Funj Sultanate - Knowledge (XXG)

1273:, similar to that of many other African states: The Funj Sultan had hundreds of wives and spent most of his reign within the palace, secluded from his subjects and maintaining contact only with a handful of officials. He was not allowed to be seen eating. On the rare occasion he appeared in public he did so only with a veil and accompanied by much pomp. The Sultan was judged regularly and, if found wanting, could be executed. All Funj, but especially the Sultan, were believed to be able to detect sorcery. Islamic talismans written in Sennar were believed to have special powers due to the proximity to the Sultan. Among the populace even the basics of Islamic faith were not widely known. Pork and beer were consumed as staple food throughout much of the kingdom, the death of an important individual would be mourned by "communal dancing, self-mutilation and rolling in the ashes of the feast-fire". At least in some regions, elderly, crippled and others who believed to be a burden for their relatives and friends were expected to request to be buried alive or otherwise disposed. As late as the late 17th century the Funj Sultanate was still recorded to not follow the "laws of the 996: 1411:

were controlled by the monarch, as was the gold supply that functioned as the state's main currency. Important revenues came from customs dues levied on the caravan routers leading to Egypt and the Red Sea ports and on the pilgrimage traffic from the Western Sudan. In the late 17th century the Funj had opened up trading with the Ottoman Empire. In the late 17th century with the introduction of coinage, an unregulated market system took hold, and the sultans lost control of the market to a new merchant middle class. Foreign currencies became widely used by merchants breaking the power of the monarch to closely control the economy. The thriving trade created a wealthy class of educated and literate merchants, who read widely about Islam and became much concerned about the lack of orthodoxy in the kingdom. The Sultanate also did their best to monopolize the

1694: 1742: 1678: 947: 1726: 309: 334: 1710: 939:. The Fur had the upper hand until 1755, when Abu Likayik finally managed to overrun Kordofan and turn it into his new powerbase. In the meantime, Sultan Badi grew increasingly unpopular due to his repressive measures. Eventually, Abu Likayik was convinced by disaffected Funj noblemen, many of them residing in Kordofan, to march on the capital. In 1760/1761 he reached Alays at the White Nile, where a council was held in which Badi was formally deposed. Afterwards, he besieged Sennar, which he entered on 27 March 1762. Badi fled to Ethiopia but was murdered in 1763. Thus began the 61: 1788:"It is astounding how long the Christian faith managed to maintain itself beyond the collapse of the Christian realms, even though gradually weakened and drained." Already in 1500 a traveller who visited Nubia stated that the Nubians regarded themselves as Christians, but were so lacking in Christian instruction they had no knowledge of the faith. In 1520 Nubian ambassadors reached Ethiopia and petitioned the emperor for priests. They claimed that no more priests could reach Nubia because of the wars between Muslims, leading to a decline of Christianity in their land. 867: 765: 1261: 1116: 1294: 1253: 83: 915: 1807:

bowls of milk. In 1927 it is written that along the White Nile, crosses were pointed on bowls filled with wheat. In 1930 it was not only recorded that youths in the Gezira would be painted with crosses, but also that coins with crosses were worn in order to provide assistance against illnesses. A very similar custom was known from Lower Nubia, where women wore such coins on special holidays. It seems likely that this was a living memory of the

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the former capital and Christian center of the Makurian kingdom, was recorded to have been largely Islamized by the turn of the 16th century, although a Franciscan letter confirms the existence of a community immediately south of Dongola practicing a "debased Christianity" as late as 1742. According to the 1699 account of Poncet, Muslims reacted to meeting Christians in the streets of Sennar by reciting the

686:. Failing to make progress against both the Funj Sultanate and Ethiopia, the Ottomans abandoned their policy of expansion. Thus, from the 1590s onwards, the Ottoman threat vanished, rendering the Funj-Ethiopian alliance unnecessary, and relations between the two states were about to turn into open hostility. As late as 1597, however, the relations were still described as friendly, with trade flourishing. 778:

Susenyos, which he perhaps sent in the belief that the successors of Abd al-Qadir II would honour the submission of the latter, was rudely answered with two lame horses and first raids of Ethiopian posts. Susenyos, occupied elsewhere, would not respond to that act of aggression until 1617 when he raided several Funj provinces. This mutual raiding finally escalated into a full-fledged

1104: 971: 580:, a people now equated with the Funj. Said to be more sophisticated than the Shilluk, they were defeated in a series of brutal wars and either assimilated or pushed north. Anti-Funj propaganda from the later period of the kingdom referred to the Funj as "pagans from the White Nile" and "barbarians" who had originated from the "primitive southern swamps". 1019:'s submission ceremony to the Turks. The Turks reached the Nile confluence in May 1821. Afterwards, they travelled upstream the Blue Nile until reaching Sennar. They were disappointed to learn that Sennar, once enjoying a reputation of wealth and splendour, was now reduced to a heap of ruins. On 14 June they received the official submission of Badi VII. 1223:, maintained a small force of slaves armed with muskets bought or stolen from Egyptian merchants. While they were in bad shape their mere display was enough to cause terror among Nimr's enemies. In 1820 the Shaiqiya were said to have a few pistols and guns, although the overwhelming majority still used traditional weapons. 1015:, began the conquest of Sudan. Realizing that the Turks were about to conquer his domain, Muhammad Adlan prepared to resist and ordered to muster the army at the Nile confluence, but he fell to a plot near Sennar in early 1821. One of the murderers, a man named Daf'Allah, rode back to the capital to prepare Sultan 1797:"The story of the Ethiopian monk Takla Alfa, who died in Dongola in 1596 (...) clearly shows that there were virtually no Christians left in Dongola." Theodor Krump claims that the people of Dongola, where he was detained in February 1701, told him that just 100 years ago their ancestors were still Christians. 1806:

In 1918 it has been recorded that several practices clearly of Christian origin were "common, though of course not universal, in Omdurman, the Gezira and Kordofan". These practices involved the marking of crosses on foreheads of newborns or on stomachs of sick boys as well as putting straw crosses on

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made itself independent. The Shukriya became the new dominant power in the Butana. The long isolated province of Dongola finally fell to the Shaiqiya in around 1782, who installed a loyal puppet dynasty. After 1802, the authority of the sultanate was limited to the Gezira for good. In the early years

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It has been suggested that it was Badi's victory over the Ethiopians that strengthened his power; in 1743/1744 he is known to have had his vizier executed and to have taken the reins. He attempted to create a new power base by purging the previous ruling clan, stripping the nobility of their land and

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in 1618 and 1619, resulting in the devastation of many of the Funj eastern provinces. A pitched battle was also fought, claimed by the Ethiopian sources to have been a victory, albeit this is posed doubtful by the fact that the Ethiopian troops retreated immediately afterwards. After the war, the two

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Contemporary albeit romanticizing depiction of Sultan Badi III receiving Theodor Krump. Over 100 years later an eyewitness would describe Badi VII, the last Funj king, as wearing a robe and a tunic and horned cap of rich Indian fabric. He rode a horse with a harness decorated with gold and silver and

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in the north to an undetermined point south of the confluence of the Blue and White Nile. They remained important during the Funj period, but were gradually superseded by Arabic. This process was largely accomplished in central Sudan by the 19th century, although even then there were limited reports

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The collapse of the Christian Nubian states went hand in hand with the collapse of the Christian institutions. The Christian faith, however, would continue to exist, although gradually declining. By the sixteenth century large portions of Nubia's population would still have been Christian. Dongola,

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Much further to the south, the Funj Sultanate based in Sennar (1504/5–1820), rarely minted coins and the markets did not normally use coinage as a form of exchange. Foreign coins themselves were commodities and frequently kept for jewellery. Units of items such as gold, grain, iron, cloth and salt

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The submission of Abd al-Qadir II to the Ethiopian emperor and the possibility of a consequential invasion remained a problem for the Funj sultans. Adlan I had apparently been too weak to do something against this situation, but Badi I was able to take matters into his own hands. A rich present by

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During the reign of sultan Badi III in the late 17th and early 18th century the prosperous and cosmopolitan capital of Sennar was described as "close to being the greatest trading city" in all Africa. The wealth and power of the sultans had long rested on the control of the economy. All caravans

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By the time of the visit by David Reubeni in 1523, the Funj, originally Pagans or syncretic Christians, had converted to Islam. They probably converted to ease their rule over their Muslim subjects and to facilitate trade with neighbouring countries like Egypt. Their embracement of Islam was only

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Abu Likayik installed another member of the royal family as his puppet sultan and ruled as regent. This began a long conflict between the Funj sultans attempting to reassert their independence and authority and the Hamaj regents attempting to maintain control of the true power of the state. These

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noted that Iyasu II, plundered his way back to Ethiopia, allowing him to display his campaign as a success. Meanwhile, Badi IV's repulsion of the Ethiopian invasion made him a national hero. Hostilities between the two states continued until the end of Iyasu II's reign in 1755, tensions caused by

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The army of Sennar was feudal. Each noble house could field a military unit measured in its power by its horsemen. Subjects, although generally armed, were only rarely called to war, in cases of uttermost need. Most Funj warriors were slaves traditionally captured in annual slave raids called

1211:, but they were quickly disregarded after his death not only because the import was expensive and unreliable, but also because the traditionally armed elites feared for their power. In the early 1770s James Bruce remarked that the Sultan had "not one musket in his whole army". 40 years later 615:, Reubeni wrote, was continuously travelling through his kingdom. He, who "ruled over black people and white" between the region south of the Nile confluence to as far north as Dongola, owned large herds of various types of animals and commanded many captains on horseback. Two years later, 1401:

language, sounding similar to Nubian and having absorbed many Arabic words, was spoken as far north as Khartoum, albeit already reduced to a secondary role compared to Arabic. In Kordofan, Nubian was still spoken as primary or at least secondary language as late as the 1820s and 1830s.

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of the 19th century the kingdom was plagued by excessive civil wars. Regent Muhammad Adlan, who rose to power in 1808 and whose father had been assassinated by a warlord of that period, was able to put an end to these wars and managed to stabilize the kingdom for another 13 years.

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The later 18th century saw a rapid disintegration of the Funj state. In 1785/1786 the Fur Sultanate conquered Kordofan which it managed to hold until the Egyptian invasion of 1821. In the second half of the 18th century Sennar lost the Tigre in what is now Eritrea to the rising

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Despite this, the Funj acted as sponsors of Islam from the very beginning, encouraging the settlement of Muslim holy men in their domain. In the later period civil wars forced the peasants to look to the holy men for protection; the sultans lost the peasant population to the

631:, which beforehand was associated with Sennar. It seems that to counter the Ottoman expansion in the Red Sea region, the Funj engaged in an alliance with Ethiopia. Besides camels the Funj are known to have exported horses to Ethiopia, which were then used in war against the 709:, triggering Ajib to invade the Funj heartland. His armies pushed the Funj king to the south-east. Thus, Ajib effectively ruled over an empire reaching from Dongola to Ethiopia. Abd el-Qadir II, eventually deposed in December 1606, fled to Ethiopia and submitted to emperor 931:(a generic Sudannese term applied to the pre-Funj, non-Arabic or semi-Arabized people of the Gezira and Ethiopian-Sudanese borderlands) from east of Fazughli who was granted land immediately south of Sennar in 1747/1748. He was a cavalry commander tasked to pacify 397:

c. The Funj mostly did not mint coins and the markets rarely used coinage as a form of exchange. Coinage didn't become widespread in cities until the 18th century. French surgeon J. C. Poncet, who visited Sennar in 1699, mentions the use of foreign coins such as

1863:, p. 9, "The spread of Arabic flowed not only from the dispersion of Arabs but from the unification of the Nile by a government, the Funj sultanate, that utilized Arabic as an official means of communication, and from the use of Arabic as a trade language." 897:

conducted raids westwards, attempting to acquire quick military fame. In March 1744 he assembled an army of 30,000–100,000 men for a new expedition, which was initially intended as yet another raid, but soon turned into a war of conquest. On the banks of the

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1700, the language of communication at the court had become Arabic. In the 18th century, Arabic became the written language of state administration. As late as 1821, when the kingdom fell, some provincial noblemen were still not capable of speaking Arabic.

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The ethnic affiliation of the Funj is still disputed. The first and second of the three most prominent theories suggest that they were either Nubians or Shilluk, while, according to the third theory, the Funj were not an ethnic group, but a social class.

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which could be wielded with two hands. Body armour consisted of leather or quilts and additionally mail, while the hands were protected by leather gloves. On the heads, there were worn iron or copper helmets. The horses were also armoured, wearing thick

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in north-western Eritrea, who were part of the Beni Amer confederation, remained Christians until the 19th century. Rituals stemming from Christian traditions outlived the conversion to Islam and were still practiced as late as the 20th century.

717:, managed to turn the tide of war against Ajib, eventually killing him in 1611 or 1612. While chasing the remnants of Ajib's army to the north, Adlan II himself was deposed and succeeded by a son of the former sultan Abd al-Qadir II, 697:, a minor king of northern Nubia. When Dakin returned from a failed campaign in the Ethiopian–Sudanese borderlands Ajib had acquired enough power to demand and receive greater political autonomy. A few years later he forced sultan 682:. Afterwards, the battlefield, which was located just south of the third Nile cataract, would mark the border between the two kingdoms. In the late 16th century the Funj pushed towards the Habesh Eyalet, conquering north-western 874:

Sennar was at its peak at the end of the 17th century, but during the 18th century, it began to decline as the power of the monarchy was eroded. The greatest challenge to the authority of the king were the merchant funded

1677: 790:, was the first in a series of three monarchs under whom the sultanate entered a period of prosperity, expansion and increased contacts with the outside world, but was also confronted with several new problems. 541:, is recorded to have created a tribal federation and to have subsequently destroyed what was left of Alodia. In the early 16th century Abdallah's federation came under attack from an invader to the south, the 999:

After the conquest of Sennar, the Funj became Egyptian vassal kings ruling the mountains of the central Gezira. On this depiction from the mid-19th century, a Funj king (on horseback) meets a local chief

1725: 1415:, most notably through the annual caravan of up to one thousand slaves. This monopoly was most successful in the seventeenth century, although it still worked to some extent in the eighteenth. 560:, who migrated upstream the White and Blue Nile since the 13th-century disintegration of Alodia, came in conflict with the Funj, who the Dinka defeated. In the late 15th/early 16th century the 995: 725:, would receive everything north of the confluence of Blue and White Nile, which they would rule as vassal kings of Sennar. Therefore, the Funj lost direct control over much of their kingdom. 4248:"Sennar Capital of Islamic Culture 2017 Project. Preliminary results of archaeological surveys in Sennar East and Sabaloka East (Archaeology Department of Al-Neelain University concessions)" 1693: 1095:

It was under king Badi II when Sennar became the fixed capital of the state and when written documents concerning administrative matters appeared, with the oldest known one dating to 1654.

1393:(mid 19th century) described a pre-Arabic language in the Funj heartland. Çelebi provided a listing of numerals as well as a poem, both written in Arabic script; the numerals are clearly 525:

150 years later. The fate of Alodia is less clear. It has been suggested that it had collapsed as early as the 12th century or shortly after, as archaeology suggests that in this period,

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nominal and, in fact, the Funj effectively even delayed the Islamization of Nubia, as they temporarily strengthened African sacral traditions instead. The monarchy they established was

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tax, which was enforced on Christians who refused to convert to Islam. Customs of Christian origin were also extensively practiced in the Dongola region as well as the Nuba mountains.

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The government was semirepublican; when a sultan died the great council picked a successor from among the royal children. Then—presumably to keep the peace—they killed all the rest.

1310:. The Fazughli region seems to have been Christian at least for one generation after its conquest in 1685; a Christian principality was mentioned in the region as late as 1773. The 1088:

forcing them to marry a woman from the royal clan, which acted as royal spies. A member of the royal clan also always sat at their side, observing their behaviour. Furthermore, the

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ceased to be used as its capital. By the 13th century central Sudan seemed to have disintegrated into various petty states. Between the 14th and 15th centuries Sudan was overran by

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was the one of the Abdallabs, followed by Alays at the White Nile, the kings of the Blue Nile region and finally the rest. The king of Sennar exercised his influence among the

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of administration and trade while also being employed as language of religion. While the royal court would continue to speak their pre-Arabic language for some time by

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in a military campaign against the Sennar Sultanate. Emperor Susneyos sent Bahr Gebre to attack Mandara whose queen, Fatima, controlled a strategic caravan road from

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Spaulding, Jay (2006). "Pastoralism, Slavery, Commerce, Culture and the Fate of the Nubians of Northern and Central Kordofan Under Dar Fur Rule, ca. 1750-ca. 1850".

1063:, a royal bodyguard and executioner. Only he was allowed to shed royal blood, as he was tasked to kill all brothers of a freshly elected king to prevent civil wars. 473:, although this conversion was only nominal. Until a more orthodox form of Islam took hold in the 18th century, the state remained an "African empire with a Muslim 1981:

to Muhammad Ali Appointing Him Ruler of the Sudan Without Hereditary Rights] (in Arabic). Bibliotheca Alexandrina: Memory of Modern Egypt Digital Archive

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is not known, but must have been fairly soon after the foundation of Sennār, because they then entered into relations with Muslim groups over a wide area.

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mentioned Amara Dunqas and his kingdom, calling it weak and easily conquerable. He also stated that Amara paid an annual tribute of 9,000 camels to the

6015: 963:, son of Mek Taifara, took power during a turbulent time at which a Turkish presence was being established in the Funj kingdom. The Turkish ruler, 4834: 4227:

Miran, Jonathan (2010). "Constructing and deconstructing the Tigre frontier space in the long nineteenth century". In Gianfrancesco Lusini (ed.).

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from Funj aggression. Fourteen years later they had pushed as far south as the third cataract of the Nile and subsequently attempted to conquer

6010: 5004: 4401: 1716: 1901:. History of the Muslim World, 3. Abbreviated and adapted by F. R. C. Bagley (2nd ed.). Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 1301:, formerly one of Christian Nubia's most important pilgrimage centres, remained a place of worship and habitation until the late 16th century. 4758: 4734: 4643: 4595: 4346: 4325: 4080: 3955: 3936: 3745: 2011: 1910: 153: 1033: 82: 946: 3765:

Aregay, Merid Wolde; Selassie, Sergew Hable (1971). "Sudanese-Ethiopian Relations Before the 19th Century". In Yusuf Fadl Hasan (ed.).

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Pankhurst, Richard (1975). "Ethiopia's economic and cultural ties with the Sudan from the middle ages to the mid-nineteenth century".

4527: 4508: 4126: 4099: 3791: 1059:, who supervised the market and acted as commander of the state police and intelligence service. Another high court official was the 477:". It reached its peak in the late 17th century, but declined and eventually fell apart in the 18th and 19th centuries. In 1821, the 5956: 4424: 4299: 4236: 4026: 3880: 3823: 2423: 1684: 4725:

Spaulding, Jay (2018). "The Art of the Memory and Chancery in Sinnar". In William H. Worger; Charles Ambler; Nwando Achebe (eds.).

4606: 4320:. Vol. V: Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 89–103. 3814:

Beswick, Stephanie (2014). "The Role of Slavery in the Rise and Fall of the Shilluk Kingdom". In Souad T. Ali; et al. (eds.).

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Natsoulas, Theodore (2003). "Charles Poncet's Travels to Ethiopia, 1698 to 1703". In Glenn Joseph Ames; Ronald S. Love (eds.).

3998: 4567: 4365: 4280: 4200: 4179: 4149: 1769: 262: 967:, married Khadeeja, daughter of Mek Adlan II. This paved the way for the assimilation of the Funj into the Ottoman Empire. 721:. He issued a peace treaty with the sons of Ajib, agreeing to factually split the Funj state. The successors of Ajib, the 4229:

History and Language of the Tigre-Speaking Peoples. Proceedings of the International Workshop, Naples, February 7-8, 2008

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A History of the Arabs in the Sudan and Some Account of the People Who Preceded Them and of the Tribes Inhabiting Dárfūr

5588: 1971: 1148:. The Sultan rarely led armies into battle and instead appointed a commander for the duration of the campaign, called 658:. He attempted to march upstream along the Nile to conquer the Funj, but his troops revolted when they approached the 1837: 1199:. While armour was also manufactured locally, it was at times imported as well. During the late 17th century Sultan 5713: 903: 793:

In the 17th century, the Shilluk and Sennar were forced into an uneasy alliance to combat the growing might of the

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this war were still recorded in 1773. Trade, however, soon resumed after the conflict, although on reduced scale.

5695: 5275: 4980: 4970: 4805: 4795: 1843: 713:, providing Susenyos with an opportunity to intervene in the sultanate's affairs. However, the new Funj sultan, 4975: 1748: 1212: 1051:

so, as a council of 20 elders also had a say in state decisions. Below the king stood the chief minister, the

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James, Wendy (2008). "Sudan: Majorities, Minorities, and Language Interactions". In Andrew Simpson (ed.).

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instead empowering clients from the western and southern periphery of his realm. One of these clients was

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The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century

1293: 1115: 513:, began to decline from the 12th century. By 1365 Makuria had virtually collapsed and was reduced to a 2599: 1632: 1474: 1260: 764: 702: 698: 5817: 5797: 5752: 5640: 5543: 1934: 1552: 1468: 1444: 1450: 1318:

From the 17th century foreign Christian groups, mostly merchants, were present in Sennar, including

694: 5782: 5678: 5625: 5573: 5162: 4872: 4309: 3967:"Präarabische Sprachen der Ja'aliyin und Ababde in der europäischen Literatur des 19. Jahrhunderts" 3801:

Beška, Emanuel (2020). "Swan song in the Nile Valley. The Mamluk Statelet in Dongola (1812–1820)".

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A General Collection of the Best and Most Interesting Voyages and Travels in All Parts of the World

1534: 964: 936: 887: 883: 840: 226: 5655: 4692: 4459: 4058: 2104: 1456: 1338:. The sultanate also served as interstation for Ethiopian Christians travelling to Egypt and the 1323: 4636:

Kings and Pilgrims. St. Raphael Church II at Banganarti, mid-eleventh to mid-eighteenth century

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during the war taking many slaves before stopping near the Taka mountain range near modern-day

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and the White Nile, where they encountered a sedentary people Shilluk traditions refer to as

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was successful in capturing Queen Fatima, which he sent back to Emperor Susenyos' palace in

679: 647: 624: 135: 1600: 1594: 1564: 928: 890:, who, although related to the previous Sultan, effectively founded a dynasty on his own. 5942: 5897: 5892: 5630: 5533: 5477: 4990: 4912: 4877: 4862: 4852: 4842: 1546: 1486: 1462: 1394: 1270: 1168: 1120: 802: 722: 706: 690: 538: 430: 381: 5172: 951: 552:

In the 14th century a Muslim Funj trader named al-Hajj Faraj al-Funi was involved in the

4615: 1136:, targeting the stateless non-Muslims in the Nuba mountains pejoratively referred to as 914: 5922: 5907: 5867: 5862: 5822: 5598: 5457: 5097: 5042: 4782: 2061: 1763: 1361: 1351: 1274: 1227: 1008: 935:, which had become a battlefield between the Funj and the Musabb’at, refugees from the 918:

At the time of the Egyptian invasion in 1821 the palace of Sennar was already in ruins.

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Holymen of the Blue Nile: The Making of an Arab-Islamic Community in the Nilotic Sudan

5989: 5852: 5757: 5663: 5563: 5167: 5147: 5022: 4867: 4518:

Spaulding, Jay (1998). "Early Kordofan". In Endre Stiansen and Michael Kevane (ed.).

4463: 4336: 4265: 4190: 4169: 4111: 4062: 1620: 1430: 1397:, while the language used for the poem remains unidentified. Russegger stated that a 1377: 940: 655: 604: 125: 96: 1277:”, i. e. Islam. Thus, until the 18th century Islam was not much more than a facade. 5932: 5827: 5807: 5777: 5635: 5578: 5202: 5182: 5112: 5017: 4947: 1438: 1311: 1108: 899: 794: 612: 557: 429:(due to the traditional Sudanese convention of referring to black people as blue) ( 399: 327: 187: 701:

to marry his daughter, effectively making Tayyib and his offspring and successor,

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A Military History of Modern Egypt: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Ramadan War

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had to travel to Sennar every year to pay tribute and account for their deeds.

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internal divisions greatly weakened the state and in the late 18th century Mek

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of Nubian still being spoken as far south as the 5th cataract, if not Shendi.

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Das Christentum in Nubien. Geschichte und Gestalt einer afrikanischen Kirche

4550: 4491: 4455: 4071:. Vol. 4: from c. 1600 to c. 1790. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3899: 3774: 3718: 5072: 5012: 4267:

Distant Lands and Diverse Cultures: The French Experience in Asia, 1600–1700

4045: 1339: 1331: 1103: 1070:. Each of these province was again divided into sub-provinces governed by a 970: 651: 2077: 2049:

had specific values and were used for trade, particularly on a local level.

474: 4211: 1947: 1152:. Nomadic warriors fighting for the Funj had an own appointed leader, the 583:

In 1504 the Funj defeated Abdallah Jammah and founded the Funj Sultanate.

5444: 5334: 5255: 5225: 5157: 5077: 4922: 4897: 4857: 3740:. Islamic History and Civilization, 26. Leiden: BRILL. pp. 182–186. 2003:

Two Thousand Years of Economic Statistics: World Population, GDP, and PPP

1847: 1606: 1558: 1522: 1216: 1200: 1041: 1016: 960: 932: 894: 710: 478: 462: 450: 360: 200: 4038:

The Arabs and the Sudan. From the seventh to the early sixteenth century

2108: 2092: 5319: 5177: 5127: 5092: 5047: 5032: 4985: 4962: 4952: 4942: 4937: 4907: 4887: 1540: 1516: 1510: 1504: 1492: 1307: 1208: 1204: 1196: 1172: 984: 798: 787: 770: 749: 714: 683: 675: 640: 628: 600: 553: 530: 506: 458: 356: 4696: 4660: 3592: 3590: 5912: 5882: 5832: 5747: 5558: 5517: 5439: 5360: 5350: 5329: 5107: 5082: 5062: 4902: 4892: 4847: 3966: 3738:

The Sudan of the Three Niles: The Funj Chronicle 910–1288 / 1504–1871

2545: 2543: 2319: 2317: 1498: 1327: 1220: 1192: 1179: 843:

and do not remove this message until the contradictions are resolved.

737: 718: 608: 510: 422: 314: 280: 120: 110: 5705: 4412: 4376: 4247: 4137: 3948:

Inter-ethnic Relations on a Frontier: Mätakkäl (Ethiopia), 1898-1991

2072:. Vol. 15. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme. p. 71. 950:

A Funj king of Sennar and his ministers as represented in a book by

17: 4743: 4688: 1140:. The army was divided infantry, represented by an official called 870:

A Sudanese woman in an Ottoman miniature from the late 18th century

5927: 5877: 5837: 5812: 5767: 5673: 5497: 5487: 5434: 5408: 5398: 5393: 5378: 5324: 5306: 5192: 5152: 5087: 5037: 5027: 4790: 4774: 1918: 1808: 1369: 1319: 1292: 1282: 1259: 1251: 1231: 1188: 1164: 1124: 1114: 1102: 1031: 994: 969: 945: 876: 865: 862:

Egyptian conquest of Sudan (1820–1824) § Submission of Sennar

763: 662:. Until 1570, however, the Ottomans had established themselves in 590: 534: 498: 470: 454: 352: 216: 129: 27:

Confederation of monarchies in northeast Africa from 1504 to 1821

5762: 5507: 5311: 5137: 1425: 1072: 376:

was granted the non-hereditary governorship of Sudan by an 1841

5709: 4747: 879:

who insisted it was rightfully their duty to mete out justice.

5365: 4222:. Institut français d'archéologie orientale du Caire: 137–153. 1376:

After the Funj conversion to Islam, Arabic grew to become the

816: 4017:

Hammarström, Harald (2018). "A survey of African languages".

1974:فرمان سلطاني إلى محمد علي بتقليده حكم السودان بغير حق التوارث 4520:

Kordofan Invaded: Peripheral Incorporation in Islamic Africa

3241: 3239: 646:

Before the Ottomans gained a foothold in Ethiopia, in 1555,

5467: 3178: 3176: 2683: 2681: 2172: 2170: 1066:

The state was divided into several provinces governed by a

705:, his vassals. Unsa was eventually deposed in 1603/1604 by 99:

of sultanates and dependent tribal emirates under Sennar's

4406:. Vol. 2, Part 2. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagshandlung. 3977:. Sudanarchäologische Gesellschaft zu Berlin e.V: 135–152. 3692:

Transformations in Slavery: a History of Slavery in Africa

2416:

Somalia: From The Dawn of Civilization To The Modern Times

2334: 2332: 2164:, revised edition (New York: Harper and Row, 1972), p. 215 2141: 2139: 2137: 4661:"Some Notes on the Regalia of the Fung Sultans of Sennar" 3713:. Vol. II. Cambridge University Press. p. 431. 1342:

as well as European missionaries travelling to Ethiopia.

1163:

The weaponry of the Funj warriors consisted of thrusting

4292:

Kingdoms of the Sudan. Studies of African History Vol. 9

1871: 1869: 797:. After the alliance had run its cause, in 1650, Sultan 533:

tribes. In the 15th century one of these Bedouins, whom

4677:

The International Journal of African Historical Studies

4539:

The International Journal of African Historical Studies

943:, where the Funj monarchs became puppets of the Hamaj. 4434:

Spaulding, Jay (1972). "The Funj: A Reconsideration".

4381:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

3991:

Internet-Beiträge zur Ägyptologie und Sudanarchäologie

1264:

Simple village mosque in Upper Nubia, mid-19th century

1123:. National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums of 4258:. The Sudan Archaeological Research Society: 146–152. 4161:

Muslim Societies in Africa: A Historical Anthropology

1936:

North African Prelude: The First Seven Thousand Years

391:

b. Estimate for entire area covered by modern Sudan.

4558:

Spaulding, Jay; Abu Salim, Muhammad Ibrahim (1989).

3620: 3596: 3533: 3230: 3206: 3167: 3155: 3107: 3095: 3083: 3011: 2999: 2915: 2867: 2831: 2807: 2711: 2660: 2648: 2585: 2573: 2561: 2549: 2534: 2474: 2374: 2323: 2308: 2248: 2212: 1893:"Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa, till the 19th century" 444: 5654: 5611: 5526: 5294: 5263: 5254: 5216: 5003: 4961: 4930: 4921: 4833: 4781: 3694:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 89. 348: 276: 259: 246: 236: 222: 211: 194: 181: 167: 159: 144: 116: 106: 92: 34: 3023: 1687:(1579). The Funj ("Fuingi") are located at the top 4212:"The Ottomans and Nubia in the Sixteenth Century" 3143: 2414:Pal Ruhela, Satya; Farah Aidid, Mohammed (1994). 2036:British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan 1076:, each of them subordinated to their respective 783:countries remained at peace for over a century. 678:, but, in 1585, were crushed by the Funj at the 139:(native tongue, increasingly replaced by Arabic) 4608:Banganarti on the Nile. An archaeological guide 4545:(3). Boston University African Studies Center. 4419:. Vol. 4. Harrassowitz. pp. 665–667. 732:Gebre Mariam, ruler of the Medri Bahri, helped 481:, greatly reduced in power, surrendered to the 4092:The Archaeology of Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa 3707:"Appendix I: The Chronology of the Fung Kings" 3545: 2735: 2636: 2624: 2522: 1735:, who traversed the country in the early 1770s 6006:States and territories disestablished in 1821 5721: 4759: 4577:Waddington, George; Hanbury, Barnard (1822). 4415:. In Siegbert Uhlig, Alessandro Bausi (ed.). 4138:"Äthiopisch–sudanesische Kriege im 18. Jhdt." 3449: 3437: 1203:attempted to modernize the army by importing 1047:The sultans of Sennar were powerful, but not 893:In 1741 and 1743 the young Ethiopian emperor 87:The Funj Sultanate at its peak in around 1700 8: 4579:Journal of a Visit to some Parts of Ethiopia 3929:The Nubian Past: An Archaeology of the Sudan 2987: 2156: 2154: 987:, while after 1791 Taka around the Sudanese 906:, which went in favour of Sennar. Traveller 4144:(in German). Peter Lang. pp. 111–131. 3632: 2006:. New York: Algora Publishing. p. 18. 886:, was overthrown in a coup and replaced by 809:to the west and made its ruler his vassal. 6001:States and territories established in 1504 5728: 5714: 5706: 5260: 4927: 4766: 4752: 4744: 3984:"Das Ende der christlich-nubischen Reiche" 3835:Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile 3131: 2600:Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile 786:The Funj sultan who ruled during the war, 670:, most likely a preemptive move to secure 81: 31: 3668: 3656: 3644: 3425: 3413: 3293: 3281: 3269: 3257: 3245: 3218: 3194: 3182: 3071: 3059: 3035: 2963: 2951: 2939: 2903: 2879: 2843: 2819: 2747: 2687: 2612: 2296: 2200: 2176: 4335:Oliver, Roland; Atmore, Anthony (2001). 4231:. Università di Napoli. pp. 33–50. 4142:Der Sudan in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart 4113:Language and National Identity in Africa 3818:. Cambridge Scholars. pp. 108–142. 3608: 3581: 3497: 3473: 3401: 3377: 3365: 3305: 2975: 2338: 2236: 2145: 1368:had been spoken between the region from 913: 882:In about 1718 the previous dynasty, the 822: 556:trade. According to oral traditions the 4055:"Chapter 1: Egypt, the Funj and Darfur" 4019:The Languages and Linguistics of Africa 3769:. Khartoum University. pp. 62–72. 3569: 2672: 2510: 2498: 2462: 2386: 2362: 2350: 2284: 2272: 2260: 1824: 1781: 1673: 1453:1550/1551 (AH 957) – 1557/1558 (AH 965) 1447:1533/1534 (AH 940) – 1550/1551 (AH 957) 1423:The rulers of Sennar held the title of 805:. Under his rule the Funj defeated the 627:. One year later the Ottomans occupied 4403:Reise in Egypten, Nubien und Ost-Sudan 4290:O'Fahey, R.S.; Spaulding, J.L (1974). 3557: 3521: 3509: 3485: 3461: 3389: 3353: 3329: 3317: 3047: 2795: 2771: 2759: 2450: 2438: 2188: 2029:"A Mamluk Coin from Kulubnarti, Sudan" 1917:The date when the Funj rulers adopted 1860: 1501:1611/1612 (AH 1020) – 1616/7 (AH 1025) 1471:1585/1586 (AH 994) – 15871588 (AH 996) 834:Egyptian conquest of Sudan (1820–1824) 4729:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 421–430. 3341: 3119: 2927: 2891: 2855: 2783: 2723: 2699: 2486: 2224: 1875: 635:. The borders of Funj were raided by 258: 245: 235: 231: 193: 180: 176: 166: 7: 4665:Journal of the Royal African Society 4021:. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 1–57. 3734:"Genealogical Tables and King-Lists" 1942:. New York: W. Morrow. p. 463. 752:) and she renewed submission to the 689:In the meantime, the rule of sultan 4387:(1). University of London: 87–111. 1717:Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville 599:In 1523 the kingdom was visited by 434: 5621:Monumental depictions of Amanitore 3871:Connel, Dan; Killion, Tom (2011). 3853:"Notes on the history of the Fung" 1144:, and cavalry, represented by the 832:appears to contradict the article 801:occupied the northern half of the 25: 4712:. University of Khartoum: 53–94. 4314:"Chapter 7: The Sudan, 1500–1800" 587:Ottoman threat and revolt of Ajib 6016:1821 disestablishments in Africa 5690: 5689: 5574:Temple of Apedemak (Lion Temple) 4824: 3873:Historical Dictionary of Eritrea 1740: 1724: 1708: 1692: 1676: 821: 332: 307: 59: 4168:McGregor, Andrew James (2006). 4068:The Cambridge History of Africa 3842:Burckhardt, John Lewis (1819). 2066:"Poncet's Journey to Abyssinia" 1507:1616/1617 (AH 1025) – 1644/1645 564:arrived at the junction of the 132:, increasingly spoken language) 4727:A Companion to African History 4436:The Journal of African History 4117:. Oxford University. pp. 3024:Spaulding & Abu Salim 1989 2401:First Footsteps in East Africa 1832:Ofcansky, Thomas (June 1991). 1770:List of Sunni Muslim dynasties 1219:, the now independent lord of 263:Egypt Province, Ottoman Empire 1: 6011:1504 establishments in Africa 5569:Temple of Amun (Jebel Barkal) 4667:, 30 (1931), pp. 361–376 4562:. Michigan State University. 3946:Etefa, Tsega Endalew (2006). 3144:Waddington & Hanbury 1822 2000:Avakov, Alexander V. (2010). 1898:The Last Great Muslim Empires 1381: 1007:, the general and son of the 654:of the (yet to be conquered) 607:, who disguised himself as a 522: 521:, until finally disappearing 4560:Public Documents from Sinnar 4053:Holt, Peter Malcolm (1975). 3732:Holt, Peter Malcolm (1999). 3621:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 3597:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 3534:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 3231:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 3207:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 3168:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 3156:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 3108:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 3096:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 3084:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 3012:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 3000:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 2916:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 2868:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 2832:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 2808:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 2712:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 2702:, pp. 116–118, note 21. 2661:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 2649:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 2586:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 2574:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 2562:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 2550:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 2535:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 2475:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 2375:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 2324:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 2309:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 2249:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 2213:O'Fahey & Spaulding 1974 1433:vary from source to source. 1256:The mosque of Sennar in 1829 1182:and, most importantly, long 693:(1568–1585) saw the rise of 4671:Lobban, Richard A. (1983). 4356:Pankhurst, Richard (1997). 4246:Nassr, Ahmed Hamid (2016). 4195:. Northwestern University. 3982:Grajetzki, Wolfram (2009). 3890:Crawford, O. G. S. (1951). 3851:Chataway, J. D. P. (1930). 3837:. Vol. IV. J. Ruthven. 3786:. University of Rochester. 3782:Beswick, Stephanie (2004). 2097:Anthropological Linguistics 2027:Anderson, Julie R. (2008). 1297:The 11th century church of 445: 168: 6032: 4400:Russegger, Joseph (1844). 4338:Medieval Africa, 1250-1800 4036:Hasan, Yusuf Fadl (1967). 3965:Gerhards, Gabriel (2023). 3892:The Fung Kingdom of Sennar 3816:The Road to the Two Sudans 3705:MacMichael, H. A. (1922). 3546:Aregay & Selassie 1971 2736:Aregay & Selassie 1971 2637:Aregay & Selassie 1971 2625:Aregay & Selassie 1971 2523:Aregay & Selassie 1971 2128: 2091:Bender, M. Lionel (1983). 1846:. The Funj. Archived from 1618: 1495:1606 – 1611/1612 (AH 1020) 1489:1603/1604 (AH 1012) – 1606 1483:1591 – 1603/1604 (AH 1012) 1349: 859: 660:first cataract of the Nile 469:, it quickly converted to 5743: 5687: 4822: 4634:Zurawski, Bogdan (2014). 4605:Zurawski, Bogdan (2012). 4522:. Brill. pp. 46–59. 4448:10.1017/S0021853700000256 4393:10.1017/S0041977X11000838 4318:General History of Africa 3803:African and Asian Studies 3450:Connel & Killion 2011 3438:Connel & Killion 2011 1933:Welch, Galbraith (1949). 1844:Federal Research Division 1477:1587/1588 (AH 996) – 1591 1465:1568 – 1585/1586 (AH 994) 1459:1557/1558 (AH 965) – 1568 1441:1503 – 1533/1534 (AH 940) 501:, represented by the two 483:Ottoman Egyptian invasion 465:. Founded in 1504 by the 366: 286: 272: 232: 207: 177: 80: 56: 51: 4501:The Heroic Age in Sennar 4375:Peacock, A.C.S. (2012). 4341:. Cambridge University. 4159:Loimeier, Roman (2013). 4094:. Cambridge University. 4090:Insoll, Timothy (2003). 4040:. Edinburgh University. 3907:Crowfoot, J. W. (1918). 2988:Oliver & Atmore 2001 1973: 1749:Johann Ludwig Burckhardt 1213:Johann Ludwig Burckhardt 902:the two states fought a 4706:Sudan Notes and Records 4586:Werner, Roland (2013). 4499:Spaulding, Jay (1985). 4471:Spaulding, Jay (1974). 4417:Encyclopedia Aethiopica 4411:Smidt, Wolbert (2010). 4136:Kropp, Manfred (1996). 3927:Edwards, David (2004). 3916:Sudan Notes and Records 3909:"The sign of the cross" 3860:Sudan Notes and Records 1005:Ismail bin Muhammad Ali 595:A young woman of Sennar 537:traditions refer to as 5594:Throne Hall of Dongola 4210:Ménage, V. L. (1988). 3690:Lovejoy, Paul (2012). 1889:Trimingham, J. Spencer 1839:Sudan: A Country Study 1651:Idris wad Abu Likaylik 1302: 1265: 1257: 1128: 1112: 1044: 1000: 975: 955: 919: 871: 839:Please discuss at the 774: 596: 5579:Temple of Amun (Tabo) 5549:Philae temple complex 4216:Annales Islamoloiques 4189:McHugh, Neil (1994). 4163:. Indiana University. 3833:Bruce, James (1790). 1657:Adlan wad Abu Likayik 1296: 1263: 1255: 1226:The Funj made use of 1118: 1106: 1080:. The most important 1035: 998: 973: 949: 917: 869: 767: 594: 446:al-Sulṭanah al-Zarqāʼ 374:Muhammad Ali of Egypt 117:Common languages 5544:Monastery in Ghazali 4659:Robinson, Arthur E. 4621:on 24 September 2018 4473:"The Fate of Alodia" 4271:. Praeger. pp. 3894:. John Bellows LTD. 3784:Sudan's Blood Memory 2418:. Vikas Pub. House. 1627:Muhammad Abu Likayik 1413:slave trade to Egypt 1150:amin jaysh al-sultan 925:Muhammad Abu Likayik 124:(official language, 5972:15.6572°N 32.3480°E 5968: / 5679:Levallois technique 5626:Nubian architecture 5163:Musawwarat es-Sufra 4981:Monarchs of Makuria 4873:Kingdom of al-Abwab 4480:Meroitic Newsletter 4294:. London: Methuen. 3659:, pp. 395–396. 3584:, pp. 140–141. 3524:, pp. 177–184. 3488:, pp. 177–178. 3440:, pp. 121–122. 3344:, pp. 131–132. 3260:, pp. 128–129. 2966:, pp. 449–451. 2954:, pp. 440–442. 2882:, pp. 391–392. 2750:, pp. 371–372. 2513:, pp. 101–102. 2453:, pp. 145–146. 2441:, pp. 143–144. 2275:, pp. 108–110. 2239:, pp. 140–141. 2191:, pp. 143–146. 1389:(17th century) and 1142:muqaddam al-qawawid 937:Sultanate of Darfur 421:(after its capital 419:Sultanate of Sennar 238:• Established 227:Early modern period 183:• 1504–1533/4 154:Coptic Christianity 45:As-Saltana az-Zarqa 5853:Mahdiyya caliphate 4590:(in German). Lit. 2389:, pp. 98–101. 1850:on 9 January 2009. 1685:Stefano Bonsignori 1303: 1266: 1258: 1129: 1113: 1045: 1013:Muhammad Ali Pasha 1001: 976: 956: 920: 872: 775: 597: 261:• Annexed to 250:Conquered by Egypt 5951: 5950: 5737:Sahelian kingdoms 5703: 5702: 5646:Sedeinga pyramids 5641:Pyramids of Meroë 5607: 5606: 5539:Kulubnarti church 5240:Meroitic alphabet 4999: 4998: 4971:Monarchs of Kerma 4883:Kingdom of Sennar 4736:978-1-119-06350-6 4645:978-83-7543-371-5 4597:978-3-643-12196-7 4581:. William Clowes. 4348:978-0-521-79024-6 4327:978-0-520-06700-4 4252:Sudan & Nubia 4082:978-0-521-20413-2 3957:978-3-447-05442-3 3938:978-0-415-36987-9 3875:. The Scarecrow. 3747:978-90-04-11256-8 3560:, pp. 28–29. 3548:, pp. 68–70. 3476:, pp. 55–56. 3428:, pp. 21–22. 3404:, pp. 68–69. 3368:, pp. 83–85. 3233:, pp. 41–42. 3170:, pp. 31–33. 3110:, pp. 68–69. 3098:, pp. 53–54. 3062:, pp. 72–73. 3038:, pp. 71–72. 3014:, pp. 47–48. 3002:, pp. 43–46. 2870:, pp. 94–95. 2822:, pp. 53–54. 2798:, pp. 53–54. 2786:, pp. 17–18. 2639:, pp. 65–66. 2588:, pp. 38–40. 2537:, pp. 36–38. 2465:, pp. 96–97. 2399:Burton, Richard. 2311:, pp. 25–26. 2263:, pp. 32–33. 2013:978-0-87586-750-2 1912:978-1-55876-112-4 1878:, pp. 68–69. 1834:Helen Chapin Metz 1731:Map by traveller 1701:Guillaume Delisle 1146:muqaddam al-khayl 1121:Nasir ibn Badi IV 1009:nominally Ottoman 858: 857: 807:Kingdom of Taqali 760:17th century peak 485:without a fight. 443: 407: 406: 344: 343: 340: 339: 320: 319: 196:• 1805–1821 140: 133: 16:(Redirected from 6023: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5977:15.6572; 32.3480 5973: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5964: 5961: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5707: 5693: 5692: 5584:Temple of Dendur 5261: 4976:Monarchs of Kush 4928: 4828: 4801:History of Sudan 4775:History of Nubia 4768: 4761: 4754: 4745: 4740: 4721: 4700: 4649: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4620: 4614:. Archived from 4613: 4601: 4582: 4573: 4554: 4533: 4514: 4495: 4477: 4467: 4430: 4407: 4396: 4371: 4352: 4331: 4305: 4286: 4270: 4259: 4242: 4223: 4206: 4185: 4164: 4155: 4132: 4116: 4105: 4086: 4049: 4032: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4003: 3997:. Archived from 3988: 3978: 3971:Der Antike Sudan 3961: 3942: 3923: 3913: 3903: 3886: 3867: 3857: 3847: 3844:Travels in Nubia 3838: 3829: 3810: 3797: 3778: 3752: 3751: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3687: 3681: 3678: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3633:Hammarström 2018 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3393: 3387: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3357: 3351: 3345: 3339: 3333: 3327: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3198: 3192: 3186: 3180: 3171: 3165: 3159: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2805: 2799: 2793: 2787: 2781: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2709: 2703: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2676: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2610: 2604: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2538: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2396: 2390: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2336: 2327: 2321: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2264: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2198: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2165: 2160:Alan Moorehead, 2158: 2149: 2143: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2058: 2052: 2051: 2045: 2043: 2033: 2024: 2018: 2017: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1956: 1954: 1941: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1885: 1879: 1873: 1864: 1858: 1852: 1851: 1829: 1812: 1804: 1798: 1795: 1789: 1786: 1744: 1728: 1712: 1696: 1680: 1647:1786/1787 – 1798 1641:1780 – 1786/1787 1635:1775/1776 – 1780 1633:Badi walad Rajab 1513:1644/1645 – 1681 1429:(sultan). Their 1391:Joseph Russegger 1383: 1366:Nubian languages 1362:Christian period 1356:Nubian languages 1111:horseman in 1879 853: 850: 844: 825: 824: 817: 769:a plume made of 754:Ethiopian Empire 734:Emperor Susneyos 680:battle of Hannik 625:Ethiopian Empire 524: 448: 438: 436: 413:, also known as 396: 390: 371: 336: 335: 324: 323: 311: 310: 304: 303: 288: 287: 268:13 February 1841 163:Islamic Monarchy 138: 136:Nubian languages 128:and language of 123: 85: 63: 42: 39:السلطنة الزرقاء 32: 21: 6031: 6030: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6021: 6020: 5986: 5985: 5976: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5947: 5739: 5734: 5704: 5699: 5683: 5650: 5631:Nubian pyramids 5603: 5534:Faras Cathedral 5522: 5290: 5250: 5212: 5108:Island of Meroë 4995: 4991:Viceroy of Kush 4957: 4917: 4878:Kingdom of Kush 4829: 4820: 4777: 4772: 4737: 4724: 4703: 4670: 4656: 4654:Further reading 4646: 4633: 4624: 4622: 4618: 4611: 4604: 4598: 4585: 4576: 4570: 4557: 4536: 4530: 4517: 4511: 4498: 4475: 4470: 4433: 4427: 4410: 4399: 4374: 4368: 4355: 4349: 4334: 4328: 4308: 4302: 4289: 4283: 4262: 4245: 4239: 4226: 4209: 4203: 4188: 4182: 4167: 4158: 4152: 4135: 4129: 4108: 4102: 4089: 4083: 4052: 4035: 4029: 4016: 4007: 4005: 4001: 3986: 3981: 3964: 3958: 3950:. Harassowitz. 3945: 3939: 3926: 3911: 3906: 3889: 3883: 3870: 3855: 3850: 3841: 3832: 3826: 3813: 3800: 3794: 3781: 3767:Sudan in Africa 3764: 3761: 3756: 3755: 3748: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3679: 3675: 3667: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3643: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3595: 3588: 3580: 3576: 3568: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3520: 3516: 3508: 3504: 3496: 3492: 3484: 3480: 3472: 3468: 3460: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3388: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3364: 3360: 3352: 3348: 3340: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3268: 3264: 3256: 3252: 3244: 3237: 3229: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3205: 3201: 3193: 3189: 3181: 3174: 3166: 3162: 3154: 3150: 3142: 3138: 3132:Burckhardt 1819 3130: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3106: 3102: 3094: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3058: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3034: 3030: 3026:, pp. 2–3. 3022: 3018: 3010: 3006: 2998: 2994: 2986: 2982: 2974: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2950: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2926: 2922: 2914: 2910: 2902: 2898: 2890: 2886: 2878: 2874: 2866: 2862: 2854: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2830: 2826: 2818: 2814: 2806: 2802: 2794: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2746: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2722: 2718: 2710: 2706: 2698: 2694: 2686: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2659: 2655: 2647: 2643: 2635: 2631: 2623: 2619: 2611: 2607: 2596: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2541: 2533: 2529: 2521: 2517: 2509: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2461: 2457: 2449: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2426: 2413: 2412: 2408: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2385: 2381: 2373: 2369: 2361: 2357: 2349: 2345: 2337: 2330: 2322: 2315: 2307: 2303: 2295: 2291: 2283: 2279: 2271: 2267: 2259: 2255: 2247: 2243: 2235: 2231: 2223: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2199: 2195: 2187: 2183: 2175: 2168: 2159: 2152: 2144: 2135: 2127: 2123: 2113: 2111: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2062:Pinkerton, John 2060: 2059: 2055: 2041: 2039: 2031: 2026: 2025: 2021: 2014: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1984: 1982: 1975: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1952: 1950: 1939: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1913: 1887: 1886: 1882: 1874: 1867: 1859: 1855: 1831: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1815: 1805: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1759: 1752: 1745: 1736: 1729: 1720: 1713: 1704: 1697: 1688: 1681: 1672: 1623: 1617: 1612: 1487:Abd al-Qadir II 1421: 1408: 1358: 1348: 1291: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1169:throwing knives 1101: 1030: 1025: 864: 854: 848: 845: 838: 826: 815: 803:Shilluk Kingdom 762: 707:Abd al-Qadir II 589: 539:Abdallah Jammah 499:Christian Nubia 496: 491: 457:, northwestern 453:in what is now 435:السلطنة الزرقاء 403: 393: 387: 368: 359: 355: 333: 308: 265: 252: 239: 197: 184: 152: 134: 88: 76: 75: 64: 47: 43: 40: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6029: 6027: 6019: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5996:Funj Sultanate 5988: 5987: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5868:Mossi kingdoms 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5823:Hausa kingdoms 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5735: 5733: 5732: 5725: 5718: 5710: 5701: 5700: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5666: 5660: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5617: 5615: 5609: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5530: 5528: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5345: 5340: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5298: 5296: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5267: 5265: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5248: 5243: 5233: 5228: 5222: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5098:Gala Abu Ahmed 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5053:Dodekaschoinos 5050: 5045: 5043:Deir el-Bahari 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5009: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4993: 4988: 4986:Queens of Kush 4983: 4978: 4973: 4967: 4965: 4959: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4934: 4932: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4839: 4837: 4831: 4830: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4796:Names of Nubia 4793: 4787: 4785: 4779: 4778: 4773: 4771: 4770: 4763: 4756: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4735: 4722: 4701: 4689:10.2307/217787 4683:(2): 231–262. 4668: 4655: 4652: 4651: 4650: 4644: 4631: 4602: 4596: 4583: 4574: 4568: 4555: 4534: 4529:978-9004110496 4528: 4515: 4510:978-1569022603 4509: 4496: 4468: 4431: 4425: 4408: 4397: 4372: 4366: 4353: 4347: 4332: 4326: 4312:, ed. (1999). 4306: 4300: 4287: 4281: 4260: 4243: 4237: 4224: 4207: 4201: 4186: 4180: 4165: 4156: 4150: 4133: 4128:978-0199286744 4127: 4106: 4101:978-0521651714 4100: 4087: 4081: 4063:Oliver, Roland 4050: 4033: 4027: 4014: 4004:on 2 June 2019 3979: 3962: 3956: 3943: 3937: 3924: 3904: 3887: 3881: 3868: 3848: 3846:. John Murray. 3839: 3830: 3824: 3811: 3798: 3793:978-1580462310 3792: 3779: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3753: 3746: 3724: 3697: 3682: 3673: 3669:Spaulding 1985 3661: 3657:Spaulding 2006 3649: 3647:, p. 769. 3645:Russegger 1844 3637: 3625: 3613: 3611:, p. 144. 3601: 3586: 3574: 3572:, p. 260. 3562: 3550: 3538: 3526: 3514: 3512:, p. 178. 3502: 3500:, p. 256. 3490: 3478: 3466: 3464:, p. 177. 3454: 3452:, p. 507. 3442: 3430: 3426:Spaulding 1974 3418: 3414:Natsoulas 2003 3406: 3394: 3392:, p. 154. 3382: 3370: 3358: 3356:, p. 150. 3346: 3334: 3332:, p. 174. 3322: 3320:, p. 156. 3310: 3298: 3294:Spaulding 1985 3286: 3284:, p. 189. 3282:Spaulding 1985 3274: 3272:, p. 125. 3270:Spaulding 1985 3262: 3258:Spaulding 1985 3250: 3248:, p. 129. 3246:Spaulding 1985 3235: 3223: 3221:, p. 130. 3219:Spaulding 1985 3211: 3199: 3195:Spaulding 1985 3187: 3185:, p. 124. 3183:Spaulding 1985 3172: 3160: 3148: 3136: 3134:, p. 286. 3124: 3122:, p. 481. 3112: 3100: 3088: 3076: 3072:Spaulding 1985 3064: 3060:Spaulding 1985 3052: 3050:, p. 123. 3040: 3036:Spaulding 1985 3028: 3016: 3004: 2992: 2990:, p. 106. 2980: 2968: 2964:Spaulding 1985 2956: 2952:Spaulding 1985 2944: 2942:, p. 382. 2940:Spaulding 1985 2932: 2930:, p. 320. 2920: 2918:, p. 101. 2908: 2906:, p. 383. 2904:Spaulding 1985 2896: 2884: 2880:Spaulding 1985 2872: 2860: 2858:, p. 128. 2848: 2846:, p. 313. 2844:Spaulding 1985 2836: 2824: 2820:Spaulding 1998 2812: 2800: 2788: 2776: 2764: 2752: 2748:Pankhurst 1997 2740: 2728: 2726:, p. 125. 2716: 2704: 2692: 2690:, p. 213. 2688:Spaulding 1985 2677: 2675:, p. 115. 2665: 2653: 2641: 2629: 2617: 2615:, p. 361. 2613:Spaulding 1985 2605: 2590: 2578: 2566: 2554: 2539: 2527: 2515: 2503: 2491: 2489:, p. 665. 2479: 2467: 2455: 2443: 2431: 2424: 2406: 2403:. p. 179. 2391: 2379: 2367: 2355: 2343: 2341:, p. 136. 2328: 2313: 2301: 2299:, p. 210. 2297:Spaulding 1985 2289: 2277: 2265: 2253: 2241: 2229: 2227:, p. 176. 2217: 2205: 2203:, p. 123. 2201:Grajetzki 2009 2193: 2181: 2179:, p. 117. 2177:Grajetzki 2009 2166: 2150: 2148:, p. 141. 2133: 2121: 2083: 2053: 2019: 2012: 1992: 1977:[Sultanic 1972:"Text Viewer" 1963: 1940:(snippet view) 1925: 1911: 1880: 1865: 1853: 1823: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1799: 1790: 1780: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1767: 1764:Funj Chronicle 1758: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1746: 1739: 1737: 1730: 1723: 1721: 1714: 1707: 1705: 1698: 1691: 1689: 1682: 1675: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1660: 1654: 1648: 1642: 1636: 1630: 1619:Main article: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1610: 1604: 1598: 1592: 1586: 1580: 1574: 1568: 1562: 1556: 1550: 1544: 1538: 1532: 1526: 1520: 1514: 1508: 1502: 1496: 1490: 1484: 1478: 1472: 1466: 1460: 1454: 1451:Abd al-Qadir I 1448: 1442: 1435: 1431:regnal numbers 1420: 1417: 1407: 1404: 1352:Copts in Sudan 1347: 1344: 1290: 1287: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1100: 1097: 1029: 1028:Administration 1026: 1024: 1021: 983:("deputy") of 974:Sennar in 1821 904:pitched battle 856: 855: 829: 827: 820: 814: 811: 761: 758: 650:was appointed 633:Adal Sultanate 588: 585: 517:restricted to 495: 492: 490: 487: 427:Blue Sultanate 411:Funj Sultanate 405: 404: 367: 364: 363: 350: 346: 345: 342: 341: 338: 337: 330: 321: 318: 317: 312: 300: 299: 294: 284: 283: 278: 274: 273: 270: 269: 266: 260: 257: 256: 253: 247: 244: 243: 240: 237: 234: 233: 230: 229: 224: 223:Historical era 220: 219: 215:Great Council 213: 209: 208: 205: 204: 198: 195: 192: 191: 185: 182: 179: 178: 175: 174: 171: 165: 164: 161: 157: 156: 146: 142: 141: 118: 114: 113: 108: 104: 103: 94: 90: 89: 86: 78: 77: 65: 58: 57: 54: 53: 49: 48: 38: 36:Funj Sultanate 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6028: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5984: 5981: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5742: 5738: 5731: 5726: 5724: 5719: 5717: 5712: 5711: 5708: 5698: 5697: 5686: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5664:Bow and arrow 5662: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5653: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5610: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5589:Temple of Mut 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5297: 5293: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5253: 5247: 5244: 5241: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5215: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5168:Nubian Desert 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 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4307: 4303: 4301:0-416-77450-4 4297: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4274: 4269: 4268: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4240: 4238:9788895044682 4234: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4187: 4183: 4177: 4173: 4172: 4166: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4114: 4107: 4103: 4097: 4093: 4088: 4084: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4030: 4028:9783110421668 4024: 4020: 4015: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3973:(in German). 3972: 3968: 3963: 3959: 3953: 3949: 3944: 3940: 3934: 3931:. Routledge. 3930: 3925: 3922:: 55–56, 216. 3921: 3917: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3888: 3884: 3882:9780810875050 3878: 3874: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3840: 3836: 3831: 3827: 3825:9781443856324 3821: 3817: 3812: 3809:(2): 315–329. 3808: 3804: 3799: 3795: 3789: 3785: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3749: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3728: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3701: 3698: 3693: 3686: 3683: 3677: 3674: 3670: 3665: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3650: 3646: 3641: 3638: 3635:, p. 16. 3634: 3629: 3626: 3623:, p. 29. 3622: 3617: 3614: 3610: 3609:Loimeier 2013 3605: 3602: 3599:, p. 33. 3598: 3593: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3582:Gerhards 2023 3578: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3539: 3536:, p. 68. 3535: 3530: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3503: 3499: 3498:Chataway 1930 3494: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3479: 3475: 3474:Crowfoot 1918 3470: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3422: 3419: 3416:, p. 78. 3415: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3402:Zurawski 2012 3398: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3383: 3380:, p. 84. 3379: 3378:Zurawski 2014 3374: 3371: 3367: 3366:Zurawski 2014 3362: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3311: 3308:, p. 24. 3307: 3306:Zurawski 2012 3302: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3287: 3283: 3278: 3275: 3271: 3266: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3251: 3247: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3212: 3209:, p. 41. 3208: 3203: 3200: 3197:, p. 29. 3196: 3191: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3161: 3158:, p. 63. 3157: 3152: 3149: 3146:, p. 98. 3145: 3140: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3101: 3097: 3092: 3089: 3086:, p. 54. 3085: 3080: 3077: 3074:, p. 70. 3073: 3068: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2993: 2989: 2984: 2981: 2978:, p. 73. 2977: 2976:McGregor 2006 2972: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2933: 2929: 2924: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2897: 2894:, p. 47. 2893: 2888: 2885: 2881: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2837: 2834:, p. 94. 2833: 2828: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2813: 2810:, p. 93. 2809: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2792: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2777: 2774:, p. 54. 2773: 2768: 2765: 2762:, p. 53. 2761: 2756: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2741: 2738:, p. 68. 2737: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2717: 2714:, p. 91. 2713: 2708: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2666: 2663:, p. 57. 2662: 2657: 2654: 2651:, p. 61. 2650: 2645: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2630: 2627:, p. 65. 2626: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2606: 2602: 2601: 2597:James Bruce, 2594: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2579: 2576:, p. 36. 2575: 2570: 2567: 2564:, p. 38. 2563: 2558: 2555: 2552:, p. 60. 2551: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2528: 2525:, p. 64. 2524: 2519: 2516: 2512: 2507: 2504: 2501:, p. 97. 2500: 2495: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2480: 2477:, p. 35. 2476: 2471: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2432: 2427: 2425:9780706980042 2421: 2417: 2410: 2407: 2402: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2380: 2377:, p. 26. 2376: 2371: 2368: 2365:, p. 98. 2364: 2359: 2356: 2353:, p. 91. 2352: 2347: 2344: 2340: 2339:Crawford 1951 2335: 2333: 2329: 2326:, p. 23. 2325: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2290: 2287:, p. 33. 2286: 2281: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2266: 2262: 2257: 2254: 2251:, p. 22. 2250: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2237:Loimeier 2013 2233: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2218: 2215:, p. 19. 2214: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2162:The Blue Nile 2157: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2146:Loimeier 2013 2142: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2122: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2087: 2084: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2057: 2054: 2050: 2037: 2030: 2023: 2020: 2015: 2009: 2005: 2004: 1996: 1993: 1980: 1976: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1949: 1945: 1938: 1937: 1929: 1926: 1922: 1920: 1914: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1884: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1840: 1835: 1828: 1825: 1818: 1810: 1803: 1800: 1794: 1791: 1785: 1782: 1775: 1771: 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D. 3558:Werner 2013 3522:Werner 2013 3510:Werner 2013 3486:Werner 2013 3462:Werner 2013 3390:Werner 2013 3354:Werner 2013 3330:Werner 2013 3318:Werner 2013 3048:Insoll 2003 2796:McHugh 1994 2772:McHugh 1994 2760:McHugh 1994 2451:Ménage 1988 2439:Ménage 1988 2189:Werner 2013 1861:McHugh 1994 1776:Annotations 1733:James Bruce 1665:1804 – 1806 1653:1798 – 1803 1609:1805 – 1821 1603:1804 – 1805 1597:1798 – 1804 1591:1791 – 1798 1585:1790 – 1791 1573:1788 – 1790 1567:1787 – 1788 1561:1776 – 1789 1555:1768 – 1776 1549:1762 – 1769 1543:1724 – 1762 1537:1720 – 1724 1531:1719 – 1720 1525:1692 – 1716 1519:1681 – 1692 1457:Abu Sakikin 1215:noted that 1184:broadswords 989:Mareb River 908:James Bruce 742:Bahr Negash 730:Bahr Negash 672:Upper Egypt 668:Lower Nubia 637:Ahmed Gurey 621:Selman Reis 519:Lower Nubia 479:last sultan 467:Funj people 292:Preceded by 212:Legislature 149:Sunni Islam 41:(in Arabic) 5990:Categories 5963:32°20′53″E 5960:15°39′26″N 5918:Toucouleur 5818:Great Fulo 5656:Technology 5554:Qasr Ibrim 5246:Old Nubian 5198:Umm Ruweim 5173:Saï Island 5142:Kulubnarti 5103:Jebel Adda 4625:26 January 4569:0870132806 4367:0932415199 4282:0313308640 4202:0810110695 4181:0275986012 4151:3631480911 4008:1 December 3866:: 247–258. 3342:Hasan 1967 3120:Bruce 1790 2928:Beška 2020 2892:Miran 2010 2856:Kropp 1996 2784:Etefa 2006 2724:Kropp 1996 2700:Kropp 1996 2487:Smidt 2010 2225:Hasan 1967 1876:James 2008 1819:References 1350:See also: 1336:Portuguese 1324:Ethiopians 1299:Banganarti 1061:sid al-qum 1055:, and the 1049:absolutely 1023:Government 860:See also: 664:Qasr Ibrim 603:traveller 515:rump state 160:Government 101:suzerainty 5938:Wassoulou 5798:Futa Toro 5483:Sabomakal 5264:Religions 5218:Languages 5073:El-Hobagi 5013:Al-Meragh 5005:Locations 4718:0375-2984 4638:. IKSiO. 4551:0361-7882 4492:1266-1635 4486:: 12–30. 4464:161129633 4456:0021-8537 3900:253111091 3775:248684619 3719:264942362 2603:, vol. 2. 2129:Ogot 1999 2042:12 August 1985:12 August 1953:12 August 1663:Wad Rajab 1571:Tayyib II 1346:Languages 1340:Holy Land 1332:Armenians 1207:and even 1119:Sword of 1003:In 1820, 849:June 2021 841:talk page 773:feathers. 652:Beylerbey 611:. Sultan 449:), was a 440:romanized 415:Funjistan 145:Religion 52:1504–1821 5696:Category 5428:Makedeke 5335:Apedemak 5276:Egyptian 5256:Religion 5236:Meroitic 5231:Egyptian 5158:Meinarti 5078:El-Kurru 4923:Monarchy 4858:Blemmyes 4835:Kingdoms 4806:Military 4413:"Sinnar" 4065:(eds.). 4046:33206034 2114:15 March 2109:30027653 2064:(1814). 2038:(10): 68 1891:(1996). 1757:See also 1607:Badi VII 1559:Adlan II 1529:Unsa III 1523:Badi III 1243:Religion 1217:Mek Nimr 1205:firearms 1201:Badi III 1173:javelins 1134:salatiya 1099:Military 1042:Fazughli 1017:Badi VII 961:Adlan II 933:Kordofan 895:Iyasu II 723:Abdallab 711:Susenyos 619:admiral 535:Sudanese 503:medieval 463:Ethiopia 451:monarchy 361:Ethiopia 277:Currency 201:Badi VII 5908:Songhai 5893:Shilluk 5863:Massina 5753:Bagirmi 5527:Temples 5339:Aqedise 5320:Amesemi 5316:Amanete 5295:Deities 5281:Kushite 5226:Blemmye 5178:Shalfak 5128:Kageras 5093:Hamadab 5058:Dongola 5048:Debeira 5033:Ballana 4953:Viceroy 4943:Pharaoh 4938:Kandake 4913:X-Group 4908:Nobatia 4888:Makuria 4863:C-Group 4853:B-Group 4843:A-Group 3680:Lapidus 3296:, xvii. 2131:, p. 91 2078:1397394 1836:(ed.). 1747:Map by 1715:Map by 1699:Map by 1683:Map by 1589:Badi VI 1553:Isma'il 1541:Badi IV 1517:Unsa II 1511:Badi II 1505:Rabat I 1493:Adlan I 1360:In the 1308:Shahada 1238:Culture 1228:Shilluk 1209:cannons 1180:shields 1109:Shukuri 1090:manjils 1086:manjils 1011:vassal 985:Massawa 813:Decline 799:Badi II 788:Rabat I 771:ostrich 750:Gorgora 715:Adlan I 684:Eritrea 676:Dongola 641:Kassala 629:Sawakin 617:Ottoman 576:and/or 574:Obwongo 562:Shilluk 554:Red Sea 531:Bedouin 507:Makuria 494:Origins 489:History 459:Eritrea 442:: 378:Ottoman 357:Eritrea 248:• 190:(first) 107:Capital 72:al-wasm 5923:Tunjur 5913:Takrur 5903:Sokoto 5888:Sennar 5883:Saloum 5833:Kaarta 5783:Darfur 5773:Dagbon 5758:Bamana 5748:Alodia 5599:Tombos 5559:Qustul 5518:Yahweh 5440:Menhit 5409:Khenmu 5370:Breith 5361:Bastet 5347:Ariten 5123:Kadero 5083:Fadrus 5063:Dotawo 4963:Rulers 4931:Titles 4903:Napata 4848:Alodia 4783:Topics 4733: 4716: 4697:217787 4695: 4642: 4594: 4566: 4549: 4526: 4507: 4490: 4462: 4454: 4423: 4364: 4345: 4324: 4298: 4279: 4235: 4199: 4178: 4148: 4125: 4098: 4079: 4044: 4025: 3954: 3935: 3898: 3879: 3822: 3790: 3773: 3744: 3717: 2422: 2107: 2076: 2010: 1979:Firman 1948:413248 1946: 1909: 1751:(1819) 1719:(1749) 1703:(1701) 1583:Nawwar 1577:Badi V 1499:Badi I 1481:Unsa I 1475:Tayyib 1419:Rulers 1395:Kanuri 1328:Greeks 1271:divine 1221:Shendi 1193:copper 1189:quilts 1165:lances 1138:Fartit 1082:manjil 1078:manjil 1068:manjil 1038:manjil 954:, 1823 746:Danqaz 740:. The 738:Suakin 719:Badi I 699:Tayyib 609:Sharif 601:Jewish 570:Apfuny 511:Alodia 475:façade 431:Arabic 423:Sennar 382:firman 315:Alodia 281:barter 203:(last) 173: 169:Sultan 121:Arabic 111:Sennar 93:Status 5933:Wadai 5928:Waalo 5878:Niumi 5873:Niani 5838:Kaabu 5828:Jolof 5813:Gobir 5808:Ghana 5788:Dendi 5768:Cayor 5674:Hafir 5564:Semna 5498:Thoth 5488:Sobek 5478:Satis 5449:Miket 5445:Merul 5435:Mehit 5419:Jesus 5399:Horus 5394:Hemen 5379:Dedun 5351:Atari 5330:Anaka 5325:Anhur 5307:Allah 5193:Soleb 5183:Singa 5153:Lisht 5148:Kumma 5088:Faras 5038:Bigeh 5028:Askut 5023:Aniba 5018:Amara 4898:Meroë 4893:Medja 4868:Kerma 4791:Nubia 4693:JSTOR 4619:(PDF) 4612:(PDF) 4476:(PDF) 4460:S2CID 4275:–96. 4121:–78. 4073:14–57 4057:. 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