78:, (2) having causes and effects or not, (3) having contingent or necessary existence, (4) being particular or universal and (5) belonging to either the physical or the mental realm or to neither. Despite this diversity of views, there is broad agreement concerning most objects as to whether they are abstract or concrete. So under most interpretations, all these views would agree that, for example, plants are concrete objects while numbers are abstract objects.
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power. A causal power has the ability to affect something causally. Thus, the empty set is abstract because it cannot act on other objects. One problem with this view is that it is not clear exactly what it is to have causal power. For a more detailed exploration of the abstractâconcrete distinction,
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is a discipline that studies the nature and role of abstract objects. It holds that properties can be related to objects in two ways: through exemplification and through encoding. Concrete objects exemplify their properties while abstract objects merely encode them. This approach is also known as the
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because they exhibit characteristics that the traditional duality between concrete and abstract regards as incompatible. Specifically, the ability to have temporal location, but not spatial location, and have causal agency (if only by acting through representatives). These characteristics are
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or philosophical inquiry more broadly. To the extent that philosophy is independent of empirical research, and to the extent that empirical questions do not inform questions about abstracta, philosophy would seem especially suited to answering these latter questions.
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identifies physical objects that are tokens of a particular type of thing. The "type" of which it is a part is in itself an abstract object. The abstractâconcrete distinction is often introduced and initially understood in terms of
221:. If abstracta lack causal powers and spatial location, how do we know about them? It is hard to say how they can affect our sensory experiences, and yet we seem to agree on a wide range of claims about them.
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Recently, there has been some philosophical interest in the development of a third category of objects known as the quasi-abstract. Quasi-abstract objects have drawn particular attention in the area of
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as to what the characteristic marks of concreteness and abstractness are. Popular suggestions include defining the distinction in terms of the difference between (1) existence inside or outside
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uses the terms "concrete" and "formal" to describe two different types of learning. Concrete thinking involves facts and descriptions about everyday, tangible objects, while abstract (
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721:, Continuum, 2010 p. 17: "Kant argues that cognition can only come about as a result of the union of the abstract work of the understanding and the concrete input of sensation."
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refers to a divide between two types of entities. Many philosophers hold that this difference has fundamental metaphysical significance. Examples of concrete objects include
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duality of the concrete and the abstract has led to a large category of social objects having been overlooked or rejected as
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Another popular proposal for drawing the abstractâconcrete distinction contends that an object is abstract if it lacks
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Abstract objects have often garnered the interest of philosophers because they raise problems for popular theories. In
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exhibited by a number of social objects, including states of the international legal system.
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B. Smith (2008), "Searle and De Soto: The New
Ontology of the Social World". In
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Gas exchange takes place between the air in the alveoli and the blood.
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It will sink if its density is greater than the density of the fluid.
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Metaphysics concept covering the divide between two types of entities
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Hegel's
Science of Logic: A Critical Rethinking in Thirty Lectures
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19:"Abstract entity" redirects here. For conceptual abstraction, see
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Water diffuses through the cell membrane of the root hair cells.
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Concluding
Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments
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International
Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems
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The
Mystery of Capital and the Construction of Social Reality
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Red light reflected off of an apple and hitting one's eyes
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Abstract
Objects: An Introduction to Axiomatic Metaphysics
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A Treatise
Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
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You breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide.
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Carr, Philip (2012) "The
Philosophy of Phonology" in
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Abrams, Meyer Howard; Harpham, Geoffrey Galt (2011).
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535:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
626:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 2.
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662:(ed. Kemp, Fernando, Asher), Elsevier, p. 404
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554:Honderich, Ted (2005). "abstract entities".
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15:
13:
10:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
2668:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2636:Consciousness
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
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2614:
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2596:
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2564:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2529:Understanding
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
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2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2454:Introspection
2452:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2407:Consciousness
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
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2362:
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2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2329:Phenomenology
2327:
2325:
2324:Phenomenalism
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2314:Occasionalism
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2287:NaĂŻve realism
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2277:Functionalism
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2219:Stephen Yablo
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2174:Richard Rorty
2172:
2170:
2169:Hilary Putnam
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2144:Marvin Minsky
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2119:Immanuel Kant
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2109:William James
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
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2077:
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2057:
2055:
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2047:
2045:
2042:
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2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2014:Henri Bergson
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1957:
1952:
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1943:
1938:
1937:
1934:
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1910:
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1901:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
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1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1866:Phenomenology
1864:
1862:
1859:
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1854:
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1849:
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1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:Notable works
1621:
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1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1027:Phenomenalism
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
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988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
947:Action theory
945:
943:
940:
939:
937:
933:
929:
922:
917:
915:
910:
908:
903:
902:
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869:
868:
864:
858:
852:
848:
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840:
839:
835:
827:
824:
818:
815:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
790:
782:
775:
772:
769:. Open Court.
768:
762:
759:
755:
751:
750:Gottlob Frege
746:
743:
739:
735:
734:
727:
724:
720:
716:
715:
709:
706:
701:
700:
695:
691:
684:
682:
680:
676:
673:
668:
665:
661:
655:
652:
649:, p. 33.
648:
643:
640:
635:
633:9780199655915
629:
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618:
615:
603:
597:
593:
592:
584:
581:
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558:
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523:
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519:
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408:
405:
404:
401:
399:
395:
385:
382:
374:
364:
360:
356:
350:
349:
345:
340:This section
338:
334:
329:
328:
322:
320:
317:
313:
309:
308:documentality
305:
296:
294:
292:
291:
285:
277:
275:
273:
269:
268:consciousness
265:
264:Gottlob Frege
261:
259:
255:
254:Immanuel Kant
251:
246:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
222:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
190:
187:
186:
182:
179:
178:
174:
171:
170:
166:
163:
162:
158:
155:
154:
151:
148:
146:
143:
142:
136:
134:
129:
122:In philosophy
121:
119:
117:
112:
108:
104:
100:
99:
94:
93:
88:
84:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
26:
22:
2565: /
2561: /
2557: /
2474:Mental image
2469:Mental event
2432:Intelligence
2382:Chinese room
2376:
2228:
2179:Gilbert Ryle
2159:Derek Parfit
2149:Thomas Nagel
2079:Fred Dretske
1999:J. L. Austin
1971:Philosophers
1841:Epistemology
1809:
1799:
1789:
1779:
1769:
1759:
1749:
1739:
1729:
1719:
1709:
1699:
1689:
1679:
1669:
1659:
1651:NyÄya SĆ«tras
1649:
1639:
1629:
1611:
1527:Wittgenstein
1472:Schopenhauer
1351:
1342:Unobservable
1192:Intelligence
1122:
1097:
1062:Subjectivism
1057:Spiritualism
972:Essentialism
952:Anti-realism
883:
846:
825:
822:
817:
806:the original
796:(4): 62â86.
793:
787:
774:
766:
761:
753:
745:
737:
731:
726:
718:
712:
708:
697:
667:
659:
654:
642:
623:
617:
607:18 September
605:. Retrieved
590:
583:
577:. Routledge.
573:
566:
556:
549:
537:. Retrieved
532:
392:
377:
371:January 2021
368:
353:Please help
341:
300:
288:
281:
262:
247:
230:Edward Zalta
223:
215:epistemology
196:
149:
144:
133:paradigmatic
125:
102:
97:
96:
91:
90:
80:
67:
64:propositions
48:human beings
39:
35:
29:
2621:Abstraction
2559:information
2550:Metaphysics
2524:Tabula rasa
2334:Physicalism
2319:Parallelism
2247:Behaviorism
2204:Michael Tye
2199:Alan Turing
2184:John Searle
2059:Dharmakirti
2034:Tyler Burge
2029:C. D. Broad
1671:Metaphysics
1655:(c. 200 BC)
1645:(c. 350 BC)
1635:(c. 350 BC)
1522:Collingwood
1427:Malebranche
1175:Information
1103:Anima mundi
1082:Type theory
1037:Physicalism
1002:Materialism
957:Determinism
928:Metaphysics
823:Geopolitics
472:Observation
394:Jean Piaget
316:nonexistent
242:metaphysics
226:Ernst Mally
203:physicalism
101:. The term
32:metaphysics
21:abstraction
2610:Categories
2595:Task Force
2563:perception
2437:Artificial
2387:Creativity
2309:Nondualism
2209:Vasubandhu
2129:John Locke
2099:David Hume
2054:Andy Clark
1731:Monadology
1665:(c. 80 BC)
1372:Parmenides
1257:Perception
1155:Experience
1042:Relativism
1017:Naturalism
967:Enactivism
875:PhilPapers
647:Zalta 1983
509:References
462:Nominalism
219:empiricism
207:naturalism
175:Five cars
83:philosophy
76:space-time
2626:Cognition
2459:Intuition
2392:Cognition
2356:Solipsism
2019:Ned Block
1989:Armstrong
1984:Aristotle
1891:Teleology
1856:Mereology
1836:Cosmology
1695:(c. 1000)
1592:Plantinga
1582:Armstrong
1532:Heidegger
1507:Whitehead
1492:Nietzsche
1412:Descartes
1382:Aristotle
1337:Universal
1267:Principle
1237:Necessity
1197:Intention
1150:Existence
1113:Causality
1052:Solipsism
982:Free will
539:4 January
487:Platonism
342:does not
312:platonist
293:article.
92:abstracta
87:semantics
72:consensus
2580:Category
2427:Identity
2370:Concepts
2240:Theories
2224:Zhuangzi
2154:Alva Noë
1909:Category
1831:Axiology
1685:(c.â270)
1613:more ...
1567:Anscombe
1562:Strawson
1557:Davidson
1452:Berkeley
1392:Plotinus
1353:more ...
1292:Relation
1272:Property
1247:Ontology
1170:Identity
1091:Concepts
1022:Nihilism
987:Idealism
935:Theories
845:(1983).
440:See also
199:ontology
180:Justice
164:Redness
150:Concrete
145:Abstract
98:concreta
40:concrete
36:abstract
2590:Project
2543:Related
2402:Concept
2257:Dualism
2230:more...
2089:Goldman
1681:Enneads
1675:(c. 50)
1641:Timaeus
1631:Sophist
1577:Dummett
1572:Deleuze
1512:Russell
1502:Bergson
1497:Meinong
1477:Bolzano
1437:Leibniz
1417:Spinoza
1402:Aquinas
1387:Proclus
1317:Thought
1307:Subject
1287:Reality
1282:Quality
1252:Pattern
1212:Meaning
1187:Insight
1145:Essence
1130:Concept
1032:Realism
997:Liberty
962:Dualism
882:, from
836:Sources
696:(ed.).
492:Present
363:removed
348:sources
270:. (See
236:in his
156:Tennis
56:numbers
52:planets
2534:Zombie
2519:Qualia
1815:(1981)
1805:(1943)
1795:(1927)
1785:(1846)
1775:(1818)
1765:(1807)
1755:(1783)
1745:(1781)
1735:(1714)
1725:(1710)
1715:(1677)
1711:Ethics
1705:(1641)
1607:Parfit
1597:Kripke
1587:Putnam
1547:Sartre
1537:Carnap
1487:Peirce
1432:Newton
1407:SuĂĄrez
1397:Scotus
1277:Qualia
1242:Object
1232:Nature
1227:Motion
1207:Matter
1140:Entity
1012:Monism
853:
630:
598:
284:causal
44:plants
2442:Human
2164:Plato
2084:Fodor
1861:Meta-
1602:Lewis
1552:Quine
1517:Moore
1482:Lotze
1467:Hegel
1442:Wolff
1422:Locke
1377:Plato
1347:Value
1327:Truth
809:(PDF)
784:(PDF)
692:. In
234:Plato
213:. In
172:Five
2567:self
2504:Pain
2494:Mind
2422:Idea
1542:Ryle
1462:Kant
1457:Hume
1447:Reid
1322:Time
1302:Soul
1297:Self
1222:Mind
1180:Data
1165:Idea
851:ISBN
628:ISBN
609:2012
596:ISBN
541:2021
346:any
344:cite
306:and
256:and
126:The
85:and
66:are
62:and
60:sets
50:and
38:and
873:at
798:doi
714:KrV
357:by
274:.)
248:In
30:In
2612::
826:19
792:.
786:.
678:^
531:.
517:^
260:.
228:,
118:.
109:.
58:,
46:,
1955:e
1948:t
1941:v
920:e
913:t
906:v
859:.
800::
794:7
702:.
636:.
611:.
543:.
384:)
378:(
373:)
369:(
365:.
351:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.