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4–14 years old. In the case of JAE, the typical age at which it begins is traditionally within the range of 10 to 19 years, with the highest occurrence observed around the age of 15. Unlike CAE, seizures in JAE are not as frequent but tend to have a longer duration. It is very rare that someone older will experience their first absence seizure. Episodes of absence seizures can often be mistaken for inattentiveness when misdiagnosed, and can occur 50–100 times a day. They can be so difficult to detect that some people may go months or years before being given a proper diagnosis. The majority of children experiencing typical absence seizures have an overall normal health condition. However, these absence seizures can disrupt the learning process and hinder concentration in a school environment. This underscores the crucial significance of treatment There are no known before or after effects of absence seizures.
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incrementally increased until the child was free of seizures, the maximal allowable dose was reached, or a criterion indicating treatment failure was met. The primary outcome was freedom from treatment failure after 16 weeks of therapy; the secondary outcome was attentional dysfunction. After 16 weeks of therapy, the freedom-from-failure rates for ethosuximide and valproic acid were similar and were higher than the rate for lamotrigine. There were no significant differences between the three drugs with regard to discontinuation because of adverse events. Attentional dysfunction was more common with valproic acid than with ethosuximide. If monotherapy fails or unacceptable adverse reactions appear, replacement of one by another of the three antiepileptic drugs is the alternative. Adding small doses of lamotrigine to sodium valproate may be the best combination in resistant cases.
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impairment of consciousness, interruption of ongoing activities, a blank stare, possibly a brief upward rotation of the eyes. If the patient is speaking, speech is slowed or interrupted; if walking, they stand transfixed; if eating, the food will stop on its way to the mouth. Usually, the patient will be unresponsive when addressed. In some cases, attacks are aborted when the patient is called. The attack lasts from a few seconds to half a minute and evaporates as rapidly as it commenced. Absence seizures generally are not followed by a period of disorientation or lethargy (postictal state), in contrast to the majority of seizure disorders. If the patient has jerking gestures during the seizure this might be the indication of another type of seizure occurring onward with the absence seizure.
203:
typically commence between the ages of 4 to 8 years and manifest in otherwise seemingly healthy children. On classic electroencephalograms (EEGs), distinct patterns emerge, featuring generalized spike-wave bursts occurring at a frequency of 3 Hz, accompanied by normal background brain activity. Despite sometimes being mistakenly perceived as a benign type of epilepsy, childhood absence epilepsy is associated with varying rates of remission. Children affected by this condition often experience cognitive deficits and encounter enduring psychosocial challenges in the long term.
252:(cause) of absence seizure. The commonly held belief is that the genetic factor is the primary cause of childhood absence epilepsy. Furthermore, patients with childhood absence epilepsy have also been reported to exhibit certain copy number variations (CNVs), such as 15q11.2, 15q13.3, and 16p13.11 microdeletions. Almost 25% of children suffering from absence seizure has a relative that suffers from seizures. Some specific anticonvulsant drugs such as phenytoin, carbamazepine, and vigabatrin have been identified to raise the chances of experiencing absence seizures.
300:. Purposeful or quasi-purposeful movements occurring in the absence of awareness during an absence attack are frequent and may range from lip licking and swallowing to clothes fumbling or aimless walking. If spoken to, the patient may grunt, and when touched or tickled may rub the site. Automatisms are quite elaborate and may consist of combinations of the above described movements or may be so simple as to be missed by casual observation.
662:
to determine whether the patient has outgrown the absence seizures, as is often the case in children. To date there have been no published results of any large, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies comparing the efficacy and safety of these or any other medications for absence seizures. A 2019 Cochrane review found that
425:
Absence seizures are brief (usually less than 20 seconds) generalized epileptic seizures of sudden onset and termination. When someone experiences an absence seizure they are often unaware of their episode. Those most susceptible to this are children, and the first episode usually occurs between
661:
In the treatment of absence seizures there is often insufficient evidence for which of the available medications has the best combination of safety and efficacy for a particular patient. Nor is it easily known how long a medication must be continued before an off-medication trial should be conducted
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components. Here the onset of the attack is indistinguishable from the above, but clonic components may occur in the eyelids, at the corner of the mouth, or in other muscle groups which may vary in severity from almost imperceptible movements to generalised myoclonic jerks. Objects held in the hand
215:
Absence seizures affect between 0.7 and 4.6 per 100,000 in the general population and 6 to 8 per 100,000 in children younger than 15 years. Childhood absence seizures account for 10% to 17% of all absence seizures. Onset is between 4 and 10 years and peaks at 5 to 7 years. It is more common in girls
444:
Typical absence seizures usually occur in the context of idiopathic generalised epilepsies and an EEG shows fast >2.5 Hz generalised spike-wave discharges. The prefix "typical" is to differentiate them from atypical absences rather than to characterise them as "classical" or characteristic
378:
Abnormal oscillatory rhythms develop in the thalamic nucleus reticularis. This causes inhibition of GABAergic neurotransmission and excitation of glutamate neurotransmission. Abnormal oscillatory spikes are produced by the low threshold T-type calcium channel. This explains how inheritance of gene
211:
The incidence of absence seizures in the United States is 1.9–8 cases per 100,000 population. The morbidity from typical absence seizures is related to the frequency and duration of the seizures, as well as to the patient's activities; effective treatment ameliorates these factors. Educational and
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Roughly 70% of children experiencing absence seizures will see these seizures naturally cease before they reach the age of 18. In such instances, the need for medications might no longer be relevant in adulthood. It is worth noting that children who develop absence seizures prior to turning 9 are
571:
monotherapy is less effective, controlling absences in around 50% of patients. This summary has been recently confirmed by
Glauser et al. (2010), who studied the effects of ethosuximide, valproic acid, and lamotrigine in children with newly diagnosed childhood absence epilepsy. Drug dosages were
550:
Reflex
Epilepsy (JS) is a form of epilepsy usually categorized within the spectrum of genetically linked Generalized Epilepsy (GGE). While EM (Epileptic Myoclonus) is commonly acknowledged as a type of seizure, the formal recognition of JS as a separate medical entity by the International League
541:
Juvenile
Myoclonic Epilepsy (JME), also referred to as Janz Syndrome and Impulsive Petit Mal, is a form of epilepsy that is characterized by absence, Myoclonic, and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures. This epilepsy variant is marked by its idiopathic and hereditary characteristics, as well as its
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in more than 90% of people with typical absences. This is a reliable test for the diagnosis of absence seizures: a patient suspected of typical absences should be asked to hyperventilate for three minutes, counting breaths. During hyperventilation, the oxygen and carbon dioxide level will become
202:
represents a significant portion, accounting for approximately 10 to 17%, of all cases of childhood-onset epilepsy, establishing it as the most common form of pediatric epilepsy. This syndrome is characterized by daily occurrences of frequent but brief episodes of staring spells. These episodes
532:
Juvenile
Absence Epilepsy is considered an Idiopathic GED (Idiopathic Major Epilepsy) Syndrome and is officially categorized as Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy by the ILAE. This condition typically begins in adolescents during the puberty stage and is distinguished by the occurrence of absence
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symmetrically or asymmetrically. If the patient is standing, the head may be drawn backward and the trunk may arch. This may lead to retropulsion, which may cause eyelids to twitch rapidly; eyes may jerk upwards or the patients head may rock back and forth slowly, as if nodding. The head may
260:
The clinical manifestations of absence seizures vary significantly among patients. Impairment of consciousness is the essential symptom, and may be the only clinical symptom, but this can be combined with other manifestations. The hallmark of the absence seizures is abrupt and sudden-onset
188:(from the French for "little illness", a term dated to the late 18th century); however, usage of this terminology is no longer recommended. Absence seizures are characterized by a brief loss and return of consciousness, generally not followed by a period of lethargy (i.e. without a notable
280:
components. Here there may be a diminution in tone of muscles subserving posture as well as in the limbs leading to dropping of the head, occasionally slumping of the trunk, dropping of the arms, and relaxation of the grip. Rarely tone is sufficiently diminished to cause this person to
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are contraindicated in the treatment of absence seizures, irrespective of cause and severity. This is based on clinical and experimental evidence. In particular, the GABA agonists vigabatrin and tiagabine are used to induce, not to treat, absence seizures and absence
461:
characteristics: EEG is of slow (less than 2.5 Hz) spike and slow wave. The discharge is heterogeneous, often asymmetrical and may include irregular spike and slow wave complexes, fast and other paroxysmal activity. Background interictal EEG is usually
315:
Mixed forms of absence frequently occur. These seizures can happen a few times a day or in some cases, hundreds of times a day, to the point that the person cannot concentrate in school or in other situations requiring sustained, concentrated attention.
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behavioral problems are sequelae of frequent, unrecognized seizures. No deaths result directly from absence seizures. However, if an individual suffers an absence seizure while driving or operating dangerous machinery, a fatal accident may occur.
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can be very beneficial. In a review of studies of childhood and juvenile patients, this diet reduced seizure episodes in most patients by more than half; of those with clear outcomes, a quarter to a third became seizure free.
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Appropriate medication is the best way to manage absence seizures, but prevention can be considerably enhanced by life-style changes such as exercise, stress reduction, good sleep hygiene, and healthy diet. In particular, a
542:
generalization across seizures. The initial documentation of JME dates back to 1867 by Herpin, followed by Janz and
Christian labeling it as 'Impulsive Petit Mal' in 1957, and Lund's 1975 designation of 'JME'.
451:
Occur only in the context of mainly severe symptomatic or cryptogenic epilepsies of children with learning difficulties who also have frequent seizures of other types, such as atonic, tonic and myoclonic.
1221:
591:(Klonopin, Rivotril) is effective in the short term but is not generally recommended for treatment of absence seizure because of the rapid development of tolerance and high frequency of side effects.
184:. In the past, absence epilepsy was referred to as "pyknolepsy," a term derived from the Greek word "pyknos," signifying "extremely frequent" or "grouped". These seizures are sometimes referred to as
956:"Proposal for revised clinical and electroencephalographic classification of epileptic seizures. From the Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy".
422:
During EEG, hyperventilation can be used to provoke these seizures. Ambulatory EEG monitoring over 24 hours can quantify the number of seizures per day and their most likely times of occurrence.
1607:
Groomes, Laura B.; Pyzik, Paula L.; Turner, Zahava; Dorward, Jennifer L.; Goode, Victoria H.; Kossoff, Eric H. (February 2011). "Do
Patients With Absence Epilepsy Respond to Ketogenic Diets?".
356:(among others) have multiple mechanisms of action including blockade of T-type Ca channels, and are useful in treating multiple seizure types. Gabapentin can aggravate absence seizures.
1691:
Posner, Ewa B; Mohamed, Khalid K; Marson, Anthony G (2005). Posner, Ewa B (ed.). "Ethosuximide, sodium valproate or lamotrigine for absence seizures in children and adolescents".
516:
Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) is a type of idiopathic epilepsy characterized by its non-convulsive, generalized nature and a genetic origin influenced by multiple factors
364:
The corticothalamic cortical circuit plays an important role in the pathophysiology of absence seizure. Some of the neurons are important in their occurrence. They are
237:
810:
Glauser, Tracy A.; Cnaan, Avital; Shinnar, Shlomo; Hirtz, Deborah G.; Dlugos, Dennis; Masur, David; Clark, Peggy O.; Capparelli, Edmund V.; Adamson, Peter C. (2010).
1971:
524:
Myoclonic
Absence Epilepsy is an infrequent type of childhood epilepsy characterized by a high occurrence of intellectual impairments and resistance to treatment.
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treats multiple seizure types including partial seizures and generalized seizures, therefore it is also an option for patients with multiple seizure types.
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Absence with tonic components. Here during the attack tonic muscular contraction may occur, leading to increase in muscle tone which may affect the
2339:
575:
Although ethosuximide is effective in treating only absence seizures, valproic acid is effective in treating multiple seizure types including
1781:"A systematic review of treatment of typical absence seizures in children and adolescents with ethosuximide, sodium valproate or lamotrigine"
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was the best mono-therapy for children and adolescents but noted that if absence seizures co-exist with tonic-clonic seizures then
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V. Crunelli, N. Leresche
Childhood absence epilepsy: genes, channels, neurons and networks Nat Rev Neurosci, 3 (2002), pp. 371-382
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2278:
2251:
1957:
1582:
1433:"Epilepsy with eyelid myoclonias (Jeavons syndrome): An electro-clinical study of 40 patients from childhood to adulthood"
1365:
1004:"Typical absence seizures and related epileptic syndromes: Assessment of current state and directions for future research"
923:
229:
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Nilo, Annacarmen; Crespel, Arielle; Genton, Pierre; Macorig, Greta; Gigli, Gian Luigi; Gelisse, Philippe (April 2021).
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should not be used in the treatment of absence seizures because these medications may worsen absence seizures.
304:
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abnormal. This results in weakening of electrical signal which leads to a reduction in the seizure threshold.
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233:
1408:
Yadala, S., & Nalleballe, K. (2023). Juvenile
Absence Epilepsy. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
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more inclined to outgrow them compared to those whose absence seizures commence after the age of 10.
583:, suggesting it is a better choice if a patient is exhibiting multiple types of seizures. Similarly,
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is specific for these channels and thus it is not effective for treating other types of seizures.
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Perucca, Gram, Avanzini, and Dulac, 1998, "Antiepileptic drugs as a cause of worsening seizures."
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854:
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1724:"Ethosuximide, sodium valproate or lamotrigine for absence seizures in children and adolescents"
1085:"Focal frontal epileptiform discharges in a patient with eyelid myoclonia and absence seizures"
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Myers, Kenneth (May 2018). "Myoclonic absence seizures with complex gestural automatisms".
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2013:
2008:
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285:
189:
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code for T-type calcium channel leads to an absence seizure. Antiepileptic drugs such as
311:, and less frequently flushing, sweating, dilatation of pupils and incontinence of urine.
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2003:
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1354:"Absence Seizures". www.hopkinsmedicine.org. 22 August 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-16.
1073:"Absence Seizures". www.hopkinsmedicine.org. 22 August 2023. Retrieved 2023-08-22.
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Amrutkar, C., & Riel-Romero, R. M. (2023). Juvenile
Myoclonic Epilepsy. In
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890:
192:). Absence seizures are most common in children. They affect both sides of the
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567:, which are of equal efficacy controlling absences in around 75% of patients.
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EEG – the EEG shows generalized spike-and-slow wave discharges
404:
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353:
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812:"Ethosuximide, Valproic Acid, and Lamotrigine in Childhood Absence Epilepsy"
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Knake, S; Hamer, H.M; Schomburg, U; Oertel, W.H; Rosenow, F (August 1999).
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Absence with impairment of consciousness only as per the above description.
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Have slower onset and termination and changes in tone are more pronounced.
1984:
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1949:
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cause inhibition of GABA resulting in exacerbation of absence seizures.
1083:
Takahashi S, Yamamoto S, Tanaka R, Okayama A, Araki A, Azuma H (2015).
1222:"Seizure Threshold Is Controlled by Breathing Pattern and Blood Gases"
440:
Absence seizures are broadly divided into typical and atypical types:
1843:
1652:"Tiagabine-induced absence status in idiopathic generalized epilepsy"
412:
308:
269:
241:
433:
Clinical – the impairment of consciousness (absence)
1722:
Brigo, Francesco; Igwe, Stanley C.; Lattanzi, Simona (2021-01-21).
340:
A specific mechanism difference exists in absence seizures in that
1530:
Dreifuss, FE (1983). "Treatment of the nonconvulsive epilepsies".
458:
277:
1484:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 47.
855:"Best treatment for childhood epilepsy suggested by new research"
875:
https://reference.medscape.com/article/1183858-overview?form=fpf
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Treatment of patients with absence seizures only is mainly with
1953:
709:
Daly, D. D. (1968). "Reflections on the Concept of Petit Mal".
951:
949:
408:
148:
145:
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99:
96:
93:
79:
30:"Petit mal" redirects here. For the Colombian drama film, see
1572:"Absence Seizures". Epilepsy Foundation. Retrieved 08-22-2023
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Albuja, A. C., & Khan, G. Q. (2022). Absence Seizure. In
125:
113:
1944:
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Posner, Ewa B.; Mohamed, Khalid; Marson, Anthony G. (2005).
1395:
Manonmani V, Wallace SJ. Epilepsy with myoclonic absences.
1058:
A clinical guide to epileptic syndromes and their treatment
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Absence seizures are also known to occur to patients with
70:
1945:
Absence (a comic about an affected person's experiences)
333:
may precipitate or facilitate absence seizures; eyelid
1069:
1067:
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genes. Inheritance of these genes is involved in the
139:
131:
128:
122:
90:
82:
76:
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1165:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 104–.
924:
Mayo Clinic > Absence seizure (petit mal seizure)
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The primary diagnostic test for absence seizures is
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1991:
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784:"Ethosuximide - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
163:
136:
119:
87:
67:
55:
47:
42:
1260:"What is the pathophysiology of absence seizures?"
495:genetic generalised epilepsy with phantom absences
935:Posner E. (2013). Absence seizures in children.
873:Scott Segan. (2018). Absence Seizures. Medscape.
533:seizures and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures.
429:Absence seizures have two essential components:
238:Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2
1291:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
1283:Albuja, Ana C.; Khan, Gulam Qutubuddin (2021),
897:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
889:Albuja, Ana C.; Khan, Gulam Qutubuddin (2021),
805:
803:
551:Against Epilepsy (ILAE) has not yet occurred.
1965:
1935:Mechanisms of absence seizures (Scholarpedia)
997:
995:
884:
882:
224:An absence seizure is specifically caused by
8:
411:can help rule out other diseases, such as a
1940:Thalamocortical oscillations (Scholarpedia)
1728:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1315:
1313:
1311:
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1972:
1958:
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1822:
39:
1796:
1755:
1667:
1448:
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1019:
1002:Panayiotopoulos, Chrysostomos P. (2008).
835:
2340:Citizens United for Research in Epilepsy
1188:European Journal of Paediatric Neurology
504:and can be triggered by stress or other
1693:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1503:
1501:
679:
374:Neurons of thalamic nucleus reticularis
324:Typical absences are easily induced by
1138:. John Libbey Eurotext. pp. 52–.
493:(eyelid myoclonia with absences), and
293:tonically draw to one or another side.
1350:
1348:
7:
2257:Dentatorubral–pallidoluysian atrophy
1480:Kahan, Scott; Brillman, Jon (2005).
919:
917:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
2304:Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
1159:Antonio V. Delgado-Escueta (2005).
613:Medications that should not be used
2234:Complex partial status epilepticus
1544:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1983.tb04642.x
970:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1981.tb06159.x
723:10.1111/j.1528-1157.1968.tb04618.x
25:
2319:Psychogenic non-epileptic seizure
2191:Benign familial neonatal seizures
2143:Sleep-related hypermotor epilepsy
1060:(2nd ed.). London: Springer.
1021:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01777.x
520:Epilepsy with Myoclonic Absences
479:epilepsy with myoclonic absences
109:
63:
1056:Panayiotopoulos, C. P. (2010).
816:New England Journal of Medicine
489:. Other proposed syndromes are
337:is a common clinical feature.
331:Intermittent photic stimulation
2279:Early myoclonic encephalopathy
2252:Progressive myoclonus epilepsy
1740:10.1002/14651858.CD003032.pub5
1701:10.1002/14651858.CD003032.pub2
1135:Eyelid Myoclonia with Absences
473:Absence seizure syndromes are
368:Cortical glutamatergic neurons
1:
1798:10.1016/j.seizure.2004.12.003
1450:10.1016/j.seizure.2021.02.028
344:are believed to be involved.
2229:Epilepsia partialis continua
180:are one of several kinds of
2284:Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
2262:Unverricht–Lundborg disease
537:Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy
487:juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
448:Atypical absence seizures:
445:of any particular syndrome.
27:Type of generalized seizure
2412:
2201:Myoclonic astatic epilepsy
1609:Journal of Child Neurology
1364:Epilepsy Therapy Project.
1200:10.1016/j.ejpn.2017.12.003
1101:10.1016/j.ebcr.2015.06.006
606:therapeutic ketogenic diet
512:Childhood Absence Epilepsy
475:childhood absence epilepsy
307:components. These may be
226:multifactorial inheritance
200:Childhood absence epilepsy
29:
2352:Epilepsy Action Australia
1337:Carlson, Neil R. (2013).
528:Juvenile Absence Epilepsy
483:juvenile absence epilepsy
2314:Landau–Kleffner syndrome
2148:Panayiotopoulos syndrome
1621:10.1177/0883073810376443
1421:. StatPearls Publishing.
699:. StatPearls Publishing.
2196:Lennox–Gastaut syndrome
2078:Epilepsy and employment
1587:www.hopkinsmedicine.org
1132:John S. Duncan (1996).
1089:Epilepsy Behav Case Rep
2128:Temporal lobe epilepsy
2048:Electroencephalography
1669:10.1053/seiz.1999.0303
1339:Physiology of Behavior
401:electroencephalography
371:Thalamic relay neurons
2133:Frontal lobe epilepsy
1368:. Epilepsy Foundation
937:BMJ clinical evidence
828:10.1056/NEJMoa0902014
788:www.sciencedirect.com
670:should be preferred.
2369:Epilepsy Research UK
2153:Vertiginous epilepsy
2073:Epilepsy and driving
2024:Epilepsy in children
1162:Myoclonic Epilepsies
964:(4): 489–501. 1981.
577:tonic-clonic seizure
182:generalized seizures
2357:Epilepsy Foundation
2324:Epilepsy in animals
2004:Aura (warning sign)
1538:(Suppl 1): S45–54.
1482:In A Page Neurology
1226:Epilepsy Foundation
764:Epilepsy Foundation
508:-inducing factors.
2244:Myoclonic epilepsy
2221:Status epilepticus
1896:External resources
1589:. 19 November 2019
1583:"Absence Seizures"
1366:"Absence Seizures"
760:"Absence Seizures"
631:status epilepticus
342:T-type Ca channels
268:Absence with mild
256:Signs and symptoms
186:petit mal seizures
51:Petit mal seizures
2383:
2382:
2297:Related disorders
2292:
2291:
2138:Rolandic epilepsy
1930:
1929:
1511:. 11 January 2012
1509:"NICE Guidelines"
1491:978-1-4051-0432-6
1399:1994; 70: 288–90.
1285:"Absence Seizure"
1172:978-0-7817-5248-0
1145:978-0-86196-550-2
891:"Absence Seizure"
861:. March 12, 2010.
175:
174:
37:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2403:
2374:Epilepsy Society
2363:Epilepsy Outlook
2206:Epileptic spasms
2118:Gelastic seizure
2093:
2019:Neonatal seizure
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1564:
1563:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1452:
1428:
1422:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1400:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1361:
1355:
1352:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1328:
1321:Absence Seizures
1317:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1264:www.medscape.com
1256:
1250:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1228:. Archived from
1218:
1212:
1211:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1112:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1062:
1061:
1053:
1042:
1041:
1023:
999:
990:
989:
953:
944:
933:
927:
921:
912:
911:
910:
909:
886:
877:
871:
865:
862:
852:Lay summary in:
849:
839:
807:
798:
797:
795:
794:
780:
774:
773:
771:
770:
756:
743:
742:
706:
700:
693:
657:Data limitations
546:Jeavons Syndrome
491:Jeavons syndrome
457:Have particular
403:(EEG). However,
326:hyperventilation
286:extensor muscles
236:is regulated by
178:Absence seizures
155:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
106:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
85:
84:
81:
78:
75:
72:
69:
40:
21:
18:Absence epilepsy
2411:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2346:Epilepsy Action
2328:
2288:
2238:
2215:
2211:Febrile seizure
2176:Absence seizure
2157:
2113:Complex partial
2082:
2065:Personal issues
2059:
2044:Investigations
2040:Anticonvulsants
2028:
2014:Epileptogenesis
2009:Postictal state
1987:
1978:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1891:
1890:
1834:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1734:(1): CD003032.
1721:
1720:
1716:
1695:(4): CD003032.
1690:
1689:
1685:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1592:
1590:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1567:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1514:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1397:Arch Dise Child
1394:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1318:
1309:
1301:
1299:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1268:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1235:
1233:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1173:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1065:
1055:
1054:
1045:
1001:
1000:
993:
955:
954:
947:
934:
930:
922:
915:
907:
905:
888:
887:
880:
872:
868:
853:
809:
808:
801:
792:
790:
782:
781:
777:
768:
766:
758:
757:
746:
708:
707:
703:
694:
681:
676:
659:
615:
601:
581:partial seizure
557:
471:
397:
362:
360:Pathophysiology
322:
273:may be dropped.
258:
234:calcium channel
222:
209:
190:postictal state
159:
135:
112:
108:
86:
66:
62:
43:Absence seizure
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2409:
2407:
2399:
2398:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2354:
2349:
2343:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2309:Todd's paresis
2306:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2272:Lafora disease
2269:
2267:MERRF syndrome
2264:
2259:
2248:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2225:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2181:Atonic seizure
2178:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2108:Simple partial
2105:
2101:
2099:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2069:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2055:Epileptologist
2052:
2051:
2050:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1912:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1877:
1866:
1851:
1835:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:Classification
1819:
1818:External links
1816:
1813:
1812:
1771:
1714:
1683:
1662:(5): 314–317.
1642:
1615:(2): 160–165.
1599:
1574:
1565:
1522:
1497:
1490:
1472:
1423:
1410:
1401:
1388:
1379:
1356:
1344:
1329:
1307:
1275:
1251:
1242:
1213:
1194:(3): 532–535.
1178:
1171:
1151:
1144:
1124:
1075:
1063:
1043:
1014:(12): 2131–9.
991:
945:
928:
913:
878:
866:
864:
863:
799:
775:
744:
701:
678:
677:
675:
672:
658:
655:
614:
611:
600:
597:
556:
553:
470:
467:
466:
465:
464:
463:
455:
452:
446:
438:
437:
434:
407:such as by an
396:
393:
376:
375:
372:
369:
361:
358:
321:
318:
313:
312:
301:
294:
290:flexor muscles
282:
274:
266:
257:
254:
221:
218:
216:than in boys.
208:
205:
173:
172:
167:
161:
160:
158:
157:
59:
57:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2408:
2397:
2396:Seizure types
2394:
2393:
2391:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2347:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2333:Organizations
2331:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2088:Seizure types
2085:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1999:Seizure types
1997:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1791:(2): 117–22.
1790:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1600:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1526:
1523:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1276:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1232:on 2021-12-20
1231:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1152:
1147:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
998:
996:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
932:
929:
926:June 23, 2011
925:
920:
918:
914:
904:
900:
896:
892:
885:
883:
879:
876:
870:
867:
860:
856:
851:
850:
847:
843:
838:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
806:
804:
800:
789:
785:
779:
776:
765:
761:
755:
753:
751:
749:
745:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
705:
702:
698:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
680:
673:
671:
669:
665:
656:
654:
652:
648:
644:
643:phenobarbital
640:
636:
635:oxcarbazepine
633:. Similarly,
632:
627:
623:
619:
618:Carbamazepine
612:
610:
607:
598:
596:
592:
590:
586:
582:
578:
573:
570:
566:
565:valproic acid
562:
554:
552:
548:
547:
543:
539:
538:
534:
530:
529:
525:
522:
521:
517:
514:
513:
509:
507:
503:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
468:
460:
456:
453:
450:
449:
447:
443:
442:
441:
435:
432:
431:
430:
427:
423:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
394:
392:
390:
386:
382:
373:
370:
367:
366:
365:
359:
357:
355:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
327:
319:
317:
310:
306:
303:Absence with
302:
299:
296:Absence with
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
276:Absence with
275:
271:
267:
264:
263:
262:
255:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
230:voltage-gated
227:
219:
217:
213:
206:
204:
201:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
171:
168:
166:
162:
153:
104:
61:
60:
58:
56:Pronunciation
54:
50:
46:
41:
33:
19:
2175:
2171:Tonic–clonic
1914:
1903:
1879:
1868:
1853:
1838:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1731:
1727:
1717:
1692:
1686:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1591:. Retrieved
1586:
1577:
1568:
1535:
1531:
1525:
1513:. Retrieved
1481:
1475:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1418:
1413:
1404:
1396:
1391:
1382:
1370:. Retrieved
1359:
1338:
1332:
1319:
1300:, retrieved
1288:
1278:
1267:. Retrieved
1263:
1254:
1245:
1234:. Retrieved
1230:the original
1225:
1216:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1161:
1154:
1134:
1127:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1057:
1011:
1007:
961:
957:
940:
936:
931:
906:, retrieved
894:
869:
859:ScienceDaily
858:
822:(9): 790–9.
819:
815:
791:. Retrieved
787:
778:
767:. Retrieved
763:
717:(3): 175–8.
714:
710:
704:
696:
664:ethosuximide
660:
616:
602:
593:
574:
561:ethosuximide
558:
549:
545:
544:
540:
536:
535:
531:
527:
526:
523:
519:
518:
515:
511:
510:
499:
472:
439:
428:
424:
421:
398:
377:
363:
346:Ethosuximide
339:
323:
320:Risk factors
314:
259:
223:
214:
210:
207:Epidemiology
198:
185:
177:
176:
2163:Generalised
1905:MedlinePlus
585:lamotrigine
569:Lamotrigine
417:brain tumor
405:brain scans
298:automatisms
48:Other names
2186:Automatism
2033:Management
1881:DiseasesDB
1593:2021-12-19
1515:3 November
1419:StatPearls
1302:2021-12-21
1289:StatPearls
1269:2021-12-21
1236:2021-12-20
908:2021-12-20
895:StatPearls
793:2021-12-18
769:2021-12-18
697:StatPearls
674:References
651:pregabalin
647:gabapentin
622:vigabatrin
599:Prevention
589:Clonazepam
389:Vigabatrin
381:Gabapentin
354:gabapentin
240:(GABRG2),
1916:eMedicine
1748:1469-493X
1532:Epilepsia
1467:232060130
1443:: 30–38.
1326:eMedicine
1008:Epilepsia
958:Epilepsia
711:Epilepsia
668:valproate
639:phenytoin
626:tiagabine
555:Treatment
506:porphyrin
502:porphyria
469:Syndromes
462:abnormal.
395:Diagnosis
385:Tiagabine
350:Valproate
335:myoclonia
305:autonomic
170:Neurology
165:Specialty
32:Petit Mal
2390:Category
2124:Epilepsy
2104:Seizures
1985:epilepsy
1981:Seizures
1807:15694565
1766:33475151
1709:16235312
1678:10486298
1637:21958807
1629:20647578
1560:37633941
1459:33677402
1297:29763042
1208:29325826
1119:26155465
1095:: 35–7.
1038:36248499
1030:19049569
986:22190102
903:29763042
846:20200383
739:45169328
250:etiology
246:CACNA1A2
1921:neuro/3
1875:D004832
1785:Seizure
1757:8095003
1656:Seizure
1552:6413201
1437:Seizure
1110:4491640
978:6790275
943:, 0317.
837:2924476
731:4975023
288:or the
232:T-type
1992:Basics
1910:000696
1805:
1764:
1754:
1746:
1707:
1676:
1635:
1627:
1558:
1550:
1488:
1465:
1457:
1295:
1206:
1169:
1142:
1117:
1107:
1036:
1028:
984:
976:
901:
844:
834:
737:
729:
649:, and
624:, and
413:stroke
309:pallor
278:atonic
270:clonic
244:, and
242:GABRG3
228:. The
156:
2097:Focal
1886:32994
1864:345.0
1849:G40.3
1633:S2CID
1556:S2CID
1463:S2CID
1372:8 May
1034:S2CID
982:S2CID
735:S2CID
459:ictal
415:or a
281:fall.
220:Cause
194:brain
2376:(UK)
2365:(UK)
2359:(US)
2348:(UK)
2342:(US)
1983:and
1870:MeSH
1859:9-CM
1803:PMID
1762:PMID
1744:ISSN
1705:PMID
1674:PMID
1625:PMID
1548:PMID
1517:2014
1486:ISBN
1455:PMID
1374:2013
1293:PMID
1204:PMID
1167:ISBN
1140:ISBN
1115:PMID
1026:PMID
974:PMID
941:2013
899:PMID
842:PMID
727:PMID
579:and
485:and
387:and
352:and
1855:ICD
1840:ICD
1793:doi
1752:PMC
1736:doi
1697:doi
1664:doi
1617:doi
1540:doi
1445:doi
1324:at
1196:doi
1105:PMC
1097:doi
1016:doi
966:doi
832:PMC
824:doi
820:362
719:doi
563:or
409:MRI
107:or
2392::
1919::
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