:
3016:
3012:
3000:
2981:
2974:
2973:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2946:
2942:
2940:0-87779-101-5
2936:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2921:0-87779-101-5
2917:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2902:0-442-25164-5
2898:
2894:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2871:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2846:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2824:
2823:Musa textilis
2819:Anon (2013).
2817:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2790:
2789:Musa textilis
2784:
2780:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2749:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2674:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2637:
2636:"Abaca cloth"
2631:
2629:
2625:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2594:
2592:9789715508957
2588:
2584:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2546:The Filipina
2540:
2537:
2532:
2531:
2523:
2520:
2508:
2504:
2501:Palasi, Kat.
2497:
2494:
2482:
2478:
2471:
2468:
2463:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2248:
2244:
2243:Borneman 1997
2239:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2113:
2100:
2096:
2089:
2086:
2074:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2032:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2006:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1956:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1936:, p. 234
1935:
1930:
1927:
1924:, p. 301
1923:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1899:, p. 506
1898:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1874:
1873:"Manila hemp"
1868:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1855:9780812061987
1851:
1846:
1845:
1836:
1833:
1828:
1826:9780941082006
1822:
1818:
1817:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1733:Musa textilis
1726:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1632:
1622:
1619:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1602:Manila folder
1600:
1598:
1597:Natural fiber
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1498:
1493:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1468:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1105:
1098:
1095:cloth of the
1094:
1093:
1087:
1082:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1060:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1021:MT from 4,240
1020:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
984:
978:
973:
969:
963:
958:
954:
948:
943:
939:
933:
928:
924:
918:
913:
909:
903:
898:
894:
888:
883:
879:
873:
868:
866:
860:
857:
854:
853:
852:
849:
845:
837:
835:
828:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
760:
758:
754:
750:
742:
740:
739:initiatives.
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
717:United States
709:
707:
705:
701:
697:
690:
686:
681:
674:
672:
665:
661:
657:
653:
648:
644:
642:
638:
633:
626:
621:
614:
612:
605:
603:
601:
597:
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:
577:
574:. Within the
573:
572:Musa textilis
569:
568:
563:
562:
557:
553:
545:
543:
539:
537:
533:
529:
523:
520:
516:
507:
505:
503:
499:
495:
492:, along with
491:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:Bagobo people
428:
424:
423:T'boli people
420:
419:
414:
413:
408:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
376:
375:Musa textilis
370:
366:
362:
358:
357:
348:
321:
317:
302:
298:
295:
292:
288:
285:
282:
278:
275:
272:
268:
265:
262:
258:
255:
250:
247:
243:
239:
236:
235:
233:
224:
221:
217:
213:
208:
206:
205:Musa textilis
200:
197:
196:Binomial name
193:
189:
188:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:
167:
164:
163:
160:
159:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
88:Tracheophytes
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
70:
69:
64:
59:
55:
52:
47:
43:
38:
35:
34:Musa textilis
29:
26:
22:
5769:Fiber plants
5759:Musa (genus)
5431:
5331:Preservation
5238:Fabric mills
5215:Waxed cotton
4899:
4820:Bizarre silk
4578:Polar fleece
4313:Saga Nishiki
4308:Russell cord
4113:Harris tweed
3858:Brilliantine
3838:Bedford cord
3804:(Medriñaque)
3673:Polyethylene
3247:
3162:
3156:
3152:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3089:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3021:
2987:. Retrieved
2971:
2949:
2930:
2911:
2892:
2883:
2874:
2862:. Retrieved
2858:the original
2853:
2837:. Retrieved
2828:
2822:
2808:. Retrieved
2794:
2788:
2777:
2751:
2739:. Retrieved
2726:
2714:. Retrieved
2710:
2701:
2689:. Retrieved
2685:
2682:"BANANATEX®"
2676:
2666:September 1,
2664:. Retrieved
2660:
2651:
2641:September 1,
2639:. Retrieved
2615:. Retrieved
2611:the original
2601:
2582:
2576:
2549:
2545:
2539:
2529:
2522:
2510:. Retrieved
2506:
2496:
2484:. Retrieved
2480:
2470:
2461:
2440:
2428:
2410:
2398:. Retrieved
2391:the original
2386:
2374:
2364:September 4,
2362:. Retrieved
2353:
2344:
2332:. Retrieved
2328:the original
2323:
2289:. Retrieved
2284:
2275:
2263:. Retrieved
2259:
2256:"BANANATEX®"
2250:
2223:
2182:February 16,
2180:. Retrieved
2176:
2167:
2160:Hoiberg 2010
2136:November 18,
2134:. Retrieved
2130:the original
2125:
2115:
2105:November 18,
2103:. Retrieved
2098:
2088:
2076:. Retrieved
2072:
2063:
2058:, p. 11
2056:Seekins 1993
2034:
2022:. Retrieved
2019:Philstar.com
2018:
2008:
1996:. Retrieved
1992:
1982:
1970:
1960:February 16,
1958:. Retrieved
1929:
1877:. Retrieved
1867:
1859:
1843:
1835:
1815:
1808:
1789:
1785:
1752:. Retrieved
1738:
1732:
1725:
1716:
1692:
1680:
1621:
1582:Yakan people
1537:
1526:
1522:
1518:fishing nets
1503:
1477:
1450:
1435:
1420:
1398:
1383:
1368:
1353:
1326:
1317:
1303:
1301:
1288:
1285:medrianackes
1284:
1280:
1276:
1267:of a native
1252:
1246:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1170:natural dyes
1167:
1162:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1114:
1090:
1070:
1063:
1032:
1022:
1018:
1011:
999:Bicol region
992:
989:
982:
967:
952:
937:
922:
907:
892:
877:
864:
846:soil, using
841:
832:
829:21st century
804:
796:World War II
761:
746:
743:20th century
725:
713:
710:19th century
703:
693:
675:16th century
669:
631:
629:
609:
599:
598:number of 2n
589:Australimusa
588:
584:
578:
571:
565:
559:
549:
540:
524:
511:
487:
483:Manila paper
471:filter paper
459:World War II
451:
446:
442:
426:
416:
410:
402:
398:
396:
387:
374:
373:
315:
314:
296:
286:
276:
266:
256:
248:
237:
204:
202:
186:
185:
169:
157:
137:Zingiberales
120:
107:
94:
81:
33:
25:
5588:iNaturalist
5456:Wikispecies
5341:Terminology
5326:Performance
5174:Rōketsuzome
5119:Heatsetting
5094:Calendering
5084:Bògòlanfini
5031:Spider silk
4845:Houndstooth
4840:Herringbone
4799:Windstopper
4644:Boiled wool
4163:Kente cloth
4153:Khaki drill
4133:Irish linen
4118:Herringbone
3983:Cotton duck
3943:Cheesecloth
3802:Abacá cloth
3504:Regenerated
3448:Spider silk
3178:Plants USDA
2245:, p. 4
2228:Bailey 1947
2218:, p. 1
2177:www.fao.org
2162:, p. 6
2078:October 27,
1977:, p. 4
1685:Bailey 1947
1673:Bailey 1947
1539:Musa basjoo
1486:Manila rope
1289:medrinacles
1281:medrianacks
1247:During the
1059:Philippines
1003:metric tons
838:Cultivation
721:New England
689:Philippines
641:Catanduanes
546:Systematics
522:in length.
508:Description
447:tagal straw
399:abaca cloth
388:Manila hemp
384:Philippines
245:nom. inval.
127:Commelinids
101:Angiosperms
5753:Categories
5684:kew-255018
5679:Plant List
5275:Loro Piana
5270:Larusmiani
5203:Tsutsugaki
5191:Tenterhook
5099:Decatising
4976:Microfiber
4880:Tattersall
4860:Pinstripes
4835:Glen plaid
4759:E-textiles
4626:Cedar bark
4583:Terrycloth
4530:Pile woven
4418:Ultrasuede
4348:Seersucker
4273:Perpetuana
4198:Madapollam
4143:Kerseymere
3928:Char cloth
3883:Byrd Cloth
3863:Broadcloth
3848:Beta cloth
3653:Modacrylic
3648:Microfiber
3565:Triacetate
3517:Milk fiber
3383:Camel hair
3315:Lotus silk
3138:World Book
2769:References
2559:10587/1788
2548:Bordadoras
2445:Gove 1976a
2202:Anon 2013a
2039:Blair 1906
1587:Fiber crop
1510:salt water
1492:Fiber rope
1490:See also:
1340:Processing
1277:medrinacks
1253:medriñaque
1204:roots and
1079:See also:
815:Costa Rica
736:Guggenheim
706:" cloth.
704:medriñaque
625:Costa Rica
596:chromosome
490:hard fiber
403:medriñaque
287:Musa tikap
238:Musa abaca
5645:158542150
5554:200028244
5541:200028244
5387:Shrinkage
5336:Recycling
5260:E. Thomas
5109:Finishing
5047:Finishing
4991:Polyester
4941:Eisengarn
4865:Polka dot
4731:Technical
4659:Milliskin
4598:Velveteen
4553:Crimplene
4368:Shot silk
4293:Rayadillo
4288:Rakematiz
4188:Longcloth
4108:Haircloth
4098:Grosgrain
4088:Grenadine
4078:Ghalamkar
4073:Georgette
4058:Gabardine
3933:Charmeuse
3853:Bombazine
3843:Bengaline
3828:Barkcloth
3668:Polyester
3540:Diacetate
3495:Synthetic
3398:Chiengora
3165:: 53–54.
3158:Phytotaxa
3009:ignored (
2999:cite book
2756:Moby-Dick
2568:194439772
2433:Gove 1976
1697:Anon 2013
1633:Footnotes
1312:tribe of
1265:waistcoat
1198:batulinao
1141:tinampipi
1029:Pathogens
823:Guatemala
757:Cebu City
585:Callimusa
528:cellulose
475:banknotes
439:hatmaking
435:millinery
181:Species:
174:Callimusa
165:Section:
71:Kingdom:
5723:21500493
5718:Tropicos
5619:10212432
5606:797617-1
5441:Wikidata
5377:Knitting
5280:Piacenza
5255:Dormeuil
5140:Katazome
5124:Indienne
5070:Beetling
5060:Androsia
5051:printing
5011:Sea silk
4986:Pashmina
4926:Cashmere
4870:Shweshwe
4808:Patterns
4794:SympaTex
4789:Stub-tex
4779:Silnylon
4769:Gore-Tex
4687:Bobbinet
4613:Nonwoven
4603:Zibeline
4568:Moquette
4548:Corduroy
4543:Chenille
4482:Figured
4463:Whipcord
4263:Paduasoy
4248:Osnaburg
4218:Nainsook
4208:Moleskin
4193:Mackinaw
4038:Eolienne
3998:Cretonne
3978:Corduroy
3913:Capilene
3908:Chambray
3888:C change
3823:Barathea
3813:Armazine
3727:Category
3636:Technora
3598:Metallic
3481:Asbestos
3423:Pashmina
3388:Cashmere
3081:12197520
2980:Archived
2833:Archived
2810:June 10,
2758:, 1851,
2716:July 12,
2691:July 12,
2617:June 17,
2420:Archived
2400:July 12,
2356:. EPPO (
2334:June 14,
2291:July 12,
2265:July 12,
1993:Inquirer
1532:See also
1297:doublets
1212:turmeric
1127:and the
1075:Textiles
1066:tea bags
848:rhizomes
819:Honduras
637:province
556:Musaceae
554:family,
515:petioles
498:henequin
467:tea bags
425:and the
361:Filipino
220:Synonyms
147:Musaceae
143:Family:
114:Monocots
5567:2762907
5515:1116051
5497:Ecocrop
5447:Q161097
5402:Weaving
5350:Related
5250:Cerruti
5114:Fulling
5089:Burnout
5077:Bingata
5026:Spandex
4906:Acrylic
4855:Paisley
4784:Spandex
4754:Darlexx
4744:Ban-Lon
4649:Coolmax
4636:Knitted
4563:Mockado
4558:Fustian
4511:Songket
4491:Brocade
4473:Zorbeez
4438:Viyella
4428:Ventile
4393:Ticking
4378:Taffeta
4338:Scarlet
4303:Ripstop
4268:Percale
4253:Ottoman
4243:Organza
4238:Organdy
4233:Oilskin
4223:Nankeen
4138:Jamdani
4103:Habutai
4083:Gingham
4053:Fustian
4048:Foulard
4043:Flannel
4033:Drugget
3973:Cordura
3948:Chiffon
3938:Charvet
3923:Challis
3898:Cambric
3873:Bunting
3868:Buckram
3833:Batiste
3737:Commons
3695:Vinylon
3690:Vectran
3685:Spandex
3616:Acrylic
3608:Polymer
3575:Mineral
3555:Piñatex
3545:Lyocell
3535:Acetate
3473:Mineral
3403:Guanaco
3253:Bagasse
3231:Natural
3072:4240415
2989:June 4,
2864:June 4,
2839:June 4,
2741:July 9,
2512:May 31,
2486:May 30,
2024:June 2,
1998:June 2,
1879:May 15,
1754:June 5,
1557:T'nalak
1514:hawsers
1329:cordage
1305:t'nalak
1271:man in
1269:Quechua
1261:Cebuano
1257:Spanish
1216:kalawag
1137:sinamáy
1092:t'nalak
772:cordage
764:Sumatra
664:Romblon
658:at the
615:History
593:diploid
519:sheaths
429:of the
421:of the
418:t'nalak
320:Spanish
291:Warburg
153:Genus:
133:Order:
75:Plantae
49:At the
5692:PLANTS
5671:562615
5658:228183
5632:506500
5593:425852
5476:368799
5357:Dyeing
5316:Design
5290:Scabal
5131:Kasuri
5104:Devoré
4981:Olefin
4966:Mohair
4956:Kevlar
4936:Cotton
4916:Angora
4911:Alpaca
4850:Kelsch
4815:Argyle
4764:Gannex
4679:Netted
4669:Velour
4664:Jersey
4593:Velvet
4506:Lampas
4501:Damask
4496:Camlet
4468:Zephyr
4453:Waffle
4448:Wadmal
4403:Tucuyo
4388:Tartan
4353:Sendal
4323:Sateen
4318:Samite
4283:Poplin
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4213:Muslin
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4018:Dornix
4008:Dimity
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3963:Cloqué
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3903:Canvas
3893:Calico
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3808:Aertex
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1293:canvas
1287:, and
1226:(also
1220:kuning
1207:sapang
1194:knalum
1174:indigo
1121:calico
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1241:bahag
1190:ebony
1186:tayum
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1178:tarum
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170:Musa
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