20:
260:. This move appears to have been motivated by both political and commercial reasons. Qarri was a customs post on caravan routes but had little trade of its own, while the lands around it were not particularly productive. The Abdallabis kept their base at Halfayat al-Muluk until the Egyptian invasion, but by that time Qarri was in ruins.
296:
A decade later the
Egyptian government pardoned Al-Amin’s cousin Miri and allowed him to return to Halfaya as Sheikh. He was succeeded briefly by Sheikh Muhammad Nasir, and then by Muhammad Nasir’s brother Idris Nasir, who was held in high regard by the government despite conspiring with the Egyptian
268:
Sheikh Nasir ibn Sheikh al-Amin was near the end of his life when
Egyptian armies under Ismail Kamil Pasha invaded Sudan in 1820. In 1821 Sheikh Nasir submitted to Egyptian rule without resistance, and sent his son his eldest son Al-Amin to accompany the invaders as they continued their campaign
237:
The power of the ‘Abdallabi depended on the ability of their mounted soldiers to raise taxes from settled farmers, and to exercise some control over the cattle nomads of the plains. An important source of revenue was customs dues; the destruction of
Christian Alodia meant that new trade and
368:
150:. ‘Ajib himself died in the battle, and his sons fled to Dongola. The mediation of a Muslim holy man, Shaykh Idris wad al-Arbab, obtained an amnesty for them. They returned to Qarri, where one of them, Muhammad al-Aqil, was appointed shaykh.
99:
The
Sudanese chronicler Katib al-Shuna makes brief reference to Abdallah Jamma’a cooperating with Amara Dunqas to fight the indigenous people of Alodia, but apparently the Funj were able to defeat the Abdallabis decisively in a battle near
43:
who claim descent from
Abdallah Jamma’a. They were an important political force between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries. For a short time the Abdallabi succeeded in establishing an independent state, but they were defeated by the
107:
Abdallah Jamma’a’s sons were the founders of the leading
Abdallabi clans - Ajib al-Kafuta of the Ajibab clan, Muhammad Dayoum of the Dayoumab, Idris al Anker of the Ankeryab, Muhammad Badirkoga of the Badirkogab, and Saba of the Sabab.
158:
Muhammad al-Aqil died after ruling for twenty-five years and defeating an
Ethiopian invasion. He was succeeded by his son Abdallah Al-Brins who reigned peacefully for seventeen years. After him ruled:
76:
valley after coming from the east, consolidated his power and established his capital at Qarri, just north of the confluence of the two Niles, at the start of the route across the desert to
135:. The Funj sultans were at least nominally Muslims by this time, but Abdallabi tradition describes the revolt of ‘Ajib al-Kafuta as a holy war, followed by the building of mosques up the
88:
were destroyed, resulting in rich booty such as a "bejeweled crown" and a "famous necklace of pearls and rubies". There is a variant tradition that ascribes the fall of Alodia to the
297:
viceroy to remove Sudan from
Egyptian rule and pledge direct allegiance to the Ottoman Empire. He was succeeded by Sheikh Jamma’a Sheikh al-Amin, who was an army commander when the
256:
In the middle of the 18th century, during the reign of Sheikh
Abdallah III, the capital of the Abdallabi realm was moved south from Qarri to Halfayat al-Muluk, just north of modern
116:
When
Abdallah Jamma‘a died in the reign of the Funj sultan Amara ii Abu Sikaykin (1557–69), his son ‘Ajib al-Kafuta was appointed to succeed him. In 1576 ‘Ajib defeated an
72:
Arab. His nickname (“the gatherer”) referred to the hordes of tribesmen he was able to gather for his campaigns. According to tradition, he settled in the
212:
53:
253:
tribes of the northeast is perhaps suggested by the legend of a marriage between a woman of the Amerar Beja and either ‘Ajib al-Kafuta or his brother.
186:
Sheikh Abdallah III, uncle of Diab (eight or more years), who moved the capital from Qarri to Halfayat al-Muluk and died during an invasion by the
273:, leaving a garrison behind in Halfaya. Soon after they left, Sheikh al-Amin died and Al-Amin was appointed to succeed him. However in 1822 the
736:
709:
679:
612:
572:
547:
522:
477:
413:
338:
226:
The Funj Sultanate was not a centralized state, and much power was held by vassals. The ‘Abdallabi shaykhs of Qarri, who bore the title
441:
763:
378:
305:
808:
309:
304:
His successor Nasir Jamma’a managed to retain his authority over the Abdallabis throughout the Mahdiyya and died resisting the
84:
by the Muslim Arab tribes no longer willing to accept its rule or taxation. Under Abdallah's leadership Alodia and its capital
698:
Bethwell A. Ogot; Unesco. International Scientific Committee for the Drafting of a General History of Africa (1992-01-01).
496:
The Encyclopædia of Geography: Comprising a Complete Description of the Earth, Physical, Statistical, Civil, and Political
142:‘Abd al-Qadir‘s brother, ‘Adlan I, regained the throne, and in 1611-1612 defeated ‘Ajib at the battle of Karkoj, on the
19:
282:
131:
Early in the seventeenth century ‘Ajib revolted and drove out the Funj sultan ‘Abd al-Qadir II, who fled to
238:
pilgrimage routes crossing Sudan from east to west began to open up, connecting Mecca and Medina with the
125:
790:
el-Geili, Ahmed T. (2012). "'Abdallah Jamma". In Emmanuel K. Akyeampong, Henry Louis Gates Jr. (ed.).
249:
from throwing off Funj rule in the seventeenth century. Some degree of Abdallabi authority over the
281:, killing Ismail, and the Abdallabis in Halfaya likewise rose up and killed the Egyptian garrison.
187:
650:
128:. In 1622 the northern Abdallabi frontier was finally settled at Hannik, just north of Dongola.
759:
732:
705:
699:
675:
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608:
568:
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and in the Ethiopian marches. ‘Ajib is also represented as making the Pilgrimage to Mecca.
604:
246:
45:
802:
753:
462:
313:
298:
24:
540:
The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims Along the Middle Nile
117:
93:
69:
597:
460:
J. D. Fage; Richard Gray; Desmond J. Clark; Roland Anthony Oliver (1975-09-18).
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85:
80:. In the late 15th century he led a rebellion against the Christian kingdom of
317:
211:
Sheikh Nasir ibn Sheikh al-Amin (twenty-five years), rule at the time of the
239:
143:
136:
312:. Sheikh Muhammad al-Sheikh Jamma’a, his successor, was awarded a medal by
290:
286:
257:
132:
654:
434:
The Arabs and the Sudan, from the seventh to the early sixteenth century
245:
Neither the Funj nor their Abdallabi viceroys were able to prevent the
77:
595:
Peter Malcolm Holt; M. W. Daly; Professor of History M W Daly (2000).
234:, were viceroys of the north and the most important of these vassals.
278:
270:
147:
104:
in 1504. Abdallah Jamma’a ‘thus became as it were their lieutenant’.
101:
81:
65:
49:
728:
The Sudan of the Three Niles: The Funj Chronicle, 910-1288/1504-1871
308:. His successor Sheikh al-Amin Umar however made his peace with the
196:
Sheikh Nasir ibn Shammam (eight years), deposed and exiled to Sennar
641:
Penn, A.E.D. (1934). "Traditional Stories of the 'Abdullab Tribe".
599:
A History of the Sudan: From the Coming of Islam to the Present Day
121:
40:
18:
89:
73:
174:
Sheikh Hamid as-Simeih (ten years), deposed and fled to Darfur
339:"Nubia: Relations with Egypt (Seventh-Fourteenth Centuries)"
96:, but most modern scholars agree that it fell to the Arabs.
217:
Al-Amin, his eldest son, who ruled as an Egyptian vassal
671:
Muslim Societies in Africa: A Historical Anthropology
301:
broke out in 1881 and died on campaign in Kordofan.
701:
Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
596:
461:
794:. Vol. 1. Oxford University. pp. 21–22.
436:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 132–133.
590:
588:
586:
584:
183:Sheikh Diab Abu Naib, son of Bader (nine yearsj
408:. Princeton University Press. pp. 538–9.
199:Sheikh Ajib IV (‘The Elephant’) (twenty years)
180:Sheikh Bader, son of Sheikh Ajib (four years)
8:
758:. Cambridge University Press. p. 103.
567:. University of Calgary Press. p. 25.
168:Mismar, brother of Sheikh Ajib (five years)
92:, a group from the south led by their king
674:. Indiana University Press. p. 145.
513:O'Fahey, R.S.; Spaulding, Jay L. (1974).
373:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
362:
360:
752:Oliver, Roland; Atmore, Anthony (2001).
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634:
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628:
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624:
120:invasion and penetrated Egypt as far as
693:
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468:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
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399:
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68:ancestor of the Abdallabi tribe, was a
455:
453:
213:Egyptian conquest of Sudan (1820–1824)
48:in 1504 and thereafter ruled over the
563:Zarroug, Mohi El-Din Abdalla (1991).
7:
508:
506:
285:, brought Egyptian forces back from
202:Umar ash-Sheikh Abdallah (two years)
517:. Methuen Young Books. p. 23.
283:Muhammad Khusraw, the Defterdar Bey
177:Sheikh Ajib III (twenty-five years)
124:, pushing Ottoman rule back to the
14:
499:. Lea and Blanchard. p. 579.
205:Sheikh Amin Mismar (twenty years)
306:Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan
792:Dictionary of African Biography
542:. British Museum. p. 255.
464:The Cambridge History of Africa
39:) are people living in central
1:
668:Roman Loimeier (2013-06-05).
208:Sheikh Abdallah IV (?? years)
193:Sheikh Mismar II (five years)
704:. UNESCO. pp. 174–175.
162:Hago ibn Uthman (five years)
725:Peter Malcolm Holt (1999).
27:consisted of two merged H's
825:
755:Medieval Africa, 1250-1800
432:Hasan, Yusuf Fadl (1967).
404:Adams, William Y. (1977).
337:Bechhaus-Gerst, Marianne.
165:Sheikh Ajib II (six years)
406:Nubia, Corridor to Africa
367:Bjǿrkelo, Anders (1989).
54:Egyptian conquest of 1820
316:during a royal visit to
171:Sheikh Ali (seven years)
16:Tribe from central Sudan
731:. BRILL. pp. 7–8.
643:Sudan Notes and Records
370:Prelude to the Mahdiyya
809:Ethnic groups in Sudan
538:Welsby, Derek (2002).
310:Condominium government
64:Abdallah Jamma’a, the
28:
515:Kingdoms of the Sudan
52:as vassals until the
23:The Abdallabi tribal
22:
603:. Longman. pp.
493:Hugh Murray (1848).
289:and Al-Amin fled to
222:The Abdallabi polity
565:The Kingdom of Alwa
345:. worldhistory.biz
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738:978-90-04-11256-8
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649:(1): 59–82.
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94:Amara Dunqas
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324:References
318:Port Sudan
320:in 1912.
299:Mahdiyyah
240:Lake Chad
146:south of
144:Blue Nile
137:Blue Nile
66:eponymous
33:Abdallabi
803:Category
655:41716068
386:12 March
291:Gallabat
287:Kordofan
258:Khartoum
242:region.
232:manjilak
133:Ethiopia
37:Abdallab
771:3 March
349:3 March
118:Ottoman
78:Dongola
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279:Shendi
271:Sennar
228:manjil
148:Sennar
102:Arbaji
82:Alodia
70:Rufa'a
50:Butana
651:JSTOR
607:–26.
122:Aswan
41:Sudan
773:2019
760:ISBN
733:ISBN
706:ISBN
676:ISBN
609:ISBN
569:ISBN
544:ISBN
519:ISBN
474:ISBN
438:ISBN
410:ISBN
388:2019
375:ISBN
351:2019
251:Beja
90:Funj
86:Soba
74:Nile
35:(or
31:The
472:–.
230:or
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