645:"jerk") is a sudden involuntary contraction of muscle groups. The muscle jerks consist of symmetric, mostly generalized jerks, localized in the arms and in the shoulders and also simultaneously with a head nod; both the arms may fling out together and simultaneously a head nod may occur. Symptoms have some variability amongst subjects. Sometimes the entire body may jerk, just like a startle response. As is the case with all generalised seizures, the patient is not conscious during the event but the seizure is so brief that the person appears to remain fully conscious.
1353:
1068:(NINDS). The primary focus of research is on the role of neurotransmitters and receptors involved in the disease. Identifying whether or not abnormalities in these pathways cause myoclonus may help in efforts to develop drug treatments and diagnostic tests. Determining the extent that genetics play in these abnormalities may lead to potential treatments for their reversal, potentially correcting the loss of inhibition while enhancing mechanisms in the body that would compensate for their effects.
392:(JME) usually consists of jerking and muscle twitches of the upper extremities. This may include the arms, shoulders, elbows, and very rarely, the legs. JME is among the most common types of epilepsy and can affect one of every 14 people with the disease. These seizures typically occur shortly after waking up. Onset for JME can be seen around puberty for most patients. Administration of medications that also treat multiple seizure types is usually the most effective form of treatment.
1056:
eating, talking, and walking. In these cases, treatment that is usually effective, such as clonazepam and sodium valproate, may instead cause adverse reaction to the drug, including increased tolerance and a greater need for increase in dosage. However, the prognosis for more simple forms of myoclonus in otherwise healthy individuals may be neutral, as the disease may cause few to no difficulties. Other times the disease starts simply, in one region of the body, and then spreads.
433:, the part of the brain that connects to the spinal cord and controls vital functions such as breathing and heartbeat. Myoclonic jerks usually affect the whole body, with muscles on both sides of the body affected simultaneously. In some people, myoclonic jerks occur in only a part of the body, such as the legs, with all the muscles in that part being involved in each jerk. Reticular reflex myoclonus can be triggered by either a voluntary movement or an external stimulus.
550:. These contractions may be accompanied by myoclonus in other muscles, including those in the face, tongue, throat, and diaphragm. The contractions are very rapid, occurring as often as 150 times a minute, and may persist during sleep. The condition usually appears in adults and can last indefinitely. People with palatal myoclonus usually regard it as a minor problem; some complain of an occasional "clicking" sound, a noise made as the soft palate muscles contract.
377: – the outer layer, or "gray matter", of the brain, responsible for much of the information processing that takes place in the brain. In this type of myoclonus, jerks usually involve only a few muscles in one part of the body, but jerks involving many muscles may occur. Cortical reflex myoclonus can be intensified when patients attempt to move in a certain way or perceive a particular sensation.
916:, which carry messages from one nerve cell, or neuron, to another. Neurotransmitters are released by neurons and attach themselves to receptors on parts of neighboring cells. Some neurotransmitters may make the receiving cell more sensitive, while others tend to make the receiving cell less sensitive. Laboratory studies suggest that an imbalance between these chemicals may underlie myoclonus.
840:
36:
423:(sustained muscle contractions that cause twisting movements or abnormal postures). Another group of PME disorders in the class of system degenerations often is accompanied by action myoclonus, seizures, and problems with balance and walking. Many of these PME diseases begin in childhood or adolescence. Treatment is not normally successful for any extended period of time.
400:(LGS), or childhood epileptic encephalopathy, is a rare epileptic disorder accounting for 1–4% of childhood epilepsies. The syndrome has much more severe symptoms ranging from multiple seizures daily, learning disabilities, and abnormal findings in electroencephalograms (EEG). Earlier age of seizure onset is correlated with a higher risk of cognitive impairment.
505:, and the various forms of PME, although, in the case of focal cerebral damage, the disease may be restricted to one limb. This type of myoclonus often is caused by brain damage that results from a lack of oxygen and blood flow to the brain when breathing or heartbeat is temporarily stopped. Over-excitement of the
1008:
to treatment are notable. Drugs which most people respond to may in other individuals worsen their symptoms. Sometimes this leads to the mistake of increasing the dose, rather than decreasing or stopping the drug. Treatment of myoclonus focuses on medications that may help reduce symptoms. Drugs used
944:
Concerning more serious conditions, the complex origins of myoclonus may be treated with multiple drugs, which have a limited effect individually, but greater when combined with others that act on different brain pathways or mechanisms. Treatment is most effective when the underlying cause is known,
492:
myoclonus is characterized by muscular jerking triggered or intensified by voluntary movement or even the intention to move. It may be made worse by attempts at precise, coordinated movements. Action myoclonus is the most disabling form of myoclonus and can affect the arms, legs, face, and even the
383:
myoclonus occurs in the absence of epilepsy or other apparent abnormalities in the brain or nerves. It can occur randomly in people with no family history, or among members of the same family, indicating that it sometimes may be an inherited disorder. Essential myoclonus tends to be stable without
1055:
The effects of myoclonus in an individual can vary depending on the form and the overall health of the individual. In severe cases, particularly those indicating an underlying disorder in the brain or nerves, movement can be extremely distorted and limit ability to normally function, such as in
529:
neurotransmitters are thought to cause this lack of inhibition, which is a possible explanation as to why improvements are made with the administration of serotonin precursors. Systems involved include the cerebellodentatorubral, pyramidal, extrapyramidal, optic, auditory, posterior columns and
911:
The specific mechanisms underlying myoclonus are not yet fully understood. Scientists believe that some types of stimulus-sensitive myoclonus may involve overexcitability of the parts of the brain that control movement. These parts are interconnected in a series of feedback loops called motor
1028:. Dosages of clonazepam usually are increased gradually until the patient improves or side effects become harmful. Drowsiness and loss of coordination are common side effects. The beneficial effects of clonazepam may diminish over time if the patient develops a tolerance to the drug.
145:
321:
In almost all instances in which myoclonus is caused by central nervous system disease it is preceded by other symptoms; for instance, in CJD it is generally a late-stage clinical feature that appears after the patient has already started to exhibit gross neurological deficits.
1003:
When patients are taking multiple medications, the discontinuation of drugs suspected of causing myoclonus and treatment of metabolic derangements may resolve some cases of myoclonus. When pharmacological treatment is indicated anticonvulsants are the main line of treatment.
586:
myoclonus is myoclonus originating in the spinal cord, including segmental and propriospinal myoclonus. The latter is usually due to a thoracic generator producing truncal flexion jerk. It is often stimulus-induced with a delay due to the slow conducting propriospinal nerve
1042:
Surgery is also a viable option for treatment if the symptoms are caused by a tumor or lesion in the brain or spinal cord. Surgery may also correct symptoms in those where myoclonus affects parts of the face or ear. While DBS is still being studied for use with myoclonus,
919:
Some researchers speculate that abnormalities or deficiencies in the receptors for certain neurotransmitters may contribute to some forms of myoclonus. Receptors that appear to be related to myoclonus include those for two important inhibitory neurotransmitters:
150:
146:
148:
999:
or have other harmful long-term effects in patients with PME. Sodium valproate is an alternative therapy for myoclonus and can be used either alone or in combination with clonazepam. Some people have adverse reactions to clonazepam and/or sodium valproate.
457:. These muscle spasms can recur dozens of times per day. Rate of diaphragmatic contraction ranges between 35 and 480 contractions per minute, with the average rate found to be 150. Studies show that possible causes include disruptions within the
149:
1726:
1711:
667:
that some people experience while drifting off to sleep. Severe cases of pathologic myoclonus can distort movement and severely limit a person's ability to sleep, eat, talk, and walk. Myoclonic jerks commonly occur in individuals with
269:
Myoclonic jerks may occur alone or in sequence, in a pattern or without pattern. They may occur infrequently or many times each minute. Most often, myoclonus is one of several signs in a wide variety of nervous system disorders such as
809:
Jerks of muscle groups, much of the body, or a series in rapid succession, which results in the person jerking bolt upright from a more relaxed sitting position is sometimes seen in ambulatory patients being treated with high doses of
414:
is inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder, meaning that the disease occurs only when a child inherits two copies of a defective gene, one from each parent. Lafora disease is characterized by myoclonus, epileptic seizures, and
2284:
419:(progressive loss of memory and other intellectual functions). A second group of PME diseases belonging to the class of cerebral storage diseases usually involves myoclonus, visual problems, dementia, and
246:). Myoclonic jerks occur in healthy people and are experienced occasionally by everyone. However, when they appear with more persistence and become more widespread they can be a sign of various
2670:
2665:
2682:
2660:
1833:
972:(5-HTP) leads to improvement in patients with some types of action myoclonus and PME. These differences in the effect of 5-HTP on patients with myoclonus have not yet been explained.
410:, and other serious symptoms such as trouble walking or speaking. These rare disorders often get worse over time and can be fatal. Studies have identified at least three forms of PME.
1065:
605:. Some forms appear to be stimulus-sensitive. Some people with sleep myoclonus are rarely troubled by it, or need treatment. If it is a symptom of more complex and disturbing
147:
818:, and similar drugs, and is possibly a sign of high and/or rapidly increasing serum levels of these drugs. Myoclonic jerks caused by other opioids, such as tramadol and
2029:
2756:
2024:
601:
myoclonus occurs during the initial phases of sleep, especially at the moment of dropping off to sleep, and include familiar examples of myoclonus such as the
936:, a variety of medication that usually induces sleep. More research is needed to determine how these receptor abnormalities cause or contribute to myoclonus.
1826:
1039:) may be helpful. The chemical messenger responsible for triggering the involuntary muscle contractions is blocked by the Botulinum toxins of the Botox.
912:
pathways. These pathways facilitate and modulate communication between the brain and muscles. Key elements of this communication are chemicals known as
2652:
799:
1775:
680:
Myoclonus in healthy individuals may indicate nothing other than arbitrary muscle contraction. Myoclonus may also develop in response to infection,
1525:
Andrade, DM.; Hamani, C.; Minassian, BA. (Jul 2009). "Treatment options for epileptic myoclonus and epilepsy syndromes associated with myoclonus".
593:
myoclonus is triggered by a variety of external events, including noise, movement, and light. Surprise may increase the sensitivity of the patient.
2642:
1819:
1216:
446:
384:
increasing in severity over time. Some scientists speculate that some forms of essential myoclonus may be a type of epilepsy with no known cause.
2622:
2295:
1800:
2647:
2279:
932:, an inhibitory neurotransmitter that is important for the control of motor and sensory functions in the spinal cord, and those affected by
2485:
2473:
1935:
315:
766:
Myoclonus can occur by itself, but most often as one of several symptoms associated with a variety of nervous system disorders, including
1606:
1587:
295:
1583:"NINDS Myoclonus Information Page." Ninds.nih.gov. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, n.d. Web. 01 May 2015. <
1428:
755:. These are postulated to result from decreased inhibitory signaling from cranial neurons. Prolonged oxygen deprivation to the brain,
2704:
2637:
2192:
1203:
syllable is the only pronunciation given in a half dozen major
American dictionaries (medical and general). The variant stressing the
2407:
2210:
879:
630:
or even the entire body. The feeling experienced by the individual is described as uncontrollable jolts common to receiving a mild
119:
2766:
681:
358:
2526:
1267:
803:
798:, a disorder in which the electrical activity in the brain becomes disordered leading to seizures. It is also found in MERRF (
2041:
2017:
1847:
861:
747:
Benign myoclonic movements are commonly seen during the induction of general anesthesia with intravenous medications such as
57:
2233:
783:
299:
2720:
2605:
2521:
2463:
2012:
1222:
760:
2689:
2063:
1568:
1199:. The prevalence of the variants shows division between American English and British English. The variant stressing the
791:
100:
2199:
1207:
syllable is given in the
British English module of Oxford Dictionaries online but not in the American English module.
569:
388:
72:
2677:
2227:
1899:
857:
546:
myoclonus is a regular, rhythmic contraction of one or both sides of the rear of the roof of the mouth, called the
53:
2569:
928:(GABA), which helps the brain maintain muscle control. Other receptors with links to myoclonus include those for
850:
46:
2627:
2595:
2547:
2396:
1975:
1603:"NINDS Myoclonus Information Page." Ninds.nih.gov. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, n.d.
1298:
897:
577:
462:
79:
1672:
518:
2694:
2468:
1882:
1741:
510:
2699:
1786:
634:. The sudden jerks and twitching of the body can often be so severe that it can cause a small child to fall.
2632:
2388:
2206:
2058:
2048:
1892:
1654:
1234:
925:
653:
473:, and certain pharmaceuticals. No single treatment has proven effective, though blocking or crushing of the
450:
443:
396:
307:
1352:
86:
2761:
2751:
2564:
2556:
2511:
2187:
2159:
2007:
1668:
1276:
1044:
988:
893:
775:
771:
610:
458:
357:
The most common types of myoclonus include action, cortical reflex, essential, palatal, those seen in the
346:
287:
275:
159:
1772:
1393:
Brown P, Thompson PD, Rothwell JC, Day BL, Marsden CD (1991). "Axial myoclonus of propriospinal origin".
2579:
2453:
2271:
2249:
2164:
2087:
1997:
1984:
1909:
1005:
709:
573:
557:
531:
453:
in 1723, who had it. The condition characterizes spoken communication that sounds like a short-breathed
407:
247:
68:
2516:
2333:
2222:
1366:
Lance JW (1986). "Action myoclonus, Ramsay Hunt syndrome, and other cerebellar myoclonic syndromes".
779:
291:
1797:
1332:
2445:
2092:
1947:
1887:
1730:
1031:
In forms of myoclonus where only a single area is affected, and even in a few other various forms,
969:
514:
506:
470:
255:
2615:
2600:
2588:
2338:
2289:
2126:
1989:
1877:
1550:
1081:
1036:
767:
685:
341:
effectively excludes spinal myoclonus; further localisation relies on further investigation with
303:
271:
1811:
1240:
900:
injury. Studies suggest several locations in the brain are involved in myoclonus. One is in the
652:, myoclonic seizures can be brought on by flashing lights or other environmental triggers (see
2378:
2344:
2316:
2307:
2239:
2215:
2082:
1930:
1790:
1752:
1542:
1507:
1410:
1375:
756:
614:
542:
207:
166:
1604:
1584:
1458:
2501:
2372:
2367:
2152:
2147:
1534:
1436:
1402:
1237: – Syndrome where people perceive loud imagined noises when falling asleep or waking up
1143:
1099:
1010:
962:
950:
913:
905:
823:
693:
561:
342:
1567:"Myoclonus Treatments and Drugs." Mayo Clinic.org. Mayo Clinic, n.d. Web. 01 May 2015. <
1340:(Senior Research Project). assisted by Powers, EJ. Chesterfield, Missouri: Logan University
2423:
2114:
1804:
1779:
1628:
1610:
1591:
933:
649:
565:
374:
326:
1406:
1482:
2480:
2429:
2257:
1966:
1843:
1623:
1018:
992:
945:
and can be treated as such. Some drugs being studied in different combinations include
725:
701:
631:
606:
498:
449:, the Belly Dancer's Syndrome, or Van Leeuwenhoek's disease. It was first described by
411:
338:
283:
93:
1735:
991:
and cause tranquilizing or antiseizure effects. Phenytoin and primidone are effective
908:, an automatic reaction to an unexpected stimulus involving rapid muscle contraction.
477:
can provide instantaneous relief when pharmacologic treatment has proven ineffective.
2745:
2506:
2458:
2328:
2097:
2053:
1904:
1569:
http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myoclonus/basics/treatment/con-20027364
1554:
1249:
1021:
996:
815:
705:
535:
474:
2002:
1872:
1855:
1219: – Flu-like symptoms that happen after discontinuing antidepressant medication
787:
613:, it may require medical treatment. Myoclonus can be associated with patients with
494:
211:
203:
480:
Only about 50 people in the world have been diagnosed with diaphragmatic flutter.
1746:
626:
Myoclonic seizure can be described as "jumps" or "jolts" experienced in a single
556:
myoclonus occurs in the muscles of the middle ear. These muscles may include the
429:
myoclonus is thought to be a type of generalized epilepsy that originates in the
242:). The most common circumstance under which they occur is while falling asleep (
1961:
1922:
1864:
1261:
976:
839:
737:
697:
664:
602:
597:
547:
334:
243:
35:
1757:
2072:
1942:
1808:, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (viewed 5 Apr 2005)
1720:
1538:
1334:
Belly Dancer's
Syndrome: Causes, Clinical Presentations, and Treatment Options
1255:
1014:
946:
733:
729:
721:
627:
1643:
1243: – Indiana genetic disorder involving calcification of the basal ganglia
1231: – Set of involuntary and rhythmic muscular contractions and relaxations
406:(PME) is a group of diseases characterized by myoclonus, epileptic seizures,
2182:
2133:
2104:
2036:
1025:
980:
958:
954:
921:
901:
819:
748:
522:
430:
330:
263:
171:
1546:
1511:
1270: – sleep disorder that involves involuntary limb movement during sleep
1086:
1414:
1379:
1279: – Neurological disorder that causes a strong urge to move one's legs
2362:
2354:
2320:
2174:
2077:
984:
811:
795:
752:
717:
669:
580:. Those affected describe it as a thumping sound or sensation in the ear.
420:
416:
311:
279:
17:
183:
929:
864: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
466:
1703:
2401:
2142:
2109:
1771:
The first version of this article was adapted from the public domain
1715:
1678:
1648:
1228:
1092:
1047:
has also been tried in those with this and other movement disorders.
763:
can often experience myoclonic jerking of limbs, fingers and thumbs.
741:
713:
689:
660:
502:
454:
373:
myoclonus is thought to be a type of epilepsy that originates in the
251:
219:
215:
195:
187:
199:
2657:
Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)
1305:. Atlanta, Georgia: WebMD. Treatment of Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy
1032:
191:
822:, may be less benign. Medications unrelated to opioids, such as
526:
1815:
1096:, indicating muscle contraction dysfunction. It is pronounced
833:
29:
1225: – Involuntary muscle twitching in the voluntary muscles
965:
may improve responses to antimyoclonic drugs in some people.
258:. When a spasm is caused by another person it is known as a
1191:
1188:
1173:
1167:
1155:
1152:
1129:
1123:
1108:
497:
seizures and diffuse neuronal disease such as post-hypoxic
1585:
http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/myoclonus/myoclonus.htm
1114:
924:, which constricts blood vessels and brings on sleep, and
325:
Anatomically, myoclonus may originate from lesions of the
1498:
Van
Zandijcke, M. (Jun 2003). "Treatment of myoclonus".
538:
of cranial nerves and anterior horns, and muscle fibers.
254:
are a kind of myoclonic jerk specifically affecting the
1245:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1066:
National
Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
1182:
1176:
1170:
1161:
1146:
1132:
1126:
1117:
1102:
1693:
1493:
1491:
1272:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1164:
1120:
564:
muscles. It can involve the muscles surrounding the
182:
is a brief, involuntary, irregular (lacking rhythm)
2578:
2555:
2546:
2539:
2494:
2444:
2416:
2387:
2353:
2315:
2304:
2270:
2248:
2173:
1983:
1974:
1960:
1920:
1863:
1854:
1697:
1185:
1158:
1149:
1111:
1105:
904:, close to structures that are responsible for the
759:, may result in posthypoxic myoclonus. People with
165:
137:
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1435:. Doose Syndrome Epilepsy Alliance. Archived from
361:, reticular reflex, sleep and stimulus-sensitive.
234:are usually caused by sudden muscle contractions (
1258: – State of consciousness leading into sleep
892:Most myoclonus is caused by a disturbance of the
794:. Myoclonic jerks commonly occur in persons with
1579:
1577:
1064:Research on myoclonus is supported through the
1252: – Spontaneous, involuntary muscle twitch
975:Many of the drugs used for myoclonus, such as
659:Familiar examples of normal myoclonus include
1827:
716:, as a side effect of certain drugs (such as
8:
198:, which is rhythmic or regular. Myoclonus (
2552:
2543:
2312:
1980:
1971:
1860:
1834:
1820:
1812:
1694:
143:
134:
1677:, Oxford University Press, archived from
880:Learn how and when to remove this message
800:Myoclonic Epilepsy with Ragged Red Fibers
266:attacks in babies fall in this category.
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
194:, or a group of muscles, different from
1331:Patterson, Victoria (9 November 2011).
1289:
1217:Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome
521:) is also a cause of action myoclonus.
337:. The presence of myoclonus above the
2623:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
2296:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS
1787:Why do we twitch while falling asleep?
1485:emedicine.medscape.com, 09 August 2015
1299:"What is Juvenile Myonclonic Epilepsy"
983:and primidone, are also used to treat
968:Some studies have shown that doses of
826:, are known to cause myoclonic jerks.
202:"muscle", clonus "spasm") describes a
158:A person with a myoclonus following a
2757:Extrapyramidal and movement disorders
7:
2474:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
1407:10.1093/oxfordjournals.brain.a101857
1326:
1324:
1322:
1320:
862:adding citations to reliable sources
58:adding citations to reliable sources
27:Involuntary, irregular muscle twitch
493:voice. It is often associated with
296:subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
2705:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy
238:) or brief lapses of contraction (
25:
2408:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases
2211:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
2428:For more detailed coverage, see
2406:For more detailed coverage, see
2377:For more detailed coverage, see
2343:For more detailed coverage, see
2294:For more detailed coverage, see
1773:NINDS Myoclonus Information Page
1351:
1142:
1098:
838:
682:hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
359:progressive myoclonus epilepsies
34:
1268:Periodic limb movement disorder
995:, although phenytoin can cause
849:needs additional citations for
804:mitochondrial encephalomyopathy
212:hyperkinetic movement disorders
45:needs additional citations for
1629:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
442:A very rare form includes the
404:Progressive myoclonus epilepsy
1:
2721:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
2606:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
2464:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
1223:Benign fasciculation syndrome
987:. Barbiturates slow down the
761:benign fasciculation syndrome
2690:Progressive muscular atrophy
1264: – Involuntary twitches
530:gracile and cuneate nuclei,
2200:Primary progressive aphasia
389:Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
2783:
2522:Hashimoto's encephalopathy
2228:Posterior cortical atrophy
2049:Striatonigral degeneration
1900:Cavernous sinus thrombosis
1674:Oxford Dictionaries Online
1483:"Anticholinergic Toxicity"
519:reticular reflex myoclonus
463:peripheral nervous systems
2628:Spinal muscular atrophies
2596:Primary lateral sclerosis
2454:Intracranial hypertension
2234:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
1539:10.1517/14656560903025189
898:peripheral nervous system
784:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
511:cortical reflex myoclonus
300:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
206:and, generally, is not a
157:
142:
2695:Progressive bulbar palsy
2486:Intracranial hypotension
2469:Choroid plexus papilloma
1883:Herpesviral encephalitis
1527:Expert Opin Pharmacother
1459:"Tramadol and myoclonus"
316:intracranial hypotension
2767:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
2207:Frontotemporal dementia
1893:Encephalitis lethargica
1655:Oxford University Press
1303:WebMD Medical Reference
1235:Exploding head syndrome
926:gamma-aminobutyric acid
744:), or other disorders.
654:photosensitive epilepsy
451:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
397:Lennox-Gastaut syndrome
2512:Hepatic encephalopathy
1277:Restless legs syndrome
1045:Deep Brain Stimulation
989:central nervous system
894:central nervous system
611:restless legs syndrome
532:spinocerebellar tracts
347:electroencephalography
314:, and occasionally in
248:neurological disorders
208:diagnosis of a disease
160:peripheral nerve block
2570:Ataxia–telangiectasia
2527:Static encephalopathy
2250:Mitochondrial disease
2088:Spasmodic torticollis
1998:Basal ganglia disease
1651:UK English Dictionary
1481:Ramnarine, Mityanand
1006:Paradoxical reactions
710:lipid storage disease
637:A myoclonic seizure (
574:levator veli palatini
438:Diaphragmatic flutter
408:tonic-clonic seizures
2517:Toxic encephalopathy
2223:Lewy bodies dementia
1798:Myoclonus Fact Sheet
1429:"Myoclonic Seizures"
993:antiepileptics drugs
858:improve this article
780:opsoclonus myoclonus
570:tensor veli palatini
568:, which include the
471:nutritional disorder
308:Huntington's disease
210:. It belongs to the
54:improve this article
2565:Friedreich's ataxia
1948:Meningoencephalitis
1888:Limbic encephalitis
1669:Oxford Dictionaries
1649:Oxford Dictionaries
970:5-hydroxytryptophan
776:Alzheimer's disease
772:Parkinson's disease
712:, chemical or drug
515:reticular formation
507:sensorimotor cortex
288:Alzheimer's disease
276:Parkinson's disease
222:for example. These
2601:Pseudobulbar palsy
2339:Status epilepticus
2290:Multiple sclerosis
2127:Myoclonic epilepsy
1990:movement disorders
1936:Acute disseminated
1878:Viral encephalitis
1803:2016-12-03 at the
1778:2008-12-03 at the
1632:. Merriam-Webster.
1609:2016-12-06 at the
1590:2016-12-06 at the
1037:OnabotulinumtoxinA
768:multiple sclerosis
686:spinal cord injury
622:Signs and symptoms
591:Stimulus-sensitive
578:salpingopharyngeus
304:serotonin toxicity
272:multiple sclerosis
240:negative myoclonus
236:positive myoclonus
224:myoclonic twitches
2739:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2535:
2534:
2440:
2439:
2379:Template:Headache
2345:Template:Epilepsy
2266:
2265:
2240:Vascular dementia
2083:Status dystonicus
1956:
1955:
1931:Encephalomyelitis
1791:The Straight Dope
1767:
1766:
1439:on 8 October 2018
1433:DooseSyndrome.org
914:neurotransmitters
890:
889:
882:
650:reflex epilepsies
615:Tourette syndrome
292:Gaucher's disease
177:
176:
151:
132:Medical condition
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2774:
2553:
2544:
2502:Brain herniation
2313:
2153:Intention tremor
2148:Essential tremor
2013:Postencephalitic
1981:
1972:
1861:
1842:Diseases of the
1836:
1829:
1822:
1813:
1695:
1683:
1682:
1681:on May 16, 2001.
1665:
1659:
1658:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1620:
1614:
1601:
1595:
1581:
1572:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1500:Acta Neurol Belg
1495:
1486:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1463:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1339:
1328:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1294:
1273:
1246:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1011:sodium valproate
963:Hormonal therapy
951:sodium valproate
906:startle response
896:. Some are from
885:
878:
874:
871:
865:
842:
834:
824:anticholinergics
427:Reticular reflex
343:electromyography
310:, some forms of
306:, some cases of
153:
152:
135:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
2782:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2727:
2653:Congenital DSMA
2574:
2531:
2490:
2436:
2424:Sleep disorders
2412:
2389:Cerebrovascular
2383:
2349:
2306:
2300:
2262:
2244:
2169:
2115:Choreoathetosis
1988:
1965:
1952:
1916:
1850:
1840:
1805:Wayback Machine
1780:Wayback Machine
1768:
1763:
1762:
1706:
1692:
1687:
1686:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1611:Wayback Machine
1602:
1598:
1592:Wayback Machine
1582:
1575:
1566:
1562:
1533:(10): 1549–60.
1524:
1523:
1519:
1497:
1496:
1489:
1480:
1476:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1442:
1440:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1329:
1318:
1308:
1306:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1271:
1244:
1241:Fahr's syndrome
1213:
1181:
1145:
1141:
1101:
1097:
1082:combining forms
1074:
1062:
1053:
942:
934:benzodiazepines
886:
875:
869:
866:
855:
843:
832:
830:Pathophysiology
678:
624:
607:sleep disorders
566:Eustachian tube
486:
440:
375:cerebral cortex
371:Cortical reflex
367:
355:
144:
133:
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2780:
2778:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2744:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2702:
2692:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2625:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2584:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2561:
2559:
2550:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2481:Cerebral edema
2478:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2450:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2430:Template:Sleep
2420:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2410:
2404:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2310:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2276:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2258:Leigh syndrome
2254:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2179:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
1994:
1992:
1985:Extrapyramidal
1978:
1969:
1967:encephalopathy
1958:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1927:
1925:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1869:
1867:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1844:nervous system
1841:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1794:
1783:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1749:
1738:
1723:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:Classification
1691:
1690:External links
1688:
1685:
1684:
1660:
1635:
1615:
1596:
1573:
1560:
1517:
1487:
1474:
1450:
1420:
1385:
1358:
1316:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1238:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1212:
1209:
1073:
1070:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1019:anticonvulsant
941:
938:
888:
887:
846:
844:
837:
831:
828:
726:benzodiazepine
677:
674:
632:electric shock
623:
620:
619:
618:
594:
588:
581:
558:tensor tympani
551:
539:
499:encephalopathy
485:
482:
439:
436:
435:
434:
424:
412:Lafora disease
401:
393:
385:
378:
366:
365:Epilepsy forms
363:
354:
351:
339:foramen magnum
284:cerebral palsy
260:provoked spasm
175:
174:
169:
163:
162:
155:
154:
140:
139:
131:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2779:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2762:Seizure types
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2752:Medical signs
2750:
2749:
2747:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2507:Reye syndrome
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2459:Hydrocephalus
2457:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2303:
2297:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2272:Demyelinating
2269:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2160:Restless legs
2158:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2098:Blepharospasm
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2054:Hemiballismus
2052:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1919:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1905:Brain abscess
1903:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1656:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1475:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1336:
1335:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1290:
1283:
1278:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1250:Fasciculation
1248:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1196:
1137:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1059:
1057:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1022:levetiracetam
1020:
1016:
1012:
1007:
1001:
998:
997:liver failure
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
973:
971:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
939:
937:
935:
931:
927:
923:
917:
915:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
884:
881:
873:
863:
859:
853:
852:
847:This section
845:
841:
836:
835:
829:
827:
825:
821:
817:
816:hydromorphone
813:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
706:liver failure
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
675:
673:
671:
666:
662:
657:
655:
651:
646:
644:
640:
635:
633:
629:
621:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
599:
595:
592:
589:
585:
582:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
552:
549:
545:
544:
540:
537:
536:motor neurons
533:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
488:
487:
483:
481:
478:
476:
475:phrenic nerve
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
445:
444:diaphragmatic
437:
432:
428:
425:
422:
418:
413:
409:
405:
402:
399:
398:
394:
391:
390:
386:
382:
379:
376:
372:
369:
368:
364:
362:
360:
352:
350:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
319:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
173:
170:
168:
164:
161:
156:
141:
136:
124:
121:
113:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2715:
2614:
2587:
2548:Degenerative
2285:Inflammatory
2232:
2165:Stiff-person
2121:
2003:Parkinsonism
1976:Degenerative
1873:Encephalitis
1856:Inflammation
1846:, primarily
1796:
1751:
1740:
1725:
1710:
1679:the original
1673:
1663:
1647:
1638:
1627:
1618:
1599:
1563:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1506:(2): 66–70.
1503:
1499:
1477:
1465:. Retrieved
1453:
1441:. Retrieved
1437:the original
1432:
1423:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1342:. Retrieved
1333:
1307:. Retrieved
1302:
1297:Lava, Neil.
1292:
1204:
1200:
1091:
1085:
1077:
1075:
1063:
1054:
1041:
1035:injections (
1030:
1002:
977:barbiturates
974:
967:
943:
918:
910:
891:
876:
867:
856:Please help
851:verification
848:
808:
788:Lyme disease
765:
746:
698:brain tumors
679:
665:hypnic jerks
658:
647:
642:
638:
636:
625:
596:
590:
583:
553:
541:
495:tonic-clonic
489:
479:
441:
426:
403:
395:
387:
380:
370:
356:
324:
320:
268:
259:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
204:medical sign
179:
178:
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2700:Fazio–Londe
2540:Both/either
2334:Generalised
2193:Early-onset
2188:Alzheimer's
1923:spinal cord
1644:"Myoclonus"
1624:"Myoclonus"
1401:: 197–214.
1344:1 September
1262:Hypnic jerk
738:lamotrigine
603:hypnic jerk
548:soft palate
484:Other forms
335:spinal cord
244:hypnic jerk
69:"Myoclonus"
2746:Categories
2308:paroxysmal
2280:Autoimmune
2073:Dyskinesia
1943:Meningitis
1921:Brain and
1753:DiseasesDB
1368:Adv Neurol
1284:References
1256:Hypnagogia
1015:clonazepam
947:clonazepam
870:April 2022
802:), a rare
734:sertraline
730:gabapentin
722:quinolones
684:, head or
641:"muscle",
609:, such as
554:Middle ear
345:(EMG) and
264:Shuddering
80:newspapers
2305:Episodic/
2183:Tauopathy
2134:Akathisia
2122:Myoclonus
2105:Athetosis
2037:Tauopathy
1555:207477900
1374:: 33–55.
1078:myoclonus
1076:The word
1072:Etymology
1051:Prognosis
1026:piracetam
981:phenytoin
959:primidone
955:piracetam
940:Treatment
922:serotonin
902:brainstem
820:pethidine
749:etomidate
714:poisoning
628:extremity
562:stapedius
523:Serotonin
431:brainstem
381:Essential
331:subcortex
256:diaphragm
184:twitching
180:Myoclonus
172:Neurology
167:Specialty
138:Myoclonus
110:July 2015
18:Myoclonic
2671:SMALED2B
2666:SMALED2A
2363:Migraine
2355:Headache
2321:epilepsy
2317:Seizures
2175:Dementia
2078:Dystonia
1801:Archived
1776:Archived
1607:Archived
1588:Archived
1547:19527185
1512:12891998
1309:30 April
1211:See also
1060:Research
1009:include
985:epilepsy
812:morphine
796:epilepsy
753:propofol
718:tramadol
670:epilepsy
421:dystonia
417:dementia
312:epilepsy
280:dystonia
232:seizures
214:, among
2683:SMA-PME
2678:SMA-PCH
2661:SMALED1
2373:Tension
2368:Cluster
2093:Meige's
1910:Amoebic
1747:D009207
1467:10 July
1415:1998882
1380:3080851
930:glycine
757:hypoxia
742:opioids
661:hiccups
587:fibers.
543:Palatal
467:anxiety
459:central
447:flutter
349:(EEG).
302:(CJD),
252:Hiccups
94:scholar
2402:Stroke
2216:Pick's
2143:Tremor
2110:Chorea
1553:
1545:
1510:
1413:
1378:
1229:Clonus
1093:clonus
1024:, and
1017:, the
957:, and
702:kidney
694:stress
690:stroke
643:clonic
584:Spinal
576:, and
503:uremia
490:Action
455:hiccup
327:cortex
220:chorea
216:tremor
196:clonus
188:muscle
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2716:both:
2648:DSMA1
2643:SMAX2
2638:SMAX1
2618:only:
2591:only:
2495:Other
2417:Other
2329:Focal
1962:Brain
1865:Brain
1758:23053
1736:333.2
1721:G25.3
1594:>.
1551:S2CID
1462:(PDF)
1443:1 May
1395:Brain
1338:(PDF)
1205:-clo-
1080:uses
1033:Botox
792:lupus
676:Cause
598:Sleep
513:) or
353:Types
230:, or
228:jerks
192:joint
186:of a
101:JSTOR
87:books
2319:and
2030:PKAN
2025:NBIA
1742:MeSH
1731:9-CM
1571:>
1543:PMID
1508:PMID
1469:2024
1445:2015
1411:PMID
1376:PMID
1346:2015
1311:2015
1201:-oc-
1090:and
1087:myo-
790:and
751:and
663:and
560:and
527:GABA
525:and
218:and
200:myo-
190:, a
73:news
2633:SMA
2616:LMN
2589:UMN
2580:MND
2446:CSF
2397:TIA
2042:PSP
2018:NMS
1987:and
1848:CNS
1789:" (
1727:ICD
1712:ICD
1535:doi
1504:103
1403:doi
1399:114
1140:or
1084:of
860:by
704:or
656:).
648:In
639:myo
461:or
333:or
262:.
250:.
56:by
2748::
2557:SA
2064:OA
2059:HD
2008:PD
1756::
1745::
1734::
1719::
1716:10
1671:,
1653:.
1646:.
1626:.
1576:^
1549:.
1541:.
1531:10
1529:.
1502:.
1490:^
1431:.
1409:.
1397:.
1372:43
1370:.
1319:^
1301:.
1195:-/
1192:oʊ
1189:aɪ
1168:oʊ
1153:aɪ
1109:aɪ
1013:,
979:,
961:.
953:,
949:,
814:,
806:.
786:,
782:,
778:,
774:,
770:,
740:,
736:,
732:,
728:,
724:,
720:,
708:,
700:,
696:,
692:,
688:,
672:.
572:,
534:,
501:,
469:,
465:,
329:,
318:.
298:,
294:,
290:,
286:,
282:,
278:,
274:,
226:,
2209:/
1964:/
1835:e
1828:t
1821:v
1793:)
1785:"
1782:.
1729:-
1714:-
1704:D
1657:.
1613:.
1557:.
1537::
1514:.
1471:.
1447:.
1417:.
1405::
1382:.
1348:.
1313:.
1186:m
1183:ˌ
1180:,
1177:s
1174:ə
1171:n
1165:l
1162:k
1159:ˈ
1156:ə
1150:m
1147:ˌ
1144:/
1136:/
1133:s
1130:ə
1127:n
1124:ə
1121:l
1118:k
1115:ɒ
1112:ˈ
1106:m
1103:ˌ
1100:/
883:)
877:(
872:)
868:(
854:.
617:.
517:(
509:(
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
