403:. For example, Maimonides (in accordance with his philosophical conviction) declared God's incorporeality to be a principle of faith, or, as he formulates it, "whosoever conceives God to be a corporeal being is an apostate". In Raavad's circles a certain mystical anthropomorphistic conception of the Deity was common, and naturally Raavad resented a statement which practically declared his friends to be apostates. He, therefore, appended to Maimonides' formula this brief but emphatic criticism: "Why does he call such persons apostates? Men, better and worthier than he, have held this view, for which they believe they have found authority in the Scriptures and in a confusing view of the
388:
derived, and offered no proof of the correctness of its statements, was (in Raavad's opinion) entirely unreliable for practical rulings, for which purpose
Maimonides had specifically designed it. Such a code (Raavad thought) could be justified only if written by a man claiming infallibility; by one who could demand that his assertions be accepted without question. If Maimonides had intended to stem the further development of Talmud study by reducing it to the form of a code, Raavad felt it his duty to oppose such an attempt, as contrary to the free spirit of rabbinical Judaism, which refuses to surrender blindly to authority.
104:
112:
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prevailed over
Jerusalem, his officer who was appointed over Hispania appeased him, requesting that he send to him captives made-up of the nobles of Jerusalem, and so he sent a few of them to him, and there were amongst them those who made curtains and who were knowledgeable in the work of silk, and
213:
wealth and benevolence. Not only did he erect and keep in repair a large school-building, but he also cared for the material welfare of the poor students. A street exists in
Vauvert with the name "Rue Ravad"' dedicated after him on the 800 anniversary of his death. His great wealth brought him into
387:
Maimonides aimed to bring order to the vast labyrinth of
Halakha by presenting final results in a definite, systematic and methodical manner. But to Raavad, this very aim was the main defect of the work. A legal code that did not state the sources and authorities from which its decisions were
618:, they emigrated to countries throughout the world, and today they live on every inhabited continent. Dr. David Raphael author of The Alhambra Decree and director of the musical documentary Song of the Sephardi is a descendant of the Ravad by Crespin Astruc, Ha Levi(14th century)
415:
to be heretical, he has no word of vituperation for
Maimonides, but merely contented himself with recording his difference of opinion. Thus, the ultra-conservative Talmudist showed himself to be more theologically tolerant than the greatest of the medieval Jewish philosophers.
550:
shows that he was not hostile to philosophy. This philosophic work argues strongly against the anthropomorphic conception of the Deity; and the favor with which Raavad looked upon it is sufficient grounds to acquit him of the charge of having held anthropomorphic views.
321:'s commentary furnished a well-paved road to the Talmud; Raavad, by his acute criticism, pointed out the way intelligently and with discrimination. This critical tendency is characteristic of all of Raavad's writings. Thus, in his commentary upon
348:("Baal Hamaor") was harsh, almost hostile. Though only eighteen years old, Zerachia possessed the courage and the ability to write a sharp criticism of the Rif, and Raavad referred to him as an immature youth who dared to criticize his teacher.
325:(pp. 41a, 71b), he made the caustic observation that many obscure passages in rabbinical literature owe their obscurity to the fact that occasional explanatory or marginal notes not tending to elucidate the text have been incorporated.
407:." While the phrase concerning the Aggadah shows that Raavad himself was not a corporealist, he nevertheless opposed Maimonides' elevating incorporeality into a dogma. When Raavad conversely found Maimonides' opinions on the
332:(Critic), given to Raavad frequently by the rabbis, showed that they viewed the direction in which his ability lay. Indeed, critical annotations display his powers at their best, and justify his being ranked with the Rif,
489:
as one of the fathers of their system, and this is true to the extent that he was inclined to mysticism, which led him to follow an ascetic mode of life and gained for him the title of "the pious." He wrote that "the
363:
and
Maimonides. While Jews in Muslim countries had a wide variety of serious intellectual outlets besides the Talmud (such as the sciences, philosophy, literature, and the Hebrew language), Ginzberg asserted that
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424:
differ widely, perhaps because it was impractical to view every superstitious practice, many common among Jews at the time, as forbidden. Maimonides (who, from the point of view of his philosophy, viewed
419:
Raavad was particularly severe on what he saw as
Maimonides' attempts to smuggle in his philosophic views under cover of Talmudic passages. For example: Talmudic opinions on the definition of forbidden
384:, was very harsh. This was not due to any personal ill-feeling, but rather a result of the radical differences of view in matters of faith between the two greatest Talmudists of the twelfth century.
368:
Jews had no such outlets apart for Talmud study. Without the intricacies of the study of the Talmud and its commentaries, Ashkenazi Jews would have been left with no serious intellectual outlets.
445:) were forbidden divination. Here Raavad was not content with ruling Eliezer's and Jonathan's actions to have been permitted, but he declared that Maimonides deserved to be stricken with the
198:, where he lived for a considerable period. R' Moses ben Judah refers to the rabbinical school of Nîmes, then under RABaD's direction, as the chief seat of Talmudic learning in Provence.
129:, was one of five rabbis in Spain renowned for their learning. Concerning the oral history of his maternal grandfather's family and how they came to Spain, the RABaD wrote: "When
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had many descendants, who today could carry the family name Raivid, Rayvid, Ravid, and Ravad. Family records indicate they made their way to Spain, where they appeared in
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was not an enemy of science, as many deem him. His works show that he was a close student of Hebrew philology, and the fact that he encouraged the translation of R'
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205:, after which place he is often called. The town is known as Vauvert today. It is difficult to determine when he moved to Posquières; but about 1165,
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with the utmost respect, almost with humility, and referred to him as "the sun by whose brilliant rays our eyes are dazzled". His language toward R'
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Raavad was thus an opponent to the codification of the
Halakha; but he was even more strongly opposed to the construction of a system of
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of his responsa which he gleaned from various sources, forty-two of which derived from handwritten manuscripts in his possession.
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peril of his life because, to obtain some of it, Elzéar, the lord of Posquières, had him cast into prison, where, like Rabbi
453:. Such philosophical differences suffice to explain the intensity of Raavad's opposition to Maimonides, and particularly to
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304:(The Book of the Conscientious), a treatise on the laws relating to women, published in 1602, and his commentary on
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498:" and taught them specific halachic rulings, and attributed rulings to "The Lord's counsel to those who fear Him".
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in
Judaism, particularly according to the method followed by Maimonides, who often set up the concepts of the
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are notable for having prevented the replacement of the Talmud study with the exclusive study of the codes of
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1940:
1878:
1770:
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602:, from whence they made their way to northern, and later to eastern, Europe, where they served as rabbis in
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Among the many learned
Talmudists who were his disciples in Posquières were Rabbis Isaac ha-Kohen of
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RABaD was a prolific author. He not only wrote answers to hundreds of learned questions, to which
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566:'s "Musre ha-Philosophim," pp. 11, 12 (or Loewenthal, p. 39), which is extant only in
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RABaD remained in Lunel after completing his studies, and subsequently became one of the city's
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thinker. The teachers under whose guidance he acquired most of his Talmudic learning were R'
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469:, during his lifetime, eventually conceded to the correctness of his disputant, the
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Burials of Kabbalists Abraham ben David le Rabad III and his son Isaac the Blind
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1580 (Hebrew), p. 262 in PDF. He is said to have died on the Sabbath eve of
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is widely considered to be the source of the commonly used diagram of the
226:. Thereupon he returned to Posquières, where he remained until his death.
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was once attributed to him, but has been shown instead to be the work of
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875: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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209:, at the outset of his travels, called upon him there. He spoke of the
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RABaD's maternal grandfather, Rabbi Yitzhak b. Yaakov Ibn Baruch of
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of Lunel, author of several rabbinical works. RABaD's influence on
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449:, similar to a junior rabbi who had misrepresented the opinion of
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Rabbi Abraham ben David (Ravad) - Responsa and Halachic Decisions
125:(1035–1094), who had compiled astronomical tables for the son of
457:, a work which Raavad himself describes as a great achievement.
257:
is also evident, though the latter did not attend his lectures.
933:
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Compare Gross, l.c., 545, and Reifmann, "Toledot," p. 54
429:
as a pure absurdity) ruled that even the innocent actions of
929:
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Most of his works are lost, but some survive, such as the
95:
and one of the key links in the chain of Jewish mystics.
194:, where he remained for a short time, and then moved to
134:
whose name was Baruch, and they remained in Mérida."
49:– 27 November 1198), also known by the abbreviation
27:
Provençal rabbi and Talmud commentator (c.1125–1198)
1979:
1892:
1857:
1789:
1596:
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967:
667:(printed in the edition which includes the books,
269:are still partially preserved in the collections
911:Rabad of Posquières: A Twelfth-Century Talmudist
281:, but he also wrote a commentary on the whole
945:
8:
590:and were reputedly advisers in the court of
531:that was ultimately written down by his son
463:recorded an anecdote whereby he claims that
245:; Meir ben Isaac of Carcassonne, author of
952:
938:
930:
554:Some of his works show acquaintance with
769:Mishneh Torah Hilchot Avodah Zarah 11:4
627:
201:The center of the RABaD's activity was
675:), Jerusalem 1971, pp. 43–44 (Hebrew).
562:, 5, end, is a literal quotation from
7:
736:, Introduction, final two paragraphs
655:, a year corresponding with 1198 CE.
285:and compiled several compendiums of
218:, he might have died, had not Count
81:(known by the abbreviation RIF) and
778:Mishneh Torah Hilchot Kilayim, 6:2
69:, an important commentator on the
25:
883:"Abraham ben David of Posquieres"
233:, the first commentator upon the
91:, and is regarded as a father of
1691:Isaac ben Mordecai of Regensburg
895:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
870:
1696:Ephraim ben Isaac of Regensburg
18:Abraham ben David of Posquières
2084:Authors of books on Jewish law
1834:Moses ben Isaac ben ha-Nessiah
1680:Judah ben Samuel of Regensburg
1518:Elhanan ben Isaac of Dampierre
1513:Isaac ben Abraham of Dampierre
558:; for instance, his remark on
1:
1553:Samuel ben Solomon of Falaise
1448:Abraham ben Joseph of Orleans
1304:Abraham ben Isaac of Narbonne
1091:Shem Tov ben Abraham ibn Gaon
800:1580 (Hebrew), p. 262 in PDF.
147:Abraham ben Isaac of Narbonne
43:
2038:Judah Leon ben Moses Mosconi
1951:Eliezer ben Samuel of Verona
1650:Yaakov ben Moshe Levi Moelin
1409:Samson ben Joseph of Falaise
913:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
881:Louis Ginzberg (1901–1906).
1914:Isaiah di Trani the Younger
1558:Judah ben Isaac Messer Leon
1310:Levi ben Abraham ben Hayyim
1178:Zerachiah ha-Levi of Girona
1097:Meir ben Solomon Abi-Sahula
842:Hilchot Mishkav uMoshav 7:7
838:Hilchot Beit haBechira 6:14
346:Zerachiah ha-Levi of Girona
159:). He was the father of R'
145:. He was the son-in-law of
2100:
2064:12th-century French rabbis
1814:Eliyahu Menachem of London
1706:Eliezer ben Isaac ha-Gadol
1583:Elijah ben Menahem HaZaken
1528:Samson ben Abraham of Sens
1292:David ben Levi of Narbonne
854:Yosef ben Shalom Ashkenazi
507:Yosef ben Shalom Ashkenazi
29:
1946:Moses ben Meir of Ferrara
1824:Jacob ben Judah of London
1563:Joseph ben Samuel Bonfils
665:Seder Hakabbalah Le'Ravad
477:Kabbalist and philosopher
302:"Sefer Ba'alei ha-Nefesh"
2023:Isaac ben Jacob ha-Lavan
2013:Isaac ben Samuel of Acre
1533:Isaac ben Eliezer Halevi
1463:Haim ben Hananel HaCohen
1431:Moses ben Jacob of Coucy
1355:Aaron ben Jacob ha-Kohen
1003:Samuel ben Jacob ibn Jam
915:Harvard University Press
372:Hasagot to Mishneh Torah
1879:Avigdor Cohen of Vienna
1771:Isaac ben Asher ha-Levi
1716:Yehuda HaKohen ben Meir
1662:Eliezer ben Joel HaLevi
1606:Meshullam ben Kalonymus
892:The Jewish Encyclopedia
397:Aristotelian philosophy
310:, published in 1862 at
1751:Jacob ben Judah Landau
1746:Joel ben Isaac ha-Levi
1721:Meir ben Baruch Halevi
1330:Abraham of Montpellier
1201:Simeon ben Zemah Duran
889:; et al. (eds.).
760:Hilchot Teshuvah 8:2,8
748:, Hilchot Teshuvah 3:7
610:, and teachers in its
598:, they were exiled to
592:Ferdinand and Isabella
380:' code of Jewish law,
376:Raavad's criticism of
188:rabbinical authorities
141:, France, and died at
118:
108:
32:RABaD (disambiguation)
1966:Isaac ben Melchizedek
1961:Joseph Colon Trabotto
1646:(Maharam MeRotenberg)
1306:(Raavad II, HaEshkol)
1080:Isaac ben Moses Arama
1008:Shemariah ben Elhanan
983:Chananel ben Chushiel
413:eternity of the world
167:and important Jewish
114:
106:
2043:Nethanel ben Isaiah
2028:Nathan ben Abraham I
1920:Obadiah of Bertinoro
1638:Mordechai ben Hillel
1578:Shemaiah of Soissons
494:has appeared in our
241:of Lunel, author of
30:For other uses, see
1932:(Shibbolei HaLeket)
1849:Berechiah de Nicole
1799:Aaron of Canterbury
1781:Isaac Asir HaTikvah
1756:Samuel ben Natronai
1711:Judah ben Kalonymus
1676:(Hagahot Maimuniot)
1379:Rabbi Abin ha-Gadol
1325:Asher ben Meshullam
1320:Meshullam ben Jacob
1280:Isaac ben Abba Mari
1234:Judah ben Barzillai
863:for full discussion
699:(ed. Yosef Qafih),
251:Asher ben Meshullam
177:Meshullam ben Jacob
117:link to burial site
57:Abraham ben David)
2033:Hillel ben Eliakim
2003:Zerahiah the Greek
1997:Tobiah ben Eliezer
1869:(Terumat HaDeshen)
1701:Samson ben Eliezer
1656:Eliezer ben Nathan
1644:Meir of Rothenburg
1613:(Rabbeinu Gershom)
1588:Ephraim ben Samson
1508:Eliezer of Touques
1419:Eliezer ben Samuel
1414:Yom Tov of Falaise
1286:Abraham ben Nathan
1082:(Akeidat Yitzchak)
1020:(except Catalonia)
560:"Hilchot Teshuvah"
239:Abraham ben Nathan
220:Roger II Trencavel
216:Meir of Rothenburg
207:Benjamin of Tudela
137:RABaD was born in
119:
109:
2051:
2050:
2008:Isaac ben Dorbolo
1971:Judah Messer Leon
1956:Hillel ben Samuel
1902:Nathan ben Jehiel
1844:Yom Tov of Joigny
1731:Israel of Bamberg
1682:(Yehudah haHasid)
1611:Gershom ben Judah
1568:Menahem ben Helbo
1478:Peretz ben Elijah
1458:Judah ben Yom Tov
1389:List of Tosafists
1372:(except Provence)
1360:Jonathan of Lunel
1350:Isaac of Narbonne
1345:Samuel ibn Tibbon
1257:Abraham ben David
1195:Isaac ben Sheshet
1166:Shlomo ibn Aderet
1107:Maimon ben Joseph
1102:Isaac ibn Ghiyyat
1048:Joseph ibn Migash
993:Zechariah Aghmati
988:Dunash ben Labrat
701:Mossad Harav Kook
669:Seder Olam Rabbah
651:in the year ,959
289:. In 1991, Rabbi
279:Shibbolei haLeket
255:Jonathan of Lunel
40:Abraham ben David
16:(Redirected from
2091:
2069:Provençal rabbis
1925:Menahem Recanati
1867:Israel Isserlein
1761:Alexander Suslin
1686:Yaakov ben Yakar
1668:Eleazar of Worms
1626:Asher ben Jehiel
1617:Simeon bar Isaac
1548:Samuel of Évreux
1523:Baruch ben Isaac
1498:Samson of Chinon
1493:Jacob of Orléans
1468:Yechiel of Paris
1437:Judah ben Nathan
1425:Isaac ben Samuel
1404:Solomon ben Meir
1315:Moshe ha-Darshan
1298:Moses ben Joseph
1252:Hachmei Provence
1219:Azriel of Gerona
1215:(Nimmukei Yosef)
1213:Joseph ibn Habib
1209:(Maggid Mishneh)
1174:(Rabbeinu Yonah)
1160:Nissim of Gerona
1117:Abraham ibn Daud
1086:Rabbenu Yerucham
1060:Bahya ibn Paquda
1042:Yom Tov Asevilli
1037:Abraham ibn Ezra
998:Nissim ben Jacob
954:
947:
940:
931:
926:
907:Twersky, Isadore
896:
874:
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703:: Jerusalem 1991
694:
688:
682:
676:
662:
656:
632:
570:'s translation.
564:Honein ben Isaac
548:Chovot HaLevavot
544:Bahya ibn Paquda
515:
501:A commentary to
235:Jerusalem Talmud
173:Moses ben Joseph
127:Shemuel ha-Nagid
48:
45:
21:
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2098:
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2092:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2047:
1992:Elijah Mizrachi
1987:Isaac Abarbanel
1975:
1908:Isaiah di Trani
1888:
1873:Isaac of Vienna
1853:
1839:Moses of London
1829:Josce of London
1819:Hagin Deulacres
1809:Elias of London
1785:
1776:Simha of Speyer
1741:Judah ben Asher
1736:Ephraim of Bonn
1632:Jacob ben Asher
1592:
1543:Moses of Évreux
1538:Meir ben Samuel
1503:Jacob of Chinon
1483:Eliezer of Toul
1453:Elijah of Paris
1364:
1340:Isaac the Blind
1238:
1229:Judah ben Yakar
1207:Vidal of Tolosa
1136:
1127:Jonah ibn Janah
1070:David Abudirham
1065:Bahya ben Asher
1012:
963:
958:
905:
902:
900:Further reading
887:Singer, Isidore
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673:Seder Olam Zuta
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633:
629:
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616:First World War
576:
533:Isaac the Blind
509:
479:
401:Jewish theology
374:
330:"Ba'al Hasagot"
263:
161:Isaac the Blind
101:
67:Provençal rabbi
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2074:1120s births
1999:(Lekach Tov)
1884:Isaac Tyrnau
1726:Israel Bruna
1674:Meir HaKohen
1427:(Ri HaZaken)
1394:Rabbeinu Tam
1335:Joseph Caspi
1256:
1132:Abraham Saba
1032:Judah Halevi
977:Isaac Alfasi
969:North Africa
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529:Tree of Life
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447:Pulsa diNura
418:
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329:
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165:Neoplatonist
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84:Mishne Torah
82:
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58:
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50:
39:
38:
36:
2079:1198 deaths
1904:(the Aruch)
1640:(Mordechai)
1573:Simeon Kara
1443:Bechor Shor
1294:(HaMichtam)
1269:David Kimhi
1150:Nachmanides
1093:(Migdal Oz)
1075:Joseph Albo
1050:(Ri Migash)
857: [
574:Descendants
510: [
492:holy spirit
355:, Raavad's
291:Yosef Qafih
275:Orot Hayyim
271:Temim De'im
224:Carcassonne
192:Montpellier
47: 1125
2058:Categories
2018:Moses Taku
1941:Judah Anav
1875:(Or Zarua)
1766:Jacob Weil
1288:(HaManhig)
1263:Gersonides
1203:(Tashbatz)
1027:Maimonides
653:anno mundi
622:References
568:Al-Charizi
556:philosophy
483:Kabbalists
427:divination
422:divination
378:Maimonides
338:Maimonides
295:compendium
203:Posquières
143:Posquières
89:Maimonides
1980:Elsewhere
1670:(Rokeach)
1664:(Raavyah)
1658:(Ra'aven)
1652:(Maharil)
1282:(HaIttur)
1275:Abba Mari
1142:Catalonia
923:300160469
608:Lithuania
596:Expulsion
588:Barcelona
485:view the
435:Gen 24:14
366:Ashkenazi
99:Biography
77:of Rabbi
63:RABaD III
1421:(Yereim)
1265:(Ralbag)
1259:(Raavad)
1244:Provence
1197:(Rivash)
1168:(Rashba)
961:Rishonim
909:(1962).
649:Hanukkah
525:Sephirot
439:Jonathan
411:and the
267:responsa
243:HaManhig
231:Narbonne
169:mystical
157:RABaD II
152:Beth Din
139:Provence
93:Kabbalah
65:, was a
55:Rabbeinu
1859:Austria
1791:England
1598:Germany
1439:(Rivan)
1433:(Semag)
1399:Rashbam
1300:(Rambi)
1271:(Radak)
1191:(Ra'ah)
1056:(Ramah)
1044:(Ritva)
879::
831:Hasagot
810:Hasagot
604:Telšiai
527:of the
431:Eliezer
405:Aggadah
357:hasagot
287:halakha
211:Ravad's
175:and R'
1916:(Riaz)
1628:(Rosh)
1370:France
921:
798:Kraków
645:Kraków
584:Toledo
466:Rambam
437:) and
393:dogmas
336:, and
317:While
312:Vienna
283:Talmud
277:, and
249:; and
123:Mérida
71:Talmud
1910:(Rid)
1894:Italy
1621:Mainz
1473:Rivam
1384:Rashi
1162:(Ran)
1018:Spain
979:(Rif)
885:. In
861:]
600:Italy
580:Ravad
540:Ravad
521:Ravad
514:]
487:Ravad
481:Many
471:Ravad
334:Rashi
319:Rashi
196:Nîmes
181:Lunel
131:Titus
59:Ravad
53:(for
51:RABaD
919:OCLC
852:See
671:and
586:and
578:The
538:The
519:The
163:, a
1619:of
833:to
820:8:5
812:to
546:'s
399:as
342:Rif
179:of
150:Av
87:of
61:or
2060::
917:.
859:he
840:,
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535:.
516:.
512:he
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237:;
183:.
73:,
44:c.
953:e
946:t
939:v
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441:(
433:(
42:(
34:.
20:)
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