396:"Because of the frequency of the experience, these judgements may be regarded as certain, even without our knowing the reason . For there is certain knowledge that the effect in question is not due to chance. It must accordingly be supposed that it is due to nature or to some modality thereof. Thus the cause qua cause, though not its species or mode of operation, is known. For experimental science is also constituted by a knowledge of the cause and by an induction based on all the data of sensation; whereby a general science is reached. ... But in the cases in which an experiment has not been completed, because of its not having been repeated in such a way that the persons, the time and the circumstances varied in everything that did not cause the determining cause, whereas this cause , the experiment does not prove certain knowledge, but only probably opinion."
505:) is a priori and almost as general as that of being, encompassing the sensible and the non-sensible, that which moves and that which is at rest. Our idea of time results not from abstraction, stripping accidents from perceived objects, but from a mental representation based on an innate idea. Al-Baghdadi stops short of offering a precise definition of time, stating only that 'were it to be said that time is the measure of being (
509:), that would be better than saying that it is the measure of motion'. His reclassification of time as a subject for metaphysics rather than for physics represents a major conceptual shift, not a mere formalistic correction. It also breaks the traditional linkage between time and space. Concerning space, al-Baghdadi held unconventional views as well, but he did not remove its investigation from the domain of physics.
552:(the title may be translated as "The Book of What Has Been Established by Personal Reflection"). According to Abu'l-Barakāt, Kitāb al-Muʿtabar consists in the main of critical remarks jotted down by him over the years while reading philosophical text, and published at the insistence of his friends, in the form of a philosophical work. The work "presented a serious philosophical alternative to, and criticism of,
530:
Al-Baghdadi's most significant departure in psychology concerns human self-awareness. Ibn Sina had raised the issue of our consciousness of our own psychic activities, but he had not fully pursued the implications for
Aristotelian psychology of his approach. Al-Baghdadi took the matter much further,
343:
He converted to Islam later in his life. Abu'l
Barakat does not refer to his conversion in his writings, and the historical sources give contradictory episodes of his conversion. According to the various reports, he converted either out of "wounded pride", fear of the personal consequences of the
468:
Al-Baghdadi also suggested that motion is relative, writing that "there is motion only if the relative positions of the bodies in question change." He also stated that "each type of body has a characteristic velocity that reaches its maximum when its motion encounters no
521:
He upheld the unity of the soul, denying that there is a distinction between it and the intellect. For him, the soul's awareness of itself is the definitive proof that the soul is independent of the body and will not perish with it. On his contributions to
348:'s wife while under his care as a physician or fear of execution when he was taken prisoner in a battle between the armies of the caliph and that of the sultan. Ayala Eliyahu argues that the conversion was "probably motivated by convenience reasons".
1138:
Marcotte, Roxanne D. (2004) La conversion tardive d'un philosophe: Abu al-Barakat al-Baghdidi (mort vers 545/1150) sur "L'Intellect et sa quiddite" (al-'Aql wa mahiyyatu-hu). Documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale, 15 1:
590:
Abu'l-Barakāt's thought had a deep influence on
Islamic philosophy but none on Jewish thought. His works were not translated into Hebrew, and he is seldom cited in Jewish philosophy, probably because of his conversion to Islam.
283:("The Book of What Has Been Established by Personal Reflection"); a philosophical commentary on the Kohelet; and the treatise "On the Reason Why the Stars Are Visible at Night and Hidden in Daytime". Abu'l-Barakāt was an
1354:
Abū al-Barakāt al-Baghdādī wa-falsafatuhu al-Ilāhīyah : dirāsah li-mawqifihi al-naqdī min falsafat Ibn Sīnā (أبو البركات البغدادي وفلسفته الإلهية : دراسة لموقفه النقدي من فلسفة ابن سينا)
291:, but also developed his own ideas. He proposed an explanation of the acceleration of falling bodies by the accumulation of successive increments of power with successive increments of velocity.
4148:
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1460:
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is proportional to acceleration rather than velocity. Abu'l-Barakat also developed
Philoponus' theory of impetus, stating that the mover imparts a violent inclination (
4113:
1308:
1276:
1162:
652:
Norman A. Stillman; Shlomo Pines. "Abū ʾl-Barakāt al-Baghdādī." Encyclopedia of Jews in the
Islamic World. Executive Editor Norman A. Stillman. Brill Online, 2013
501:
Dissatisfied with the regnant approach, which treated time as an accident of the cosmos, al-Baghdadi drew the conclusion that time is an entity whose conception (
2297:
582:
All that we possess in the way of medical writing by Abu'l-Barakāt are a few prescriptions for remedies. These remain in manuscript and are as yet unstudied.
3966:
3182:
1433:
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In his view, there is just one time which is similar for all beings, including God. Abu'l-Barakāt also regarded space as three-dimensional and infinite.
2870:
1939:
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as "the measure of motion" and instead redefines the concept with his own definition of time as "the measure of being", thus distinguishing between
4138:
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1491:
303:
531:
dispensing with the traditional psychological faculties and pressing his investigations in the direction of what we would call the unconscious.
4093:
1566:
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785:
1390:
3917:
1649:
701:
3192:
1145:
Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdadi : an introduction to his metaphysics in the conception of existent being and its nexus to the notion of God
665:
Stroumsa, Sarah; A. Baumgarten; et al. (1998). "Twelfth
Century Concepts of Soul and Body: The Maimonidean Controversy in Baghdad".
4118:
4057:
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4108:
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3788:
1807:
919:
3172:
1873:
2290:
1260:
1221:
1186:
1119:
1086:
1002:
973:
928:
886:
854:
743:
4128:
3530:
1426:
3804:
2351:
1654:
1980:
598:
was one of Abu'l-Barakāt's eminent disciples. The influence of Al-Baghdadi's views appears especially in Al-Razi's chief work
3409:
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2524:
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al-Madhhab al-ishrāqī bayna al-falsafah wa-al-dīn fī al-fikr al-Islāmī (المذهب الاشراقي بين الفلسفة والدين في الفكر الاسلامي)
705:
317:
214:
3489:
1380:
4098:
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2196:
2151:
1787:
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149:
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340:
in modern-day Iraq. As a renowned physician, he served at the courts of the caliphs of
Baghdad and the Seljuk sultans.
3904:
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1551:
1533:
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1465:
1419:
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1213:
295:
241:
193:
135:
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2256:
1406:
Ibn Sina and Abu al-Barakat al-Baghdadi on the origination of the soul and the invalidation of its transmigration
619:
345:
359:, was one of his pupils, to whom Abu'l-Barakāt, Jewish at the time, dictated a long philosophical commentary on
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proposed an explanation of the acceleration of falling bodies by the accumulation of successive increments of
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2411:
1883:
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1715:
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Al-Wujūd wa-al-khulūd fī falsafat Abī al-Barakāt al-Baghdādī (الوجود والخلود في فلسفة أبي البركات البغدادي)
4016:
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1995:
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3712:
3318:
3151:
2839:
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2251:
2000:
1919:
3990:
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1366:
Al-Jānib al-naqdī fī falsafat Abī al-Barakāt al-Baghdādī (الجانب النقدي في فلسفة أبي البركات البغدادي)
3783:
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465:) on the moved and that this diminishes as the moving object distances itself from the mover.
381:
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1400:
1103:
1056:
1031:
1020:"From al-Ghazali to al-Razi: 6th/12th Century Developments in Muslim Philosophical Theology"
965:
878:
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430:
352:
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145:
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3004:
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229:
121:
1079:
Encyclopaedia of the history of science, technology, and medicine in non-western cultures
441:'s fundamental dynamic law , anticipation in a vague fashion of the fundamental law of
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249:
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2005:
1934:
1690:
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1513:
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454:
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360:
356:
313:
210:
111:
1868:
1399:
Complete
Dictionary of Scientific Biography. 2008. Retrieved October 7, 2011 from
940:
Abel B. Franco (October 2003). "Avempace, Projectile Motion, and
Impetus Theory",
695:
17:
1051:
Al-Tayyib, Aḥmad (1980). "Un traité d'Abū l-Barakāt al-Baġdādī sur l'intellect".
3924:
3626:
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2654:
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2509:
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306:
206:
3995:
3819:
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1036:
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624:
406:
385:
253:
3931:
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3313:
3227:
3131:
3106:
3086:
3060:
3024:
3014:
2885:
2793:
2783:
2753:
2087:
1975:
1909:
1853:
1802:
1670:
1612:
1602:
1391:
Abu ‘l-Barakat al-Baghdadi: Outline of a Non-Aristotelian
Natural Philosophy
1060:
564:
438:
405:
Al-Baghdadi was a follower of the scientific and philosophical teachings of
694:
Langermann, Y. Tzvi (1998), "al-Baghdadi, Abu 'l-Barakat (fl. c.1200-50)",
4026:
3646:
3464:
3444:
3439:
3338:
3081:
2849:
2834:
2819:
2814:
2733:
2341:
1924:
1863:
1858:
1782:
1680:
556:". He also developed concepts which resemble several modern theories in
553:
450:
389:
288:
169:
2275:
3959:
2499:
1705:
1685:
1556:
1475:
557:
269:
79:
1242:
Tārīkh al-fikr al-falsafī fī al-Islām (تاريخ الفكر الفلسفي في الاسلام)
778:
Maimonides: The Life and World of One of Civilization's Greatest Minds
2366:
1735:
1576:
1411:
1288:(in Arabic). Haydarabad: Jam‘iyyat Da’irat al-Ma‘arif al-‘Uthmaniyya.
333:
2950:
1177:
Studies in Abu'l-Barakāt Al-Baghdādī : physics and metaphysics
3277:
1740:
1730:
1725:
1695:
1336:مشكلة قدم العالم وحدوثة عند ابى البركات البغدادى وفخر الدين الرازى
962:
Studies in Arabic versions of Greek texts and in mediaeval science
923:. Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 26–28.
875:
Studies in Arabic versions of Greek texts and in mediaeval science
486:
458:
337:
273:
91:
64:
917:
Pines, Shlomo (1970). "Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī , Hibat Allah".
367:. Isaac wrote a poem in his honour as introduction to this work.
2071:
1965:
1720:
1710:
1700:
1523:
482:
245:
2954:
2279:
1757:
1415:
1240:
Abū Rayyān, Muḥammad ʻAlī (1973). "Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī".
27:
12th century Iraqi Islamic philosopher, physicist and physician
1327:
Namādhij min falsafat al-Islāmīyīn (نماذج من فلسفة الإسلاميين)
937:
279:
His writings include the anti-Aristotelian philosophical work
1198:
Nouvelles études sur Awḥad al-Zamân Abu-l-Barakât al-Baghdâdî
332:(Unique One of his Time), was born in Balad, a town on the
1318:نقد أبي البركات البغدادي لنظرية (ابن سينا في النفس والعقل)
818:"Taking Turns: New Perspectives on Jews & Conversion"
732:
Pseudo-Avicenna, Liber Celi Et Mundi: A Critical Edition
1284:
Al-Baghdadi, Abu al-Barakat (1939). S. Yaltkaya (ed.).
799:
797:
756:
754:
1325:
Luṭf, Sāmī Naṣr (1977). "Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī".
449:
Al-Baghdadi's theory of motion distinguished between
1244:(in Arabic). Alexandria: Dār al-Jāmiʻāt al-Miṣrīyah.
4035:
4009:
3983:
3874:
3853:
3833:
3797:
3751:
3700:
3614:
3503:
3402:
3291:
3165:
3074:
3053:
2997:
2988:
2858:
2807:
2716:
2707:
2642:
2633:
2568:
2455:
2375:
2322:
2313:
2141:
2080:
2014:
1953:
1892:
1841:
1775:
1663:
1588:
1453:
1149:
https://yale.academia.edu/FrankGriffel/Book-Reviews
997:(Reprint ed.). London: Routledge. p. 76.
606:). Abu'l-Barakāt influenced certain conceptions of
493:concept rather than a physical one. The scholar Y.
155:
141:
127:
117:
107:
97:
87:
72:
56:
51:
39:
32:
1295:الفلسفة الطبيعية والالهية عند ابى البركات البغدادى
1174:
1210:A History of Jewish Philosophy in the Middle Ages
563:Abu'l-Barakāt also wrote a short treatise on the
256:, was originally known by his Hebrew birth name
1147:. Jerusalem. pp. (see F. Griffel's review
569:Kitāb Ṣaḥiḥ adillat al-naql fī māhiyyat al-ʻaql
528:
499:
394:
226:Abu'l-Barakāt Hibat Allah ibn Malkā al-Baghdādī
34:Abu'l-Barakāt Hibat Allah ibn Malkā al-Baghdādī
4149:12th-century people from the Abbasid Caliphate
849:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 98–99.
481:Al-Baghdadi criticized Aristotle's concept of
2966:
2291:
1427:
1338:(in Arabic). Asyut, Egypt: Assiut University.
8:
4159:12th-century Jews from the Abbasid Caliphate
3183:Abu Bakr Rabee Ibn Ahmad Al-Akhawyni Bokhari
1343:Sharaf, Muḥammad Jalāl Abū al-Futūḥ (1972).
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
988:
986:
984:
668:Self, Soul and Body in Religious Experience
173:Abu’l Hasan Sa’id ibn Hibat Allah (teacher)
2994:
2973:
2959:
2951:
2713:
2639:
2319:
2298:
2284:
2276:
1772:
1754:
1450:
1434:
1420:
1412:
1329:(in Arabic). Cairo: Maktabat Saʻīd Raʼfat.
1307:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1275:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1208:(1996). "Judah Halevi and Abu-l-Barakāt".
1161:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
660:
658:
287:philosopher who in many respects followed
252:. Abu'l-Barakāt, an older contemporary of
29:
3967:Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon
2871:Shahab al-Din Yahya ibn Habash Suhrawardi
1397:"Abu’l-Barakāt Al-Baghdādī, Hibat Allah."
1102:Frank, Daniel H.; Leaman, Oliver (1997).
1035:
771:
769:
725:
723:
721:
3667:Najm al-Din Mahmud ibn Ilyas al-Shirazi
1293:Hasan, Sabri 'Uthman Muhammad (1982).
837:
835:
780:. Random House of Canada. p. 485.
645:
421:with successive increments of velocity.
187:
167:
1300:
1268:
1154:
594:The famous theologian and philosopher
489:and time, and reclassifying time as a
4114:Physicians from the Abbasid Caliphate
803:
760:
708:from the original on 28 February 2008
234:أبو البركات هبة الله بن ملكا البغدادي
7:
3918:Book of the Ten Treatises of the Eye
2744:Ikhwan al-Safa' (Brethren of Purity)
1356:(in Arabic). Cairo: Maktabat Wahbah.
702:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
236:; c. 1080 – 1164 or 1165 CE) was an
3769:Abul Qasim ibn Mohammed al-Ghassani
1347:(in Arabic). Egypt: Dār al-Maʻārif.
233:
1368:(in Arabic). Cairo: Dār al-Shurūq.
920:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
25:
3193:Abu Sahl 'Isa ibn Yahya al-Masihi
1286:Al-Mu'tabar fi al-Hikmah (3 vols)
3531:Amin al-Din Rashid al-Din Vatvat
1334:Salim, Ahmad ibn Ahmad (2005).
1018:Shihadeh, Ayman (1 March 2005).
4154:Scholars from the Seljuk Empire
4124:Jews from the Abbasid Caliphate
3805:Qiwam al-Din Muhammad al-Hasani
3789:Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
2352:Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite
942:Journal of the History of Ideas
380:Al-Baghdadi described an early
311:medieval Christian philosophers
4139:Converts to Islam from Judaism
3410:Abu Jafar ibn Harun al-Turjali
2525:Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt
1200:(in French). Paris: Durlacher.
1024:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy
573:صحيح أدلة النقل في ماهية العقل
363:, written in Arabic using the
1:
3480:Muhammad ibn Aslam Al-Ghafiqi
3102:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
2207:Gholamhossein Ebrahimi Dinani
2197:Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas
1788:Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari
1249:Abū Saʻdah, Muḥammad (1993).
4094:Medieval Jewish philosophers
3728:Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Harawi
3516:Abraham ben Moses ben Maimon
3420:Abu al-Majd ibn Abi al-Hakam
3415:Abu al-Bayan ibn al-Mudawwar
3268:Mohammed ibn Abdun al-Jabali
3173:'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi
1874:Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
1106:History of Jewish philosophy
575:), which has been edited by
300:classical Islamic philosophy
3905:Anatomy Charts of the Arabs
3490:Ya'qub ibn Ishaq al-Israili
1352:Sīdbī, Jamāl Rajab (1996).
1181:. Jerusalem: Magnes Press.
1055:(in French) (16): 127–147.
600:Al-Mabāḥith al-Mashriqiyyah
304:medieval Jewish philosopher
294:His thought influenced the
268:before his conversion from
4175:
4119:Medieval Jewish physicians
3953:Kamel al-Sanaat al-Tibbyya
3738:Shaykh Muhammad ibn Thaleb
3687:Yusuf ibn Ismail al-Kutubi
2152:Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei
2052:Qadi Mir Husayn al-Maybudi
1966:Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi
1214:Cambridge University Press
429:, al-Baghdadi's theory of
260:and was given the name of
4109:12th-century philosophers
4104:Aristotelian philosophers
3662:Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli
3657:Mas‘ud ibn Muhammad Sijzi
3581:Joseph ben Judah of Ceuta
3425:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
3263:Isaac Israeli ben Solomon
2938:
2830:Abu l-Barakat al-Baghdadi
2779:Abu Sulayman al-Sijistani
2739:Abu Bakr al-Razi (Rhazes)
2650:Isaac Israeli ben Solomon
1900:Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī
1771:
1753:
1449:
1037:10.1017/S0957423905000159
901:Crombie, Alistair Cameron
776:Kraemer, Joel L. (2010).
620:Physics in medieval Islam
180:
160:
4022:Ancient Iranian medicine
3810:Abd El Razzaq Al-Jazaïri
3682:Sadid al-Din al-Kazaruni
3546:Hussam al-Din al-Jarrahi
3511:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
3334:Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili
3233:Al-Tamimi, the physician
3020:Ibn Abi Ramtha al-Tamimi
2896:Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
2789:Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)
2724:Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber)
1335:
1294:
635:Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi
411:Alistair Cameron Crombie
328:Abu'l-Barakāt, famed as
203:Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi
47:(Unique One of his Time)
4129:12th-century physicians
3974:Lives of the Physicians
3939:Zakhireye Khwarazmshahi
3885:Al-Risalah al-Dhahabiah
3841:Al-Khurasani al-Shirazi
3723:Muhammad Ali Astarabadi
3586:Najib ad-Din Samarqandi
3309:Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani
3238:Eutychius of Alexandria
3213:Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi
2759:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
2754:Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)
2437:Dominicus Gundissalinus
2412:Richard of Saint Victor
1884:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
1833:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
1793:Abu al-Abbas Iranshahri
1081:. Springer. p. 7.
1061:10.3406/anisl.1980.1021
993:Marenbon, John (2003).
730:Gutman, Oliver (2003),
542:Aristotelian philosophy
540:He wrote a critique of
437:the oldest negation of
4017:Ancient Greek medicine
3677:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
3591:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
3435:Al-Samawal al-Maghribi
3329:Ali ibn Yusuf al-Ilaqi
3299:Abdollah ibn Bukhtishu
3203:Abu al-Hasan al-Tabari
2942:Renaissance philosophy
2916:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
2901:Athir al-Din al-Abhari
2217:Mohammed Abed al-Jabri
2167:Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr
2128:Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
1996:Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
1823:Abu Sulayman Sijistani
1645:Transcendent theosophy
1212:(Reprinted ed.).
1196:Pines, Shlomo (1955).
1143:Pavlov, Moshe (2003).
1053:Annales Islamologiques
905:Augustine to Galileo 2
533:
511:
447:
423:
398:
355:and the son-in-law of
351:Isaac, the son of the
296:Illuminationist school
4001:Nur al-Din Bimaristan
3892:The Canon of Medicine
3713:Burhan-ud-din Kermani
3319:Ali ibn Isa al-Kahhal
3304:Abu 'Ubayd al-Juzjani
3208:Abu al-Qasim Muqane'i
3152:Yuhanna ibn Bukhtishu
2840:Ayn al-Quzat Hamadani
2835:Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
2307:Medieval philosophers
2001:Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi
1381:ABU’L-BARAKĀT BAḠDĀDĪ
1110:. Routledge. p.
674:. Brill. p. 318.
526:, Langermann writes:
435:
415:
384:emphasizing repeated
4099:Natural philosophers
4089:Islamic philosophers
3784:Sultan Ali Khorasani
3485:Serapion the Younger
3127:Jabril ibn Bukhtishu
3010:Al-Harith ibn Kalada
2906:Nasir al-Din al-Tusi
2876:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
2850:Ibn Rushd (Averroes)
2825:Al-Ghazali (Algazel)
2540:Godfrey of Fontaines
2442:Gilbert de la Porrée
2407:Hugh of Saint Victor
2392:Anselm of Canterbury
2362:John Scotus Eriugena
2232:Reza Davari Ardakani
2108:Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji
2042:Sadr ad-Din Dashtaki
1991:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
1905:Afdal al-Din Kashani
1385:Encyclopædia Iranica
1255:(in Arabic). Cairo.
630:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
596:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
546:Aristotelian physics
194:Samauʼal Al-Maghribī
190:Fakhr al-Din al-Razi
112:Islamic civilization
4144:People from Baghdad
4053:Medical Renaissance
3911:The Book of Healing
3815:Qurayshi al-Shirazi
3606:Zakariya al-Qazwini
3495:Zayn al-Din Gorgani
3137:Salmawaih ibn Bunan
2815:Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
2734:Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
2660:Solomon ibn Gabirol
2581:Marsilius of Inghen
2432:Bernard of Chartres
2192:Seyyed Hossein Nasr
2113:Mujaddid Alf-i-Sani
2103:Mohsen Fayz Kashani
2062:Sayyid Haydar Amuli
1572:Medieval psychology
1544:Natural philosophy
1297:(in Arabic). Cairo.
995:Medieval philosophy
604:Oriental Discourses
443:classical mechanics
376:Experimental method
276:later in his life.
238:Islamic philosopher
67:, present-day Iraq)
3991:Al-'Adudi Hospital
3899:Tacuinum Sanitatis
3825:Maqsud-Ali Tabrizi
3344:Badi' al-Asturlabi
3243:Ibn Abi al-Ashʿath
3218:Abu ul-Ala Shirazi
3198:Abu Zayd al-Balkhi
3147:Yahya ibn Sarafyun
3040:Rufaida Al-Aslamia
3035:Nafi ibn al-Harith
2616:Lambertus de Monte
2596:Francesc Eiximenis
2465:Robert Grosseteste
2427:Alexander of Hales
2357:Isidore of Seville
2337:Augustine of Hippo
2202:Abdolkarim Soroush
2047:Aziz Mahmud Hudayi
1961:Hajji Bektash Wali
1497:medieval astronomy
1443:Islamic philosophy
947:(4), p. 521-546 .)
697:Islamic Philosophy
524:Islamic psychology
164:Influenced by
132:Islamic philosophy
102:Islamic Golden Age
82:, present-day Iraq
18:Abu'l-Barakat
4066:
4065:
4058:Medieval medicine
3849:
3848:
3708:Abu Sa'id al-Afif
3541:Da'ud Abu al-Fadl
3430:Ahmad ibn Farrokh
3045:Zaynab al-Awadiya
2948:
2947:
2934:
2933:
2703:
2702:
2629:
2628:
2560:William of Ockham
2273:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2118:Rajab Ali Tabrizi
2057:Mahmud Shabistari
2037:Jalaladdin Davani
1986:Nasir al-Din Tusi
1808:Abu Hatim al-Razi
1749:
1748:
787:978-0-385-51200-8
550:Kitab al-Mu'tabar
382:scientific method
281:Kitāb al-Muʿtabar
244:and physicist of
223:
222:
146:Physics of motion
16:(Redirected from
4166:
4134:Court physicians
4048:Learned medicine
4043:Ibn Sina Academy
3743:Şerafeddin Kadir
3718:Husayni Isfahani
3652:Mansur ibn Ilyas
3596:Rashidun al-Suri
3475:Moshe ben Maimon
3258:Ibrahim ibn Baks
3188:Abu Bakr al-Razi
3122:Jabir ibn Hayyan
3117:Ishaq ibn Hunayn
3112:Hunayn ibn Ishaq
2995:
2982:Islamic medicine
2975:
2968:
2961:
2952:
2714:
2670:Abraham ibn Daud
2640:
2601:Nicholas of Cusa
2591:Albert of Saxony
2520:Boetius of Dacia
2515:Siger of Brabant
2320:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2277:
2247:Hasanzadeh Amoli
2242:Mostafa Malekian
2212:Taha Abdurrahman
2187:Ismail al-Faruqi
2145:
2067:Dawūd al-Qayṣarī
1798:Abu Bakr al-Razi
1773:
1755:
1580:
1567:Medieval science
1562:
1547:
1529:
1519:
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1436:
1429:
1422:
1413:
1401:Encyclopedia.com
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1316:Huwaydī, Yaḥyá.
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978:
966:Brill Publishers
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879:Brill Publishers
867:
861:
860:
839:
830:
829:
827:
825:
820:. Penn Libraries
816:Eliyahu, Ayala.
813:
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764:
758:
749:
748:
736:Brill Publishers
727:
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457:and showed that
388:, influenced by
353:Abraham Ibn Ezra
344:death of Sultan
318:Albert of Saxony
258:Baruch ben Malka
235:
215:Albert of Saxony
199:Abraham Ibn Ezra
128:Main interest(s)
30:
21:
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3774:Dawud al-Antaki
3747:
3696:
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3551:Ibn Abi Usaibia
3499:
3398:
3389:Jonah ibn Janah
3287:
3178:Aayon Ibn Aayon
3161:
3142:Shapur ibn Sahl
3070:
3049:
3005:Abu Hafsa Yazid
2984:
2979:
2949:
2944:
2930:
2854:
2803:
2749:Matta ibn Yunus
2699:
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2564:
2555:Petrus Aureolus
2530:Meister Eckhart
2475:Albertus Magnus
2457:
2451:
2377:
2371:
2309:
2304:
2274:
2261:
2227:Fouad Zakariyya
2222:Mohammed Arkoun
2177:Frithjof Schuon
2143:
2137:
2123:Qazi Sa’id Qumi
2076:
2010:
1949:
1888:
1837:
1767:
1745:
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1618:Illuminationism
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1528:(jurisprudence)
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1233:Further reading
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982:
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968:, p. 203,
964:, vol. 2,
956:
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951:
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931:
916:
915:
911:
899:
895:
889:
881:, p. 339,
877:, vol. 2,
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738:, p. 193,
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519:
507:miqdar al-wujud
503:ma'qul al-zaman
495:Tzvi Langermann
479:
409:. According to
403:
386:experimentation
378:
373:
365:Hebrew alphabet
326:
219:
213:
209:
205:
201:
196:
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186:
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176:
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166:
165:
150:concept of time
142:Notable idea(s)
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77:
76:1164 or 1165 CE
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3779:Hakim-e-Gilani
3776:
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3759:Rostam Gorgani
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3601:Sa'ad al-Dawla
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3470:Ibn al-Tilmīdh
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3374:Ibn al-Haytham
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3356:
3354:Ibn Al-Thahabi
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3324:Ali ibn Ridwan
3321:
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3283:Qusta ibn Luqa
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3157:Yusuf al-Khuri
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1375:External links
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1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1206:Sirat, Colette
1202:
1193:
1187:
1167:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1094:
1087:
1077:, ed. (1997).
1075:Selin, Helaine
1066:
1043:
1030:(1): 141–179.
1010:
1003:
980:
974:
949:
929:
909:
893:
887:
862:
855:
843:Lewis, Bernard
831:
808:
806:, p. 132.
793:
786:
765:
763:, p. 131.
750:
744:
717:
677:
654:
644:
642:
639:
638:
637:
632:
627:
622:
615:
612:
587:
584:
577:Ahmad El-Tayeb
537:
534:
518:
515:
478:
477:Space and time
475:
413:, al-Baghdadi
402:
399:
392:, as follows:
377:
374:
372:
369:
330:Awḥad al-Zamān
325:
322:
266:Isaac ben Ezra
221:
220:
218:
217:
183:
182:
181:
178:
177:
175:
174:
163:
162:
161:
158:
157:
153:
152:
143:
139:
138:
129:
125:
124:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
89:
85:
84:
78:
74:
70:
69:
62:
58:
54:
53:
49:
48:
44:Awḥad al-Zamān
41:
37:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4171:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3946:Adab al-Tabib
3943:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3861:Ophthalmology
3859:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3764:ʽImad Shirazi
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3642:Ibn al-Khatib
3640:
3638:
3637:Ibn al-Akfani
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3576:Ibn al‐Raqqam
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3561:Ibn al-Baitar
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3526:Al-Shahrazuri
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3349:Ibn Abi Sadiq
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3253:Ibn al-Jazzar
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2976:
2971:
2969:
2964:
2962:
2957:
2956:
2953:
2943:
2937:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:Rashid al-Din
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2769:Abd al-Jabbar
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2586:Nicole Oresme
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2535:Giles of Rome
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2422:Peter Lombard
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2397:Peter Abelard
2395:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2386:Scholasticism
2383:
2382:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2147:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1945:Shams Tabrizi
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1879:Nasir Khusraw
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1854:Ibn Miskawayh
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1425:
1423:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1363:
1362:Ṭayyib, Aḥmad
1359:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1291:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1272:
1264:
1262:977-00-5604-9
1258:
1254:
1253:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1225:
1223:0-521-39727-8
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1190:
1188:965-223-332-3
1184:
1179:
1178:
1172:
1171:Pines, Shlomo
1168:
1164:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1123:
1121:0-415-08064-9
1117:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1088:0-7923-4066-3
1084:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1044:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1004:0-415-30875-5
1000:
996:
989:
987:
985:
981:
977:
975:965-223-626-8
971:
967:
963:
959:
958:Pines, Shlomo
953:
950:
946:
943:
939:
932:
930:0-684-10114-9
926:
922:
921:
913:
910:
906:
902:
897:
894:
890:
888:965-223-626-8
884:
880:
876:
872:
871:Pines, Shlomo
866:
863:
858:
856:1-4008-1023-X
852:
848:
847:Jews of Islam
844:
838:
836:
832:
819:
812:
809:
805:
800:
798:
794:
789:
783:
779:
772:
770:
766:
762:
757:
755:
751:
747:
745:90-04-13228-7
741:
737:
733:
726:
724:
722:
718:
707:
703:
699:
698:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
678:
670:
669:
661:
659:
655:
649:
646:
640:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
613:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
585:
583:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
535:
532:
527:
525:
516:
514:
510:
508:
504:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
476:
474:
472:
466:
464:
460:
456:
452:
446:
444:
440:
434:
432:
428:
425:According to
422:
420:
414:
412:
408:
400:
397:
393:
391:
387:
383:
375:
370:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
349:
347:
341:
339:
335:
331:
323:
321:
319:
315:
312:
308:
305:
301:
297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
277:
275:
271:
267:
264:by his pupil
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:Baghdad, Iraq
248:descent from
247:
243:
239:
231:
227:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
197:Isaac son of
195:
191:
188:
179:
171:
168:
159:
156:Muslim leader
154:
151:
147:
144:
140:
137:
133:
130:
126:
123:
120:
116:
113:
110:
106:
103:
100:
96:
93:
90:
86:
81:
75:
71:
66:
59:
55:
50:
45:
42:
38:
31:
19:
4084:1160s deaths
4079:1080s births
3972:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3834:18th century
3798:17th century
3752:16th century
3701:15th century
3692:Zayn-e-Attar
3615:14th century
3566:Ibn al-Nafis
3504:13th century
3424:
3403:12th century
3384:Ibn al-Wafid
3292:11th century
3166:10th century
3097:Ali al-Ridha
2921:Ibn Taymiyya
2911:Ibn al-Nafis
2829:
2665:Judah Halevi
2576:Jean Buridan
2505:John Peckham
2470:Michael Scot
2257:Partawi Shah
2252:Javadi Amoli
2237:Ahmad Fardid
2182:Martin Lings
2032:Hajji Bayram
2006:Ibn Taymiyya
1935:Omar Khayyám
1920:Ayn-al-Quzat
1915:Ahmad Yasavi
1899:
1828:Ibn Masarrah
1762:by century (
1760:Philosophers
1655:Contemporary
1557:
1524:
1514:
1477:
1466:
1365:
1353:
1344:
1326:
1317:
1285:
1251:
1241:
1209:
1197:
1176:
1144:
1105:
1097:
1078:
1069:
1052:
1046:
1027:
1023:
1013:
994:
961:
952:
944:
941:
918:
912:
904:
896:
874:
865:
846:
824:27 September
822:. Retrieved
811:
777:
731:
710:, retrieved
696:
667:
648:
603:
599:
593:
589:
581:
572:
568:
562:
549:
539:
529:
520:
512:
506:
502:
500:
491:metaphysical
480:
467:
462:
455:acceleration
448:
436:
427:Shlomo Pines
424:
416:
404:
395:
379:
361:Ecclesiastes
357:Judah Halevi
350:
342:
329:
327:
314:Jean Buridan
293:
285:Aristotelian
280:
278:
261:
257:
225:
224:
211:Jean Buridan
63:Balad (near
43:
3925:De Gradibus
3571:Ibn al-Quff
3075:9th century
3054:8th century
3030:Masarjawaih
2998:7th century
2926:Ibn Khaldun
2764:Ibn Masarra
2695:Joseph Albo
2680:Nachmanides
2655:Saadia Gaon
2621:John Hennon
2545:Duns Scotus
2510:Ramon Llull
2490:Bonaventure
2485:Roger Bacon
2347:Cassiodorus
2172:René Guénon
2162:Gohar Shahi
2098:Mulla Sadra
2022:Ibn Khaldun
1633:metaphysics
1579:(mysticism)
1561:(education)
1539:Metaphysics
1518:(dialectic)
1504:Eschatology
1481:(intellect)
307:Ibn Kammuna
207:Ibn Kammuna
122:Alarsttalih
4073:Categories
4036:Influenced
4010:Influences
3996:Bimarestan
3866:Psychology
3820:Tunakabuni
3733:Nurbakhshi
3632:Ibn Shuayb
3622:Al-Nagawri
3556:Ibn Tumlus
3536:As-Suwaydi
3521:Al-Dakhwar
3460:Ibn Tufayl
3455:Ibn Jumay‘
3359:Ibn Butlan
3248:Ibn Juljul
3223:Al-Kaŝkarī
3092:Albubather
2990:Physicians
2891:al-Qazwini
2866:Ibn Sab'in
2845:Ibn Tufayl
2799:al-Kirmani
2685:Gersonides
2675:Maimonides
2027:Yunus Emre
1971:Ibn Sab’in
1940:Suhrawardi
1930:Ibn Tufail
1849:Al-Ghazali
1803:Apharabius
1638:psychology
1608:Avicennism
1470:(theology)
804:Sirat 1996
761:Sirat 1996
712:2008-02-03
641:References
625:Ibn Bajjah
608:Suhrawardi
517:Psychology
471:resistance
463:mayl qasri
371:Philosophy
309:, and the
254:Maimonides
184:Influenced
60:c. 1080 CE
3932:Al-Tasrif
3672:Nakhshabi
3450:Ibn Habal
3369:Ibn Jazla
3364:Ibn Hindu
3314:Al-Biruni
3228:Al-Natili
3132:Masawaiyh
3107:Bukhtishu
3087:Al-Ruhawi
3061:Bukhtishu
3025:Ibn Uthal
3015:Bukhtishu
2940:See also
2886:Ibn Arabi
2794:al-Biruni
2784:Miskawayh
2729:al-Nazzam
2315:Christian
2088:Mir Damad
2081:17th–19th
2015:14th–16th
1981:al-Abharī
1976:Ibn Arabi
1910:Ahi Evren
1869:Bahmanyār
1628:cosmology
1613:Averroism
1546:(physics)
1492:astrology
1487:Cosmology
1383:entry in
1303:cite book
1271:cite book
1157:cite book
565:intellect
548:entitled
439:Aristotle
433:was thus
242:physician
4027:Ayurveda
3854:Concepts
3647:Jaghmini
3627:Aqsara'i
3465:Ibn Zuhr
3445:Averroes
3440:Avempace
3394:Masawaih
3339:Avicenna
3273:Muvaffak
3082:Al-Kindi
2820:Ibn Hazm
2774:Al-Amiri
2643:Medieval
2550:Durandus
2417:Roscelin
2342:Boethius
1925:Averroes
1864:Ibn Hazm
1859:Avicenna
1813:Al Amiri
1783:Al-Kindi
1776:9th–10th
1686:ʼIjtihād
1671:ʻAṣabīya
1664:Concepts
1603:Farabism
1558:Madrasah
1364:(2004).
1173:(1979).
1139:201–226.
960:(1986),
907:, p. 67.
873:(1986),
845:(2002).
706:archived
614:See also
554:Ibn Sina
497:writes:
451:velocity
407:Ibn Sina
390:Ibn Sina
289:Ibn Sina
262:Nathanel
170:Ibn Sina
136:medicine
88:Religion
52:Personal
3984:Centers
3960:Al-Hawi
2709:Islamic
2500:Vitello
2458:century
2456:13–14th
2378:century
2376:11–12th
2144:present
1706:Maslaha
1590:Schools
1577:Sufism
1461:Alchemy
1132:Sources
558:physics
270:Judaism
80:Baghdad
2635:Jewish
2367:Alcuin
1736:Tawḥīd
1696:ʻIrfān
1509:Ethics
1467:Aqidah
1454:Fields
1259:
1220:
1185:
1118:
1085:
1001:
972:
927:
885:
853:
784:
742:
586:Legacy
431:motion
401:Motion
346:Mahmud
336:above
334:Tigris
302:, the
246:Jewish
230:Arabic
108:Region
3876:Works
3278:Qumri
2717:Early
2323:Early
2142:20th–
1741:Ummah
1731:Shūrā
1726:Qiyās
1716:Qadar
1701:Ijmāʿ
1681:Iʻjaz
1598:Early
1552:Peace
1534:Logic
1515:Kalam
672:(PDF)
536:Works
487:space
459:force
419:power
338:Mosul
274:Islam
118:Creed
92:Islam
65:Mosul
40:Title
2859:Late
2808:High
2569:Late
2072:Jami
1954:13th
1893:12th
1842:11th
1721:Qalb
1711:Nafs
1691:ʻIlm
1623:Sufi
1525:Fiqh
1309:link
1277:link
1257:ISBN
1218:ISBN
1183:ISBN
1163:link
1116:ISBN
1083:ISBN
999:ISBN
970:ISBN
925:ISBN
883:ISBN
851:ISBN
826:2011
782:ISBN
740:ISBN
544:and
483:time
453:and
324:Life
316:and
73:Died
57:Born
1676:Ḥāl
1478:Aql
1057:doi
1032:doi
938:cf.
473:."
298:of
272:to
98:Era
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1764:CE
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