1800:(the Latin translation of the Bible used in Roman Catholic western Europe as the official text), which forbade Christians to charge interest on loans. Jews, therefore, became the lenders to and creditors of merchants, aristocrats, and even monarchs. Most expulsions before the Alhambra Decree were related to this financial situation: to raise additional monies, a monarch would tax the Jewish community heavily, forcing Jews to call in loans; the monarch then would expel the Jews; at the time of expulsion, the monarch would seize their remaining valuable assets, including debts owed them by other subjects of the monarch and, in some instances, by the monarch himself. Expulsion of the Jews from Spain was thus an innovation not only in scale but also in its motivations.
1945:
belongings with them, excluding "gold or silver or minted money or other things prohibited by the laws of our kingdoms." In practice, however, the Jews had to sell anything they could not carry: their land, their houses, and their libraries, and converting their wealth to a more portable form proved difficult. The market in Spain was saturated with these goods, which meant the prices were artificially lowered for the months before the deadline. As a result, much of the wealth of the Jewish community remained in Spain. The punishment for any Jew who did not convert or leave by the deadline was
2143:(Morocco). The situation of returnees was legalized with the Ordinance of 10 November 1492 which established that civil and church authorities should be witnesses to baptism and, in the case that they were baptized before arrival, proof and witnesses of baptism were required. Furthermore, all property could be recovered by returnees at the same price at which it was sold. Similarly the Provision of the Royal Council of 24 October 1493 set harsh sanctions for those who slandered these New Christians with insulting terms such as
2156:
large convert population. Of the 100,000 Jews that remained true to their faith by 1492, an additional number chose to convert and join the converso community rather than face expulsion. Recent conversos were subject to additional suspicion by the
Inquisition, which had been established to persecute religious heretics, but in Spain and Portugal was focused on finding crypto-Jews. Although Judaism was not considered a heresy, professing Christianity while engaging in Jewish practices was heretical. Additionally,
1815:
2247:. As of November 2015, 4300 Sephardi Jews have benefited from this law and acquired Spanish citizenship, swearing allegiance to the Spanish Constitution. In 2013, the number of Jews in Spain was estimated to range between 40,000 and 50,000 people. Goldschläger and Orjuela have explored motivations to request citizenship and the ways in which legal provisions, religious associations, and the migration industry become gatekeepers of and (re)shape what it means to be Sephardic.
1784:
1549:
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but similar to nationals from
Philippines, Equatorial Guinea, Brazil and about 20 other American republics that also require 2 years.) While their citizenship is being processed, Sephardi Jews are entitled to the consular protection of the Kingdom of Spain. This makes Spain unique among European nations as the only nation that currently grants automatic citizenship to the descendants of Jews expelled during the
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1723:
sermons and disputations. More deadly attacks came later in the century from mobs of angry
Catholics, led by popular preachers, who would storm into the Jewish quarter, destroy synagogues, and break into houses, forcing the inhabitants to choose between conversion and death. Thousands of Jews sought to escape these attacks by converting to Christianity. These Jewish converts were commonly called
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population, a total of over 200,000 had converted to
Catholicism to remain in Spain, and between 40,000 and 100,000 remained Jewish and suffered expulsion. An unknown number of the expelled eventually succumbed to the pressures of life in exile away from formerly-Jewish relatives and networks back in Spain, and so converted to Catholicism to be allowed to return in the years following expulsion.
1963:
2071:. The Jewish scholars and physicians among previous Sephardic immigrants to this area had reinvigorated the Jewish communities in North Africa. However, in the 1490s, parts of the Mediterranean world, including Morocco were experiencing severe famine. As a result, a number of cities in Morocco refused to let the Spanish Jews in. This led to mass starvation among the refugees, and made the
1792:
French case is typical of most expulsions: whether the expulsion was local or national, the Jews usually were allowed to return after a few years. The
Spanish expulsion was succeeded by at least five expulsions from other European countries, but the expulsion of the Jews from Spain was both the largest of its kind and, officially, the longest lasting in western European history.
1765:, embraced Christianity and underwent baptism while privately adhering to Jewish practices and faith. Recently converted families who continued to intermarry were especially viewed with suspicion. For their part, the Jewish community viewed conversos with compassion, because Jewish law held that conversion under threat of violence was not necessarily legitimate. Although the
2235:(the Hebrew name for Spain) isn't a nostalgic memory anymore; it is a place where it must not be said that Jews should simply 'feel' at home there, for indeed Hispano-Jews are at home in Spain...What matters is not accountability for what we may have done wrong or right, but the willingness to look to the future, and analyze the past in light of our future."
1916:
2115:). Many of these Jews also settled in other parts of the Balkans ruled by the Ottomans such as the areas that are now Bulgaria, Serbia and Bosnia. Concerning this incident, Bayezid II is alleged to have commented, "those who say that Ferdinand and Isabella are wise are indeed fools; for he gives me, his enemy, his national treasure, the Jews."
2205:
migrations. Between the 90,000 Jews who converted under the
Visigoth persecutions, and the 100,000+ Jews who converted in the years leading up to expulsion, it is likely that many of these people have Jewish ancestry. Genetic studies have explored local beliefs in the American South West that Spanish
1886:
to
Castile since 1238. Jews and conversos played an important role during this campaign because they had the ability to raise money and acquire weapons through their extensive trade networks. This perceived increase in Jewish influence further infuriated the Old Christians and the hostile elements of
1714:
to push the
Christians back to the North. After they gained control of the Iberian Peninsula, the Almohads offered the Jews a choice between expulsion, conversion, and death. Many Jewish people fled to other parts of the Muslim world, and also to the Christian kingdoms, which initially welcomed them.
3191:
Dr. Calafell clarifies that ... the genetic markers used to distinguish the population with
Sephardi ancestry may produce distortions. The 25% of Spaniards that are identified as having Sephardi ancestry in the study could have inherited that same marker from older movements like the Phoenicians, or
2238:
From
November 2012 Sephardi Jews have had the right to automatic Spanish nationality without the requirement of residence in Spain. Prior to November 2012, Sephardi Jews already had the right to obtain Spanish citizenship after a reduced residency period of two years (versus ten years for foreigners
1795:
Over the four-hundred-year period during which most of these decrees were implemented, the causes of expulsion gradually changed. At first, expulsions of Jews (or absence of expulsions) were exercises of royal prerogatives. Jewish communities in medieval Europe often were protected by and associated
1619:
allowed Jewish communities to thrive. Jewish merchants were able to trade freely across the Islamic world, which allowed them to flourish, and made Jewish enclaves in Muslim Iberian cities great centers of learning and commerce. This led to a flowering of Jewish culture, as Jewish scholars were able
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which occurred in 1391. Due to continuing attacks, around 50,000 more had converted by 1415. A further number of those remaining chose to convert to avoid expulsion. As a result of the Alhambra decree and persecution in the years leading up to the expulsion of Spain's estimated 300,000 Jewish origin
1791:
From the thirteenth to the sixteenth centuries, European countries expelled the Jews from their territories on at least fifteen occasions. Before the Spanish expulsion, the Jews had been expelled from England in 1290, several times from France between 1182 and 1354, and from some German states. The
1722:
drew to a close, overt hostility against Jews in Christian Spain became more pronounced, finding expression in brutal episodes of violence and oppression. In the early fourteenth century, the Christian kings vied to prove their piety by allowing the clergy to subject the Jewish population to forced
142:
who could prove that they are the descendants of those Jews expelled from Spain because of the Alhambra Decree would "become Spaniards without leaving home or giving up their present nationality." The Spanish law expired in 2019 and new applications for Spanish citizenship on the basis of Sephardic
2162:
statutes instituted legal discrimination against converso descendants, barring them from certain positions and forbidding them from emigrating to the Americas. For years, families with urban origins who had extensive trade connections, and people who were learned and multilingual were suspected of
2155:
A majority of Spain's Jewish population had converted to Christianity during the waves of religious persecutions prior to the Decree—a total of 200,000 converts according to Joseph Pérez. The main objective of the expulsion of practicing Jews was ensuring the sincerity of the conversions of such a
2138:
Throughout history, scholars have given widely differing numbers of Jews expelled from Spain. However, the figure is likely to be below the 100,000 Jews who had not yet converted to Christianity by 1492, possibly as low as 40,000. Such figures exclude the significant number of Jews who returned to
2130:
declared the Jewish community in Portugal (perhaps then some 10% of that country's population) Christians by royal decree unless they left the country. In return, he promised the Inquisition would not come to Portugal for 40 years. He then seized the Jews who tried to leave and had them forcibly
2214:
The Spanish government has actively pursued a policy of reconciliation with the descendants of its expelled Jews. In 1924, the regime of Primo de Rivera granted the possibility of obtaining Spanish citizenship to a part of the Sephardic Jewish diaspora. As stated above, the Alhambra decree was
1944:
After the decree was passed, Spain's entire Jewish population was given only four months to either convert to Christianity or leave the country. The edict promised the Jews royal protection and security for the effective three-month window before the deadline. They were permitted to take their
2075:
vulnerable to the predation of slavers, although the regional ruler invalidated many of these sales within a few years. A good number of the Jews who had fled to North Africa returned to Spain and converted. The Jews who stayed in North Africa often intermingled with the already existing
2126:. About 600 Jewish families were allowed to stay in Portugal following an exorbitant bribe until the Portuguese king entered negotiations to marry the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. Caught between his desire for an alliance with Spain and his economic reliance on the Jews,
3164:
We think it might be an over estimate. The genetic makeup of Sephardic Jews is probably common to other Middle Eastern populations, such as the Phoenicians, that also settled the Iberian Peninsula," Calafell says: "In our study, that would have all fallen under the Jewish
1796:
with monarchs because, under the feudal system, Jews often were a monarch's only reliable source of taxes. Jews further had reputations as moneylenders because they were the only social group allowed to loan money at a profit under the prevailing interpretation of the
3133:
The Sephardi result may be overestimated, since there is much diversity in those genes and maybe absorbed other genes from the Middle East. Puts Calafell in doubt the validity of ancestry tests? They can be good for the Americans, we already know from where we come
2970:
Sutton, Wesley K.; Knight, Alec; Underhill, Peter A.; Neulander, Judith S.; Disotell, Todd R.; Mountain, Joanna L. (2006). "Toward resolution of the debate regarding purported crypto-Jews in a Spanish-American population: Evidence from the Y chromosome".
31:
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and Spanish aristocrats competing with them for influence over the royal families. By the mid-fifteenth century, the demands of the Old Christians that the Catholic Church and the monarchy differentiate them from the conversos led to the first
1848:
Although their initial policies towards the Jews were protective, Ferdinand and Isabella were disturbed by reports claiming that most Jewish converts to Christianity were insincere in their conversion. As mentioned above, some claims that
2163:
having Jewish ancestry. According to the prejudice of the time, a person with Jewish blood was untrustworthy and inferior. Such measures slowly faded away as converso identity was forgotten and this community merged into Spain's dominant
2147:. After all, the Catholic monarchs were concerned with the souls of their subjects, and Catholic doctrine held that the persecution of converts would remove an important incentive for conversion. Returnees are documented as late as 1499.
1936:
suggests an increase in royal hostility towards the Jews. The text of the decree accused the Jews of trying "to subvert the holy Catholic faith" by attempting to "draw faithful Christians away from their beliefs." These measures were
1859:) were true, but the "Old" Christians exaggerated the scale of the phenomenon. It was also claimed that Jews were trying to draw conversos back into the Jewish fold. In 1478, Ferdinand and Isabella made a formal application to
2918:
Di Giacomo, F.; Luca, F.; Popa, L. O.; Akar, N.; Anagnou, N.; Banyko, J.; Brdicka, R.; Barbujani, G.; Papola, F. (October 2004). "Y chromosomal haplogroup J as a signature of the post-neolithic colonization of Europe".
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officially revoked in 1968, after the Second Vatican Council rejected the charge of deicide traditionally attributed to the Jews. In 1992, in a ceremony marking the 500th anniversary of the Edict of Expulsion,
2243:. Although these measures are popular in the Jewish community, they have also sparked some controversy. A minority of thinkers hold that these policies represent less the abnegation of prejudice as a shift to
3943:
1715:
In Christian Spain, Jews functioned as courtiers, government officials, merchants, and moneylenders. Therefore, the Jewish community was both useful to the ruling classes and to an extent protected by them.
1923:
The king and queen issued the Alhambra Decree less than three months after the surrender of Granada. Although Isabella was the force behind the decision, her husband Ferdinand did not oppose it. That her
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has indicated an average of nearly 20% for Spaniards having some direct patrilineal descent from populations from the Near East which colonized the region either in historical times, such as
1613:, who, starting in the sixth century had enacted a series of anti-Jewish statutes which culminated in their forced conversion and enslavement, the tolerance of the Muslim Moorish rulers of
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3422:
131:. This was a full century after Jews had been openly practising their religion in Spain and synagogues were once more legal places of worship under Spain's Laws of Religious Freedom.
606:
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baptized, after separating them from their children. It was years before the Jews who fled to Portugal were allowed to emigrate. When the ban was lifted, many of them fled to the
1769:
was also officially opposed to forced conversion, under ecclesiastical law all baptisms were lawful, and once baptized, converts were not allowed to rejoin their former religion.
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families met with social and commercial success. But eventually their success made these new Catholics unpopular with their neighbors, including some of the clergy of the
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3309:
Goldschläger, Arielle, and Camilla Orjuela (2021). "Return after 500 Years? Spanish and Portuguese Repatriation Laws and the Reconstruction of Sephardic Identity."
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and its territories and possessions by 31 July of that year. The primary purpose was to eliminate the influence of practising Jews on Spain's large formerly-Jewish
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Flores, Carlos; Maca-Meyer, Nicole; González, Ana M; Oefner, Peter J; Shen, Peidong; Pérez, Jose A; Rojas, Antonio; Larruga, Jose M; Underhill, Peter A (2004).
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863:
462:
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family heritage are no longer allowed. However, the descendants of the Jews exiled from the Iberian Peninsula may still apply for Portuguese citizenship.
1289:
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González, AM; Brehm, A; Pérez, JA; Maca-Meyer, N; Flores, C; Cabrera, VM (April 2003). "Mitochondrial DNA affinities at the Atlantic fringe of Europe".
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to gain favor in Muslim courts as skilled physicians, diplomats, translators, and poets. Although Jews never enjoyed equal status to Muslims, in some
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diaspora, though few people benefited from it in practice. The decree was then formally and symbolically revoked on 16 December 1968 by the regime of
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The Faith of the Fallen Jews: Yosef Hayim Yerushalmi and the Writing of Jewish History (The Tauber Institute Series for the Study of European Jewry)
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population, to ensure the latter and their descendants did not revert to Judaism. Over half of Spain's Jews had converted as a result of the
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3116:
1368:
341:
331:
284:
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migrated to four major areas: North Africa, the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, and Italy. Some Spanish Jews who emigrated to avoid conversion
1863:
to set up an Inquisition in Castile to investigate these and other suspicions. In 1487, King Ferdinand promoted the establishment of the
4272:
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3360:
3065:"The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula"
2578:"BOE-A-2015-7045 Ley 12/2015, de 24 de junio, en materia de concesión de la nacionalidad española a los sefardíes originarios de España"
2123:
871:
784:
450:
361:
324:
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Celia Prados García: La expulsión de los judíos y el retorno de los sefardíes como nacionales españoles. Un análisis histórico-jurídico
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1739:; the latter two terms were used as insults. At first, these conversions seemed an effective solution to the cultural conflict: many
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777:
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457:
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Arabic or Berber speaking communities, becoming the ancestors of the Moroccan, Algerian, Tunisian and Libyan Jewish communities.
1980:
1933:
759:
559:
391:
371:
4257:
4227:
4222:
3739:
3679:
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3550:
3506:
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1938:
1299:
712:
678:
213:
2836:"Reduced genetic structure of the Iberian peninsula revealed by Y-chromosome analysis: implications for population demography"
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These suspicions on the part of Christians were only heightened by the fact that some of the conversions were insincere. Some
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and the Queen of Castile, protecting the religious freedom of the Muslims there. By 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella had won the
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1654:
1590:
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717:
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507:
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2006:
1907:. However, the Jewish population emerged from the campaign more hated by the populace and less useful to the monarchs.
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2013:
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17:
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These issues came to a head during Ferdinand and Isabella's final conquest of Granada. The independent Islamic
1845:, with coordinated policies between their distinct kingdoms, eventually led to the final unification of Spain.
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366:
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2791:[Cisneros and the Burning of the Granada Manuscripts]. Journal of Hispanic Philology. pp. 107–124
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The ornament of the world: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians created a culture of tolerance in medieval Spain
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Tribunals in Castile. In the Crown of Aragon, it had been first instituted in the 13th century to combat the
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128:
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Hostility towards the Jews in Spain was brought to a climax during the reign of the "Catholic Monarchs,"
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the clergy. Finally, in 1491 in preparation for an imminent transition to Castilian territory, the
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663:
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3181:[One in three Spaniards have genetic markers for Middle East and the Maghreb] (in Spanish)
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to Jewish descendants who apply, to "compensate for shameful events in the country's past." Thus,
3016:"Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean"
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1868:
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2733:. Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida
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2167:. This process lasted until the eighteenth century, with a few exceptions, most notably the
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kingdoms in the North, was driven by a powerful religious motivation: to reclaim Iberia for
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3249:[The King celebrates the "meeting with Spanish Jews" in the Madrid synagogue].
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Kayserling, Meyer. "História dos Judeus em Portugal". Editora Pioneira, São Paulo, 1971
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Spain due to the hostile reception they received in their countries of refuge, notably
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1834:
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1348:
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139:
120:
104:
3179:"Uno de cada tres españoles tiene marcadores genéticos de Oriente Medio o el Magreb"
3103:
Despite alternative possible sources for lineages ascribed a Sephardic Jewish origin
3000:
2956:
2726:
3832:
3713:
2224:
2179:
2100:
2096:
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1783:
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1234:
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3247:"El Rey celebra en la sinagoga de Madrid "el encuentro con los judíos españoles""
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2198:
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1962:
1900:
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1637:
1224:
925:
638:
574:
3328:– English translation of the decree (from Castilian) by Edward Peters (b. 1936)
3080:
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42:(c. 1350). The Alhambra Decree would bring Spanish Jewish life to a sudden end.
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3456:
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1609:," which was a protected status. Compared to the repressive policies of the
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35:
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100:
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2068:
1987: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Adams, SM; Bosch, E; Balaresque, PL; et al. (12 December 2006).
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Zalloua, PA; Platt, DE; El Sibai, M; et al. (17 November 2008).
2220:
2112:
2104:
1698:
1358:
1314:
564:
1871:. However, the focus of this new Inquisition was to find and punish
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to bring the Jews safely to Ottoman lands, mainly to the cities of
4017:
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2095:, learning about the expulsion of Jews from Spain, dispatched the
1914:
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1621:
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29:
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Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture
3349:
3295:[The King, to the Sephardim, "How I've missed you!"].
3293:"El Rey, a los sefardíes: "¡Cuánto os hemos echado de menos!""
2649:. Massachusetts: Brandeis University Press. pp. 252–253.
2456:. Translated by Hochroth, Lysa. University of Illinois Press.
2140:
1956:
2681:. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 181–308.
3119:[Three cultures in DNA] (in Spanish). Archived from
1696:, the Muslim kingdoms in Spain became less welcoming to the
1628:, Jewish men were appointed to very high offices, including
2727:"Map of Jewish expulsions and resettlement areas in Europe"
3148:"Spanish Inquisition couldn't quash Moorish, Jewish genes"
2453:
History of a Tragedy: The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain
3192:
even the first Neolithic settlers thousands of years ago.
1657:
centuries before. By the fourteenth century, most of the
2419:
The Jews of Spain: A History of the Sephardic Experience
2511:"Sephardic Jews eager to apply for Spanish citizenship"
2175:, where discrimination lasted into early 20th Century.
134:
In 2015, the government of Spain passed a law allowing
3274:"Spain: Citizenship Process Eased for Sephardic Jews"
2679:
Alienated Minority: The Jews of Medieval Latin Europe
2313:
2311:
2309:
2307:
1665:) had been reconquered by the Christian kingdoms of
4139:
4113:
4097:
4076:
4055:
3987:
3954:
3921:
3893:
3853:
3786:
3755:
3480:
3384:
3206:"Spanish Inquisition left genetic legacy in Iberia"
2789:"Cisneros y la quema de los manuscritos granadinos"
2067:throughout the region of North Africa known as the
1754:laws, which restricted opportunities for converts.
2705:. Vol. 12. Jerusalem, IS: Keter Books. 1974.
2595:
2319:"The Edict of Expulsion of the Jews – 1492 Spain"
18:Abrabanel's response to the Alhambra Decree
3338:, a blog post on the Law Library of Congress's
2279:, a series of similar decrees affecting Muslims
2347:(in Spanish). Barcelona: Crítica. p. 17.
1787:Expulsions of Jews in Europe from 1100 to 1600
1702:. In the late twelfth century, the Muslims in
1473:U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism
4033:
3361:
2645:Kaye, Alexander; Meyers, David, eds. (2014).
1855:continued to practice Judaism in secret (see
1601:, who had lived in the region since at least
1593:forces had conquered and settled most of the
1570:
119:granted Spanish citizenship to a part of the
8:
3778:Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries
2421:. New York: The Free Press. pp. 1–144.
2206:Americans are the descendants of conversos.
2124:only a few years of respite from persecution
1818:Expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492 by
2227:and members of the Jewish community in the
4040:
4026:
4018:
3368:
3354:
3346:
2345:Breve Historia de la Inquisición en España
1577:
1563:
156:
4203:Christian anti-Judaism in the Middle Ages
3088:
3039:
2851:
2047:Learn how and when to remove this message
1833:. Their marriage in 1469, which formed a
4198:Christianity and law in the 15th century
1875:who were practicing Judaism in secret.
1813:
908:
2303:
2293:Expulsions of Protestants from Salzburg
2087:, where they were given refuge. Sultan
1919:A signed copy of the Edict of Expulsion
168:
3221:"The 'Secret Jews' of San Luis Valley"
3069:The American Journal of Human Genetics
3020:The American Journal of Human Genetics
2632:"Internet History Sourcebooks Project"
2277:Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain
1903:of the Iberian Peninsula from Islamic
1458:Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism
70:issued on 31 March 1492, by the joint
3763:History of the Jews under Muslim rule
3291:Alberola, Miquel (30 November 2015).
3146:Hesman Saey, Tina (4 December 2008).
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2495:"1492 Ban on Jews Is Voided by Spain"
2475:
2473:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2223:) prayed alongside Israeli president
1489:Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism
535:during the Israel-Hamas war (2023-24)
230:Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism
27:1492 decree expelling Jews from Spain
7:
3272:Minder, Raphael (22 November 2012).
2703:Anti-Semitism: Israel Pocket Library
2602:(Reprint ed.). Back Bay Books.
2490:
2488:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2118:A majority of Sephardim migrated to
1985:adding citations to reliable sources
3962:Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies
3177:Cáceres, Pedro (10 December 2008).
2083:Many Spanish Jews also fled to the
1928:had just changed from the tolerant
785:21 Paths to the Kingdom of Darkness
3913:Sephardim and Oriental Communities
3326:The Edict of Expulsion of the Jews
3245:Cembrero, Ignacio (1 April 1992).
3204:Callaway, Ewen (4 December 2008).
2979:(1). Taylor and Francis: 100–111.
2840:European Journal of Human Genetics
2731:A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust
2272:Expulsions of the Jews from France
1589:By the end of the eighth century,
1483:Working definition of antisemitism
245:Working definition of antisemitism
25:
2283:Expulsion of the Jews from Sicily
1463:Union of Councils for Soviet Jews
109:religious persecution and pogroms
3336:Alhambra Decree: 521 Years Later
2752:Huxtable, Elliott John (2002) .
2201:, or during earlier prehistoric
1961:
1548:
1547:
176:
4218:History of Catholicism in Spain
3979:Institute for Sephardic Studies
1972:needs additional citations for
1641:, or the gradual reconquest of
872:Protocols of the Elders of Zion
3768:Antisemitism in the Arab world
2543:Stavans, Ilan (1 April 2014).
828:Hunter (William Luther Pierce)
1:
3026:(5). Elsevier Inc.: 633–642.
1934:Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros
1779:History of the Jews in Europe
1422:Campaign Against Antisemitism
530:during the Gaza War (2008-09)
3929:American Sephardi Federation
3922:Major communal organizations
2267:Expulsion of Jews from Spain
1655:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
1411:Anti-antisemitism in Germany
903:Antisemitism on the Internet
691:Jewish war conspiracy theory
153:History of the Jews in Spain
88:expulsion of practising Jews
3644:Western Europe and overseas
3313:14, no. 1 (2021): 97–115.
2787:Eisenberg, Daniel (1993) .
2545:"Repatriating Spain's Jews"
2241:European medieval evictions
1899:and completed the Catholic
1448:Southern Poverty Law Center
607:COVID-19 pandemic incidents
4289:
4273:Religious expulsion orders
4147:Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)
3934:Sephardi Community Council
3081:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007
3032:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.10.012
1807:
1776:
858:On the Jews and Their Lies
150:
3939:World Sephardi Federation
3117:"Tres culturas en el ADN"
2985:10.1080/03014460500475870
2933:10.1007/s00439-004-1168-9
2288:Expulsion of the Moriscos
1597:. Under Islamic law, the
1433:Fundamental Rights Agency
866:Undisputed Over The World
681: Jewish conspiracy
4188:History of the conversos
2755:Imperial Spain 1469–1716
2323:www.sephardicstudies.org
1494:Three Ds of antisemitism
1478:Wiener Holocaust Library
1428:Community Security Trust
1290:Black Death persecutions
805:The Dearborn Independent
778:Antisemitic publications
4263:15th century in Castile
3423:Expulsion from Portugal
2973:Annals of Human Biology
2853:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201225
2758:. London, UK: Penguin.
2580:. pp. 52557–52564.
2343:Pérez, Joseph (2012) .
2191:Pompeu Fabra University
2187:University of Leicester
1932:to the very intolerant
1661:(present-day Spain and
1443:Simon Wiesenthal Center
1195:Corneliu Zelea Codreanu
969:The Occidental Observer
932:Europa: The Last Battle
880:Between Blacks and Jews
878:The Secret Relationship
115:In 1924, the regime of
34:A service in a Spanish
4258:15th century in Aragon
4228:Ferdinand II of Aragon
4223:Jewish Spanish history
4098:Observances and events
3311:Diaspora Studies
2885:Am. J. Phys. Anthropol
2814:Jewish Virtual Library
2677:Stow, Kenneth (1992).
2262:Edict of Fontainebleau
2135:, or the Netherlands.
1920:
1822:
1804:Ferdinand and Isabella
1788:
1706:invited the fanatical
1453:Stephen Roth Institute
1416:Anti-Defamation League
129:Second Vatican Council
84:Ferdinand II of Aragon
60:Decreto de la Alhambra
43:
4233:Isabella I of Castile
4084:Seventeenth of Tammuz
4056:Periods of observance
3773:Antisemitism in Islam
3491:Eastern Mediterranean
2417:Gerber, Jane (1994).
2229:Beth Yaacov Synagogue
2210:Modern Spanish policy
1918:
1817:
1786:
1694:Christian re-conquest
1160:William Luther Pierce
838:The International Jew
750:Stab-in-the-back myth
733:Rootless cosmopolitan
80:Isabella I of Castile
33:
4268:15th-century Judaism
4243:Sephardi Jews topics
4121:Book of Lamentations
3878:Sephardi chief rabbi
3855:Religion and culture
3411:Expulsion from Spain
2122:, where they gained
1981:improve this article
1930:Hernando de Talavera
1537:Zionist antisemitism
1344:Martyrdom in Judaism
1070:Richard Girnt Butler
823:Hitlers Zweites Buch
409:textbook controversy
4208:Spanish Inquisition
3219:Wheelwright, Jeff.
2592:Menocal, María Rosa
2527:"1492 and all that"
1891:was signed by Emir
1865:Spanish Inquisition
1820:Emilio Sala Francés
1605:, were considered "
1386:Spanish Inquisition
1285:Rhineland massacres
795:Culture of Critique
649:Cultural Bolshevism
90:from the Crowns of
50:(also known as the
4213:History of Granada
4193:Expulsions of Jews
3278:The New York Times
2897:10.1002/ajpa.10168
2549:The New York Times
2533:, 22 February 2014
2517:, 17 February 2014
2501:, 17 December 1968
2499:The New York Times
2257:Edict of Expulsion
2231:. The King said, "
2159:Limpieza de sangre
1921:
1880:Emirate of Granada
1869:Albigensian heresy
1823:
1789:
1751:limpieza de sangre
1611:Visigothic Kingdom
1607:People of the Book
1354:Pale of Settlement
1260:Gamal Abdel Nasser
1180:Kevin Alfred Strom
1165:Richard B. Spencer
1008:Triple parentheses
891:The Turner Diaries
864:Our Race Will Rule
833:1988 Hamas Charter
627:Antisemitic tropes
513:Christian Identity
446:Conservative Party
52:Edict of Expulsion
44:
4165:
4164:
4105:Seudah HaMafseket
4077:Days of obervance
4015:
4014:
3811:Judaeo-Portuguese
3340:In Custodia Legis
2354:978-84-08-00695-4
2185:conducted by the
2171:of the island of
2057:
2056:
2049:
2031:
1996:"Alhambra Decree"
1947:summary execution
1939:not new in Europe
1897:Battle of Granada
1889:Treaty of Granada
1837:of the crowns of
1810:Catholic Monarchs
1659:Iberian Peninsula
1595:Iberian Peninsula
1587:
1586:
1369:Russian Civil War
1310:Ghettos in Europe
1140:Ernest G. Liebold
1039:Prominent figures
920:The Daily Stormer
810:Ethnic Cleansing
790:The Barnes Review
669:Franklin Prophecy
72:Catholic Monarchs
64:Edicto de Granada
16:(Redirected from
4280:
4248:Alhambra (Spain)
4157:The Twelve Spies
4042:
4035:
4028:
4019:
4003:
3970:
3947:
3873:Rite and customs
3846:
3729:Crypto-Sephardim
3370:
3363:
3356:
3347:
3314:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3288:
3282:
3281:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3208:. New Scientist.
3201:
3195:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3161:
3159:
3150:. Archived from
3143:
3137:
3136:
3130:
3128:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3092:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3043:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2967:
2961:
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2915:
2909:
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2880:
2874:
2873:
2855:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2816:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2784:
2778:
2777:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2674:
2661:
2660:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2601:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2540:
2534:
2524:
2518:
2508:
2502:
2492:
2483:
2477:
2468:
2467:
2444:
2433:
2432:
2414:
2359:
2358:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2315:
2217:King Juan Carlos
2165:Catholic culture
2052:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2032:
2030:
1989:
1965:
1957:
1773:European context
1761:, also known as
1579:
1572:
1565:
1551:
1550:
1230:Nichifor Crainic
1175:Julius Streicher
1115:Heinrich Himmler
980:Renegade Tribune
701:Judeo-Bolshevism
680:
674:Host desecration
654:Cultural Marxism
540:Holocaust denial
180:
157:
136:dual citizenship
127:, following the
125:Francisco Franco
121:Sephardic Jewish
21:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4152:Alhambra Decree
4140:Historic events
4135:
4109:
4093:
4072:
4063:The Three Weeks
4051:
4049:The Three Weeks
4046:
4016:
4011:
3997:
3995:Philosephardism
3983:
3964:
3950:
3941:
3917:
3889:
3849:
3840:
3801:Sephardi Hebrew
3782:
3751:
3476:
3416:Alhambra Decree
3380:
3377:Sephardi Jewish
3374:
3322:
3317:
3308:
3304:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3256:
3254:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3229:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3184:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3157:
3155:
3154:on 29 June 2011
3145:
3144:
3140:
3126:
3124:
3123:on 21 July 2012
3115:Yanes, Javier.
3114:
3113:
3109:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3013:
3012:
3008:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2846:(10): 855–863.
2833:
2832:
2828:
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2808:
2804:
2794:
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2785:
2781:
2766:
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2639:
2630:
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2610:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2559:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2525:
2521:
2515:Washington Post
2509:
2505:
2493:
2486:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2446:
2445:
2436:
2429:
2416:
2415:
2362:
2355:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2327:
2325:
2317:
2316:
2305:
2301:
2253:
2212:
2153:
2073:Jewish refugees
2053:
2042:
2036:
2033:
1990:
1988:
1978:
1966:
1955:
1913:
1884:tributary state
1812:
1806:
1781:
1775:
1767:Catholic Church
1583:
1542:
1541:
1522:Self-hating Jew
1512:
1504:
1503:
1424:
1406:
1396:
1395:
1280:
1270:
1269:
1245:Philippe Pétain
1240:László Ferenczy
1220:Gheorghe Buzatu
1155:Eustace Mullins
1150:Kevin MacDonald
1130:Osama bin Laden
1125:Arthur J. Jones
1110:Joseph Goebbels
1100:Theodor Fritsch
1090:Louis Farrakhan
1075:Édouard Drumont
1065:James von Brunn
1040:
1032:
1031:
986:The Right Stuff
904:
896:
895:
882:
879:
868:
865:
843:La Libre Parole
818:La France juive
780:
770:
769:
664:Finance control
629:
619:
618:
560:Nation of Islam
488:
480:
479:
387:Imperial Russia
260:
250:
249:
225:
196:
195:
155:
149:
117:Primo de Rivera
86:) ordering the
48:Alhambra Decree
40:Sister Haggadah
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4286:
4284:
4276:
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4265:
4260:
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4178:1492 documents
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4052:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4022:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4007:Sephardization
4004:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3936:
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3925:
3923:
3919:
3918:
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3915:
3910:
3905:
3903:Black Panthers
3899:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3870:
3865:
3859:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3835:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3826:Tetuani Ladino
3823:
3816:Judaeo-Spanish
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3759:
3757:
3756:Modern history
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3747:
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3737:
3725:
3724:
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3722:
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3320:External links
3318:
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3302:
3283:
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3237:
3211:
3196:
3169:
3138:
3107:
3075:(6): 725–736.
3055:
3006:
2962:
2927:(5): 357–371.
2921:Human Genetics
2910:
2891:(4): 391–404.
2875:
2826:
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2694:
2688:978-0674015937
2687:
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2656:978-1611684872
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2428:978-0029115749
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2245:Philo-Semitism
2211:
2208:
2152:
2149:
2111:(currently in
2103:(currently in
2093:Ottoman Empire
2085:Ottoman Empire
2055:
2054:
1969:
1967:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1912:
1909:
1857:Crypto-Judaism
1835:personal union
1808:Main article:
1805:
1802:
1777:Main article:
1774:
1771:
1731:New Christians
1653:following the
1585:
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1511:Related topics
1510:
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1364:Russian Empire
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1349:Nuremberg Laws
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1305:Jewish quarter
1302:
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1265:Richard Wagner
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1038:
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1027:Veterans Today
1024:
1021:The Unz Review
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765:ZOG conspiracy
762:
760:White genocide
757:
755:Well poisoning
752:
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730:
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713:Judeo-Masonism
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441:United Kingdom
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320:Dreyfus affair
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235:Nexus Document
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191:discrimination
187:Jewish history
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151:Main article:
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4183:1492 in Spain
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4068:The Nine Days
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3740:Belmonte Jews
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3707:Paradesi Jews
3705:
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3680:New Amsterdam
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3473:
3472:
3471:New Christian
3468:
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3464:Maghrebi Jews
3461:
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3299:(in Spanish).
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2531:The Economist
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2463:9780252031410
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2448:Pérez, Joseph
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2133:Low Countries
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2110:
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2102:
2098:
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2062:
2061:Sephardi Jews
2051:
2048:
2040:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2001:
1998: –
1997:
1993:
1992:Find sources:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1970:This section
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1964:
1959:
1958:
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1710:dynasty from
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1643:Muslim Iberia
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1527:Weaponization
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1517:Philosemitism
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1322:The Holocaust
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1200:Ion Antonescu
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1170:Joseph Stalin
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1145:Martin Luther
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909:4chan (/pol/)
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800:Currency Wars
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743:Slánský trial
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738:Doctors' plot
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723:Media control
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110:
106:
105:New Christian
103:
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4151:
3833:Judeo-Gascon
3806:Judeo-Arabic
3796:Judeo-Berber
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1391:Yellow badge
1336:
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1235:Ioan Slavici
1190:Ernst Zündel
1120:Adolf Hitler
1105:Nick Fuentes
1045:Baked Alaska
1019:
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812:(video game)
811:
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634:Andinia Plan
468:21st century
451:Labour Party
416:South Africa
404:Saudi Arabia
392:Soviet Union
325:21st-century
170:Antisemitism
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3185:9 September
3158:9 September
3127:9 September
2737:9 September
2219:(wearing a
2199:Phoenicians
2151:Conversions
1901:Reconquista
1882:had been a
1763:crypto-Jews
1720:Reconquista
1692:During the
1651:Christendom
1638:Reconquista
1603:Roman times
1381:Segregation
1278:Persecution
1225:Nae Ionescu
926:Disclose.tv
639:Blood libel
575:Strasserism
357:New Zealand
305:Costa Rican
224:Definitions
38:, from the
4238:Tisha B'Av
4172:Categories
4089:Tisha B'Av
3546:Macedonian
3534:Alexandria
3482:Dispersion
3457:Megorashim
3436:Degredados
3406:Golden Age
2299:References
2145:tornadizos
2089:Bayezid II
2037:March 2019
2007:newspapers
1704:al-Andalus
1624:, such as
1616:al-Andalus
1499:Yad Vashem
1404:Opposition
1376:Refuseniks
1327:Jewish hat
1300:Expulsions
1210:A. C. Cuza
1205:Horia Sima
1185:Rick Wiles
1135:David Lane
1095:Henry Ford
1080:David Duke
1055:Louis Beam
1003:Terrorgram
998:Stormfront
853:Mein Kampf
718:Kosher tax
706:Żydokomuna
644:Cohen Plan
520:Creativity
147:Background
3788:Languages
3735:Amazonian
3719:Livornese
3697:Hamburger
3541:Hungarian
3507:Bulgarian
3429:Conversos
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2862:1018-4813
2774:759581255
2618:183353253
2594:(2012) .
2557:0362-4331
2203:Neolithic
2065:dispersed
1953:Dispersal
1926:confessor
1873:conversos
1852:conversos
1827:Ferdinand
1759:conversos
1726:conversos
1647:Christian
1060:Don Black
993:StoneToss
963:Metapedia
958:Jew Watch
848:The Light
602:Secondary
597:Religious
508:Christian
498:Alt-right
475:Venezuela
397:Stalinist
372:Palestine
270:Australia
265:Argentina
258:Geography
214:Reference
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36:synagogue
3895:Politics
3675:Suriname
3650:American
3636:Tunisian
3624:Moroccan
3609:Algerian
3568:Romanian
3551:Monastir
3529:Egyptian
3522:Splicani
3512:Croatian
3497:Albanian
3450:Marranos
3443:Lançados
3395:Sepharad
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3050:18976729
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2993:16500815
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2810:"Turkey"
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2189:and the
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1687:Portugal
1663:Portugal
1553:Category
1468:UN Watch
1338:Judensau
1295:Boycotts
953:Groypers
696:Judensau
570:Neo-Nazi
555:Medieval
525:Economic
493:Academic
367:Pakistan
240:Three Ds
209:Timeline
185:Part of
162:a series
160:Part of
101:converso
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3955:Studies
3885:Haredim
3863:Cuisine
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3821:Haketia
3714:Italian
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1014:TruNews
975:Red Ice
948:GoyimTV
659:Deicide
612:Zionist
587:Olympic
545:Islamic
463:History
436:Ukraine
377:Romania
342:Hungary
332:Germany
300:Chilean
295:Chinese
285:Belgium
280:Belarus
275:Austria
204:History
92:Castile
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1591:Muslim
1485:(IHRA)
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988:(blog)
592:Racial
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550:Jewish
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426:Sweden
382:Russia
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310:Europe
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3259:2016
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3095:PMID
3046:PMID
2989:PMID
2945:PMID
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