1215:'So words are used to stand as outward marks of our internal ideas, which are taken from particular things; but if every particular idea that we take in had its own special name, there would be no end to names. To prevent this, the mind makes particular ideas received from particular things become general; which it does by considering them as they are in the mind—mental appearances—separate from all other existences, and from the circumstances of real existence, such as time, place, and so on. This procedure is called abstraction. In it, an idea taken from a particular thing becomes a general representative of all of the same kind, and its name becomes a general name that is applicable to any existing thing that fits that abstract idea.' (2.11.9)
673:
1226:'s definition of abstraction broadened its scope beyond the thinking process to include exactly four mutually exclusive, different complementary psychological functions: sensation, intuition, feeling, and thinking. Together they form a structural totality of the differentiating abstraction process. Abstraction operates in one of these functions when it excludes the simultaneous influence of the other functions and other irrelevancies, such as emotion. Abstraction requires selective use of this structural split of abilities in the psyche. The opposite of abstraction is
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purposes is called abstract; that which derives from, but does not imitate a recognizable subject is called nonobjective abstraction. In the 20th century the trend toward abstraction coincided with advances in science, technology, and changes in urban life, eventually reflecting an interest in psychoanalytic theory. Later still, abstraction was manifest in more purely formal terms, such as color, freedom from objective context, and a reduction of form to basic geometric designs.
1284:(1899–1990) asked: "Can there be abstraction other than by thought?" He used the example of commodity abstraction to show that abstraction occurs in practice as people create systems of abstract exchange that extend beyond the immediate physicality of the object and yet have real and immediate consequences. This work was extended through the 'Constitutive Abstraction' approach of writers associated with the Journal
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1364:), and this was the effort which fundamentally determined the way economics tried (and still tries) to approach the economic aspects of social life. It is abstraction we meet in the case of both Newton's physics and the neoclassical theory, since the goal was to grasp the unchangeable and timeless essence of phenomena. For example,
801:(graph 1) is more abstract than the graphic image of a cat sitting on a mat (picture 1), the delineation of abstract things from concrete things is somewhat ambiguous; this ambiguity or vagueness is characteristic of abstraction. Thus something as simple as a newspaper might be specified to six levels, as in
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by following the same procedure. Economists abstract from all individual and personal qualities in order to get to those characteristics that embody the essence of economic activity. Eventually, it is the substance of the economic man that they try to grasp. Any characteristic beyond it only disturbs
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is the process of extracting the underlying structures, patterns or properties of a mathematical concept or object, removing any dependence on real-world objects with which it might originally have been connected, and generalizing it so that it has wider applications or matching among other abstract
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software, or hardware, but on a categorical concept of the solution. A solution to the problem can then be integrated into the system framework with minimal additional work. This allows programmers to take advantage of another programmer's work, while requiring only an abstract understanding of the
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for different types of computers to execute. Abstraction allows program designers to separate a framework (categorical concepts related to computing problems) from specific instances which implement details. This means that the program code can be written so that code does not have to depend on the
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as both concept and material practice exemplifies the two sides of this process of abstraction. Conceptually, 'the current concept of the state is an abstraction from the much more concrete early-modern use as the standing or status of the prince, his visible estates'. At the same time, materially,
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as the movement in the opposite direction to instantiation. Doing so would make the concepts "cat" and "telephone" abstract ideas since despite their varying appearances, a particular cat or a particular telephone is an instance of the concept "cat" or the concept "telephone". Although the concepts
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A recent meta-analysis suggests that the verbal system has a greater engagement with abstract concepts when the perceptual system is more engaged in processing concrete concepts. This is because abstract concepts elicit greater brain activity in the inferior frontal gyrus and middle temporal gyrus
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in general. Strictly speaking, it refers to art unconcerned with the literal depiction of things from the visible world—it can, however, refer to an object or image which has been distilled from the real world, or indeed, another work of art. Artwork that reshapes the natural world for expressive
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or an accounts book. In order to avoid breaking open the containers for the count, marks were placed on the outside of the containers. These physical marks, in other words, acted as material abstractions of a materially abstract process of accounting, using conceptual abstractions (numbers) to
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data to a single piece of abstract data; based on similarities in the constituent data, for example, many different physical cats map to the abstraction "CAT". This conceptual scheme emphasizes the inherent equality of both constituent and abstract data, thus avoiding problems arising from the
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One can readily argue that abstraction is an elementary methodological tool in several disciplines of social science. These disciplines have definite and different concepts of "man" that highlight those aspects of man and his behaviour by idealization that are relevant for the given
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created the concept of the material point by following the abstraction method so that he abstracted from the dimension and shape of any perceptible object, preserving only inertial and translational motion. Material point is the ultimate and common feature of all bodies.
1260:. Abstract thinking singles out the rational, logical qualities ... Abstract feeling does the same with ... its feeling-values. ... I put abstract feelings on the same level as abstract thoughts. ... Abstract sensation would be aesthetic as opposed to sensuous
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usefulness of the word "abstract". The word applies to properties and relations to mark the fact that, if they exist, they do not exist in space or time, but that instances of them can exist, potentially in many different places and times.
210:–546 BCE) believed that everything in the universe comes from one main substance, water. He deduced or specified from a general idea, "everything is water," to the specific forms of water such as ice, snow, fog, and rivers.
469:' or 'to draw away from', the abstraction of money, for example, works by drawing away from the particular value of things allowing completely incommensurate objects to be compared (see the section on 'Physicality' below).
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is an abstract community bringing together strangers who will never meet as such; thus constituting materially real and substantial, but abstracted and mediated relations. The books suggest that contemporary processes of
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that occupies a particular place and time. However, in the secondary sense of the term 'abstraction', this physical object can carry materially abstracting processes. For example, record-keeping aids throughout the
1813:. p. 5: these calculi were in use in Iraq for primitive accounting systems as early as 3200–3000 BCE, with commodity-specific counting representation systems. Balanced accounting was in use by 3000–2350 BCE, and a
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suggests that the left and right hemispheres differ in their handling of abstraction. For example, one meta-analysis reviewing human brain lesions has shown a left hemisphere bias during tool usage.
2034:'history' is not a given, not merely a catalog of everything that has happened in the past, but a deliberate attempt of abstraction in which we separate out important from unimportant events.
573:. That definition, however, suffers from the difficulty of deciding which things are real (i.e. which things exist in reality). For example, it is difficult to agree to whether concepts like
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Non-existent things in any particular place and time are often seen as abstract. By contrast, instances, or members, of such an abstract thing might exist in many different places and times.
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selects only the information on general ball attributes and behavior, excluding but not eliminating the other phenomenal and cognitive characteristics of that particular ball. In a
259:". In this sense the process of abstraction entails the identification of similarities between objects, and the process of associating these objects with an abstraction (which is
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use abstraction to make models that can be used and re-used without having to re-write all the program code for each new application on every different type of computer. They
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863:. But perhaps a detective or philosopher/scientist/engineer might seek to learn about something, at progressively deeper levels of detail, to solve a crime or a puzzle.
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compared to concrete concepts which elicit greater activity in the posterior cingulate, precuneus, fusiform gyrus, and parahippocampal gyrus. Other research into the
1784:) the marks on the outside of the containers were all that were needed to convey the count. The clay containers evolved into clay tablets with marks for the count.
143:, which is believed to have developed between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago. Its development is likely to have been closely connected with the development of human
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shows much more pictorial detail, with the scores of implied relationships as implicit in the picture rather than with the nine explicit details in the graph.
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states the 'algorithmic information complexity' (AIC) of some string of bits is the shortest length computer program which can print out that string of bits.
1188:, and on that basis forming a concept of that feature. The notion of abstraction is important to understanding some philosophical controversies surrounding
67:"An abstraction" is the outcome of this process — a concept that acts as a common noun for all subordinate concepts and connects any related concepts as a
1285:
94:, selecting only those aspects which are relevant for a particular purpose. For example, abstracting a leather soccer ball to the more general idea of a
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the 'practice of statehood is now constitutively and materially more abstract than at the time when princes ruled as the embodiment of extended power'.
557:, these clay containers contained tokens, the total of which were the count of objects being transferred. The containers thus served as something of a
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frequently apply abstraction so as to allow an analysis of the phenomena of language at the desired level of detail. A commonly used abstraction, the
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Hesse, M. B. (1964), "Francis Bacon's
Philosophy of Science", in A Critical History of Western Philosophy, ed. D. J. O'Connor, New York, pp. 141–52.
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included calculi (clay spheres, cones, etc.) which represented counts of items, probably livestock or grains, sealed in containers. According to
1060:. Pragmatics involves considerations that make reference to the user of the language; semantics considers expressions and what they denote (the
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229:(1571–1630) compressed thousands of measurements into one expression to finally conclude that Mars moves in an elliptical orbit about the Sun;
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in such a way as to neglect details that cannot serve to differentiate meaning. Other analogous kinds of abstractions (sometimes called "
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Ross, L. (1987). The
Problem of Construal in Social Inference and Social Psychology. In N. Grunberg, R.E. Nisbett, J. Singer (eds),
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or common experience between the communicator and the communication recipient. This is true for all verbal/abstract communication.
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The main disadvantage of abstraction is that highly abstract concepts are more difficult to learn, and might require a degree of
166:, which is the analysis or breaking-down of a general idea or abstraction into concrete facts. Abstraction can be illustrated by
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Inkinen, Sam (2009). "Homo
Creativus – Creativity and Serendipity Management in Third Generation Science and Technology Parks".
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This article is about the concept of abstraction in general. For specific types of abstraction and other uses of the term, see
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1290:. Two books that have taken this theme of the abstraction of social relations as an organizing process in human history are
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1064:) abstracted from the language user; and syntax considers only the expressions themselves, abstracted from the designata.
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the concept of abstraction to which business and money belong. the business is allowed to function as an abstraction .
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Scrutiny of the idea of the market will reveal that behind the category 'the market' lies abstraction upon abstraction.
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have contributed to materially abstracting relations between people, with major consequences for how humans live their
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The Homo Cyber
Sapiens, the Robot Homonidus Intelligens, and the 'Artificial Life' Approach to Artificial Intelligence
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What is complexity? Remarks on simplicity and complexity by the Nobel Prize-winning author of The Quark and the Jaguar
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wrote "Abstracting is a mechanism by which an infinite variety of experiences can be mapped on short noises (words)."
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as it was when I first picked it up (as contrasted with my copy as it was a few days later: in my fireplace, burning)
99:
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is the man as sociology abstracts and idealizes it, depicting man as a social being. Moreover, we could talk about
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Small
Business: A Study of a Fijian Family : the Mucunabitu Iron Works Contractor Cooperative Society Limited
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Modern scientists used the approach of abstraction (going from particular facts collected into one general idea).
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as a general term for whether things are variously real, abstract, concrete, or of a particular property (e.g.,
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Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In - Volume 2 of
Towards a Theory of Abstract Community
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Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In – Volume 2 of
Towards a Theory of Abstract Community
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abstractions such as the "idea" of a CAT, to classes of objects such as "mammals" and even categories such as "
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can be used to describe improvisatory approaches to interpretation, and may sometimes indicate abandonment of
1995:
Abstracting is a mechanism by which an infinite variety of experiences can be mapped on short noises (words).
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of simplification, wherein formerly concrete details are left ambiguous, vague, or undefined; thus effective
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of ideas or the synthesis of particular facts into one general theory about something. It is the opposite of
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is a powerful abstraction from actual objects and the three-dimensional space which we construe ... through
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1360:". Breaking away from directly experienced reality was a common trend in 19th-century sciences (especially
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details some explicit relationships between the objects of the diagram. For example, the arrow between the
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differs from the way that properties of abstract concepts or relations have being, for example the way the
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191:-thinking approach that had dominated the intellectual world since the times of Greek philosophers like
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music has no key signature, and is characterized by the exploration of internal numeric relationships.
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as "a deliberate attempt of abstraction in which we separate out important from unimportant events".
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of
England to encourage modern thinkers to collect specific facts before making any generalizations.
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Patterns from one mathematical object can be generalized to other similar objects in the same class.
637:" refers not only to the design of safe, functional buildings, but also to elements of creation and
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2066:"Neural Representation of Abstract and Concrete Concepts: A Meta-Analysis of Neuroimaging Studies"
1880:"A symbol is any device whereby we are enabled to make an abstraction." -- p.xi and chapter 20 of
609:, the graphical relationships like the arrows joining boxes and ellipses might denote predicates.
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1335:(the man who can extend his biologically determined intelligence thanks to new technologies), or
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identifies only three boxes, two ellipses, and four arrows (and their five labels), whereas the
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expresses the abstraction "agent sits on location". This conceptual scheme entails no specific
102:, a type (e.g., a 'ball') is more abstract than its tokens (e.g., 'that leather soccer ball').
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147:, which (whether spoken or written) appears to both involve and facilitate abstract thinking.
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2332:. Contributions to Economics. Heidelberg/New York/Dordrecht/London: Springer. pp. 1–52.
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2470:. Collected Works. Vol. 6 (1921 ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
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Galbács, Peter (2015). "Methodological
Principles and an Epistemological Introduction".
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about predicates, which propositions remain to be evaluated by the investigator. In the
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233:(1564–1642) repeated one hundred specific experiments into the law of falling bodies.
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2184:. Volume 1 of Towards a Theory of Abstract Community. London: SAGE (published 2006).
2147:. Volume 1 of Towards a theory of abstract community. London: SAGE (published 1996).
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A Distinctive
Approach to psychological research: the influence of Stanley Schacter
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805:'s illustration of that ambiguity, with a progression from abstract to concrete in
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are therefore abstractions of those objects. Specifically, the conceptual diagram
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Wang, Jing; Conder, Julie A.; Blitzer, David N.; Shinkareva, Svetlana V. (2010).
2011:
1972:
1200:. Another philosophical tool for the discussion of abstraction is thought space.
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Abstractions and levels of abstraction play an important role in the theory of
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1977:. Bison. Vol. 146. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 43.
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An abstraction can thus encapsulate each of these levels of detail with no
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Abstract things are sometimes defined as those things that do not exist in
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A physical object (a possible referent of a concept or word) is considered
314:(such as the one mentioned involving cats and mammals), only a progressive
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as an abstraction tool; it complemented but was distinct from the ancient
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implementation of another's work, apart from the problem that it solves.
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625:" can mean experiencing various positive emotions, but can also refer to
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Feeling and Form: a theory of art developed from Philosophy in a New Key
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are derived from the use and classifying of specific examples, literal (
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deal with abstraction both as an ideational and as a material process.
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The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 3rd edition
1643:(Winter 2016 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
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1509:
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2216:. Brussels: Vrije Universiteit, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.
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It reveals deep connections between different areas of mathematics.
176:(1620), a book of modern scientific philosophy written in the late
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430:
286:
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James W. Lewis "Cortical Networks Related to Human Use of Tools"
1831:
Conceptual Structures: Information Processing in Mind and Machine
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and abstract intuition would be symbolic as opposed to fantastic
1925:. NY/New Haven: The Drawing Center/Yale University Press. 2005.
884:
768:
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221:' (1473–1543) simplification, that the Sun is the center of the
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The Theory of New Classical Macroeconomics. A Positive Critique
2016:. New York: Simon and Schuster (published 2006). p. 138.
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problems, to the use of space, and to the attempt to evoke an
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426:
1196:. It has also recently become popular in formal logic under
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in the builders, owners, viewers and users of the building.
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Intellectual and manual labour: A critique of epistemology
2181:
Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back in
1575:
Intellectual and manual labour: A critique of epistemology
1296:
Globalism, Nationalism, Tribalism: Bringing Theory Back In
493:
The way that physical objects, like rocks and trees, have
289:, to experiential abstractions such as a specific cat, to
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Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community
2144:
Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community
1292:
Nation Formation: Towards a Theory of Abstract Community
1184:
formation of recognizing some set of common features in
273:
illustrates the concrete relationship "Cat sits on Mat".
2516:
Discussion at The Well concerning Abstraction hierarchy
1100:
Techniques and methods from one area can be applied to
515:
exist differs from the way the concepts illustrated in
370:. We might look at other graphs, in a progression from
1891:: New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 431 pages, index.
394:
is a harder idea to express, certainly in relation to
350:
ideas as those that can be instantiated and to define
2260:. Winchester: John Hunt Publishing (published 2013).
2046:
Washington State University: Glossary of Abstraction.
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is the process (or, to some, the alleged process) in
598:). Questions about the properties of things are then
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or exist only as sensory experiences, like the color
82:
Conceptual abstractions may be made by filtering the
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2721:
2612:
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1294:(1996) and an associated volume published in 2006,
588:An approach to resolving such difficulty is to use
281:, moving from neural impulses arising from sensory
217:(1642–1727) derived the motion of the planets from
2511:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Gottlob Frege
2443:
1086:The advantages of abstraction in mathematics are:
1886:Feeling and Form: a theory of art developed from
1234:is one of Jung's 57 definitions in Chapter XI of
554:
2393:(1981). "Decipherment of the Earliest Tablets".
1048:Abstraction also arises in the relation between
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517:
511:
367:
343:
315:
303:
269:
2297:. Mucunabita Education Trust. pp. 18, 21.
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1115:and experience before they can be assimilated.
813:
701:. Likewise, many things sit on surfaces (as in
1775:Schmandt-Besserat estimates it took 4000 years
250:process, mapping multiple different pieces of
2536:
961:specific details of supporting applications,
948:their solutions with the computer by writing
8:
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1567:
1373:created the indefinitely abstract notion of
748:relationship, as does the arrow between the
536:History of accounting § Ancient history
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1330:
1324:
477:abstraction recognizes a parallel process.
464:
346:. It is not sufficient, however, to define
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2529:
2521:
1974:General Semantics and Contemporary Thomism
1967:. New York: Harper & Bros. p. 68.
697:For example, many different things can be
330:Those abstract things are then said to be
127:Thinking in abstractions is considered by
2089:
665:about things in the abstract requires an
1542:
1540:
1378:the functioning of this essential core.
671:
521:exist. That difference accounts for the
463:Still retaining the primary meaning of '
1641:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1536:
1209:An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
285:to basic abstractions such as color or
1505:Reification (knowledge representation)
1093:Known results in one area can suggest
1083:descriptions of equivalent phenomena.
617:Abstractions sometimes have ambiguous
105:Abstraction in its secondary use is a
1942:National Gallery of Art: Abstraction.
840:(6) my copy of the May 18 edition of
834:(5) my copy of the May 18 edition of
106:
7:
1344:Abstraction (combined with Weberian
255:distinction between "abstract" and "
2734:Fluid and crystallized intelligence
2645:Fluid and crystallized intelligence
2497:Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
2013:The End of History and the Last Man
1420:Abstract labour and concrete labour
1033:") considered by linguists include
1605:10.1111/j.1469-8676.2001.tb00151.x
937:Abstraction (software engineering)
641:which aim at elegant solutions to
25:
2368:. Houghton Mifflin (1992). 1992.
2254:Jones, Campbell (26 April 2013).
1692:10.1038/scientificamerican0306-74
705:, to the right). The property of
2829:
1587:CARRIER, JAMES G. (2007-01-19).
1388:
1356:and the generalized concept of "
899:As used in different disciplines
294:
260:
246:An abstraction can be seen as a
2830:
2770:Evolution of human intelligence
1833:. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
1589:"Social aspects of abstraction"
363:in the sense of the objects in
139:to be one of the key traits in
1801:. Princeton University Press.
1104:results in other related area.
784:"agent is SITTING on location"
277:Chains of abstractions can be
44:is a process where in general
1:
2835:Outline of human intelligence
2739:Multiple-intelligences theory
1639:, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.),
1352:- hence abstractions such as
1268:. (Jung, (1971): par. 678).
956:which can be translated into
679:for A Cat sitting on the Mat
585:are real, abstract, or both.
419:(instances of properties) as
204:
2785:Intelligence and environment
2461:. London: Sage Publications.
2450:. London: Sage Publications.
2415:10.1126/science.211.4479.283
1965:Science and the Goals of Man
1762:. London: Sage Publications.
1248:, just as there is abstract
32:Abstraction (disambiguation)
2729:Cattell–Horn–Carroll theory
2382:Sohn-Rethel, Alfred (1977)
2051:September 11, 2007, at the
1921:and Hendel Teicher (eds.),
1799:Mathematics in Ancient Iraq
1298:. These books argue that a
842:The San Francisco Chronicle
836:The San Francisco Chronicle
830:The San Francisco Chronicle
824:The San Francisco Chronicle
653:Simplification and ordering
110:
2896:
2870:Concepts in metaphilosophy
1743:. Hillsdale, NJ: Earlbaum.
1348:) plays a crucial role in
1341:(who is simply creative).
1169:
1142:
1071:
1008:
934:
907:
828:(4) the May 18 edition of
544:(not abstract) if it is a
533:
452:
409:Perhaps confusingly, some
355:"cat" and "telephone" are
297:" as opposed to "action".
120:
29:
2825:
2391:Schmandt-Besserat, Denise
2338:10.1007/978-3-319-17578-2
2229:Science and Public Policy
1971:Gorman, Margaret (1962).
1817:was in use 2350–2000 BCE.
1815:sexagesimal number system
1780:January 30, 2012, at the
1337:
1331:
1325:
1074:Abstraction (mathematics)
1011:Abstraction (linguistics)
918:is used in the arts as a
873:philosophical terminology
797:Although the description
756:. The arrows between the
742:depicts an example of an
613:Referencing and referring
562:communicate its meaning.
36:Abstract (disambiguation)
27:Process of generalisation
2865:Concepts in epistemology
2291:Qalo, Ropate R. (1997).
2241:10.3152/030234209X465570
1577:, Humanities Press, 1977
1490:Nucleophilic abstraction
1097:in another related area.
390:; but on the other hand
183:Bacon used and promoted
2875:Concepts in metaphysics
1906:Encyclopædia Britannica
1888:Philosophy in a New Key
1515:Politechnika Wrocławska
1430:Abstraction (sociology)
1415:Abstract interpretation
1371:Neoclassical economists
1206:defined abstraction in
782:'s basic relationship;
1665:"The Limits Of Reason"
1635:Klein, JĂĽrgen (2016),
1470:Hypostatic abstraction
1435:Charles Sanders Peirce
1270:
1172:Abstract object theory
857:
694:
683:
555:Schmandt-Besserat 1981
465:
425:—e.g., the particular
386:is more abstract than
141:modern human behaviour
100:type–token distinction
34:. For other uses, see
2663:Intelligence quotient
2257:Can The Market Speak?
1410:Abstract and concrete
1244:There is an abstract
1198:predicate abstraction
1194:problem of universals
1143:Further information:
1113:mathematical maturity
891:. But an idea can be
689:
675:
631:subjective well-being
546:particular individual
534:Further information:
453:Further information:
437:. This is similar to
332:multiply instantiated
2749:Three-stratum theory
2455:James, Paul (2006).
2212:Steels, Luc (1995).
1947:May 9, 2011, at the
1573:Alfred Sohn-Rethel,
970:In general semantics
422:abstract particulars
123:Behavioral modernity
64:, or other methods.
2722:Models and theories
2468:Psychological Types
2466:Jung, C.G. (1971).
2407:1981Sci...211..283S
2386:, Humanities Press.
2141:(14 October 1996).
2070:Human Brain Mapping
1919:Catherine de Zegher
1857:Gödel, Escher, Bach
1852:Hofstadter, Douglas
1684:2006SciAm.294c..74C
1672:Scientific American
1593:Social Anthropology
1485:Lyrical abstraction
1465:High- and low-level
1237:Psychological Types
1123:In music, the term
952:in some particular
942:Computer scientists
931:In computer science
887:are distanced from
808:Gödel, Escher, Bach
657:Abstraction uses a
435:abstract particular
316:exclusion of detail
109:, discussed in the
2775:Heritability of IQ
2552:Human intelligence
2126:The Neuroscientist
1495:Object of the mind
1475:Inventor's paradox
1425:Abstract structure
1332:homo cyber sapiens
1282:Alfred Sohn-Rethel
861:loss of generality
816:(1) a publication
803:Douglas Hofstadter
790:is an instance of
762:present participle
695:
684:
647:emotional response
489:Ontological status
473:'s writing on the
334:, in the sense of
2847:
2846:
2763:Areas of research
2713:Visual processing
2630:Cognitive liberty
2401:(4479): 283–285.
2347:978-3-319-17578-2
2178:(20 April 2006).
2082:10.1002/hbm.20950
2076:(10): 1459–1468.
2008:Fukuyama, Francis
1882:Suzanne K. Langer
1867:978-0-465-02656-2
1839:978-0-201-14472-7
1808:978-0-691-09182-2
1547:Suzanne K. Langer
1480:Leaky abstraction
1396:Philosophy portal
1326:homo sociologicus
1153:Mental operations
976:general semantics
954:computer language
910:Abstraction (art)
867:Thought processes
627:life satisfaction
90:or an observable
18:Abstract thinking
16:(Redirected from
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2754:Triarchic theory
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1278:Social theorists
1273:In social theory
995:Francis Fukuyama
980:Alfred Korzybski
963:operating system
819:(2) a newspaper
677:Conceptual graph
621:. For example, "
579:the number three
551:Fertile Crescent
468:
459:Display behavior
455:Power projection
449:Material process
429:of a particular
261:itself an object
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107:material process
62:first principles
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1860:. Basic Books.
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1555:Sculptural form
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1375:homo economicus
1323:. For example,
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1149:Mental rotation
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1078:Abstraction in
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1015:Researchers in
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984:Anatol Rapoport
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881:thought process
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2176:James, Paul
2139:James, Paul
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1754:James, Paul
1232:Abstraction
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1125:abstraction
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1017:linguistics
950:source code
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877:abstraction
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690:Cat on Mat
530:Physicality
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242:Compression
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2569:Collective
2506:PhilPapers
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1990:2018-05-26
1728:Complexity
1647:2019-10-22
1527:References
1228:concretism
1204:John Locke
1190:empiricism
1178:philosophy
1170:See also:
1058:pragmatics
1031:emic units
990:In history
893:symbolized
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717:sitting-on
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443:sumbebekos
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2789:fertility
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2668:Knowledge
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2625:Cognition
2616:, traits,
2614:Abilities
2574:Emotional
1613:0964-0282
1532:Citations
1450:Emergence
1350:economics
1266:intuition
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1258:intuition
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1224:Carl Jung
1062:designata
1054:semantics
1039:graphemes
1035:morphemes
740:CAT:Elsie
726:picture 1
703:picture 1
681:(graph 1)
667:intuitive
623:happiness
619:referents
512:picture 1
475:commodity
471:Karl Marx
413:refer to
403:monotreme
397:marsupial
340:picture 2
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279:construed
201:Aristotle
189:deductive
185:induction
160:induction
158:involves
2673:Learning
2589:Multiple
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