Abraham Maslow - Knowledge (XXG)

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the University of Illinois researchers Ed Diener and Louis Tay, who put Maslow's ideas to the test with data collected from 60,865 participants in 123 countries around the world over the period of five years (2005-2010), Maslow was essentially right in that there are universal human needs regardless of cultural differences, although the authors claim to have found certain departures from the order of their fulfillment Maslow described. In particular, while they found—clearly in accordance with Maslow—that people tend to achieve basic and safety needs before other needs, as well as that other "higher needs" tend to be fulfilled in a certain order, the order in which they are fulfilled apparently does not strongly influence their subjective well-being (SWB). As put by the authors of the study, humans thus

826:. In his daily journal (1961–63) Maslow wrote: "Eupsychia club, heroes that I write for, my judges, the ones I want to please: Jefferson, Spinoza, Socrates, Aristotle, James, Bergson, Norman Thomas, Upton Sinclair (both heroes of my youth)." All were "reality centered," able to differentiate what was fraudulent from what was genuine. They were also "problem centered," meaning that they treated life's difficulties as problems that demanded solutions. These individuals also were comfortable being alone and had healthy personal relationships. They had only a few close friends and family rather than a large number of shallow relationships. 901:. Consequently, Maslow argued, the way in which essential needs are fulfilled is just as important as the needs themselves. Together, these define the human experience. To the extent a person finds cooperative social fulfillment, he establishes meaningful relationships with other people and the larger world. In other words, he establishes meaningful connections to an external reality—an essential component of self-actualization. In contrast, to the extent that vital needs find selfish and competitive fulfillment, a person acquires hostile emotions and limited external relationships—his awareness remains internal and limited. 730:

Maslow needs hierarchy may have been created by a psychology textbook publisher as an illustrative device. This now iconic pyramid frequently depicts the spectrum of human needs, both physical and psychological, as accompaniment to articles describing Maslow's needs theory and may give the impression that the hierarchy of needs is a fixed and rigid sequence of progression. Yet, starting with the first publication of his theory in 1943, Maslow described human needs as being relatively fluid—with many needs being present in a person simultaneously.

646:. He borrowed this term from the Indian scientist and yoga practitioner, U. A. Asrani, with whom he corresponded. Maslow stated that the shift from the peak to the plateau experience is related to the natural aging process, in which an individual has a shift in life values about what is actually important in one's life and what is not important. In spite of the personal significance with the plateau experience, Maslow was not able to conduct a comprehensive study of this phenomenon due to health problems that developed toward the end of his life. 722: 363:

selfishness, her lack of love for anyone else in the world—even her own husband and children—her narcissism, her Negro prejudice, her exploitation of everyone, her assumption that anyone was wrong who disagreed with her, her lack of friends, her sloppiness and dirtiness...". He also grew up with few friends other than his cousin Will, and as a result "... grew up in libraries and among books." It was here that he developed his love for reading and learning. He went to

637:", which are profound moments of love, understanding, happiness, or rapture, during which a person feels more whole, alive, self-sufficient and yet a part of the world, more aware of truth, justice, harmony, goodness, and so on. Self-actualizing people are more likely to have peak experiences. In other words, these "peak experiences" or states of flow are the reflections of the realization of one's human potential and represent the height of personality development. 914:

that metamotivation may also be connected to what Maslow called B-(being) creativity, which is a creativity that comes from being motivated by a higher stage of growth. Another type of creativity that was described by Maslow is known as D-(deficiency) creativity, which suggests that creativity results from an individual's need to fill a gap that is left by an unsatisfied primary need or the need for assurance and acceptance.

969:. In this book Maslow stresses the importance of transpersonal psychology to human beings, writing: "without the transpersonal, we get sick, violent, and nihilistic, or else hopeless and apathetic" (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2011). Human beings, he came to believe, need something bigger than themselves that they are connected to in a naturalistic sense, but not in a religious sense: Maslow himself was an 5071: 3911: 962:" as experiences beyond self-actualization. Maslow called these experiences "a fourth force in psychology", which he named transpersonal psychology. Transpersonal psychology was concerned with the "empirical, scientific study of, and responsible implementation of the finding relevant to, becoming, mystical, ecstatic, and spiritual states" (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2011). 457:. Maslow was already a 33-year-old father and had two children when the United States entered World War II in 1941. He was thus ineligible for the military. However, the horrors of war inspired a vision of peace in him leading to his groundbreaking psychological studies of self-actualizing. The studies began under the supervision of two mentors, 1150:'s developmental theory to the process of initiation in 1993. Maslow's theory of self-actualization has been met with significant resistance. The theory itself is crucial to the humanistic branch of psychology and yet it is widely misunderstood. The concept behind self-actualization is widely misunderstood and subject to frequent scrutiny. 1328: 1131:

We have spoken so far as if this hierarchy were a fixed order, but actually it is not nearly so rigid as we may have implied. It is true that most of the people with whom we have worked have seemed to have these basic needs in about the order that has been indicated. However, there have been a number

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Maslow's hierarchy is used in higher education for advising students and for student retention as well as a key concept in student development. Maslow's hierarchy has been subject to internet memes over the past few years, specifically looking at the modern integration of technology in people's lives

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from 1951 to 1969. He became a resident fellow of the Laughlin Institute in California. In 1967, Maslow had a serious heart attack and knew his time was limited. He considered himself to be a psychological pioneer. He gave future psychologists a push by bringing to light different paths to ponder. He

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The hierarchy of needs has furthermore been accused of having a cultural bias—mainly reflecting Western values and ideologies. From the perspective of many cultural psychologists, this concept is considered relative to each culture and society and cannot be universally applied. However, according to

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Maslow described human needs as ordered in a prepotent hierarchy—a pressing need would need to be mostly satisfied before someone would give their attention to the next highest need. None of his published works included a visual representation of the hierarchy. The pyramidal diagram illustrating the

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As a young boy, Maslow believed physical strength to be the single most defining characteristic of a true male; hence, he exercised often and took up weight lifting in hopes of being transformed into a more muscular, tough-looking guy, however, he was unable to achieve this due to his humble-looking

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can derive 'happiness' from simultaneously working on a number of needs regardless of the fulfillment of other needs. This might be why people in impoverished nations, with only modest control over whether their basic needs are fulfilled, can nevertheless find a measure of well-being through social

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asserted that, due to lack of empirical support, Maslow's ideas have fallen out of fashion and are "no longer taken seriously in the world of academic psychology." Positive psychology spends much of its research looking for how things go right rather than the more pessimistic view point, how things

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framework. In fact, Maslow's position on God and religion was quite complex. While he rejected organized religion and its beliefs, he wrote extensively on the human being's need for the sacred and spoke of God in more philosophical terms, as beauty, truth and goodness, or as a force or a principle.

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to describe self-actualized people who are driven by innate forces beyond their basic needs, so that they may explore and reach their full human potential. Maslow's theory of motivation gave insight on individuals having the ability to be motivated by a calling, mission or life purpose. It is noted

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as achieving the fullest use of one's talents and interests—the need "to become everything that one is capable of becoming". As implied by its name, self-actualization is highly individualistic and reflects Maslow's premise that the self is "sovereign and inviolable" and entitled to "his or her own

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work was also very influential to Maslow's models of self-actualization. In this case, from a quantitative-sciences perspective there are numerous problems with this particular approach, which has caused much criticism. First, it could be argued that biographical analysis as a method is extremely

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At the top of the pyramid, "need for self-actualization" occurs when individuals reach a state of harmony and understanding because they are engaged in achieving their full potential. Once a person has reached the self-actualization state they focus on themselves and try to build their own image.

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According to Maslow's theory, when a human being ascends the levels of the hierarchy having fulfilled the needs in the hierarchy, one may eventually achieve self-actualization. Late in life, Maslow came to conclude that self-actualization was not an automatic outcome of satisfying the other human

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mindset. Upon the recommendation of Professor Hulsey Cason, Maslow wrote his master's thesis on "learning, retention, and reproduction of verbal material". Maslow regarded the research as embarrassingly trivial, but he completed his thesis the summer of 1931 and was awarded his master's degree in

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after high school. In 1926 he began taking legal studies classes at night in addition to his undergraduate course load. He hated it and almost immediately dropped out. In 1927 he transferred to Cornell, but he left after just one semester due to poor grades and high costs. He later graduated from

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The tension outside his home was also felt within it, as he rarely got along with his mother, and eventually developed a strong revulsion towards her. He is quoted as saying, "What I had reacted to was not only her physical appearance, but also her values and world view, her stinginess, her total

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Maslow was criticized for noting too many exceptions to his theory. As he acknowledged these exceptions, he did not do much to account for them. Shortly prior to his death, one problem he tried to resolve was that there are people who have satisfied their deficiency needs but still do not become

1052:(1962), and it offers a psychological reading of Kuhn's famous distinction between "normal" and "revolutionary" science in the context of his own distinction between "safety" and "growth" science, put forward as part of a larger program for the psychology of science, outlined already in his 1954 654:

In studying accounts of peak experiences, Maslow identified a manner of thought he called "being-cognition" (or "B-cognition"), which is holistic and accepting, as opposed to the evaluative "deficiency-cognition" (or "D-cognition"), and values he called "Being-values". He listed the B-values as:

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Maslow wrote that there are certain conditions that must be fulfilled in order for the basic needs to be satisfied. For example, freedom of speech, freedom to express oneself, and freedom to seek new information are a few of the prerequisites. Any blockages of these freedoms could prevent the

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Maslow noticed that self-actualized individuals had a better insight of reality, deeply accepted themselves, others and the world, and also had faced many problems and were known to be impulsive people. These self-actualized individuals were very independent and private when it came to their

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Maslow also regarded that the relationship between different human needs and behavior, being in fact often motivated simultaneously by multiple needs, is not a one-to-one correspondence, i.e., that "these needs must be understood not to be exclusive or single determiners of certain kinds of

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Maslow attended the Association for Humanistic Psychology's founding meeting in 1963 where he declined nomination as its president, arguing that the new organization should develop an intellectual movement without a leader which resulted in useful strategy during the field's early years.

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subjective as it is based entirely on the opinion of the researcher. Personal opinion is always prone to bias, which reduces the validity of any data obtained. Therefore, Maslow's operational definition of Self-actualization must not be uncritically accepted as quantitative fact.

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psychology. He was so ashamed of the thesis that he removed it from the psychology library and tore out its catalog listing. However, Professor Cason admired the research enough to urge Maslow to submit it for publication. Maslow's thesis was published as two articles in 1934.

617:", high points in life when the individual is in harmony with themself and their surroundings. In Maslow's view, self-actualized people can have many peak experiences throughout a day while others have those experiences less frequently. He believed that psychedelic drugs like 605:

To prove that humans are not blindly reacting to situations, but trying to accomplish something greater, Maslow studied mentally healthy individuals instead of people with serious psychological issues. He focused on self-actualizing people. Self-actualizing people indicate a

471:, whom he admired both professionally and personally. They accomplished a lot in both realms. Being such "wonderful human beings" as well, they inspired Maslow to take notes about them and their behavior. This would be the basis of his lifelong research and thinking about 354:), who fled from Czarist persecution in the early 20th century. They had decided to live in New York City and in a multiethnic, working-class neighborhood. His parents were poor and not intellectually focused, but they valued education. He had various encounters with 358:

gangs who would chase and throw rocks at him. Maslow and other young people with his background were struggling to overcome such acts of racism and ethnic prejudice in the attempt to establish an idealistic world based on widespread education and economic justice.

582:. Another significant strength is that humanistic psychology theory is compatible with other schools of thought. Maslow's hierarchy is also applicable to other topics, such as finance, economics, or even in history or criminology. Humanist psychology, also coined 507:

built the framework that later allowed other psychologists to conduct more comprehensive studies. Maslow believed that leadership should be non-intervening. Consistent with this approach, he rejected a nomination in 1963 to be the president of the Association for

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Most psychologists before him had been concerned with the abnormal and the ill. He urged people to acknowledge their basic needs before addressing higher needs and ultimately self-actualization. He wanted to know what constituted positive mental health.

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gave rise to several different therapies, all guided by the idea that people possess the inner resources for growth and healing and that the point of therapy is to help remove obstacles to individuals' achieving them. The most famous of these was

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Maslow realized that the self-actualizing individuals he studied had similar personality traits. Maslow selected individuals based on his subjective view of them as self-actualized people. Some of the people he studied included

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The next level is "safety needs: security, order, and stability". These two steps are important to the physical survival of the person. Once individuals have basic nutrition, shelter and safety, they attempt to accomplish

453:, Maslow began to question the way psychologists had come to their conclusions, and although he did not completely disagree, he had his own ideas on how to understand the human mind. He called his new discipline 751:

The third level of need is "love and belonging", which are psychological needs; when individuals have taken care of themselves physically, they are ready to share themselves with others, such as with family and

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Self-actualizing people tend to focus on problems outside themselves; have a clear sense of what is true and what is false; are spontaneous and creative; and are not bound too strictly by social conventions.

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The fourth level is achieved when individuals feel comfortable with what they have accomplished. This is the "esteem" level, the need to be competent and recognized, such as through status and level of

586:, is criticized for its lack of empirical validation and therefore its lack of usefulness in treating specific problems. It may also fail to help or diagnose people who have severe mental disorders. 1460:

Dr. Abraham Maslow, professor of psychology at Brandeis University in Waltham, Mass., and founder of what has come to be known as humanistic psychology, died of a heart attack. He was 62 years old.

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Dr. Abraham Maslow, professor of psychology at Brandeis University in Waltham, Mass., and founder of what has come to be known as humanistic psychology, died of a heart attack. He was 62 years old.

1037:, the first book ever actually titled 'psychology of science'. In this book Maslow proposed a model of 'characterologically relative' science, which he characterized as an ardent opposition to the 594:". The main point of that new movement, that reached its peak in 1960s, was to emphasize the positive potential of human beings. Maslow positioned his work as a vital complement to that of Freud: 1099:

Maslow's ideas have been criticized for their lack of scientific rigor. He was criticized as too soft scientifically by American empiricists. In 2006, author and former philosophy professor

1025:. This movement focuses only on a higher human nature. Positive psychology spends its research looking at the positive side of things and how they go right rather than the pessimistic side. 1127:

Maslow, however, would probably not be surprised by these findings, since he clearly and repeatedly emphasized that the need hierarchy is not a rigid fixed order as it is often presented:

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Later in life, Maslow was concerned with questions such as, "Why don't more people self-actualize if their basic needs are met? How can we humanistically understand the problem of evil?"

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was founded in 1969, a year after Abraham Maslow became the president of the American Psychological Association. In the United States, transpersonal psychology encouraged recognition for

778:. This means that if there are not enough of one of those four needs, there will be a need to get it. Getting them brings a feeling of contentment. These needs alone are not motivating. 893:

Maslow based his theory partially on his own assumptions about human potential and partially on his case studies of historical figures whom he believed to be self-actualized, including

958:. Maslow had concluded that humanistic psychology was incapable of explaining all aspects of human experience. He identified various mystical, ecstatic, or spiritual states known as " 1971: 1447: 640:

In later writings, Maslow moved to a more inclusive model that allowed for, in addition to intense peak experiences, longer-lasting periods of serene being-cognition that he termed

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Someone's present functioning is their most significant aspect. As a result, humanists emphasize the here and now instead of examining the past or attempting to predict the future.

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Self-sufficiency: autonomy; independence; not-needing-other-than-itself-in-order-to-be-itself; self-determining; environment-transcendence; separateness; living by its own laws

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The ultimate goal of living is to attain personal growth and understanding. Only through constant self-improvement and self-understanding can an individual ever be truly happy.

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Haggbloom, Steven J.; Warnick, Renee; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; et al. (2002).

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Humanistic psychology theory suits people who see the positive side of humanity and believe in free will. This theory clearly contrasts with Freud's theory of

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To be mentally healthy, individuals must take personal responsibility for their actions, regardless of whether the actions are positive or negative.

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Maslow's psychology training at UW was decidedly experimental-behaviorist. At Wisconsin he pursued a line of research which included investigating

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At the bottom of the hierarchy are the "basic needs or physiological needs" of a human being: food, water, sleep, sex, homeostasis, and excretion.

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Each person, simply by being, is inherently worthy. While any given action may be negative, these actions do not cancel out the value of a person.

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However, Maslow was highly critical of Freud, since humanistic psychologists did not recognize spirituality as a navigation for our behaviors.

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Michael R. Hagerty, "Testing Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: National Quality-of-Life Across Time," Social Indicators Research 46(xx), 1999, 250.

1059:. Not only that Maslow offered a psychological reading of Kuhn's categories of "normal" and "revolutionary" science as an aftermath of Kuhn's 3704: 3676: 3299: 3154: 2963: 2933: 2906: 2839: 2701: 2258: 2987: 850:

Wholeness: unity, integration, tendency to oneness, interconnectedness, simplicity, organization, structure, order, not dissociated, synergy

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Wholeness: unity; integration; tendency to one-ness; interconnectedness; simplicity; organization; structure; dichotomy-transcendence; order

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Whitson, Edward R; Olczak, Paul V. (March 1, 1991). "Criticism and Polemics Surrounding the Self-Actualization Construct: An Evaluation".

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Carlson, N. R. (19992000). Memory. Psychology: the science of behaviour (Canadian ed., p. 461). Scarborough, Ont.: Allyn and Bacon Canada.

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psychologies, philosophies, and religions, and promoted understanding of "higher states of consciousness", for instance through intense

5907: 5322: 3970: 402:. In 1928, he married his first cousin Bertha, who was still in high school at the time. The pair had met in Brooklyn years earlier. 5917: 5912: 5902: 3856: 3821: 3512: 3130: 2215: 1197:, with Miles Vich as editor until 1971. The journal printed its first issue in early 1961 and continues to publish academic papers. 1013:, a transcultural, humanistic based psychodynamic psychotherapy method used in mental health and psychosomatic treatment founded by 315:. He stressed the importance of focusing on the positive qualities in people, as opposed to treating them as a "bag of symptoms". A 3582: 5748: 2596: 1896: 1846: 5947: 1523: 5743: 5194: 4258: 1597: 1170:, rooted in the choice to study individuals who lived out his own values. If he had studied other historical heroes, such as 994: 308: 2873: 716: 483: 292: 149: 3039: 2455: 2076:

Daniels, Michael (January 1982). "The development of the concept of self-actualization in the writings of abraham Maslow".

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Truth: honesty; reality; simplicity; richness; oughtness; beauty; pure, clean and unadulterated; completeness; essentiality

5977: 5937: 5932: 5773: 5656: 4958: 4616: 4342: 3873: 2731: 1209: 2635: 2572: 1551: 1067:, in his nowadays little known 1946 paper "Means-Centering Versus Problem-Centering in Science" published in the journal 5783: 5405: 4568: 4330: 3953: 1576: 317: 3930:. Rare documentary about Abraham Maslow in a conversation with Warren Bennis of the University of Cincinnati from 1968. 2594:

Richard L. Schott (1992). "Abraham Maslow, humanistic psychology, and organization leadership: a Jungian perspective".

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Perfection: nothing superfluous, nothing lacking, everything in its right place, just-rightness, suitability, justice

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Maslow extended the subject, borrowing ideas from other psychologists and adding new ones, such as the concepts of a

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Nicholson, Ian A. M. (2001). "'Giving up maleness': Abraham Maslow, masculinity, and the boundaries of psychology".

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Maslow used Einstein's writings and accomplishments to exemplify the characteristics of the self-actualized person.

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Perfection: necessity; just-right-ness; just-so-ness; inevitability; suitability; justice; completeness; "oughtness"

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environment and culture, especially their very own individual development on "potentialities and inner resources".

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An interpretation of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, represented as a pyramid, with the more basic needs at the bottom

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Beauty: rightness; form; aliveness; simplicity; richness; wholeness; perfection; completion; uniqueness; honesty

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Wahba, M.A.; Bridwell, L. G. (1976). "Maslow Reconsidered: A Review of Research on the Need Hierarchy Theory".

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tastes, opinions, values, etc." Indeed, some have characterized self-actualization as "healthy narcissism."

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It is as if Freud supplied us the sick half of psychology and we must now fill it out with the healthy half.

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Abraham Maslow: A Brief Reminiscence. In: Journal of Humanistic Psychology Fall 2008 vol. 48 no. 4 443-444

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Beyond the routine of needs fulfillment, Maslow envisioned moments of extraordinary experience, known as "

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The hierarchy of human needs model suggests that human needs will only be fulfilled one level at a time.

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Then there is the "cognitive" level, where individuals intellectually stimulate themselves and explore.

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believe that every person has a strong desire to realize their full potential, to reach a level of "

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Cummins, Robert (June 2016). "Happiness Is the Right Metric to Measure Good Societal Functioning".

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Dichotomy-transcendence: acceptance, resolution, integration, polarities, opposites, contradictions

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Effortlessness: ease; lack of strain, striving or difficulty; grace; perfect, beautiful functioning

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survey, published in 2002, ranked Maslow as the tenth most cited psychologist of the 20th century.

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In 1962 Maslow published a collection of papers on this theme, which developed into his 1968 book

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They may look at this in terms of feelings such as self-confidence or by accomplishing a set goal.

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Encountering America: Humanistic Psychology, Sixties Culture, and the Shaping of the Modern Self

3010:"Abraham Maslow on Religion, Values of Self-actualisers, and Peak Experiences – The Gold Scales" 1080: 721: 511:

because he felt that the organization should develop an intellectual movement without a leader.

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Pauchant, Thierry; Dumas, Collette A. (1991). "Abraham Maslow and Heinz Kohut: A Comparison".

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Maslow, A. H. (1967). "A Theory of Metamotivation: The Biological Rooting of the Value-Life".

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Beauty: rightness, form, aliveness, simplicity, richness, wholeness, perfection, completion,

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Kožnjak, Boris (2017). "Kuhn Meets Maslow: The Psychology Behind Scientific Revolutions".

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Humanistic psychology: Conversations with Abraham Maslow, Gardner Murphy, Carl Rogers

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After that is the "aesthetic" level, which is the need for harmony, order and beauty.

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Necessity: inevitability: it must be just that way, not changed in any slightest way

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Diener, Ed; Tay, Louis (2011). "Needs and subjective well-being around the world".

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Awareness of transpersonal psychology became widespread within psychology, and the

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and found it difficult to accept religious experience as valid unless placed in a

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Aliveness: process, not-deadness, spontaneity, self-regulation, full-functioning

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Aliveness: process; non-deadness; spontaneity; self-regulation; full-functioning

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can produce peak experiences in the right people under the right circumstances.

555: 449:. His family life and his experiences influenced his psychological ideas. After 417: 368: 367:, one of the top high schools in Brooklyn, where his best friend was his cousin 3934:

Psychology History – Abraham Maslow, Compiled by Michelle Emrich

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Cooke, B; Mills, A; Kelley, E (2005). "Situating Maslow in Cold War America".

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by Christopher Peterson, Martin E. P. Seligman. Oxford University Press: 2004

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relationships and other psychological needs over which they have more control.

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the school's Physics paper, for a year. He developed other strengths as well:

296: 291:; April 1, 1908 – June 8, 1970) was an American psychologist who created 204: 3916: 3783: 3647: 3560: 3085: 2609: 2512: 1909: 1859: 1786: 1723: 338:, Maslow was the oldest of seven children. His parents were first-generation 5686: 5471: 5375: 3245:

Maslow, Abraham (1946). "Problem-centering vs. means-centering in science".

2357:(pp. 19–50). Bristol, IN: Wyndham Hall Press. (Original work published 1971) 1382: 837:

According to Maslow, self-actualizing people share the following qualities:

75: 17: 3408: 2869: 2679:"Creative Transcendence: Memoir Writing for Transformation and Empowerment" 703:

Playfulness: fun; joy; amusement; gaiety; humor; exuberance; effortlessness

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Goodness: rightness; desirability; oughtness; justice; benevolence; honesty

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One Nation Under Therapy: How the Helping Culture is Eroding Self-reliance

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In 1966, Maslow published a pioneering work in the psychology of science,

926:, and people he knew who clearly met the standard of self-actualization. 841:

Truth: honest, reality, beauty, pure, clean and unadulterated completeness

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Simplicity: honesty; essentiality; abstract, essential, skeletal structure

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self-actualized. He never resolved this inconsistency within his theory.

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Maslow acknowledged that the book was greatly inspired by Thomas Kuhn's

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historically, philosophically, sociologically and psychologically naıve

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National Journal of Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research

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University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni

3634:

Goud, Nelson (October 2008). "Abraham Maslow: A Personal Statement".

3400: 2323: 2045:"The Personal Meaning of Social Values in the Work of Abraham Maslow" 1844:

Edward Hoffman (2008). "Abraham Maslow: a biographer's reflections".

1235: 993:. Transpersonal psychology has been applied in many areas, including 680:

Completion: ending; finality; justice; "it's finished"; fulfillment;

445:'s early colleagues. From 1937 to 1951, Maslow was on the faculty of 339: 2154: 844:

Goodness: rightness, desirability, uprightness, benevolence, honesty

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New Pathways in Psychology: Maslow and the post-Freudian revolution

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Rennie, David L. (October 2008). "Two Thoughts on Abraham Maslow".

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Uniqueness: idiosyncrasy, individuality, non comparability, novelty

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Uniqueness: idiosyncrasy; individuality; non-comparability; novelty

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Personality and Growth: A Humanistic Psychologist in the Classroom

871:

Justice: fairness, suitability, disinterestedness, non partiality,

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Hoffman, E (2008). "Abraham Maslow: A Biographer's Reflection".

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Brookman, David M. "Maslow's Hierarchy and Student Retention".

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Maslow based his study on the writings of other psychologists,

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Greening, Tom (2008). "Abraham Maslow: A Brief Reminiscence".

3146:

Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification

3123:

Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification

561:

The basic principles behind humanistic psychology are simple:

4837: 3040:"M is for Abraham Maslow: A Founder of Humanistic Psychology" 2353:

Frick, W. B. (1989). "Interview with Dr. Abraham Maslow". In

1687:. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co. pp. 231, 388. 883:

Effortlessness: ease; lack of strain, striving, or difficulty

1962:"Dr. Abraham Maslow, Founder Of Humanistic Psychology, Dies" 1438:"Dr. Abraham Maslow, Founder Of Humanistic Psychology, Dies" 1146:

Maslow's concept of self-actualizing people was united with

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and represent optimal psychological health and functioning.

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Villa, R., Thousand, J., Stainback, W. & Stainback, S.

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Maslow, A. H. (July 1943). "A theory of human motivation".

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Self-sufficiency: autonomy, independence, self-determining.

283: 1193:

In the spring of 1961, Maslow and Tony Sutich founded the

880:

Richness: differentiation, complexity, intricacy, totality

2405:. 4th Canadian ed. Toronto, ON: Pearson Education Canada. 1085:

if all you have is a hammer, everything looks like a nail

274: 1994: 1992: 1884:. New York: Bantam Books. (Original work published 1854) 1486:"The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century" 1307:

Future Visions: The Unpublished Papers of Abraham Maslow

1255:(1st edition: 1954, 2nd edition: 1970, 3rd edition 1987) 1009:. Since 1968 his work has influenced the development of 2556:. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co. p. 232. 2541:(11th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 11–12. 691:

Justice: fairness; orderliness; lawfulness; "oughtness"

42: 3143:

Peterson, Christopher; Seligman, Martin E. P. (2004).

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Maslow, A. H. (1943). "A theory of human motivation".

277: 5953:

Presidents of the American Psychological Association

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The Right to be Human: A Biography of Abraham Maslow

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The Right to Be Human: A Biography of Abraham Maslow

2452:"Restructuring for Caring & Effective Education" 437:

on similar themes. There he found another mentor in

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The God Gene: How Faith Is Hardwired into Our Genes

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Simplicity: abstract, essential skeletal, bluntness

271: 268: 241: 210: 200: 185: 155: 145: 127: 108: 82: 66: 3664: 2928:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 19–. 1137:Maslow, 'Motivation and Personality' (1970), p. 51 3627:The Third Force: The Psychology of Abraham Maslow 2155:"The plateau experience: A. H. Maslow and others" 1894:Miles Vich (2008). "Maslow's leadership legacy". 874:Order: lawfulness, rightness, perfectly arranged 697:Richness: differentiation, complexity; intricacy 394:City College and went to graduate school at the 2480:Aron, Adrianne (1977). "Maslow's Other Child". 1129: 1114: 613:This informed his theory that a person enjoys " 596: 377: 3695:Sommers, Christina Hoff; Satel, Sally (2006). 2532: 2530: 523:and died on June 8, 1970, at the age of 62 in 380:and chaste figure as well as his studiousness. 4853: 3954: 3829:Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 3067: 3065: 8: 3869:Comprehensive bibliography of Maslow's works 3527:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3503:Hergenhahn, Olson, B.R., Matthew H. (1990). 3389:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 3344:Peterson, C. (2009). "Positive psychology". 5883:American people of Ukrainian-Jewish descent 3629:. Richmond, CA: Maurice Bassett Publishing. 3618:The Developing Person through the Life Span 3542: 3540: 3538: 3197:The Psychology of Science: A Reconnaissance 2828:Matthew H. Olson; B. R. Hergenhahn (2011). 2415:The Developing Person through the Life Span 1291:, 1966; Chapel Hill: Maurice Bassett, 2002. 1285:The Psychology of Science: A Reconnaissance 1035:The Psychology of Science: A Reconnaissance 26: 4860: 4846: 4838: 3961: 3947: 3939: 3876:adapted from the Editor's Introduction to 3505:An Introduction to Theories of Personality 3478:Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 2980:"Abraham Maslow and Spirituality | Awaken" 2831:An Introduction to Theories of Personality 1043:relative to time, place, and local culture 74: 63: 5878:American people of Russian-Jewish descent 3212:Journal for General Philosophy of Science 2313: 2060: 1501: 790:was among the most basic of human needs. 175: 1545: 1543: 1541: 1315:, Anna Maria, FL: Maurice Bassett, 2019. 868:Completion: ending, justice, fulfillment 720: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 3113:by Nossrat Peseschkian. Springer: 1987. 3109:by Nossrat Peseschkian. Fischer: 1977. 2753:Francis, N.H.; Kritsonis, W.A. (2006). 2200:The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology 2159:The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology 2125:Religions, Values, and Peak Experiences 1429: 1260:Religions, Values, and Peak Experiences 1050:The Structure of Scientific Revolutions 1041:positivistic reluctance to see science 342:immigrants from Kiev, then part of the 28: 3520: 3149:. American Psychological Association. 2734:from the original on December 12, 2020 2707:from the original on November 13, 2022 2221:from the original on November 13, 2022 1974:from the original on September 3, 2016 1450:from the original on September 3, 2016 3800:The Founders of Humanistic Psychology 2876:from the original on October 17, 2023 2823: 2821: 2819: 2575:from the original on October 24, 2009 946:During the 1960s Maslow founded with 740:Human needs as identified by Maslow: 7: 2403:Psychology: The Science of Behaviour 1526:from the original on October 3, 2018 809:Qualities of self-actualizing people 5928:Jewish American non-fiction writers 5858:20th-century American psychologists 3020:from the original on March 10, 2019 2990:from the original on March 17, 2019 2686:Journal of Transpersonal Psychology 2638:from the original on April 30, 2016 2251:The Farther Reaches of Human Nature 1649:(October 2008), 48 (4), pp. 439–443 1616:from the original on April 19, 2016 1554:. Webspace.ship.edu. Archived from 1301:The Farther Reaches of Human Nature 983:Journal of Transpersonal Psychology 770:The first four levels are known as 519:While jogging, Maslow had a severe 5943:People from Menlo Park, California 5893:Boys High School (Brooklyn) alumni 3971:American Psychological Association 3163:from the original on July 23, 2024 3050:from the original on July 23, 2024 2861:Notes Toward a Psychology of Being 2554:The Journals of A.H. Maslow Vol. 1 2454:. Baltimore: Paul Brookes, 1992. 2169:from the original on March 9, 2022 2033:Toward a psychology of being, 1968 1882:Thoreau: Walden and other writings 1685:The Journals of A.H. Maslow Vol. 1 57: 5923:Jewish American social scientists 5873:American male non-fiction writers 3874:"Maslow's Vision of Human Nature" 3772:Group and Organization Management 3616:Berger, Kathleen Stassen (1983). 3457:from the original on May 20, 2023 3185:. Toronto, Ontario: Random House. 2441:, v.9 n.1 pp. 69–74. Spring 1989. 2043:Morgan, John H. (June 30, 2012). 1079:Abraham Maslow is also known for 782:satisfaction of the basic needs. 433:Maslow continued his research at 416:. Maslow's early experience with 5968:Burials at Mount Auburn Cemetery 5069: 3909: 3893:Works by or about Abraham Maslow 3671:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 3636:Journal of Humanistic Psychology 3549:Journal of Humanistic Psychology 3074:Journal of Humanistic Psychology 2769:from the original on May 5, 2021 2597:Journal of Humanistic Psychology 2501:Journal of Humanistic Psychology 2482:Journal of Humanistic Psychology 2369:Journal of Humanistic Psychology 2024:Schacter, Daniel L. "Psychology" 1897:Journal of Humanistic Psychology 1847:Journal of Humanistic Psychology 1775:Journal of Humanistic Psychology 1647:Journal of Humanistic Psychology 1326: 1195:Journal of Humanistic Psychology 886:Playfulness: fun, joy, amusement 264: 3917:Abraham Maslow Audio Collection 3326:p. 74 & passim in chapter 2 3294:. Maurice Bassett. p. 15. 2632:"Metaneeds and metapathologies" 1122:Diener & Tay (2011), p. 364 786:and humorously suggesting that 171: 2401:Carlson, N.R., et al. (2007). 2127:. Ohio State University Press. 1309:by E. L. Hoffman (editor) 1996 995:transpersonal business studies 420:would leave him with a strong 309:New School for Social Research 1: 5165:Industrial and organizational 3587:American Humanist Association 3346:Reclaiming Children and Youth 2728:"Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs" 2275:"Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs" 2078:Current Psychological Reviews 1210:American Humanist Association 608:coherent personality syndrome 534: 5406:Human factors and ergonomics 3886:Toward a Psychology of Being 3878:Toward a Psychology of Being 3841:10.1016/0030-5073(76)90038-6 3798:DeCarvalho, Roy Jose (1991) 3760:Resources in other libraries 3741:Resources in other libraries 3321: 2898:Toward a Psychology of Being 2427:A Theory of Human Motivation 1819: 1807: 1760: 1748: 1736: 1697: 1670: 1658: 1634: 1490:Review of General Psychology 1471: 1295:Toward a Psychology of Being 1103:and practicing psychiatrist 967:Toward a Psychology of Being 629:Peak and plateau experiences 318:Review of General Psychology 5958:Transpersonal psychologists 5898:Brandeis University faculty 5888:American psychology writers 3908:(public domain audiobooks) 2895:Abraham H. Maslow (2013) . 2123:Maslow, Abraham H. (1964). 2110: 1831: 1265:Ohio State University Press 717:Maslow's hierarchy of needs 334:Born in 1908 and raised in 293:Maslow's hierarchy of needs 150:Maslow's hierarchy of needs 5999: 3851:. London: Victor Gollancz 3424:Motivation and Personality 3374:February 12, 2015, at the 3368:Integrated Sociopsychology 3322:Sommers & Satel (2006) 3288:Abraham H. Maslow (1966). 2665: 2552:Lowry, Richard H. (1979). 2381:10.1177/002216786700700201 2153:Krippner, Stanley (1972). 1683:Lowry, Richard J. (1979). 1252:Motivation and Personality 1204:In 1967, Maslow was named 1057:Motivation and Personality 714: 5908:Cornell University alumni 5792: 5095:Applied behavior analysis 5067: 4875: 3755:Resources in your library 3736:Resources in your library 3331:October 17, 2023, at the 3291:The Psychology of Science 3224:10.1007/s10838-016-9352-x 3171:– via Google Books. 2834:. Prentice Hall/Pearson. 2802:10.1007/s12115-016-0011-y 2458:November 6, 2012, at the 2140:Psychology Second Edition 2138:Schacter, Daniel (2009). 1512:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139 1166:has pointed out Maslow's 1089:The Psychology of Science 253: 193: 73: 5918:Jewish American atheists 5913:Humanistic psychologists 5903:Brooklyn College faculty 4796:Jessica Henderson Daniel 3784:10.1177/1059601104273062 3663:Hoffman, Edward (1988). 3648:10.1177/0022167808320535 3561:10.1177/0022167808320533 3422:Maslow, Abraham (1970). 3195:Maslow, Abraham (1969). 3086:10.1177/0022167808320537 2730:. Simplypsychology.org. 2610:10.1177/0022167892321008 2513:10.1177/0022167891312005 2249:Maslow, Abraham (1993). 1910:10.1177/0022167808320540 1860:10.1177/0022167808320534 1787:10.1177/0022167808320534 1724:10.1037/1093-4510.4.1.79 1578:Dreaming To Some Purpose 1363:Human Potential Movement 1083:, popularly phrased as " 956:transpersonal psychology 942:Transpersonal psychology 588:Humanistic psychologists 502:. He was a professor at 391:City College of New York 132:City College of New York 39:latest accepted revision 5371:Behavioral neuroscience 4935:Behavioral neuroscience 4760:Suzanne Bennett Johnson 4372:Robert Richardson Sears 4217:Harry Levi Hollingworth 4104:Walter Bowers Pillsbury 4009:George Stuart Fullerton 3902:Works by Abraham Maslow 3812:Hoffman, Edward (1999) 3805:Grogan, Jessica (2012) 3690:, New York: McGraw-Hill 3583:"Humanists of the Year" 3443:Evolution and Cognition 3107:Positive Psychotherapie 3044:The Positive Encourager 2952:Edward Hoffman (1994). 2253:. Arkana. p. 128. 2000:"Humanistic Psychology" 1398:Positive disintegration 1393:Organizational behavior 1348:Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi 1275:, 1965; republished as 1005:Maslow called his work 552:client-centered therapy 396:University of Wisconsin 140:University of Wisconsin 5948:Positive psychologists 5421:Psychology of religion 5361:Behavioral engineering 5298:Human subject research 4954:Cognitive neuroscience 4920:Affective neuroscience 4480:George Armitage Miller 4170:Margaret Floy Washburn 4086:Henry Rutgers Marshall 3437:Kress, Oliver (1993). 3183:Stumbling on happiness 3111:Positive Psychotherapy 2922:Dean H. Hamer (2005). 2901:. Simon and Schuster. 2191:Gruel, Nicole (2015). 1584:July 23, 2024, at the 1140: 1125: 1101:Christina Hoff Sommers 1074: 1011:positive psychotherapy 726: 600: 580:biological determinism 535:Maslow's contributions 525:Menlo Park, California 385:College and university 382: 120:Menlo Park, California 5797:Wiktionary definition 5333:Self-report inventory 5328:Quantitative research 3847:Wilson, Colin (1972) 3814:The Right to Be Human 3247:Philosophy of Science 3046:. December 19, 2014. 2958:. Four Worlds Press. 2726:McLeod, S. A (2007). 1712:History of Psychology 1373:Law of the instrument 1368:Humanistic psychology 1272:Eupsychian Management 1091:, published in 1966. 1069:Philosophy of Science 1029:Psychology of science 909:Maslow used the term 724: 547:Humanistic psychology 540:Humanistic psychology 529:Mount Auburn Cemetery 509:Humanistic Psychology 455:humanistic psychology 260:Abraham Harold Maslow 161:Bertha Goodman Maslow 103:, New York City, U.S. 87:Abraham Harold Maslow 59:American psychologist 5978:Jewish psychologists 5938:People from Brooklyn 5933:Motivation theorists 5323:Qualitative research 5278:Behavior epigenetics 4802:Rosie Phillips Davis 4533:Wilbert J. McKeachie 4313:John Edward Anderson 4253:Louis Leon Thurstone 4247:Walter Richard Miles 4241:Walter Samuel Hunter 4164:Shepherd Ivory Franz 4098:Charles Hubbard Judd 4080:James Rowland Angell 4003:James McKeen Cattell 3991:George Trumbull Ladd 3923:Being Abraham Maslow 3802:. Praeger Publishers 3686:Hoffman, E. (1999), 3593:on November 28, 2015 3364:"Hierarchy of Needs" 3181:Gilbert, D. (2006). 2986:. January 28, 2013. 2677:Raab, Diana (2014). 2302:Psychological Review 2281:on September 7, 2011 2239:Gruel (2015), p. 50. 2062:10.5964/ijpr.v6i1.91 1942:on December 20, 2015 1932:"Psychology History" 1880:Thoreau, H. (1962). 1611:"Maslow, Abraham H." 1278:Maslow on Management 1224:Psychological Review 1206:Humanist of the Year 1162:Social psychologist 466:Gestalt psychologist 389:Maslow attended the 5802:Wiktionary category 5366:Behavioral genetics 5338:Statistical surveys 5195:Occupational health 4930:Behavioral genetics 4754:Melba J. T. Vasquez 4623:Charles Spielberger 4581:Janet Taylor Spence 4390:Orval Hobart Mowrer 4384:Laurance F. Shaffer 4265:Albert Poffenberger 4128:Robert S. Woodworth 4074:Mary Whiton Calkins 3809:. Harper Perennial 1550:Boeree, C. (2006). 1180:John D. Rockefeller 1176:Alexander the Great 1019:positive psychology 1015:Nossrat Peseschkian 1007:positive psychology 1001:Positive psychology 899:Henry David Thoreau 643:plateau experiences 584:positive psychology 504:Brandeis University 435:Columbia University 313:Columbia University 301:Brandeis University 233:Columbia University 228:Brandeis University 29:Page version status 5868:American humanists 5774:Schools of thought 5677:Richard E. Nisbett 5557:Donald T. Campbell 5235:Sport and exercise 4748:Carol D. Goodheart 4516:Donald T. Campbell 4307:Calvin Perry Stone 4295:Leonard Carmichael 4194:I. Madison Bentley 4152:John Wallace Baird 4092:George M. Stratton 4062:William Lowe Bryan 4015:James Mark Baldwin 3969:Presidents of the 3625:Goble, F. (1970). 2567:C. George Boeree. 2090:10.1007/bf02684455 2006:on August 24, 2012 1967:The New York Times 1443:The New York Times 1358:Frederick Herzberg 1263:, Columbus, Ohio: 801:self-actualization 794:Self-actualization 727: 711:Hierarchy of needs 592:self-actualization 527:. He is buried at 484:hierarchy of needs 336:Brooklyn, New York 218:Cornell University 136:Cornell University 35: 5973:Jewish scientists 5863:American atheists 5835: 5834: 5812:Wikimedia Commons 5739:Counseling topics 5702:Ronald C. Kessler 5692:Shelley E. Taylor 5617:Lawrence Kohlberg 5592:Stanley Schachter 5391:Consumer behavior 5273:Archival research 5041:Psycholinguistics 4925:Affective science 4835: 4834: 4814:Jennifer F. Kelly 4784:Susan H. McDaniel 4766:Donald N. Bersoff 4694:Norine G. Johnson 4677:Patrick H. DeLeon 4647:Robert J. Resnick 4605:Raymond D. Fowler 4599:Bonnie Strickland 4551:Nicholas Cummings 4545:M. Brewster Smith 4444:Charles E. Osgood 4325:Edwin Ray Guthrie 4158:Walter Dill Scott 3749:By Abraham Maslow 3722:Library resources 3706:978-0-312-30444-7 3678:978-0-87477-461-0 3301:978-0-9760402-3-1 3156:978-0-19-516701-6 2965:978-0-9637902-3-1 2935:978-0-307-27693-3 2908:978-1-62793-274-5 2841:978-0-205-79878-0 2539:Social psychology 2344:Business Volume 1 2260:978-0-14-019470-8 1970:. June 10, 1970. 1558:on April 30, 2016 1446:. June 10, 1970. 1388:Organismic theory 1334:Psychology portal 1021:movement such as 824:Eleanor Roosevelt 257: 256: 195:Scientific career 16:(Redirected from 5990: 5983:Jewish humanists 5769:Research methods 5712:Richard Davidson 5707:Joseph E. LeDoux 5582:George A. Miller 5572:David McClelland 5567:Herbert A. Simon 5467:Edward Thorndike 5288:Content analysis 5073: 5046:Psychophysiology 4862: 4855: 4848: 4839: 4820:Frank C. Worrell 4718:Ronald F. Levant 4712:Diane F. Halpern 4706:Robert Sternberg 4629:Jack Wiggins Jr. 4611:Joseph Matarazzo 4557:Florence Denmark 4539:Theodore H. Blau 4492:Kenneth B. Clark 4402:Theodore Newcomb 4378:J. McVicker Hunt 4277:Edward C. Tolman 4235:Herbert Langfeld 4122:Howard C. Warren 4116:Edward Thorndike 4021:Hugo Münsterberg 3963: 3956: 3949: 3940: 3924: 3913: 3912: 3897:Internet Archive 3844: 3795: 3710: 3691: 3682: 3670: 3659: 3630: 3621: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3589:. 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Farley 4521: 4468:Gardner Lindzey 4420:Wolfgang Köhler 4396:E. Lowell Kelly 4360: 4301:Herbert Woodrow 4259:Joseph Peterson 4199: 4188:G. Stanley Hall 4038: 3985:G. Stanley Hall 3973: 3967: 3922: 3910: 3865: 3826: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3764: 3746: 3745: 3730: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3716:Further reading 3713: 3707: 3694: 3685: 3679: 3662: 3633: 3624: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3596: 3594: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3546: 3545: 3536: 3519: 3515: 3502: 3501: 3497: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3460: 3458: 3451:Springer Verlag 3436: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3420: 3416: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3376:Wayback Machine 3361: 3357: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3333:Wayback Machine 3320: 3316: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3287: 3286: 3282: 3244: 3243: 3239: 3209: 3208: 3204: 3194: 3193: 3189: 3180: 3176: 3166: 3164: 3157: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3121: 3117: 3105: 3101: 3071: 3070: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3038: 3037: 3033: 3023: 3021: 3008: 3007: 3003: 2993: 2991: 2978: 2977: 2973: 2966: 2951: 2950: 2943: 2936: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2909: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2879: 2877: 2856:Maslow, Abraham 2854: 2853: 2849: 2842: 2827: 2826: 2817: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2772: 2770: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2737: 2735: 2725: 2724: 2720: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2681: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2651: 2641: 2639: 2630: 2629: 2625: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2578: 2576: 2566: 2565: 2561: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2536: 2535: 2528: 2498: 2497: 2493: 2479: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2465: 2460:Wayback Machine 2449: 2445: 2436: 2432: 2425: 2421: 2413: 2409: 2400: 2396: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2339: 2315:10.1.1.334.7586 2299: 2298: 2294: 2284: 2282: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2261: 2248: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2195: 2190: 2189: 2182: 2172: 2170: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2109: 2105: 2075: 2074: 2070: 2042: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2009: 2007: 1998: 1997: 1990: 1977: 1975: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1945: 1943: 1930: 1929: 1925: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1879: 1875: 1843: 1842: 1838: 1830: 1826: 1820:Hoffmann (1988) 1818: 1814: 1808:Hoffmann (1988) 1806: 1802: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1761:Hoffmann (1988) 1759: 1755: 1749:Hoffmann (1988) 1747: 1743: 1737:Hoffmann (1988) 1735: 1731: 1709: 1708: 1704: 1698:Hoffmann (1988) 1696: 1692: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1671:Hoffmann (1988) 1669: 1665: 1659:Hoffmann (1988) 1657: 1653: 1645: 1641: 1635:Hoffmann (1988) 1633: 1629: 1619: 1617: 1609: 1608: 1604: 1592:, Arrow Books, 1586:Wayback Machine 1575: 1571: 1561: 1559: 1549: 1548: 1539: 1529: 1527: 1503:10.1.1.586.1913 1483: 1482: 1478: 1472:Hoffmann (1988) 1470: 1466: 1453: 1451: 1436: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1221: 1218: 1188: 1160: 1139: 1136: 1124: 1121: 1097: 1081:Maslow's hammer 1077: 1075:Maslow's hammer 1031: 1023:Martin Seligman 1003: 944: 924:Albert Einstein 920: 907: 895:Albert Einstein 820:Abraham Lincoln 811: 798:Maslow defined 796: 719: 713: 688:; destiny; fate 652: 631: 542: 537: 517: 477:human potential 431: 429:Academic career 387: 332: 327: 267: 263: 237: 181: 169: 165: 162: 138: 134: 123: 117: 113: 104: 98: 93: 91: 89: 88: 69: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5996: 5994: 5986: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5840: 5839: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5787: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5735: 5733: 5727: 5726: 5724: 5722:Roy Baumeister 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5657:Michael Posner 5654: 5649: 5644: 5642:Elliot Aronson 5639: 5637:Walter Mischel 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5602:Albert Bandura 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5577:Leon Festinger 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5547:Neal E. Miller 5544: 5542:Abraham Maslow 5539: 5534: 5529: 5527:Ernest Hilgard 5524: 5522:Donald O. Hebb 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5502:J. P. Guilford 5499: 5497:Gordon Allport 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5477:John B. Watson 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5442: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5344: 5343: 5341: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5268:Animal testing 5264: 5262: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5086: 5084: 5076: 5075: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4971:Cross-cultural 4968: 4963: 4962: 4961: 4951: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4911: 4909: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4867: 4865: 4864: 4857: 4850: 4842: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4829: 4823: 4817: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4790:Antonio Puente 4787: 4781: 4778:Barry S. Anton 4775: 4769: 4763: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4736:Alan E. Kazdin 4733: 4727: 4724:Gerald Koocher 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4680: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4653:Dorothy Cantor 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4620: 4617:Stanley Graham 4614: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4587:Robert Perloff 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4563:John J. Conger 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4529: 4527: 4523: 4522: 4520: 4519: 4513: 4510:Albert Bandura 4507: 4504:Leona E. Tyler 4501: 4495: 4489: 4483: 4477: 4474:Abraham Maslow 4471: 4465: 4462:Nicholas Hobbs 4459: 4453: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4432:Neal E. Miller 4429: 4426:Donald O. Hebb 4423: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4399: 4393: 4387: 4381: 4375: 4368: 4366: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4358: 4355:J. P. Guilford 4352: 4349:Ernest Hilgard 4346: 4343:Donald Marquis 4340: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4319:Gardner Murphy 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4289:Gordon Allport 4286: 4280: 4274: 4268: 4262: 4256: 4250: 4244: 4238: 4232: 4226: 4220: 4214: 4211:Harvey A. Carr 4207: 4205: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4143: 4137: 4134:John B. Watson 4131: 4125: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4077: 4071: 4065: 4059: 4056:Edmund Sanford 4053: 4046: 4044: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4036: 4033:Joseph Jastrow 4030: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3994: 3988: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3974: 3968: 3966: 3965: 3958: 3951: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3931: 3919: 3914: 3899: 3890: 3884:Excerpts from 3881: 3871: 3864: 3863:External links 3861: 3860: 3859: 3845: 3835:(2): 212–240. 3824: 3816:. McGraw-Hill 3810: 3803: 3796: 3778:(2): 129–152. 3763: 3762: 3757: 3751: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3738: 3732: 3731: 3727:Abraham Maslow 3720: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3711: 3705: 3692: 3683: 3677: 3660: 3642:(4): 448–451. 3631: 3622: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3605: 3604: 3574: 3555:(4): 443–444. 3534: 3513: 3495: 3468: 3429: 3414: 3395:(2): 354–365. 3379: 3355: 3336: 3314: 3300: 3280: 3259:10.1086/286907 3253:(4): 326–331. 3237: 3218:(2): 257–287. 3202: 3187: 3174: 3155: 3135: 3115: 3099: 3080:(4): 445–448. 3061: 3031: 3001: 2984:www.awaken.com 2971: 2964: 2941: 2934: 2914: 2907: 2887: 2847: 2840: 2815: 2780: 2745: 2718: 2692:(2): 187–207. 2669: 2658: 2649: 2623: 2586: 2559: 2544: 2526: 2491: 2472: 2463: 2443: 2439:NACADA Journal 2430: 2419: 2417:, (1983) p. 44 2407: 2394: 2359: 2346: 2337: 2308:(4): 370–396. 2292: 2266: 2259: 2241: 2232: 2180: 2165:(2): 107–120. 2145: 2142:. p. 487. 2130: 2115: 2103: 2068: 2035: 2026: 2017: 1988: 1953: 1923: 1904:(4): 444–445. 1886: 1873: 1854:(4): 439–443. 1836: 1824: 1812: 1800: 1781:(4): 439–443. 1765: 1753: 1741: 1729: 1702: 1690: 1675: 1663: 1651: 1639: 1627: 1602: 1569: 1537: 1496:(2): 139–152. 1476: 1464: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1321: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1310: 1304: 1298: 1292: 1282: 1268: 1256: 1248: 1230:(4): 370–396. 1217: 1214: 1187: 1184: 1168:selection bias 1159: 1156: 1134: 1132:of exceptions. 1119: 1096: 1093: 1076: 1073: 1030: 1027: 1002: 999: 948:Stanislav Grof 943: 940: 935:Max Wertheimer 919: 916: 911:metamotivation 906: 905:Metamotivation 903: 891: 890: 887: 884: 881: 878: 875: 872: 869: 866: 863: 860: 857: 854: 851: 848: 845: 842: 810: 807: 795: 792: 768: 767: 763: 760: 757: 753: 749: 745: 715:Main article: 712: 709: 708: 707: 704: 701: 698: 695: 692: 689: 678: 675: 672: 669: 666: 663: 660: 651: 648: 630: 627: 576: 575: 572: 569: 566: 541: 538: 536: 533: 516: 513: 492:metamotivation 469:Max Wertheimer 459:anthropologist 430: 427: 386: 383: 344:Russian Empire 331: 328: 326: 323: 255: 254: 251: 250: 245: 239: 238: 236: 235: 230: 225: 220: 214: 212: 208: 207: 202: 198: 197: 191: 190: 187: 183: 182: 167: 163: 160: 159: 157: 153: 152: 147: 146:Known for 143: 142: 129: 125: 124: 118: 116:(aged 62) 110: 106: 105: 99: 86: 84: 80: 79: 71: 70: 68:Abraham Maslow 67: 58: 56: 47:27 August 2024 36: 30: 27: 25: 24: 23: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5995: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5791: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5759:Psychologists 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5749:Organizations 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5732: 5728: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5697:John Anderson 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5627:Ulric Neisser 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5612:Endel Tulving 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5597:Robert Zajonc 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5552:Jerome Bruner 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5517:B. F. Skinner 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5482:Clark L. Hull 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5462:Sigmund Freud 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5452:William James 5450: 5448: 5447:Wilhelm Wundt 5445: 5443: 5440: 5439:Psychologists 5435: 5427: 5426:Psychometrics 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5386:Consciousness 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5318:Psychophysics 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5260:Methodologies 5257: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5220:Psychotherapy 5218: 5216: 5215:Psychometrics 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5077: 5072: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4981:Developmental 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4960: 4957: 4956: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4877: 4874: 4870: 4863: 4858: 4856: 4851: 4849: 4844: 4843: 4840: 4827: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4773: 4772:Nadine Kaslow 4770: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4742:James H. Bray 4740: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4685: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4671:Richard Suinn 4669: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4659:Norman Abeles 4657: 4654: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4641:Ronald E. Fox 4639: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4621: 4618: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4570: 4569:William Bevan 4567: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4540: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4498:Anne Anastasi 4496: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4456:Jerome Bruner 4454: 4451: 4450:Quinn McNemar 4448: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4438:Paul E. 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