al-Ma'mun - Knowledge

1602:, "he who seeks refuge in God"). It is impossible to know whether this reflects actual events, or whether the letter was an invention and Abu Ishaq merely took advantage of his proximity to his dying brother, and al-Abbas's absence, to propel himself to the throne. As Abu Ishaq was the forefather of all subsequent Abbasid caliphs, later historians had little desire to question the legitimacy of his accession, but it is clear that his position was far from secure: a large part of the army favoured al-Abbas, and a delegation of soldiers even went to him and tried to proclaim him as the new Caliph. Only when al-Abbas refused them, whether out of weakness or out of a desire to avoid a civil war, and himself took the oath of allegiance to his uncle, did the soldiers acquiesce in al-Mu'tasim's succession. 1208: 1078: 826:

courtiers. One of the courtiers, Fadl ibn Rabi', did not abide by Harun's last wishes and convinced many in the lands of Islam that Harun's wishes had not changed. Later the other three courtiers of Harun who had sworn loyalty to Harun by supporting al-Maʾmūn, namely, 'Isa Jarudi, Abu Yunus, and Ibn Abi 'Umran, found loopholes in Fadl's arguments, and Fazl admitted Harun had appointed al-Maʾmūn after him, but, he argued, since Harun was not in his right mind, his decision should not be acted upon. Al-Maʾmūn was reportedly the older of the two brothers, but his mother was a

45: 137: 1718:, the founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, and reportedly punished such people; this later view of al-Suyuti however is questionable since it contradicts the fact that al-Ma’mun promoted scholars who openly defended Muawiyah, such as the Mu’tazilite scholar Hisham bin Amr al-Fuwati, who was a well-respected judge in the court of al-Ma’mun in Baghdad; in 212 AH/827 CE, al-Ma'mun announced the superiority of Ali ibn Abu Talib over Abu Bakr and Umar b. al-Khattab; in 833 CE, under the influence of 948: 1160: 1558:, led the funeral prayers. Another concubine was Mu'nisah, a Greek. She was one of his favourites. Another concubine was Tatrif, also known as Tazayyuf. She was an accomplished poet and a native of Basra. She was noted for beauty and elegance, and it was said that al-Ma'mun favoured her above all his other concubines. She was inconsolable at his death and mourned him in many poems. Another concubine was Badhal. She had been formerly a concubine of his cousin Ja'far bin 1562:, his brother al-Amin and Ali bin Hisham. She hailed from Medina and was raised in Basra. Described as charming with fair skin, she was praised for her musical talent, particularly her skill in playing instruments, and was known for her exceptional ability as a songwriter and singer. After al-Ma'mun's death, his brother al-Mu'tasim married her. Another concubine was Nu'n. She was a singer. Another concubine was Nasim. She was a poetess and was one of his favourites. 1279:

centralizing religious power in the caliphal institution and testing the loyalty of his subjects. The mihna had to be undergone by elites, scholars, judges and other government officials, and consisted of a series of questions relating to theology and faith. The central question was about the createdness of the Qur'an. If the interrogatee stated he believed the Qur'an to be created, rather than coeternal with God, he was free to leave and continue his profession.

1668: 1606: 1706:, the Prophet's descendant, refused designation as sole Caliph, al-Ma'mun officially designated him as his appointed successor. The official Abbasid coins were minted showing al-Ma'mun as a Caliph and al-Ridha as his successor. Other arguments were that: the Caliphate's official black colour was changed to the Prophetic green; in 210 AH/825 CE, he wrote to Qutham b. Ja'far, the ruler of Medina, to return 888:, which was the same name given to "volunteers for frontier duty and for the holy war against Byzantium". Sahl's and movement influence was such that military chiefs first "delayed capitulation to al-Ma'mun" and adopted Sahl's religious "formula" until they became alarmed at his power and combined to crush him in 817–18 CE. 909:

from all over the Muslim world traveled to meet the prophet's grandson and listen to his teachings and guidance (according to these sources). In an attempt to humiliate the Imam, al-Ma'mun set him up with the greatest scholars of the world's religions, but the Imam prevailed and then informed al-Ma'mun that his grand vizier,

1590:, was old enough to rule and had acquired experience of command in the border wars with the Byzantines, but had not been named heir. According to the account of al-Tabari, on his deathbed al-Ma'mun dictated a letter nominating his brother, rather than al-Abbas, as his successor, and Abu Ishaq was acclaimed as caliph on 9 1497:

Al-Tabari (v. 32, p. 231) describes al-Ma'mun as of average height, light complexion, handsome and having a long beard that lost its dark colour as he aged. He relates anecdotes concerning the caliph's ability to speak concisely and eloquently without preparation, his generosity, his respect for

825:

sitting in a chamber praying and crying, which made Harun remember how hard he had struggled to establish his own caliphate. He knew the personalities of both his sons and decided that for the good of the Abbasid dynasty, al-Maʾmūn should be caliph after his death, which he confided to a group of his

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element in the highest circles of the Abbasid state, with the Barmakid family as its most notable representatives, was certainly a factor in the appointment of al-Ma'mun, linked through his mother with the eastern Iranian provinces, as heir and governor of Khurasan. The stipulations of the agreement,

1278:

The 'mihna', is comparable to Medieval European inquisitions in the sense that it involved imprisonment, a religious test, and a loyalty oath. The people subject to the mihna were traditionalist scholars whose social influence was uncommonly high. Al-Ma'mun introduced the mihna with the intention of

908:

According to Shia sources, the deposing of al-Ma'um in Baghdad was not out of opposition to the wise and pious Imam Reza, but because of rumors spread by Fazl ibn Sahl. Al-Ma'mun moved Imam Reza to Merv in hopes of keeping watch over him, but was foiled by the Imam's growing popularity there. People

722:

Very quickly, the latent rivalry between the two brothers had important repercussions: almost immediately after the court returned to Baghdad in January 803, the Abbasid elites were shaken by the abrupt fall of the Barmakid family from power. On the one hand, this event may reflect the fact that the

1419:

by Harun, and after his ascension to power, the caliph named Tahir as governor for his military services in order to assure his loyalty. It was a move that al-Ma'mun soon regretted, as Tahir and his family became entrenched in Iranian politics and became increasingly powerful in the state, contrary

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Al-Ma'mun was a pioneer of cartography having commissioned a world map from a large group of astronomers and geographers. The map is presently in an encyclopedia in Topkapi Sarai, a Museum in Istanbul. The map shows large parts of the Eurasian and African continents with recognizable coastlines and

904:

and the eighth Shia Imam) as his heir as caliph. This move may have been made to appease Shi'ite opinion in Iraq and "reconcile the 'Alid and 'Abbasid branches of the Hashimite family", but in Baghdad it caused the Hashimites—supported by "military chiefs of al-Harbiyya, including Muttalib and 'Isa

1574:

Al-Tabari recounts how al-Ma'mun was sitting on the river bank telling those with him how splendid the water was. He asked what would go best with this water and was told a specific kind of fresh dates. Noticing supplies arriving, he asked someone to check whether such dates were included. As they

622:

Although Abdallah was the oldest of his sons, in 794 Harun named the second-born Muhammad, born in April 787 to Zubayda, as the first in line of succession. This was the result of family pressure on the Caliph, reflecting Muhammad's higher birth, as both parents descended from the Abbasid dynasty;

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Al-Ma'mun also attempted to divorce his wife during his reign, who had not borne him any children. His wife hired a Syrian judge of her own before al-Ma'mun was able to select one himself; the judge, who sympathized with the caliph's wife, refused the divorce. Following al-Ma'mun's experience, no

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woman while al-Amin's mother was a member of the reigning Abbasid family. After al-Rashid's death in 809, the relationship between the two brothers deteriorated. In response to al-Ma'mun's moves toward independence, al-Amin declared his own son Musa to be his heir. This violation of al-Rashid's

1550:, the Barmakid, stolen and sold as a child when the Barmakids fell from power. She was brought by al-Amin, who then sold her to his brother. She was a noted poet, singer, and musician. She died at Samarra in July–August 890, aged ninety-three. Another concubine was Bi'dah, known by her epithet 1745:, Ali al-Ridha's son and successor, lived unopposed and free during the rest of al-Ma'mūn’s reign (till 833 CE). The Caliph summoned al-Jawad to Baghdad in order to marry his daughter, Ummul Fadhl. This apparently provoked strenuous objections by the Abbasids. According to 1575:

were, he invited those with him to enjoy the water with these dates. All who did this fell ill. Others recovered, but al-Ma'mun died. He encouraged his successor to continue his policies and not burden the people with more than they could bear. This was on 9 August 833.

703:, accorded al-Mamun's Khurasani viceroyalty extensive autonomy. However, modern historians consider that these accounts may have been distorted by later apologists of al-Ma'mun in the latter's favour. Harun's third heir, al-Mu'tamin, received responsibility over the 2830: 935:

the unexpected death of both the vizier and the successor, "whose presence would have made any reconciliation with the powerful ʿAbbasid opposition in Baghdad virtually impossible, must indeed arouse strong suspicion that Ma'mun had had a hand in the deaths."

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According to Madelung the unexpected death of the Alid successor, "whose presence would have made any reconciliation with the powerful ʿAbbasid opposition in Baghdad virtually impossible, must indeed arouse strong suspicion that Ma'mun had had a hand in the

876:, or 'no obedience to the creature in disobedience of the Creator' (originally a Kharijite slogan), alluding to what he saw as "the conflict ... between God's will and Caliphal authority". "Most" of the leadership of this vigilante movement came from the 765:, many of whom were now dispatched to take up positions as provincial governors and bring these provinces under closer control from Baghdad. This led to unrest in the provinces, especially Khurasan, where local elites had a long-standing rivalry with the 1535:, the daughter of al-Ma'mun's vizier, al-Hasan ibn Sahl. She was born as Khadija on 6 December 807. Al-Ma'mun married her in 817, and consummated the marriage with her in December 825–January 826 in the town of Fam al-Silh. She died on 21 September 884. 679:

which brought the Abbasids to power, and retained a privileged position among the Caliphate's provinces. Furthermore, the Abbasid dynasty relied heavily on Khurasanis as military leaders and administrators. Many of the original Khurasani Arab army

963:(839–923 CE), al-Ma'mun entered Baghdad on 11 August 819. He wore green and had others do so. Informed that compliance with this command might arouse popular opposition to the colour, on 18 August he reverted to traditional Abbasid black. While 614:, becoming himself active as a transmitter. According to M. Rekaya, "he was distinguished by his love of knowledge, making him the most intellectual caliph of the Abbasid family, which accounts for the way in which his caliphate developed". 1565:

Al-Ma'mun had another son named Musa. He had three daughters. One was Umm Habib, who married Ali ibn Musa al-Rida. Another daughter was Umm al-Fadl, who married Muhammad ibn Ali bin Musa in 818. Another daughter Khadija was a poetess.

1139:

Theophilos wrote to al-Ma'mun. The Caliph replied that he carefully considered the Byzantine ruler's letter, noticed it blended suggestions of peace and trade with threats of war and offered Theophilos the options of accepting the

2514:. Bibliotheca Persica. Vol. 33: Storm and Stress along the Northern Frontiers of the ʿAbbasid Caliphate: The Caliphate of al-Muʿtaṣim A.D. 833–842/A.H. 218–227. State University of New York Press. p. 134. 1508:(al-'iqd al-Farid), probably drawing on earlier sources, makes a similar description of al-Ma'mun, whom he described as of light complexion and having slightly blond hair, a long thin beard, and a narrow forehead. 494:

was weakened by rebellions and the rise of local strongmen; much of his domestic reign was consumed in pacification campaigns. Well educated and with a considerable interest in scholarship, al-Ma'mun promoted the

1407:

became an important center of translation for Greek and other ancient texts into Arabic. This Islamic renaissance spurred the rediscovery of Hellenism and ensured the survival of these texts into the European

1737:, Ma'mun's uncle; therefore, getting rid of al-Ridha was the only realistic way of retaining united, absolute, unopposed rule. Al-Ma'mūn ordered that al-Ridha be buried next to the tomb of his own father, 1345:

major seas. It depicts the world as it was known to the captains of the Arab sailing dhows which used the monsoon wind cycles to trade over vast distances (by the 9th century, Arab sea traders had reached

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in 831. The next year, learning the Byzantines had killed some sixteen hundred people, al-Ma'mun returned. This time some thirty forts fell to the Caliphate's forces, with two Byzantine defeats in

2856: 1447:, his successor, if he should outlive al-Ma'mun. Most Shi'ites realized, however, that ar-Rida was too old to survive him and saw al-Ma'mun's gesture as empty; indeed, al-Ma'mun poisoned 1542:, who rose to become a senior military commander at the end of al-Ma'mun's reign and a contender for the throne. Her other sons were Harun, Ahmad, Isa and Isma'il. Another concubine was 916:

In Baghdad, al-Maʾmūn was unseated and replaced by Ibrahim ibn Mehdi not because al-Maʾmūn's naming Imam Reza as his heir was unpopular, but because of "rumors" spread by Fazl ibn Sahl.

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Dhahabī, Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ, vol. 11, p. 236; Ibn Kathīr, al-Bidāya wa l-nihāya, vol. 10, pp. 275–279; Ibn khaldūn. al-ʿIbar, vol. 2, p. 272; Suyūṭī, Tārīkh al-khulafāʾ, p. 363.

919:

Seeking to put down the rebellion in Baghdad, al-Ma'mun set out for the city on 12 April 818. At Tus, he stopped to visit his father's grave. However, when they reached the town of

931:, and showed extreme sorrow in the funeral ritual and stayed for three days at the place. Nonetheless, Shia tradition states he was killed on orders of al-Ma'mun, and according to 872:

led to the formation of neighborhood watches with religious inspiration, with two notable leaders being Khalid al-Daryush and Sahl ibn Salama al-Ansari. Sahl adopted the slogan,

1659:) learned calligraphy, recitation and literature from his uncle, Caliph al-Ma'mun. Later sources nickname him the "Little Ma'mun" on account of his erudition and moral character. 737:

of Iranian origin whose father had converted to Islam and entered Barmakid service, replaced Ja'far ibn Yahya as al-Ma'mun's tutor. In 806 he also became al-Ma'mun's secretary (

880:("men of good will of the neighborhoods and blocks") and from "popular preachers" (as both Khalid al-Daryush and Sahl ibn Salama al-Ansari were); its followers were called the 727:

and al-Ma'mun with the Barmakids, and the two camps becoming more estranged every day, if al-Amin was to have a chance to succeed, the power of the Barmakids had to be broken.

1268:

in his book "Lost History" describes al-Ma'mun as a man who 'Loves Learning.' al-Ma'mun once defeated a Byzantine Emperor in a battle and as a tribute, he asked for a copy of

1193:. As part of his peace treaty with the Byzantine Emperor, al-Ma'mun was to receive a number of Greek manuscripts annually, one of these being Ptolemy's astronomical work, the 3185:

John Nawas, A Reexamination of three current explanations for Al-Ma’mun's introduction of the Mihna, International Journal of Middle East Studies 26, (1994) pp. 615–629

5069: 3902: 1714:, previously banned by Umar ibn al-Khattab, but practiced under Muhammad and Abu Bakr; in 211 AH/826 CE, al-Ma'mun reportedly expressed his antipathy to those who praised 3267:

The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXIII: Storm and Stress Along the Northern Frontiers of the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate: The Caliphate of al-Muʿtasim, A.D. 833–842/A.H. 218–227

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thought and Greek rationalism, and stated that matters of belief and practice should be decided by reasoning. This opposed the traditionalist and literalist position of

831:

testament led to a succession struggle. Al-Amin assembled a massive army at Baghdad with 'Isa ibn Mahan at its head in 811 and invaded Khorasan, but al-Maʾmūn's general

723:

Barmakids had become indeed too powerful for the Caliph's liking, but its timing suggests that it was tied to the succession issue as well: with al-Amin siding with the

1113:. For the next 200 years they were to remain there to complete their conquest, which was never short of Christian counters. Al-Ma'mun meanwhile launched an invasion of 4934: 1349:, in China). The maps of the Greeks and Romans reveal a good knowledge of closed seas like the Mediterranean but little knowledge of the vast ocean expanses beyond. 835:(d. 822) destroyed the army and invaded Iraq, laying siege to Baghdad in 812. In 813 Baghdad fell, al-Amin was beheaded, and al-Maʾmūn became the undisputed Caliph. 5198: 1207: 5064: 708: 5193: 5116: 4944: 1403:. Al-Ma'mun's simultaneous opposition and patronage of intellectuals led to the emergence of important dialogues on both secular and religious affairs, and the 998:, sparked by complaints about taxes. After it was quashed, the tax assessment was set significantly higher. In 212 Hijri (827–828 CE), there was an uprising in 1360:, and had also claimed the ability to declare orthodoxy, religious scholars in the Islamic world believed that al-Ma'mun was overstepping his bounds in the 4863: 1726:

ordeal, where he accepted the argument that the Quran was created at some point over the orthodox Sunni belief that the Book is the uncreated word of God.

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who then died in 818. The incident served to further alienate the Shi'ites from the Abbasids, who had already been promised and denied the Caliphate by

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Tesdell, Lee S. (1999). "Greek Rhetoric and Philosophy in Medieval Arabic Culture: The State of the Research". In Poster, Carol; Utz, Richard (eds.).

2863: 648:. Abdallah was recognized as second heir only after entering puberty, in 799, under the name al-Ma'mun ("The Trusted One"), with another Barmakid, 4977: 761:

The years after the fall of the Barmakids saw an increasing centralization of the administration and the concomitant rise of the influence of the

4485: 4381: 3660: 2831:"Item #13113 Abbasid (Medieval Islam), al-Ma'mun (AH 194–218), Silver dirham, 204AH, Isfahan mint , with Ali ibn Musa al-Rida as heir, Album 224" 663:

These arrangements were confirmed and publicly proclaimed in 802, when Harun and the most powerful officials of the Abbasid government made the

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Al-Maʾmūn's religious beliefs are a subject of controversy, to the point where other Abbasids, as well as later Islamic scholars, called him a

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Al-Ma'mun's record as an administrator is also marked by his efforts toward the centralization of power and the certainty of succession. The

1391:—as a religion of legalism—became defined in parallel. Doctrinal differences between Sunni and Shi'a Islam began to become more pronounced. 1034:

By the time al-Ma'mun became Caliph, the Arabs and the Byzantine Empire had settled down into border skirmishing, with Arab raids deep into

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was fierce and not without success whilst the Arabs became quickly plagued by internal squabbles. That year, the Arabs were expelled from

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The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXII: The Reunification of the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate: The Caliphate of al-Maʾmūn, A.D. 813–33/A.H. 198–213

2967: 3362: 2306: 5126: 4095: 2989: 2316: 2248: 496: 4199: 3888: 3152:, Greek Thought, Arabic culture: the Graeco-Arabic translation movement in Baghdad and early Abbasid society Routledge, London, 1998 3030: 2289: 1962: 868:. He was defeated and he quickly abdicated asserting that he had only become caliph on news that al-Ma'mun had died. Lawlessness in 88: 66: 4035: 1232: 939:

Following the death of Imam Reza, a revolt took place in Khurasan. Al-Ma’mun tried unsuccessfully to absolve himself of the crime.

5188: 3294: 1531:), whom he married in 804, when he was eighteen years old. They had two sons, Muhammad al-Asghar, and Abdallah. Another wife was 861: 769:

and their tendency to control the province (and its revenues) from Iraq. The harsh taxation imposed by a prominent member of the

671:. Al-Amin would succeed Harun in Baghdad, but al-Ma'mun would remain al-Amin's heir and would additionally rule over an enlarged 3140: 3119:. Translated by Shawkat M. Toorawa. Introduction by Julia Bray, Foreword by Marina Warner. New York: New York University Press. 2215: 4291: 2403: 2186: 968: 1498:

Muhammad and religion, his sense of moderation, justice, his love of poetry and his insatiable passion for physical intimacy.

1306:. Moreover, the Mu'tazilis stated that the Qur'an was created rather than coeternal with God, a belief that was shared by the 1298:

and others, according to which everything a believer needed to know about faith and practice was spelled out literally in the

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The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XXXI: The War Between Brothers: The Caliphate of Muḥammad al-Amīn, A.D. 809–813/A.H. 193–198

2238: 1733:'s poisoning and eventual death in 818 CE. In the ensuing power struggle, other Abbasids sought to depose Ma'mun in favor of 1702:

explicitly held the belief that al-Ma'mun was a Shi'a. The arguments for his supposed Shi’ism include that, in 816/817, when

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of 218 A.H./833 A.D. Revisited: An Empirical Study, Journal of the American Oriental Society 116.4 (1996) pp. 698–708

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and as caliph after the death of al-Amin. In the last days of Harun's life his health was declining and saw in a dream

5111: 4025: 2445:. Harvard Middle Eastern monographs. Center for Middle Eastern Studies of Harvard University. pp. 127–128, 139. 1474:. Mountainous regions of Iran were brought under a tighter grip of the central Abbasid government, as were areas of 4882: 4301: 3619: 3237: 955:

of al-Ma'mun. AH 199–218 / AD 813–833. Dirham weight 25mm, 3.19 g, 3h. Medinat Isbahan mint dated AH 205 (820/1 AD)

744: 1050:, which fell in 824 AD. A Byzantine counter offensive in 826 AD failed miserably. Worse still was the invasion of 959:

The rebel forces in Baghdad splintered and wavered in opposition to al-Ma'mun. According to scholar and historian

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and said, "Surely I would like to be a grandfather in the line of the Apostle of God and of Ali ibn Abu Talib."

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should al-Ma'mun succeed to the throne. In 804, al-Ma'mun married his cousin, Umm Isa, a daughter of the Caliph

4667: 4663: 4541: 3476: 59: 53: 1586:), contains a tomb reported to be his. Al-Ma'mun had made no official provisions for his succession. His son, 526: 5203: 3046:

The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries

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indeed, he remained the only Abbasid caliph to claim such descent. Muhammad received the oath of allegiance (

3798: 3783: 3499: 3446: 2368: 1554:. She was also a singer, and had been a slave of Arib. She died on 10 July 915. Abu Bakr, the son of Caliph 1265: 1015: 589: 136: 4620: 4316: 3808: 2381: 657: 465: 438: 242: 70: 1046:, Michael had few troops to spare against a small Andalusian invasion of 40 ships and 10,000 men against 1023: 5173: 4625: 4615: 4030: 3758: 3705: 1038:

to capture booty and Christians to be enslaved. The situation changed however with the rise to power of

927:, the Imam was poisoned. Al-Ma'mūn ordered that the Imam be buried next to the tomb of his own father, 817:, father of al-Maʾmūn and al-Amin, ordered that al-Amin succeed him, and al-Ma'mun serve as governor of 774: 570: 4286: 1543: 1159: 1152:. Al-Ma'mun made preparations for a major campaign, but died on the way while leading an expedition in 276: 947: 3828: 3552: 1734: 1164: 1125: 1094: 675:. This was an appointment of particular significance, as Khurasan had been the starting point of the 5168: 5163: 4306: 3377: 3023:

Reinterpreting Islamic Historiography: Hārūn al-Rashı̄d and the Narrative of the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate

1583: 1547: 832: 788: 649: 3093: 991:). Abdallah returned to Baghdad in 211 Hijri (826–827 CE), bringing the defeated rebels with him. 5136: 4432: 4167: 3991: 3168:

The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century

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Al-Ma'mun had also numerous concubines. One of them, Sundus, bore him five sons, among whom was

781:, which eventually forced Harun himself, accompanied by al-Ma'mun and the powerful chamberlain ( 2386: 4447: 4407: 4374: 3948: 3911: 3853: 3843: 3813: 3450: 3381: 3340: 3324: 3298: 3271: 3247: 3203: 3172: 3120: 3070: 3049: 3041: 3026: 3007: 2985: 2977: 2963: 2939: 2675: 2650: 2625: 2515: 2446: 2349: 2312: 2285: 2244: 1958: 1742: 1667: 778: 641: 594: 566: 491: 306: 155: 3270:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 3069:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 2938:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 2345: 2334: 5041: 4751: 4637: 4556: 4505: 4209: 3833: 3773: 3722: 3680: 3332: 3320: 3108: 2174: 2108: 2051: 1994: 1617: 1610: 1416: 1326: 1295: 1236: 1186: 1019: 988: 932: 818: 730: 516: 1420:

to al-Ma'mun's desire to centralize and strengthen Caliphal power. The rising power of the

5131: 4427: 4417: 4412: 4204: 4150: 4137: 4063: 4008: 3803: 3788: 3778: 3748: 3541: 3408: 3162: 3155: 3144: 2999: 2953: 1741:, and showed extreme sorrow in the funeral ritual and stayed for three days at the place. 1738: 1729:

However, Shi’ites condemn al-Ma'mun as well due to the belief that he was responsible for

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Al-Ma'mun's relations with the Byzantines are marked by his efforts in the translation of

1043: 928: 814: 695: 546: 500: 456: 429: 423: 390: 380: 364: 227: 118: 4632: 3715: 3092:. Institut für Orientalistik, Martin-Luther-Universität. pp. 111–119. Archived from 2149: 1711: 569:. Marajil died soon after his birth, and Abdallah was raised by Harun al-Rashid's wife, 5021: 4985: 4868: 4791: 4771: 4704: 4437: 4321: 4240: 4230: 4194: 4177: 4145: 4100: 3818: 3710: 3650: 3603: 3598: 3583: 3563: 3460: 3261: 3232: 3224: 2929: 2341: 1635: 1605: 1501: 1387:

and the major Islamic law schools became truly defined in the period of al-Ma'mun, and

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emerged as a real force in Islamic politics during al-Ma'mun's reign for opposing the

791:, to travel to the province in 808. Al-Ma'mun was sent ahead with part of the army to 5157: 5031: 5016: 4924: 4853: 4838: 4781: 4761: 4729: 4551: 4500: 4463: 4422: 4182: 4162: 3675: 3588: 3573: 3149: 3138: 2128: 2071: 2014: 1715: 1624: 1579: 1377: 1129: 910: 716: 704: 690: 223: 3336: 2399: 2178: 1424:

became a threat as al-Ma'mun's own policies alienated them and his other opponents.

1290:

theology and other controversial views. Mu'tazili theology was deeply influenced by

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When Baghdad Ruled the Muslim World: The Rise and Fall of Islam's Greatest Dynasty

1719: 1287: 585: 410: 3286: 3265: 3197: 3166: 3064: 2957: 2933: 2779: 2209: 5074: 4442: 4281: 4261: 4235: 4172: 3953: 3768: 3763: 3645: 3640: 3613: 3578: 3430: 3311:

Peter Tompkins, "Secrets of the Great Pyramid", chapter 2, Harper and Row, 1971.

2857:"Disputations on 'the Necessity of Imamate' in the Mu'tazilite Political Theory" 2674:. Focus on Global Gender and Sexuality. Taylor & Francis. pp. 109–110. 1703: 1695: 1467: 1448: 1444: 1409: 1224: 897: 685: 449: 17: 2624:. Library of Middle East History. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 134, 206, 245. 1333:, who was patronized by al-Ma'mun. Although he was unsuccessful in transmuting 5036: 5009: 4798: 4605: 4595: 4531: 4510: 4490: 4364: 4276: 4245: 4187: 3996: 3960: 3753: 3695: 3685: 3665: 3635: 3608: 3593: 2112: 2055: 1998: 1746: 1691: 1687: 1555: 1436: 1392: 1311: 1174: 1133: 1090: 1039: 987:, where al-Tabari records their descendants were still living in his day (see 980: 976: 141: 3344: 852:

during the first several years of al-Maʾmūn's reign, while the caliph was in

688:

and the new Abbasid capital, Baghdad, and became an elite group known as the

482:, who reigned from 813 until his death in 833. He succeeded his half-brother 5004: 4786: 4766: 4756: 4709: 4546: 4157: 4068: 4015: 4003: 3568: 3526: 3521: 3158:, The Early Abbasid Caliphate, a political History, Croom Helm, London, 1981 1699: 1675: 1655: 1475: 1452: 1346: 1291: 1118: 960: 924: 796: 700: 574: 565:

died and was succeeded by Ma'mun's father, Harun al-Rashid, as ruler of the

2889:

The Shi'ite Religion: A History of Islam in Persia and Irak. Burleigh Press

2400:"World: Historian Reveals Incredible Contributions of Muslim Cartographers" 1299: 1212: 1189:

to collect the most famous manuscripts there, and had them translated into

967:

became peaceful, there were disturbances elsewhere. In AH 210 (825–826 CE)

905:

ibn Muhammad"—to depose al-Ma'mun and elect Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi Caliph.

625: 1275:'s Hellenistic compendium of thoughts on astronomy written around AD 150. 4999: 4903: 4724: 4699: 4610: 4369: 4266: 4214: 4053: 3700: 3655: 3625: 3531: 1710:

to the descendants of Muhammad through his daughter, Fatima; he restored

1353: 1307: 1195: 1114: 1035: 672: 638: 634: 557:. On the same night, which later became known as the "night of the three 3004:

The Political and Social History of Khurasan under Abbasid Rule, 747–820

1957:(2nd ed.). London and New York: Pearson Longman. pp. 148–150. 1018:

subdued it. An ongoing problem for al-Ma'mun was the uprising headed by

4929: 4858: 4526: 4359: 4271: 4080: 4058: 3630: 3546: 3536: 3511: 3439: 2550: 2548: 1559: 1521: 1421: 1396: 1388: 1322: 1272: 1239:

on the Moon is named in recognition of his contributions to astronomy.

1182: 1178: 1141: 1110: 964: 920: 869: 748: 645: 630: 562: 554: 550: 542: 483: 476: 400: 375: 206: 173: 3086:"The Revolts of the Bashmuric Copts in the Eighth and Ninth Centuries" 2120: 2096: 2063: 2039: 2006: 1982: 884:, (the common people). The volunteers of the movement were known as 5059: 4908: 4877: 4311: 3734: 3507: 3135:

Samarcande et Samarra. Elites d'Asie centrale dans l'empire Abbasside

1627:

that lies in the rugged highlands in the south-central region of the

1357: 1303: 1190: 1106: 1071: 1067: 1051: 952: 923:, his vizier, Fazl ibn Sahl, was assassinated, and when they reached 743:), an appointment that marked him out as the chief candidate for the 610: 605: 598:, and he received instruction in music and poetry. He was trained in 558: 479: 231: 151: 4989: 4898: 4872: 4848: 4843: 4803: 4746: 4734: 4719: 4714: 4337: 4104: 3873:

indicates ephemeral caliphs recognized in the city of Baghdad only

3738: 3468: 3189: 1723: 1707: 1639: 1595: 1482: 1471: 1463: 1459: 1356:

had proclaimed that the caliph was the protector of Islam against

1315: 1258: 1252: 1206: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1121: 1102: 1076: 1059: 1055: 1047: 1011: 1007: 999: 984: 972: 865: 783: 739: 668: 521: 413: 3090:

Die koptische Kirche in den ersten drei islamischen Jahrhunderten

1085:

in 829 to Ma'mun (depicted left) from Theophilos (depicted right)

573:, herself of high Abbasid lineage as the granddaughter of Caliph 4994: 3199:

Al-Maʼmūn, the Inquisition, and the Quest for Caliphal Authority

1683: 1671: 1628: 1458:

The Abbasid empire grew somewhat during the reign of al-Ma'mun.

1440: 1372:

became firmer and more united in their opposition. Although the

1334: 1098: 853: 849: 792: 734: 664: 600: 5095: 4965: 4820: 4688: 3926: 3884: 3472: 694:("sons of the state/dynasty"). This large-scale presence of an 2672:

The Poetry of Arab Women from the Pre-Islamic Age to Andalusia

2649:. Library of Arabic Literature. NYU Press. pp. 233, 459. 2622:

The Slave Girls of Baghdad: The Qiyan in the Early Abbasid Era

1022:. In 214 Babak routed a Caliphate army, killing its commander 995: 901: 656:, named al-Mu'tamin, was appointed, under the guardianship of 584:). As a young prince, Abdallah received a thorough education: 38: 758:). The couple had two sons, Muhammad al-Asghar and Abdallah. 604:

by al-Hasan al-Lu'lu'i, showing particular excellence in the

30:

This article is about an Abbasid caliph. For other uses, see

3111:

The Empire of the Arabs, Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1963.

2535: 2533: 2531: 2481: 2479: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2282:

Discourses of Power: Grammar and Rhetoric in the Middle Ages

1432:

were to marry, preferring to find their heirs in the harem.

1185:, whom he treated magnificently. He sent an emissary to the 1006:, who had captured one Yemeni rebel, was killed by another. 3048:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 269–304. 2912:

The Shi'ite Religion: A History of Islam in Persia and Iraḳ

2284:. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. pp. 51–58. 2097:"Separation of state and religion in early Islamic society" 2040:"Separation of state and religion in early Islamic society" 1983:"Separation of state and religion in early Islamic society" 3040:

El-Hibri, Tayeb (2010). "The empire in Iraq, 763–861". In

2240:

Religious Authority and Political Thought in Twelver Islam

1262:, which was initiated in 833, four months before he died. 994:

Also, in 210 Hijri (825–826 CE), there was an uprising in

3021:

El-Hibri, Tayeb (1999). "Al-Maʾmūn: the heretic Caliph".

1912: 1910: 1908: 684:) that came west with the Abbasids were given estates in 3171:(2nd ed.). Abingdon, Oxon and New York: Routledge. 3006:. Minneapolis & Chicago: Bibliotheca Islamica, Inc. 1823: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1215:

to the Abbasid caliph, al-Ma'mun in 813. (from the book

448:; 14 September 786 – 9 August 833), better known by his 3117:

Consorts of the Caliphs: Women and the Court of Baghdad

1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1318:

opinion that the Qur'an and the Divine were coeternal.

1399:

legal school, became famous for his opposition to the

3370:"Maʾmūn: Abū al-ʿAbbās ʿAbdallāh ibn Hārūn al-Rashīd" 2795: 2793: 2090: 2088: 1674:(Copper Coin) of al-Ma'mun. Dated AH 217 (AD 832/3). 2179:"Alī Al-Reżā, the eighth Imam of the Imāmī Shiʿites" 1314:, among others, but contradicted the traditionalist- 1227:, two astronomical operations intended to achieve a 470: 443: 5052: 4976: 4917: 4891: 4831: 4652: 4588: 4574: 4519: 4478: 4460: 4390: 4352: 4334: 4254: 4223: 4136: 4119: 4046: 3984: 3969: 3937: 3733: 3506: 3291:

TDV Encyclopedia of Islam, Vol. 42 (Tütün – Vehran)

2033: 2031: 1976: 1974: 1181:. Al-Ma'mun gathered scholars of many religions at 1097:. Theophilos experienced mixed success against his 652:, as his guardian. At the same time, a third heir, 406: 396: 386: 374: 357: 305: 249: 237: 213: 193: 189: 179: 169: 161: 149: 103: 3218: 2333: 2150:"Why was Imam al-Reza (A.S.) Invited to Khurasan?" 1376:persisted through the reigns of two more caliphs, 1337:, his methods greatly led to the patronization of 511:. He is also known for supporting the doctrine of 2811:Naqawī, "Taʾthīr-i qīyāmhā-yi ʿalawīyān", p. 141. 1546:. Born in 797, she claimed to be the daughter of 1470:was absorbed with the surrender of the leader of 618:Appointment as successor and Governor of Khurasan 545:on the night of the 13 to 14 September 786 CE to 3363:Al-Mamum: Building an Environment for Innovation 3297:, Centre for Islamic Studies. pp. 548–549. 2984:. Makers of the Muslim world. Oxford: Oneworld. 2842: 2840: 1368:became increasingly difficult to enforce as the 1325:greatly developed. Pioneers of the science were 3025:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 95–142. 1749:, al-Ma'mun gave al-Jawad one hundred thousand 913:, had withheld important information from him. 699:which were recorded in detail by the historian 1642:, his successors had laqab with suffixes like 983:and quelling unrest. The Andalusians moved to 3896: 3484: 8: 3374:The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers 2510:al-Ṭabarī, A.J.M.J.; Bosworth, C.E. (1991). 2436: 2434: 2432: 2101:International Journal of Middle East Studies 2044:International Journal of Middle East Studies 1987:International Journal of Middle East Studies 1286:was exacerbated by al-Ma'mun's sympathy for 541:Abdallah, the future al-Ma'mun, was born in 445:Abū al-ʿAbbās ʿAbd Allāh ibn Hārūn ar-Rashīd 2962:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Da Capo Press. 2602: 2590: 2578: 2566: 2554: 2539: 2485: 2470: 2270:The History of al-Ṭabarī, v. 32, p. 95 1163:Abbasid Caliph al-Ma'mun sends an envoy to 5092: 4973: 4962: 4828: 4817: 4685: 4585: 4475: 4349: 4133: 3981: 3934: 3923: 3903: 3889: 3881: 3491: 3477: 3469: 3399: 3238:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 2615: 2613: 2611: 874:la ta'a lil- makhluq fi ma'siyat al-khaliq 100: 5184:Abbasid people of the Arab–Byzantine wars 3246:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 331–339. 2441:al-Zubayr, A.R.I.; Qaddūmī, G.Ḥ. (1996). 2382:E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam 1955:The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates 1435:Al-Ma'mun, in an attempt to win over the 1124:; he spared the surrendering Byzantines. 1042:in 820 AD. Forced to deal with the rebel 89:Learn how and when to remove this message 3372:. In Thomas Hockey; et al. (eds.). 2766: 2742: 2730: 2706: 2694: 1916: 1875: 1863: 1839: 1666: 1604: 1481:In 832, al-Ma'mun led a large army into 1250:, was established during his reign. The 1158: 946: 52:This article includes a list of general 2754: 2718: 1940: 1928: 1899: 1887: 1851: 1767: 862:Muhammad ibn Ja'far al-Sadiq (al-Dibaj) 259: 5199:One Thousand and One Nights characters 2497: 2398:Rechnagel, Charles (15 October 2004). 2243:. New York: Routledge. pp. 276+. 2211:The life of Imām 'Ali Bin Mūsā al-Ridā 2189:from the original on 21 September 2012 1827: 1781:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 1722:rationalist thought, he initiated the 1439:Muslims to his camp, named the eighth 1223:Al-Ma'mun conducted, in the plains of 501:flowering of learning and the sciences 363:Abū al-ʿAbbās Abd Allāh al-Maʾmūn ibn 354: 144:of al-Ma'mun, minted in Egypt in 830/1 2786:. USGS Astrogeology Research Program. 2423: 1686:Muslim. For instance, Sunni scholars 1415:Al-Ma'mun had been named governor of 1014:was rebellious. In 216 (831–832 CE), 896:In A.H. 201 (817 AD) al-Ma'mun named 864:claimed the Caliphate for himself in 519:, the rise of religious persecution ( 7: 5194:Khurasan under the Abbasid Caliphate 3202:. Atlanta, Georgia: Lockwood Press. 2336:A concise history of the Middle East 900:(the sixth-generation descendant of 2846:Suyūṭī, Tārīkh al-khulafāʾ, p. 364. 2799: 2784:Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature 2308:Encyclopedia of Space and Astronomy 2218:from the original on 5 January 2011 1109:and, after a year-long siege, took 490:, during which the cohesion of the 460: 434:أبو العباس عبد الله بن هارون الرشيد 433: 5127:Graeco-Arabic translation movement 4096:Graeco-Arabic translation movement 2214:. Translated by Jāsim al-Rasheed. 1093:died and was succeeded by his son 503:in Baghdad, and the publishing of 58:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 799:, where he died on 24 March 809. 588:tutored him in classical Arabic, 4026:Revolt of Muhammad the Pure Soul 3323:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; 135: 43: 3337:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_24639 3063:Fishbein, Michael, ed. (1992). 2404:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 1526: 969:Abdullah ibn Tahir al-Khurasani 753: 579: 165:27 September 813 – 7 August 833 27:7th Abbasid caliph (r. 813–833) 3331:(3rd ed.). Brill Online. 1117:in 830 AD, taking a number of 633:("The Trustworthy"), first in 1: 4832:Palace and central government 3196:Nawas, John Abdallah (2015). 2910:Donaldson, Dwight M. (1933). 2887:Donaldson, Dwight M. (1933). 2769:, pp. 1–2 (esp. note 2). 1631:, was named after al-Ma'mun. 777:, even led to a revolt under 525:), and for the resumption of 4292:Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat 4036:Abbasid–Carolingian alliance 2332:Goldschmidt, Arthur (2002). 1775:Rekaya, M. (24 April 2012). 422:Abū al-ʿAbbās Abd Allāh ibn 269:Buran bint al-Hasan ibn Sahl 5179:9th-century Abbasid caliphs 1582:. The city's major mosque ( 1516:Al-Ma'mun's first wife was 1485:to put down the last great 1466:were put down, and most of 1233:al-Ma'mun's arc measurement 848:There were disturbances in 509:book now known as "Algebra" 471: 444: 5225: 3295:Turkiye Diyanet Foundation 2443:Book of Gifts and Rarities 2208:al-Qarashi, Bāqir Sharif. 1653:His nephew, Harun (future 1520:, a daughter of his uncle 806: 32:Al-Ma'mun (disambiguation) 29: 5102: 5091: 4972: 4961: 4827: 4816: 4695: 4684: 4297:Ali ibn Isa ibn al-Jarrah 3933: 3922: 3871: 3457: 3444: 3436: 3429: 3402: 2914:. AMS Press. pp. 190–197. 2557:, pp. 19, 149 n. 31. 2113:10.1017/S0020743800025344 2056:10.1017/S0020743800025344 1999:10.1017/S0020743800025344 1282:The controversy over the 1202: 1128:, for his part, captured 1101:opponents. In 830 AD the 1081:The Byzantine embassy of 1074:but they were to return. 1010:continued to be unquiet. 844:Sahl ibn Salama al-Ansari 515:and for imprisoning Imam 362: 353: 264:Umm Isa bint Musa al-Hadi 226:, Abbasid Caliphate, now 134: 124:Commander of the Faithful 110: 4892:Financial administration 4664:Abbasid caliphs of Cairo 3317:"al-ʿAbbās b. al-Maʾmūn" 3315:Turner, John P. (2013). 3293:(in Turkish). Istanbul: 2733:, pp. 222–223, 225. 2512:The History of al-Ṭabarī 2311:. Infobase. p. 78. 2095:Lapidus, Ira M. (1975). 2038:Lapidus, Ira M. (1975). 1981:Lapidus, Ira M. (1975). 1598:of al-Mu'tasim (in full 1493:Personal characteristics 943:After arrival in Baghdad 795:, while Harun stayed at 5189:Sons of Harun al-Rashid 4822:Government and military 3620:Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz 2647:The Book of Monasteries 2645:Kilpatrick, H. (2023). 2369:Michael Hamilton Morgan 2305:Angelo, Joseph (2009). 1634:Al-Ma'mun was the last 1364:. The penalties of the 1266:Michael Hamilton Morgan 975:for al-Ma'mun, freeing 860:). On 13 November 815, 73:more precise citations. 4317:Abu Abdallah al-Baridi 3368:Berggren, Len (2007). 3329:Encyclopaedia of Islam 3143:16 August 2019 at the 3084:Gabra, Gawdat (2003). 2620:Caswell, F.M. (2011). 2237:Mavani, Hamid (2013). 1953:Kennedy, Hugh (1986). 1679: 1614: 1613:named after the caliph 1220: 1167: 1086: 1002:. In 214 (829–30 CE), 956: 658:Abd al-Malik ibn Salih 590:Abu Muhammad al-Yazidi 243:Grand Mosque of Tarsus 5209:Great Pyramid of Giza 4626:Mustansiriya Madrasah 4031:Round city of Baghdad 3088:. In W. Beltz (ed.). 2670:Elmeligi, W. (2019). 2371:"Lost History", p. 57 2340:. Boulder, Colorado: 1670: 1608: 1395:, the founder of the 1380:abandoned it in 851. 1210: 1162: 1080: 950: 787:) and chief minister 775:Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan 637:by his guardian, the 5122:Science and learning 4021:Conquest of Ifriqiya 3553:Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi 3133:E. de la Vaissière, 3115:Ibn al-Sāʿī (2017). 1735:Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi 1578:Al-Ma'mun died near 497:Translation Movement 401:Umm Abdallah Marajil 5097:Culture and society 4200:Kharijite Rebellion 3455:813 – 9 August 833 3285:Kan, Kadir (2012). 3217:Rekaya, M. (1991). 2757:, pp. 213–215. 2709:, pp. 224–231. 1943:, pp. 144–145. 1902:, pp. 142–143. 1878:, pp. 282–283. 1854:, pp. 133–135. 1638:who had a one-word 1600:al-Muʿtaṣim bi’llāh 1584:Tarsus Grand Mosque 1083:John the Grammarian 1030:Wars with Byzantium 1024:Muhammad ibn Humayd 833:Tahir ibn al-Husayn 789:al-Fadl ibn al-Rabi 629:) with the name of 608:school, and in the 537:Birth and education 527:large-scale warfare 475:), was the seventh 209:, Abbasid Caliphate 5137:Islamic philosophy 4433:Musharrif al-Dawla 4302:Qarmatian invasion 4287:Mu'nis al-Muzaffar 4168:Anarchy at Samarra 4124:the Abbasid empire 3992:Abbasid Revolution 3431:Sunni Islam titles 3319:. In Fleet, Kate; 3042:Robinson, Chase F. 2978:Cooperson, Michael 1680: 1615: 1321:During his reign, 1229:degree measurement 1221: 1211:The populace pays 1168: 1087: 1016:Ghassan ibn 'Abbad 957: 858:Mary, Turkmenistan 856:(near present-day 677:Abbasid Revolution 549:and his concubine 5151: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5087: 5086: 5083: 5082: 4957: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4812: 4811: 4680: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4648: 4647: 4580:(1157–1258) 4570: 4569: 4470:(1055–1157) 4456: 4455: 4448:al-Malik al-Rahim 4375:Baghdad Manifesto 4330: 4329: 4115: 4114: 3949:Umayyad Caliphate 3912:Abbasid Caliphate 3878: 3877: 3854:al-Mutawakkil III 3844:al-Mutawakkil III 3467: 3466: 3458:Succeeded by 3451:Abbasid Caliphate 3387:978-0-387-31022-0 3304:978-975-389-737-2 3277:978-0-7914-0493-5 3253:978-90-04-08112-3 3209:978-1-937040-55-0 3178:978-0-367-36690-2 3126:978-1-4798-0477-1 3076:978-0-7914-1085-1 3055:978-0-521-83823-8 3013:978-0-88297-025-7 2945:978-0-88706-058-8 2681:978-0-429-83632-9 2656:978-1-4798-2572-1 2631:978-1-84885-577-9 2521:978-0-7914-0493-5 2452:978-0-932885-13-5 2355:978-0-8133-3885-9 2183:Iranicaonline.org 2177:(1 August 2011). 2154:Imam Reza Network 1743:Muhammad al-Jawad 1663:Religious beliefs 1594:August, with the 1487:Bashmurite revolt 1203:al-Ma'mun's reign 803:Abbasid civil war 779:Rafi ibn al-Layth 713:Upper Mesopotamia 642:al-Fadl ibn Yahya 567:Abbasid Caliphate 492:Abbasid Caliphate 469: 442: 419: 418: 370: 369: 156:Abbasid Caliphate 99: 98: 91: 16:(Redirected from 5216: 5093: 5070:Jews and Judaism 4974: 4967:Religion and law 4963: 4829: 4818: 4686: 4668:Mamluk Sultanate 4586: 4581: 4476: 4471: 4350: 4345: 4344:(946–1055) 4134: 4129: 4122:Fragmentation of 4074:Sack of Heraclea 3982: 3977: 3935: 3924: 3917: 3905: 3898: 3891: 3882: 3861:Ottoman conquest 3834:al-Mutawakkil II 3493: 3486: 3479: 3470: 3437:Preceded by 3425: 3418: 3400: 3391: 3361: 3348: 3308: 3281: 3257: 3222: 3213: 3188:John Nawas, The 3182: 3137:, Peeters, 2007 3130: 3109:John Bagot Glubb 3105: 3103: 3101: 3096:on 22 March 2020 3080: 3059: 3036: 3017: 3000:Daniel, Elton L. 2995: 2973: 2949: 2915: 2908: 2902: 2898: 2892: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2868: 2862:. Archived from 2861: 2853: 2847: 2844: 2835: 2834: 2827: 2821: 2818: 2812: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2788: 2787: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2617: 2606: 2603:Ibn al-Sāʿī 2017 2600: 2594: 2591:Ibn al-Sāʿī 2017 2588: 2582: 2579:Ibn al-Sāʿī 2017 2576: 2570: 2567:Ibn al-Sāʿī 2017 2564: 2558: 2555:Ibn al-Sāʿī 2017 2552: 2543: 2540:Ibn al-Sāʿī 2017 2537: 2526: 2525: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2489: 2486:Ibn al-Sāʿī 2017 2483: 2474: 2471:Ibn al-Sāʿī 2017 2468: 2457: 2456: 2438: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2395: 2389: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2359: 2339: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2277: 2271: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2171: 2165: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2146: 2140: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2092: 2083: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2035: 2026: 2025: 2023: 2021: 1978: 1969: 1968: 1950: 1944: 1938: 1932: 1926: 1920: 1914: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1867: 1861: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1792: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1772: 1611:Almanon (crater) 1593: 1570:Death and legacy 1548:Ja'far ibn Yahya 1530: 1528: 1329:and his student 1327:Jabir Ibn Hayyan 1296:Ahmad ibn Hanbal 1187:Byzantine Empire 1020:Babak Khorramdin 989:Emirate of Crete 933:Wilferd Madelung 757: 755: 731:Al-Fadl ibn Sahl 709:Byzantine Empire 650:Ja'far ibn Yahya 583: 581: 531:Byzantine Empire 517:Ahmad ibn Hanbal 474: 464: 462: 447: 437: 435: 355: 220: 204:14 September 786 203: 201: 139: 101: 94: 87: 83: 80: 74: 69:this article by 60:inline citations 47: 46: 39: 21: 18:Abdalla Al Mamun 5224: 5223: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5143: 5132:House of Wisdom 5098: 5079: 5048: 4968: 4949: 4913: 4887: 4823: 4808: 4691: 4672: 4657: 4644: 4638:Sack of Baghdad 4582: 4579: 4566: 4515: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4452: 4428:Sultan al-Dawla 4418:Sharaf al-Dawla 4413:Samsam al-Dawla 4398:Mu'izz al-Dawla 4386: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4326: 4250: 4224:Abbasid revival 4219: 4151:Sack of Amorium 4130: 4128:(833–946) 4127: 4126: 4123: 4111: 4064:Harun al-Rashid 4042: 4009:Battle of Talas 3978: 3976:(750–833) 3975: 3974: 3965: 3942: 3929: 3918: 3915: 3909: 3879: 3874: 3867: 3804:al-Mutawakkil I 3789:al-Mutawakkil I 3779:al-Mutawakkil I 3749:al-Mustansir II 3741: 3729: 3723:Mongol conquest 3542:Harun al-Rashid 3514: 3502: 3500:Abbasid Caliphs 3497: 3463: 3454: 3442: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3409:Abbasid dynasty 3405: 3388: 3380:. p. 733. 3367: 3359: 3356: 3351: 3325:Rowson, Everett 3314: 3305: 3284: 3278: 3262:Bosworth, C. E. 3260: 3254: 3225:Bosworth, C. E. 3216: 3210: 3195: 3179: 3161: 3156:Hugh N. Kennedy 3145:Wayback Machine 3127: 3114: 3099: 3097: 3083: 3077: 3062: 3056: 3039: 3033: 3020: 3014: 2998: 2992: 2976: 2970: 2969:978-0-306814808 2952: 2946: 2930:Bosworth, C. E. 2928: 2924: 2919: 2918: 2909: 2905: 2899: 2895: 2886: 2882: 2872: 2870: 2866: 2859: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2838: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2810: 2806: 2798: 2791: 2780:"Al-Ma'mun" 2778: 2777: 2773: 2765: 2761: 2753: 2749: 2741: 2737: 2729: 2725: 2717: 2713: 2705: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2682: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2657: 2644: 2643: 2639: 2632: 2619: 2618: 2609: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2585: 2577: 2573: 2565: 2561: 2553: 2546: 2538: 2529: 2522: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2496: 2492: 2484: 2477: 2469: 2460: 2453: 2440: 2439: 2430: 2422: 2418: 2408: 2406: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2387:Vol. 4, p. 1011 2379: 2375: 2367: 2363: 2356: 2331: 2330: 2326: 2319: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2292: 2279: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2221: 2219: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2192: 2190: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2158: 2156: 2148: 2147: 2143: 2133: 2131: 2094: 2093: 2086: 2076: 2074: 2037: 2036: 2029: 2019: 2017: 1980: 1979: 1972: 1965: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1939: 1935: 1927: 1923: 1915: 1906: 1898: 1894: 1886: 1882: 1874: 1870: 1862: 1858: 1850: 1846: 1838: 1834: 1826: 1795: 1785: 1783: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1739:Harun al-Rashid 1665: 1591: 1572: 1525: 1514: 1506:Unique Necklace 1495: 1430:Abbasid caliphs 1248:House of Wisdom 1205: 1044:Thomas the Slav 1032: 945: 929:Harun al-Rashid 894: 846: 841: 839:Internal strife 815:Harun al-Rashid 811: 805: 752: 620: 578: 547:Harun al-Rashid 539: 391:Harun al-Rashid 349: 301: 258: 257: 245: 228:Mersin Province 222: 218: 205: 199: 197: 145: 128: 105: 95: 84: 78: 75: 65:Please help to 64: 48: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5222: 5220: 5212: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5156: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5141: 5140: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5096: 5089: 5088: 5085: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5078: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5019: 5014: 5013: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4992: 4982: 4980: 4970: 4969: 4966: 4959: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4921: 4919: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4869:Robe of honour 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4835: 4833: 4825: 4824: 4821: 4814: 4813: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4792:Jund Qinnasrin 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4772:Jund al-Urdunn 4769: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4689: 4682: 4681: 4678: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4660: 4658: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4642: 4641: 4640: 4630: 4629: 4628: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4592: 4590: 4583: 4575: 4572: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4523: 4521: 4520:Seljuk sultans 4517: 4516: 4514: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4482: 4480: 4473: 4461: 4458: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4438:Jalal al-Dawla 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4408:'Adud al-Dawla 4405: 4400: 4394: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4379: 4378: 4377: 4367: 4362: 4356: 4354: 4347: 4335: 4332: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4324: 4322:Nasir al-Dawla 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4227: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4195:Zanj Rebellion 4192: 4191: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4154: 4153: 4142: 4140: 4138:Samarra period 4131: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4113: 4112: 4110: 4109: 4108: 4107: 4098: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4077: 4076: 4071: 4061: 4056: 4050: 4048: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4040: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4013: 4012: 4011: 4001: 4000: 3999: 3988: 3986: 3979: 3970: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3963: 3958: 3957: 3956: 3945: 3943: 3938: 3931: 3930: 3927: 3920: 3919: 3910: 3908: 3907: 3900: 3893: 3885: 3876: 3875: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3865: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3819:al-Mustakfi II 3816: 3814:al-Mu'tadid II 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3745: 3743: 3731: 3730: 3728: 3727: 3718: 3713: 3711:al-Mustansir I 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3616: 3611: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3518: 3516: 3504: 3503: 3498: 3496: 3495: 3488: 3481: 3473: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3456: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3406: 3403: 3398: 3397: 3386: 3365: 3355: 3354:External links 3352: 3350: 3349: 3321:Krämer, Gudrun 3312: 3309: 3303: 3287:"Vâsiḳ-Billâh" 3282: 3276: 3264:, ed. (1991). 3258: 3252: 3229:van Donzel, E. 3214: 3208: 3193: 3186: 3183: 3177: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3131: 3125: 3112: 3106: 3081: 3075: 3060: 3054: 3037: 3031: 3018: 3012: 2996: 2991:978-1851683864 2990: 2974: 2968: 2950: 2944: 2932:, ed. (1987). 2925: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2903: 2893: 2891:. pp. 161–170. 2880: 2869:on 2 June 2021 2848: 2836: 2822: 2813: 2804: 2802:, p. 548. 2789: 2771: 2759: 2747: 2735: 2723: 2721:, p. 213. 2711: 2699: 2687: 2680: 2662: 2655: 2637: 2630: 2607: 2605:, p. 169. 2595: 2583: 2571: 2559: 2544: 2527: 2520: 2502: 2490: 2475: 2458: 2451: 2428: 2426:, p. 112. 2416: 2390: 2373: 2361: 2354: 2342:Westview Press 2324: 2318:978-1438110189 2317: 2297: 2290: 2272: 2263: 2250:978-1135044732 2249: 2229: 2200: 2166: 2141: 2084: 2027: 1970: 1963: 1945: 1933: 1931:, p. 144. 1921: 1919:, p. 283. 1904: 1892: 1890:, p. 142. 1880: 1868: 1866:, p. 282. 1856: 1844: 1842:, p. 274. 1832: 1830:, p. 331. 1793: 1766: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1664: 1661: 1636:Abbasid caliph 1571: 1568: 1529: 785–786 1513: 1510: 1502:Ibn Abd Rabbih 1494: 1491: 1462:rebellions in 1422:Tahirid family 1339:pharmaceutical 1235:). The crater 1204: 1201: 1066:resistance in 1031: 1028: 944: 941: 893: 890: 845: 842: 840: 837: 823:Musa ibn Jafar 807:Main article: 804: 801: 756: 785–786 705:frontier areas 691:abnāʾ al-dawla 644:, and then in 619: 616: 582: 754–775 538: 535: 417: 416: 408: 404: 403: 398: 394: 393: 388: 384: 383: 378: 372: 371: 368: 367: 360: 359: 351: 350: 348: 347: 344: 341: 338: 335: 332: 329: 326: 323: 318: 315: 311: 309: 303: 302: 300: 299: 298: 297: 294: 291: 288: 285: 282: 279: 274: 271: 266: 255: 254: 253: 251: 247: 246: 241: 239: 235: 234: 221:(aged 46) 215: 211: 210: 195: 191: 190: 187: 186: 181: 177: 176: 171: 167: 166: 163: 159: 158: 147: 146: 140: 132: 131: 127: 126: 121: 113: 108: 107: 97: 96: 51: 49: 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5221: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5101: 5094: 5090: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5043: 5042:Shi'a Century 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5017:Sunni Revival 5015: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4997: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4964: 4960: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4925:Abna al-dawla 4923: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4839:Amir al-umara 4837: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4819: 4815: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4782:Jund Filastin 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4764: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4697: 4694: 4687: 4683: 4669: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4651: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4634: 4631: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4578: 4573: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4552:Malik-Shah II 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4524: 4522: 4518: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4501:al-Mustarshid 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4477: 4474: 4467: 4465: 4459: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4423:Baha al-Dawla 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4380: 4376: 4373: 4372: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4341: 4339: 4333: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4307:Sack of Mecca 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4253: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4163:al-Mutawakkil 4161: 4159: 4156: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4132: 4125: 4118: 4106: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4045: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4014: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4005: 4002: 3998: 3995: 3994: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3985:Establishment 3983: 3980: 3973: 3968: 3962: 3959: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3936: 3932: 3925: 3921: 3913: 3906: 3901: 3899: 3894: 3892: 3887: 3886: 3883: 3870: 3864: 3862: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3774:al-Mu'tadid I 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3759:al-Mustakfi I 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3726: 3724: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3676:al-Mustarshid 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3621: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3602: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3574:al-Mutawakkil 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3494: 3489: 3487: 3482: 3480: 3475: 3474: 3471: 3462: 3453: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3416: 3411: 3410: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3366: 3364: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3310: 3306: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3279: 3273: 3269: 3268: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3221: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3184: 3180: 3174: 3170: 3169: 3164: 3163:Kennedy, Hugh 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3150:Dimitri Gutas 3148: 3146: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3122: 3118: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3068: 3067: 3061: 3057: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3038: 3034: 3032:0-521-65023-2 3028: 3024: 3019: 3015: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2965: 2961: 2960: 2955: 2954:Kennedy, Hugh 2951: 2947: 2941: 2937: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2921: 2913: 2907: 2904: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2884: 2881: 2865: 2858: 2852: 2849: 2843: 2841: 2837: 2832: 2826: 2823: 2817: 2814: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2775: 2772: 2768: 2767:Bosworth 1991 2763: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2748: 2744: 2743:Bosworth 1991 2739: 2736: 2732: 2731:Bosworth 1987 2727: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2712: 2708: 2707:Bosworth 1987 2703: 2700: 2697:, p. 82. 2696: 2695:Bosworth 1987 2691: 2688: 2683: 2677: 2673: 2666: 2663: 2658: 2652: 2648: 2641: 2638: 2633: 2627: 2623: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2596: 2593:, p. 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Madelung 2107:: 363–385. 1828:Rekaya 1991 1777:"al-Maʾmūn" 1704:Ali al-Rida 1696:Ibn Khaldun 1468:Afghanistan 1449:Ali ar-Rida 1445:Ali ar-Rida 1410:Renaissance 1341:compounds. 1331:Yusuf Lukwa 1225:Mesopotamia 1062:. Even so, 1004:Abu al-Razi 981:Andalusians 898:Ali ar-Rida 513:Mu'tazilism 450:regnal name 340:Umm al-Fadl 317:Ubaid Allah 219:(833-08-07) 184:al-Mu'tasim 170:Predecessor 71:introducing 5169:833 deaths 5164:786 births 5158:Categories 5112:Literature 5037:Qarmatians 5032:Isma'ilism 4940:Commanders 4799:Tabaristan 4666:under the 4606:al-Mustadi 4596:al-Muqtafi 4557:Muhammad I 4532:Alp Arslan 4511:al-Muqtafi 4491:al-Muqtadi 4277:al-Muttaqi 4246:al-Muktafi 4188:al-Muhtadi 4183:al-Mu'tazz 3997:Abu Muslim 3961:Hashimiyya 3940:Background 3916:(750–1258) 3754:al-Hakim I 3696:al-Mustadi 3686:al-Muqtafi 3666:al-Muqtadi 3636:al-Muttaqi 3609:al-Muktafi 3594:al-Muhtadi 3589:al-Mu'tazz 3515:(749–1258) 3242:Volume VI: 2424:Gabra 2003 2344:. p. 1757:References 1716:Mu'awiya I 1692:Ibn Kathir 1688:al-Dhahabi 1556:al-Muhtadi 1552:al-Kabirah 1393:Ibn Hanbal 1213:allegiance 1175:philosophy 1165:Theophilos 1146:paying tax 1134:Cappadocia 1126:Theophilos 1095:Theophilos 1091:Michael II 1054:in 827 by 1040:Michael II 977:Alexandria 665:pilgrimage 142:Gold dinar 79:April 2010 54:references 5117:Musicians 5010:Shafi'ism 5005:Hanbalism 4864:Officials 4787:Jund Hims 4690:Geography 4655:Aftermath 4547:Berkyaruq 4506:al-Rashid 4210:Saffarids 4158:al-Wathiq 4091:al-Ma'mun 4069:Barmakids 4016:al-Mansur 4004:al-Saffah 3681:al-Rashid 3569:al-Wathiq 3559:al-Ma'mun 3527:al-Mansur 3522:al-Saffah 3404:al-Ma'mun 3345:1873-9830 2982:Al Ma'mun 2129:162409061 2072:162409061 2015:162409061 1762:Citations 1720:Muʿtazila 1700:al-Suyuti 1676:Jerusalem 1656:al-Wathiq 1648:alā Allāh 1609:Image of 1476:Turkestan 1352:Although 1347:Guangzhou 1288:Mu'tazili 1270:Almagest, 1119:Byzantine 1064:Byzantine 961:al-Tabari 886:mutawwi'a 745:vizierate 707:with the 701:al-Tabari 586:al-Kisa'i 575:al-Mansur 529:with the 488:civil war 472:al-Maʾmūn 466:romanized 453:al-Ma'mun 439:romanized 426:al-Maʾmūn 411:Mu'tazili 343:Umm Habib 200:786-09-14 180:Successor 104:al-Ma'mun 5000:Hanafism 4918:Military 4752:Khurasan 4725:Ifriqiya 4700:Arminiya 4616:al-Zahir 4611:al-Nasir 4542:Mahmud I 4486:al-Qa'im 4382:al-Qa'im 4370:al-Qadir 4267:al-Qahir 4255:Collapse 4215:Tulunids 4205:Tahirids 4054:al-Mahdi 3824:al-Qa'im 3706:al-Zahir 3701:al-Nasir 3661:al-Qa'im 3656:al-Qadir 3651:al-Ta'i' 3646:al-Muti' 3626:al-Qahir 3532:al-Mahdi 3378:Springer 3327:(eds.). 3244:Mahk–Mid 3235:(eds.). 3165:(2023). 3141:Archived 3100:22 March 3002:(1979). 2980:(2005). 2956:(2006). 2901:deaths." 2800:Kan 2012 2385:(1993), 2216:Archived 2187:Archived 1588:al-Abbas 1540:al-Abbas 1428:further 1417:Khurasan 1354:al-Mahdi 1308:Jahmites 1302:and the 1219:1593 CE) 1196:Almagest 1150:fighting 1115:Anatolia 1089:In 829, 1036:Anatolia 971:secured 819:Khurasan 673:Khurasan 654:al-Qasim 639:Barmakid 635:Khurasan 486:after a 407:Religion 321:al-Abbas 314:Muhammad 284:Mu'nisah 250:Consorts 4935:Battles 4930:Ghilman 4859:Mazalim 4705:Bahrayn 4589:Caliphs 4527:Tughril 4479:Caliphs 4365:al-Ta'i 4360:al-Muti 4353:Caliphs 4272:al-Radi 4081:al-Amin 4059:al-Hadi 3928:History 3914:topics 3735:Caliphs 3631:al-Radi 3547:al-Amin 3537:al-Hadi 3512:Baghdad 3508:Caliphs 3449:of the 3440:al-Amin 3044:(ed.). 2922:Sources 2409:5 March 2193:18 June 2050:: 376. 1993:: 375. 1747:Ya'qubi 1618:Almanon 1560:al-Hadi 1522:al-Hadi 1518:Umm Isa 1504:in his 1397:Hanbali 1389:Sunnism 1323:alchemy 1273:Ptolemy 1237:Almanon 1183:Baghdad 1179:science 1142:shahada 1111:Palermo 965:Baghdad 951:Silver 921:Sarakhs 878:sulaahd 870:Baghdad 828:Persian 813:In 802 749:al-Hadi 696:Iranian 646:Baghdad 631:al-Amin 571:Zubayda 563:al-Hadi 559:caliphs 555:Badghis 553:, from 551:Marajil 543:Baghdad 484:al-Amin 477:Abbasid 468:: 461:المأمون 441:: 381:Abbasid 376:Dynasty 346:Khadija 334:Isma'il 207:Baghdad 174:al-Amin 154:of the 106:المأمون 67:improve 5060:Dhimmi 4909:Kharaj 4883:Vizier 4878:Shurta 4767:Awasim 4742:Jazira 4466:period 4464:Seljuk 4340:period 4312:Bajkam 4047:Apogee 3447:Caliph 3420: 3384: 3343: 3301: 3274: 3250: 3231:& 3206: 3175: 3123: 3073: 3052: 3029: 3010: 2988: 2966: 2942: 2873:1 June 2678: 2653: 2628: 2518: 2449: 2352: 2315: 2288: 2256:3 July 2247: 2159:3 July 2134:2 July 2127: 2121:162750 2119: 2077:2 July 2070: 2064:162750 2062: 2020:2 July 2013: 2007:162750 2005: 1961: 1751:dirham 1644:Billah 1592: 1580:Tarsus 1512:Family 1358:heresy 1304:Hadith 1300:Qur'an 1191:Arabic 1130:Tarsus 1107:Sicily 1072:Sicily 1068:Sicily 1052:Sicily 953:Dirham 767:aabnāʾ 626:bay'ah 611:hadith 606:Hanafi 499:, the 480:caliph 457:Arabic 430:Arabic 397:Mother 387:Father 290:Badhal 287:Tatrif 281:Bi'dah 273:Sundus 238:Burial 232:Turkey 224:Tarsus 152:Caliph 119:Caliph 56:, but 5053:Other 4990:Mihna 4978:Islam 4904:Iqta' 4899:Diwan 4873:tiraz 4854:Harem 4849:Hajib 4844:Barid 4804:Yemen 4762:Syria 4757:Sindh 4747:Jibal 4735:Sawad 4720:Hejaz 4715:Egypt 4710:Barqa 4338:Buyid 4105:Mihna 3739:Cairo 3422:Died: 3415:Born: 3223:. In 3190:Mihna 2867:(PDF) 2860:(PDF) 2125:S2CID 2117:JSTOR 2068:S2CID 2060:JSTOR 2011:S2CID 2003:JSTOR 1724:mihna 1708:Fadak 1678:mint. 1640:Laqab 1622:lunar 1596:Laqab 1533:Buran 1483:Egypt 1472:Kabul 1464:Sindh 1460:Hindu 1437:Shi'a 1401:mihna 1385:ulema 1374:mihna 1370:ulema 1366:mihna 1362:mihna 1316:Sunni 1312:Shi'a 1284:mihna 1259:mihna 1253:ulama 1246:, or 1172:Greek 1154:Tyana 1122:forts 1103:Arabs 1060:Tunis 1056:Arabs 1048:Crete 1012:Sindh 1008:Egypt 1000:Yemen 985:Crete 979:from 973:Egypt 882:'amma 866:Mecca 784:hajib 771:abnāʾ 763:abnāʾ 740:katib 735:Kufan 725:abnāʾ 717:Syria 669:Mecca 522:mihna 424:Hārūn 414:Islam 365:Hārūn 358:Names 328:Ahmad 325:Harun 307:Issue 296:Nasim 162:Reign 4995:Fiqh 4988:and 4945:Wars 4871:and 4730:Iraq 4103:and 3382:ISBN 3341:ISSN 3299:ISBN 3272:ISBN 3248:ISBN 3204:ISBN 3173:ISBN 3121:ISBN 3102:2020 3071:ISBN 3050:ISBN 3027:ISBN 3008:ISBN 2986:ISBN 2964:ISBN 2940:ISBN 2875:2021 2676:ISBN 2651:ISBN 2626:ISBN 2516:ISBN 2447:ISBN 2411:2015 2350:ISBN 2313:ISBN 2286:ISBN 2258:2021 2245:ISBN 2224:2014 2195:2014 2161:2021 2136:2021 2079:2021 2022:2021 1959:ISBN 1788:2019 1698:and 1684:Shia 1672:Fals 1629:Moon 1620:, a 1544:Arib 1441:Imam 1383:The 1335:gold 1177:and 1099:Arab 854:Merv 850:Iraq 793:Merv 733:, a 715:and 686:Iraq 601:fiqh 595:adab 337:Musa 293:Nu'n 277:Arib 256:List 214:Died 194:Born 150:7th 3737:of 3510:of 3424:833 3417:786 3333:doi 2109:doi 2052:doi 1995:doi 1646:or 1148:or 1058:of 996:Qum 925:Tus 902:Ali 797:Tus 711:in 667:to 592:in 507:'s 331:Isa 5160:: 3339:. 3289:. 3240:. 3227:; 2839:^ 2792:^ 2782:. 2610:^ 2547:^ 2530:^ 2478:^ 2461:^ 2431:^ 2402:. 2348:. 2346:78 2185:. 2181:. 2152:. 2123:. 2115:. 2103:. 2099:. 2087:^ 2066:. 2058:. 2046:. 2042:. 2030:^ 2009:. 2001:. 1989:. 1985:. 1973:^ 1907:^ 1796:^ 1779:. 1694:, 1690:, 1650:. 1527:r. 1489:. 1478:. 1455:. 1443:, 1412:. 1199:. 1156:. 1144:, 1136:. 1026:. 773:, 754:r. 719:. 660:. 580:r. 533:. 463:, 459:: 436:, 432:: 230:, 3904:e 3897:t 3890:v 3863:) 3859:( 3725:) 3721:( 3492:e 3485:t 3478:v 3396:) 3392:( 3390:. 3347:. 3335:: 3307:. 3280:. 3256:. 3212:. 3181:. 3129:. 3104:. 3079:. 3058:. 3035:. 3016:. 2994:. 2972:. 2948:. 2877:. 2833:. 2684:. 2659:. 2634:. 2524:. 2500:. 2455:. 2413:. 2358:. 2321:. 2294:. 2260:. 2226:. 2197:. 2163:. 2138:. 2111:: 2105:6 2081:. 2054:: 2048:6 2024:. 1997:: 1991:6 1967:. 1790:. 1524:( 1231:( 751:( 680:( 577:( 455:( 428:( 202:) 198:( 92:) 86:( 81:) 77:( 63:. 34:. 20:)

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