1130:. Local Low German dialects spoken in the Netherlands have come under the roof of Dutch. This happened despite the effect of notable migration streams in both directions between the Western (Dutch) and Eastern (Prussian, now mainly Polish and Russian) areas of the region of the Low German languages, motivated by both religious intolerance and labour need. In several spots along the Dutch–German border, identical dialects are spoken on both sides, but are deemed to belong to different roofing according to which side of the border they are on.
448:
1493:
Obwohl das
Kroatische sich in den letzten Jahren in einigen Gebieten, vor allem jedoch auf lexikalischer Ebene, verändert hat, sind diese Änderungen noch nicht bedeutend genug, dass der Terminus Ausbausprache gerechtfertigt wäre. Ausserdem können sich Serben, Kroaten, Bosnier und Montenegriner immer
787:
languages from the same continuum. This typically means that it has its own standardized form independent of neighbouring standard languages, it is typically taught in schools, and it is used as a written language in a wide variety of social and political functions, possibly including that of an
1093:
in that language is a case in point that illustrates the contested nature of the first two types of ausbau languages, occasionally also the third, varying with the degree with which sociolinguistic processes are assigned relevance in a particular approach.
728:, followed by lyrics and then narrative prose. The next phase, which he considered crucial, was use of the variety for serious non-fiction. From this point, the variety could be further developed for use in technical, scientific or government domains.
658:
language does not need to have a standard form. This is often the case with minority languages used within a larger state, where the minority language is used only in private, and all official functions are performed in the majority language.
988:
is particularly important in cases where the local spoken varieties across a larger region form a dialect continuum. In such cases, the question of where the one language ends and the other starts is often a question more of
782:
language corresponding to the statement that it is used "autonomously" with respect to other related languages. Such a language has an independent cultural status, even though it may be mutually intelligible with other
818:
without a reference standard were "roofless dialects". He used the term "near-dialectized sister languages" for varieties roofed by a standard variety with which they are related but not mutually intelligible, such as
1456:
The debate about the status of the Serbo-Croatian language and its varieties has recently shifted (again) towards a position which looks at the internal variation within Serbo-Croatian through the prism of linguistic
1118:, Low German lost its status as an official language to a large degree. Approximately at the same time, Dutch started to replace Low German as a roof of the Low German dialects in the Netherlands that form today's
1494:
noch auf ihren jeweiligen
Nationalsprachen unterhalten und problemlos verständigen. Nur schon diese Tatsache zeigt, dass es sich immer noch um eine polyzentrische Sprache mit verschiedenen Varietäten handelt.
862:, but may be so different that mutual intelligibility is not possible between all dialects, particularly those separated by significant geographical distance. In 1982, "Rumantsch Grischun" was developed by
719:
Languages belonging in this category are recognized as such because of having been shaped or reshaped, molded or remolded—as the case may be—in order to become a standardized tool of literary expression.
796:
n Ausbau language is an autonomous standardized variety together with all the nonstandard dialects from that part of the dialect continuum which are heteronomous with respect to it i.e. dependent on it.
643:
between pairs of varieties. He did not specify how the differences between two varieties would be measured, assuming that linguists would apply objective criteria. A standard linguistic criterion is
683:
1089:
In the former two cases, scholars do not always agree on the best classification, as they always partake, inadvertently, in the "language making" and "language unmaking" process. The concept of a
544:
576:
616:
means "language by virtue of linguistic distance". Kloss suggested the
English translation "language by distance", referring to linguistic differences rather than geographical separation.
2284:
886:
literary standard were both developed as standard languages for dialect continua that had historically been thought of as discrete languages with many dialects and no "official" dialect.
1599:
Bunčić, Daniel (2008). "Die (Re-)Nationalisierung der serbokroatischen
Standards" [The (Re-)Nationalisation of the Serbo-Croatian Standards]. In Kempgen, Sebastian (ed.).
2101:—— (1976), "Abstandsprachen und Ausbausprachen" [Abstand languages and ausbau languages], in Göschel, Joachim; Nail, Norbert; van der Elst, Gaston (eds.),
688:, literally "to build out") expresses core meanings of "expanding" something or "developing something to completion", e.g. adding to an existing structure. (Croatian linguist
597:
offer a commonly cited example of this situation. One of the applications of this theoretical framework is language standardization (examples since the 1960s including
1863:
1867:
1369:
1139:
917:
When two standards are based on identical or near-identical dialects, he considered them as splits of the same standard into two or more, constituting a
513:
2041:—— (1968), "The Scandinavian languages as cultural artifacts", in Fishman, Joshua A.; Ferguson, Charles A; Dasgupta, Jyotirindra (eds.),
1126:. Low German ceased to be spoken on the eastern rim of the Baltic Sea. Today, its dialects surviving in northern Germany have come under the roof of
2168:
1724:
2299:
1483:(Dissertation). UZH Dissertations (in German). Zurich: University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts, Institute of Slavonic Studies. pp. 196–197.
792:
languages are typically only spoken and typically only used in private contexts. Trudgill expands the definition to include related varieties:
1426:"Pluricentricity in the classroom: the Serbo-Croatian language issue for foreign language teaching at higher education institutions worldwide"
2264:
2245:
2200:
2110:
2050:
1997:
1978:
1951:
1932:
1779:
1639:
1522:
475:
731:
A standard variety developed in this way can be mutually intelligible with other standard varieties. A commonly cited example occurs in the
365:
1815:
1564:
Sprache und
Politik : Sprachpolitik und Sprachnationalismus in der Republik Indien und dem sozialistischen Jugoslawien (1945–1991)
2219:
2140:
1575:
1400:
1568:
Language and Policy: Language Policy and
Linguistic Nationalism in the Republic of India and the Socialist Yugoslavia (1945–1991)
325:
103:
520:
introduced these terms in 1952 to denote two separate and largely independent sets of criteria for recognizing a "language":
385:
330:
1384:
2133:
Slavistische
Linguistik 2002: Referate des XXVIII. Konstanzer Slavistischen Arbeitstreffens, Bochum 10.-12. September 2002
360:
51:
1159:
305:
171:
624:
indicates the discontinuity of two dialects; in the words of Kloss, there is a "definite break" between the varieties.
1171:
425:
131:
620:
means a distance of ongoing separation, e.g. a clearance by mechanical design. In the context of language varieties,
972:, would not be considered separate abstand languages, but constitute distinct ausbau languages, as noted above for
2105:, Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, Beihefte, n.F., Heft 16, Wiesbaden: F. Steiner, pp. 301–322,
1511:
Das
Serbokroatische zwischen Linguistik und Politik: mit einer Bibliographie zum postjugoslavischen Sprachenstreit
631:
language is a cluster of varieties that is distinctly separate from any other language. European examples include
2304:
1674:
1090:
953:). The same is the case with Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin, which also have the same dialect basis (
468:
415:
315:
141:
930:
926:
922:
766:
This classification invokes the criterion of social and political functions of language use. The sociolinguist
732:
676:
569:
537:
320:
263:
78:
1841:
1395:. Contributions to the sociology of language 62. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 381–400.
775:
420:
258:
235:
1515:
Serbo-Croatian
Between Linguistics and Politics: With a Bibliography of the Post-Yugoslav Language Dispute
1006:
934:
899:
644:
594:
370:
337:
290:
206:
186:
166:
68:
46:
41:
1857:
1149:
1144:
1102:
There are several instances of languages and language pairs that have undergone role changes over time.
962:
958:
918:
707:.) Kloss suggested the English translation "language by development", referring to the development of a
590:
589:
have been standardized, so that they are commonly considered distinct languages even though they may be
497:
146:
2120:
1749:
1670:
1658:
2124:
1506:
1021:
724:
Kloss identified several stages of this development, beginning with use of the variety for humour or
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390:
300:
181:
126:
23:
694:
689:
1716:
1154:
1048:
938:
903:
815:
553:
501:
231:
161:
136:
108:
1677:[Pluricentric languages, Ausbau languages, Abstand languages and Serbo-Croatian studies].
447:
2309:
2191:
Muljačić, Žarko (1993), "Standardization in
Romance", in Posner, Rebecca; Green, John N. (eds.),
2089:
2029:
1570:]. Beiträge zur Südasienforschung ; vol. 192 (in German). Würzburg: Ergon. p. 200.
1363:
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981:
954:
840:
820:
736:
451:
430:
400:
355:
310:
278:
268:
156:
151:
1654:
1517:]. Lincom Studies in Slavic Linguistics 34 (in German). Munich: Lincom Europa. p. 451.
1988:
Goltz, Reinhard H.; Walker, Alastair G.H. (2013) , "North Saxon", in Russ, Charles V.J. (ed.),
1624:
Eine Analyse der Metaphern in der kroatischen Linguistikfachzeitschrift Jezik von 1991 bis 1997
763:
languages, even though speakers of the different standards can readily understand one another.
2260:
2241:
2215:
2196:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2136:
2106:
2068:
2046:
1993:
1974:
1947:
1928:
1793:
1785:
1775:
1706:
1702:
1694:
1686:
1645:
1635:
1604:
1581:
1571:
1536:
1528:
1518:
1447:
1406:
1396:
859:
855:
712:
648:
586:
509:
295:
273:
216:
1753:
2163:
2019:
1810:
1767:
1711:
1484:
1437:
1115:
1071:
1033:
977:
891:
883:
871:
844:
828:
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708:
602:
489:
395:
226:
221:
196:
191:
176:
2135:, Slavistishe Beiträge ; vol. 434 (in German), Munich: Otto Sagner, pp. 97–148,
1925:
Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society, vol. 1
1801:
1544:
1127:
1119:
1114:
and in parts of the Baltic states and their formerly German vicinity. With the end of the
1083:
1075:
1067:
1002:
973:
950:
887:
879:
863:
836:
824:
744:
636:
632:
598:
557:
525:
647:, though this does not always produce consistent results, for example when applied to a
2229:
1164:
1079:
1063:
832:
767:
240:
2293:
1388:
902:, which links together the speakers of many different, often mutually unintelligible
1634:]. Studien zur Slavistik ; 41 (in German). Hamburg: Dr. Kovač. p. 21.
2007:
1675:"Plurizentrische Sprachen, Ausbausprachen, Abstandsprachen und die Serbokroatistik"
771:
283:
73:
2024:
1106:, for instance, was both an Abstand language and a roof of local dialects in the
2060:
1123:
1107:
875:
517:
435:
410:
31:
1720:
1649:
1122:
group, and most Central German dialects went under the "roof" of the evolving
1103:
942:
405:
88:
2195:, Trends in Romance Linguistics and Philology, vol. 5, pp. 77–116,
1797:
1766:. Rotulus Universitas (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Durieux. pp. 69–168.
1698:
1690:
1608:
1540:
1451:
2150:
1805:
1585:
1548:
1470:
1410:
380:
375:
211:
201:
93:
83:
2072:
1923:
Ammon, Ulrich (2004), "Standard Variety", in Wiegand, Herbert Ernst (ed.),
1442:
1425:
749:
1771:
894:, to some extent, function in the same way. Perhaps the most widely used
725:
2093:
1601:
Deutsche Beiträge zum 14. Internationalen Slavistenkongress, Ohrid, 2008
2184:
1488:
1111:
1017:
914:
Kloss recognized three degrees of separation between ausbau languages.
755:
585:
This framework addresses situations in which multiple varieties from a
2214:, Germanistische Linguistik, vol. 31, Tübingen: Niemeyer Verlag,
2033:
735:
spanning Norway, Sweden and Denmark. The three standardized languages
2080:—— (1967), "'Abstand languages' and 'ausbau languages'",
98:
2238:
Speaking from the margin: Global English from a European perspective
2233:
2065:
Die Entwicklung neuer germanischer Kultursprachen von 1800 bis 1950
1789:
1532:
524:
one based on linguistic properties compared to related varieties (
1469:
Mader Skender, Mia (2022). "Schlussbemerkung" [Summary].
2234:"Glocalisation and the Ausbau sociolinguistics of modern Europe"
1879:
1877:
1840:
Krämer1, Vogl2, Kohlemainen3, Philipp1, Ulrike2, Leena3 (2022).
1603:. Welt der Slaven (in German). Munich: Otto Sagner. p. 93.
946:
788:
official national language. In contrast, varieties that are not
1961:
Goebl, Hans (1989), "Quelques remarques relatives aux concepts
1477:
The Croatian standard language on the way to ausbau language
1472:
Die kroatische Standardsprache auf dem Weg zur Ausbausprache
1393:
Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations
1001:
languages have been created out of dialects for purposes of
2103:
Zur Theorie des Dialekts: Aufsätze aus 100 Jahren Forschung
968:
Standards created from different dialects, but with little
858:
for other dialects. These dialects would usually be in a
1058:
languages may be so different that they also constitute
854:, or "roofing language", for a dialect that serves as a
1971:
Status and function of languages and language varieties
1282:
1280:
1012:
German (the vernaculars in Luxembourg are varieties of
1430:
Sociolinguistica: European Journal of Sociolinguistics
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1927:(2nd ed.), Berlin: deGruyter, pp. 273–283,
1628:
Analysis of Metaphors in Croatian Linguistic Journal
1207:
1205:
1203:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1016:, which is also spoken in the German sections of the
1020:
River valley and neighbouring French département of
2279:The following article contains useful definitions:
1024:). Other examples of groups of vernaculars lacking
1990:The dialects of modern German: a linguistic survey
1846:International Journal of the Sociology of Language
2127:[Pro and contra: 'Serbo-Croatian' today]
1235:
1028:internally but that have given rise to multiple
16:Relationships among standard and other languages
2193:Bilingualism and Linguistic conflict in Romance
2131:, in Krause Marion; Sappok, Christian (eds.),
770:has linked Kloss's theoretical framework with
1354:De Cillia1 Ransmayr2, Rudolf1 Jutta2 (2019).
1140:A language is a dialect with an army and navy
1051:, because they have different dialect bases.
469:
8:
1946:(2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press,
1862:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1358:(in German). Vienna: Böhlau. pp. 40–48.
1907:
1883:
1368:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1866:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
778:, with the statement that a variety is an
476:
462:
18:
2240:, Frankfurt: Peter Lang, pp. 35–49,
2023:
1969:de Heinz Kloss", in Ammon, Ulrich (ed.),
1441:
759:are distinguished) are mutually distinct
500:or cluster of varieties with significant
2125:"Pro und kontra: 'Serbokroatisch' heute"
1942:Chambers, J.K.; Trudgill, Peter (1998),
1322:
1286:
1271:
937:, or European and Brazilian variants of
810:language as providing a "roof" (German:
2043:Language problems of developing nations
1385:"Hindi-Urdu as a pluricentric language"
1182:
30:
2259:(12th ed.), Köln: Greven Verlag,
1855:
1361:
1259:
2236:, in Duszak, A.; Okulska, U. (eds.),
2212:Niederdeutsch: Formen und Forschungen
2010:(1966), "Dialect, Language, Nation",
1992:, London: Routledge, pp. 31–58,
1895:
1356:Österreichisches Deutsch macht Schule
1341:
1310:
1298:
1247:
1223:
1211:
1194:
675:
568:
536:
7:
963:pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language
814:) over dependent varieties, whereas
366:Conservative and innovative language
949:also have a common dialect basis (
14:
1005:. This applies, for instance, to
910:Distance between ausbau languages
639:. Kloss also spoke of degrees of
2285:"Norwegian as a Normal Language"
2174:from the original on 1 June 2012
1973:, de Gruyter, pp. 278–290,
1821:from the original on 1 June 2012
1730:from the original on 29 May 2012
870:for a number of quite different
446:
512:variety, possibly with related
961:four standard variants of the
733:Scandinavian dialect continuum
1:
2300:Language varieties and styles
2257:Neuer Kölnischer Sprachschatz
2025:10.1525/aa.1966.68.4.02a00040
850:Muljačić introduced the term
2210:Stellmacher, Dieter (1981),
1842:"What is "language making"?"
1679:Zeitschrift für Balkanologie
1236:Chambers & Trudgill 1998
1160:Post-creole speech continuum
1062:languages. Examples include
306:Functional discourse grammar
172:Ethnography of communication
2082:Anthropological Linguistics
1172:Register (sociolinguistics)
426:Second-language acquisition
2326:
1436:(1). De Gruyter: 113–140.
504:from all others, while an
104:Syntax–semantics interface
1098:Change of roles over time
1091:One Standard German Axiom
1036:of Iran and Afghanistan (
927:American Standard English
874:forms spoken in parts of
416:Philosophy of linguistics
316:Interactional linguistics
1760:Language and Nationalism
931:Standard Austrian German
2283:Peter Trudgill (2002),
2012:American Anthropologist
1908:Goltz & Walker 2013
959:consequently constitute
776:autonomy and heteronomy
1622:Zanelli, Aldo (2018).
1443:10.1515/soci-2021-0007
1424:Ćalić, Jelena (2021).
1383:Dua, Hans Raj (1992).
935:German Standard German
900:Modern Standard Arabic
816:non-standard varieties
799:
747:(or four if Norwegian
722:
705:langue par élaboration
677:[ˈaʊ̯sˌbaʊ̯ən]
645:mutual intelligibility
595:Scandinavian languages
561:
529:
253:Theoretical frameworks
207:Philosophy of language
187:History of linguistics
1562:Blum, Daniel (2002).
1150:Linguistic demography
1145:Language secessionism
919:pluricentric language
794:
717:
591:mutually intelligible
147:Conversation analysis
2255:Wrede, Adam (1999),
2045:, pp. 267–284,
1772:10.2139/ssrn.3467646
1755:Jezik i nacionalizam
538:[ˈʔapˌʃtant]
391:Internet linguistics
301:Construction grammar
1155:Linguistic distance
997:In some instances,
921:. Examples include
904:varieties of Arabic
806:Kloss described an
570:[ˈʔaʊsˌbaʊ]
552:the other based on
514:dependent varieties
502:linguistic distance
326:Systemic functional
121:Applied linguistics
63:General linguistics
1507:Gröschel, Bernhard
1489:10.5167/uzh-215815
1014:Moselle Franconian
593:. The continental
431:Theory of language
401:Origin of language
356:Autonomy of syntax
311:Grammaticalization
157:Discourse analysis
152:Corpus linguistics
2266:978-3-7743-0243-3
2247:978-0-8204-7328-4
2202:978-3-11-011724-0
2112:978-3-515-02305-4
2052:978-0-471-26160-5
1999:978-1-136-08676-2
1980:978-0-89925-356-5
1953:978-0-521-59646-6
1934:978-3-11-014189-4
1910:, pp. 31–32.
1781:978-953-188-311-5
1641:978-3-8300-9773-0
1632:from 1991 to 1997
1524:978-3-929075-79-3
1313:, pp. 34–35.
984:. The concept of
860:dialect continuum
856:standard language
713:dialect continuum
649:dialect continuum
609:Abstand languages
587:dialect continuum
486:
485:
274:Distributionalism
217:Psycholinguistics
2317:
2305:Sociolinguistics
2270:
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2121:Kordić, Snježana
2116:
2097:
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2067:, Munich: Pohl,
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2037:
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2003:
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1884:Stellmacher 1981
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1389:Clyne, Michael G
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1116:Hanseatic League
884:Southern Quechua
872:Romansh language
774:'s framework of
709:standard variety
698:
687:
686:
685:
679:
674:
667:The German verb
663:Ausbau languages
580:
579:
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498:language variety
494:abstand language
490:sociolinguistics
478:
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450:
396:LGBT linguistics
386:Internationalism
361:Compositionality
222:Sociolinguistics
197:Neurolinguistics
192:Interlinguistics
177:Ethnomethodology
19:
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2230:Trudgill, Peter
2228:
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2006:
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1981:
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1457:pluricentricity
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1274:, pp. 2–3.
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1238:, pp. 3–4.
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1210:
1201:
1193:
1184:
1180:
1136:
1128:Standard German
1120:Dutch Low Saxon
1100:
1032:languages are:
1003:nation-building
912:
888:Standard German
880:Standard Basque
864:Heinrich Schmid
825:Standard German
804:
711:from part of a
703:into French as
692:
682:
681:
680:
672:
665:
611:
575:
574:
573:
565:
543:
542:
541:
533:
506:ausbau language
482:
441:
440:
351:
343:
342:
254:
246:
245:
241:Writing systems
132:Anthropological
122:
114:
113:
64:
56:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2323:
2321:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2276:
2275:External links
2273:
2272:
2271:
2265:
2252:
2246:
2226:
2220:
2207:
2201:
2188:
2141:
2117:
2111:
2098:
2077:
2057:
2051:
2038:
2018:(4): 922–935,
2004:
1998:
1985:
1979:
1958:
1952:
1939:
1933:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1900:
1888:
1873:
1832:
1780:
1741:
1685:(2): 210–215.
1662:
1640:
1614:
1591:
1576:
1554:
1523:
1498:
1461:
1416:
1401:
1375:
1346:
1327:
1315:
1303:
1301:, p. 280.
1291:
1276:
1264:
1262:, p. 930.
1252:
1250:, p. 278.
1240:
1228:
1216:
1199:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1165:Decreolization
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1132:
1099:
1096:
911:
908:
833:Haitian Creole
803:
800:
768:Peter Trudgill
690:Žarko Muljačić
664:
661:
614:Abstandsprache
610:
607:
583:
582:
581:, "expansion")
554:sociopolitical
550:
484:
483:
481:
480:
473:
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455:
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442:
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421:Prescriptivism
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2221:3-484-10415-5
2217:
2213:
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2186:
2170:
2165:
2164:CROSBI 430499
2160:
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2142:3-87690-885-X
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2039:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2008:Haugen, Einar
2005:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1904:
1901:
1898:, p. 36.
1897:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1833:
1817:
1812:
1811:CROSBI 475567
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
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1769:
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1745:
1742:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1712:CROSBI 436361
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
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1684:
1681:(in German).
1680:
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1577:3-89913-253-X
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1412:
1408:
1404:
1402:3-11-012855-1
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1357:
1350:
1347:
1344:, p. 31.
1343:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1325:, p. 95.
1324:
1323:Muljačić 1993
1319:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1287:Trudgill 2004
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1272:Trudgill 2004
1268:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1229:
1226:, p. 33.
1225:
1220:
1217:
1214:, p. 30.
1213:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1197:, p. 29.
1196:
1191:
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1183:
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1057:
1054:Finally, the
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
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1035:
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1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1007:Luxembourgish
1004:
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905:
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893:
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881:
878:. Similarly,
877:
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727:
721:
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714:
710:
706:
702:
701:Ausbausprache
696:
691:
684:
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662:
660:
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652:
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588:
577:
571:
563:
559:
555:
551:
549:, "distance")
545:
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531:
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371:Descriptivism
369:
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359:
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347:
346:
339:
338:Structuralism
336:
332:
329:
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321:Prague circle
319:
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167:Documentation
165:
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145:
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142:Computational
140:
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133:
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118:
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107:
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2256:
2237:
2211:
2192:
2176:, retrieved
2132:
2102:
2088:(7): 29–41,
2085:
2081:
2064:
2061:Kloss, Heinz
2042:
2015:
2011:
1989:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1944:Dialectology
1943:
1924:
1917:Bibliography
1903:
1891:
1858:cite journal
1849:
1845:
1835:
1823:. Retrieved
1759:
1754:
1744:
1732:. Retrieved
1682:
1678:
1665:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1600:
1594:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1514:
1510:
1501:
1492:
1476:
1471:
1464:
1455:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1392:
1378:
1355:
1349:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1289:, p. 3.
1267:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1219:
1101:
1088:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1009:
998:
994:
990:
985:
969:
967:
916:
913:
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867:
851:
849:
811:
807:
805:
795:
789:
784:
779:
772:Einar Haugen
765:
760:
754:
748:
730:
723:
718:
704:
700:
668:
666:
655:
653:
640:
628:
626:
621:
617:
613:
612:
584:
505:
493:
487:
284:Glossematics
264:Constituency
236:interpreting
74:Lexicography
1260:Haugen 1966
1124:High German
1108:Netherlands
896:Dachsprache
876:Switzerland
868:Dachsprache
852:Dachsprache
843:(roofed by
835:(roofed by
823:(roofed by
699:translated
693: [
556:functions (
518:Heinz Kloss
436:Terminology
411:Orthography
331:Usage-based
232:Translating
127:Acquisition
32:Linguistics
2294:Categories
1896:Kloss 1967
1790:2011520778
1650:1023608613
1533:2009473660
1342:Kloss 1967
1311:Kloss 1967
1299:Ammon 2004
1248:Goebl 1989
1224:Kloss 1967
1212:Kloss 1967
1195:Kloss 1967
1178:References
1104:Low German
1049:Macedonian
955:Shtokavian
943:High Hindi
939:Portuguese
866:as such a
673:pronounced
406:Orismology
291:Functional
279:Generative
269:Dependency
89:Pragmatics
79:Morphology
69:Diachronic
2310:Diglossia
1886:, part 1.
1806:15270636W
1798:729837512
1699:680567046
1691:0044-2356
1609:238795822
1549:15295665W
1541:428012015
1452:0933-1883
1364:cite book
1045:Bulgarian
1010:vis-a-vis
982:Norwegian
841:Sardinian
821:Low Saxon
737:Norwegian
381:Iconicity
376:Etymology
296:Cognitive
259:Formalist
212:Phonetics
202:Philology
94:Semantics
84:Phonology
2232:(2004),
2178:17 March
2169:archived
2151:56198470
2123:(2004),
2094:30029461
2063:(1952),
1825:15 April
1816:Archived
1752:(2010).
1725:Archived
1721:201058-6
1673:(2009).
1630:Language
1586:51961066
1509:(2009).
1411:24668375
1134:See also
995:abstand.
993:than of
882:and the
726:folklore
669:ausbauen
510:standard
182:Forensic
162:Distance
109:Typology
24:a series
22:Part of
2159:3434516
2073:3549152
1963:Abstand
1852:: 1–27.
1707:3439240
1391:(ed.).
1112:Germany
1082:versus
1074:versus
1072:Persian
1066:versus
1060:abstand
1034:Persian
1026:abstand
1022:Moselle
1018:Moselle
978:Swedish
970:abstand
957:), and
951:Dehlavi
923:British
892:Italian
845:Italian
839:), and
829:Occitan
802:Roofing
756:Nynorsk
741:Swedish
656:abstand
641:abstand
629:abstand
622:abstand
618:Abstand
603:Romansh
530:Abstand
137:Applied
47:History
42:Outline
2263:
2244:
2218:
2199:
2157:
2149:
2139:
2109:
2092:
2071:
2049:
2034:670407
2032:
1996:
1977:
1967:Ausbau
1950:
1931:
1804:
1796:
1788:
1778:
1762:]
1719:
1717:ZDB-ID
1705:
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1659:(FFZG)
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1638:
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1479:]
1450:
1409:
1399:
1084:Telugu
1078:, and
1076:Pashto
1068:German
1056:ausbau
1030:ausbau
999:ausbau
991:ausbau
986:ausbau
974:Danish
837:French
808:ausbau
790:ausbau
785:ausbau
780:ausbau
761:ausbau
750:Bokmål
745:Danish
637:Breton
633:Basque
599:Basque
562:Ausbau
558:German
526:German
452:Portal
350:Topics
99:Syntax
2185:(ÖNB)
2172:(PDF)
2129:(PDF)
2090:JSTOR
2030:JSTOR
1819:(PDF)
1764:(PDF)
1758:[
1734:9 May
1728:(PDF)
1655:(NSK)
1626:[
1566:[
1513:[
1481:(PDF)
1475:[
1387:. In
1080:Tamil
1064:Dutch
697:]
508:is a
496:is a
492:, an
52:Index
2261:ISBN
2242:ISBN
2216:ISBN
2197:ISBN
2180:2016
2155:SSRN
2147:OCLC
2137:ISBN
2107:ISBN
2069:OCLC
2047:ISBN
1994:ISBN
1975:ISBN
1948:ISBN
1929:ISBN
1868:link
1864:link
1827:2019
1794:OCLC
1786:LCCN
1776:ISBN
1736:2013
1703:SSRN
1695:OCLC
1687:ISSN
1646:OCLC
1636:ISBN
1605:OCLC
1582:OCLC
1572:ISBN
1537:OCLC
1529:LCCN
1519:ISBN
1448:ISSN
1407:OCLC
1397:ISBN
1370:link
1110:and
1047:and
1041:Dari
980:and
947:Urdu
945:and
933:and
925:and
890:and
831:and
812:Dach
753:and
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635:and
601:and
566:IPA:
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