22:
282:
could not pay the army's salaries regularly. As a result, increasing pressure was put on the Caliph by members of the court and the military to act. Finally, in early June 924 al-Muqtadir had Ali and his son arrested. Al-Muqtadir retained much sympathy for the man who had been his mentor, and whose intelligence and ability he respected, but when the former vizier and his son were brought before the Caliph to stand trial, Ali lost whatever goodwill he retained by his insolent attitude. Ali and al-Muhassin were promptly executed on 18 July 924.
121:
257:, an ambitious man, but already over eighty years old and utterly unfamiliar with administrative affairs. During his vizierate, real power was exercised by his deputy, who was none other than Ali ibn Isa. Ali remained imprisoned in the caliphal palace throughout the period, being released only after Ibn al-Abbas's dismissal in 923 and was re-appointed to the vizierate for a third and final time on 7 August.
196:. The death of al-Muktafi in 908 left the issue of the succession open, and the vizier al-Abbas sought the advice of the most important bureaucrats on the choice of a successor. Following Ali's advice, the senior bureaucrats opted for al-Muktafi's 13-year-old brother Ja'far, who was seen as week, pliable, and easy to be manipulated by the senior officials. The choice of
302:). As a courtier, he exercised power in the style of a "grand seigneur" (Kennedy), having an affinity for luxury and dispensing extravagant largesse on his followers to enhance his own image. At the same time, his primary loyalty was not to the state or the caliph, but to the advancement and enrichment of himself and his followers, which formed almost a
281:
pilgrims in April/May the next year. Unable to stop nor to effectively respond to these attacks, Ali's popularity among the populace plummeted, leading to riots in
Baghdad. At the same time, his brutality caused resentment among the bureaucracy and the financial straits of the Caliphate meant that he
167:
The Ibn al-Furat brothers and their supporters came to form one of the two major groups that would dominate the
Abbasid bureaucracy over the next decades, the Banu'l-Furat or Furatids. Their main rivals were another group of secretarial families, the Banu'l-Jarrah or Jarrahids, headed by Muhammad ibn
297:
Ali ibn al-Furat was a complex personality. Well-educated and highly cultured, he was very intelligent and remarkably eloquent. He distinguished himself as an extremely able fiscal administrator, "committed to the reform of abuse and the raising of state revenues without oppression" (Hugh
Kennedy)
260:
Ali's last tenure, from August 923 to June 924 is unanimously condemned by Arab historians as a dark period, the "year of destruction". Instead of treating his deposed rivals with clemency, as he had during his previous two tenures, Ali, assisted by his son al-Muhassin, seized the opportunity to
176:
families and employed
Christians in the bureaucracy, in addition to maintaining closer ties with the military, while the Banu'l-Furat tried to impose firm civilian control of the army and (not quite openly) favoured Shi'ism. The rivalry between the two groups was intense but mostly restrained as
172:, who replaced the Banu'l-Furat as heads of the fiscal departments in 899. The two groups represented simply different factions in a struggle for office and power, but there are indications of "ideological" differences as well: many of the Banu'l-Jarrah families hailed from converted
211:
His first tenure as vizier was one of near absolute authority, with only a small group of palace officials, the caliph's mother and some court eunuchs, providing some checks to his authority, and this only from a distance. Among the successes of the period were the recovery of
204:, "a sinister development" and inaugurated one "of the most disastrous reigns in the whole of Abbasid history a quarter of a century in which all of the work of predecessors would be undone". Following the abortive coup by the supporters of
261:
avenge himself on anyone who had wronged him, and liberally employed violence to extort large sums from those appointed to office under Hamid. To further bolster his own position, he sent the powerful Mu'nis al-Muzaffar to semi-exile in
104:. After a second tenure in 917–918 he was imprisoned by his successor, and was released in 923, becoming vizier for the third and last time soon after. His brutality towards his rivals during his third tenure, coupled with
310:
Caliphate. Furthermore, despite combating corruption in others, he was not above breaking the law for his own profit and was "to an extent ruthless and unscrupulous when it came to furthering his own interests" (Kennedy).
249:-ruled provinces in north-western Iran. Ali tried to intercede on Yusuf's behalf, but to no avail: he was dismissed in November 918, and Yusuf was defeated and taken prisoner to Baghdad by the Abbasid commander-in-chief,
124:
Map showing the
Abbasid Caliphate after al-Mu'tadid's campaigns of consolidation, ca. 900: areas under direct Abbasid control in dark green, areas under loose Abbasid suzerainty, but under autonomous governors, in light
181:, which forced deposed officials to return the money they had embezzled; in effect, however, it practically forced officials to embezzle while on office so as to be able to provide the requisite sums during the
77:. Ali emerged into prominence as an able fiscal administrator and deputy to his older brother Ahmad. Eventually he came to lead one of the two major and rival court factions during al-Muqtadir's caliphate, the
241:. He was re-appointed to the vizierate on 3 June 917, succeeding his old rival Ali ibn Isa, but his second tenure was troubled by the rebellion of Yusuf, who had begun withholding the tribute to
997:
987:
1007:
1002:
177:
their fortunes shifted repeatedly, but torture and the forced confiscation of a deposed official's possessions were commonplace under the old-established system known as
133:
already in the early 9th century, but it was his father
Muhammad ibn Musa who first occupied an important administrative post. Ali began his career alongside his brother
164:(r. 892–902) in 892, he was released and entrusted once more with the fiscal department of the Sawad, and later of all the land tax departments, with Ali as his deputy.
92:
He played an important role in the selection of al-Muqtadir as caliph in 908, going on to serve as vizier in 908–912, during which time he succeeded in re-incorporating
156:
to both al-Mu'tamid and al-Muwaffaq in 885, brought them into the administration as fiscal experts and entrusted them with the department of land revenue of the
237:
Soon, however, Ali began to abuse his power and embezzle large sums from the treasury, which led to his dismissal and arrest on 21 July 912. He was replaced by
982:
856:
841:
729:
650:
193:
877:
238:
992:
972:
765:
705:
134:
967:
21:
833:
Crisis and
Continuity at the Abbasid Court: Formal and Informal Politics in the Caliphate of al-Muqtadir (295-320/908-32)
234:. Grateful for the settlement, Yusuf henceforth considered Ali his protector, and even included his name in his coinage.
925:
894:
863:
800:
757:
697:
105:
70:
977:
679:
643:
The New
Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 1: The Formation of the Islamic World, Sixth to Eleventh Centuries
787:
225:
33:
887:
274:
169:
86:
250:
149:
82:
286:
962:
957:
939:
270:
918:
908:
721:
The
Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
265:. The government's authority was further undermined by the sudden and dramatic resurgence of the
254:
929:
898:
867:
837:
818:
775:
761:
743:
725:
701:
667:
646:
638:
299:
205:
160:. Following Ibn Bulbul's dismissal, Ahmad was imprisoned for a while, but at the accession of
66:
683:
810:
739:
289:
managed to regain high office after 927, even serving as vizier briefly in 932 and in 937.
188:
The two brothers continued to serve as heads of the fiscal departments in the caliphate of
747:
715:
687:
201:
58:
78:
192:(r. 902–908). After his brother's death in 904, Ali became the chief aide to the vizier
795:
791:
634:
161:
138:
112:, caused his deposition and execution, along with his son al-Muhassin, on 18 July 924.
661:
120:
951:
814:
783:
217:
213:
97:
93:
779:
303:
831:
830:
van Berkel, Maaike; El Cheikh, Nadia Maria; Kennedy, Hugh; Osti, Letizia (2013).
751:
719:
691:
221:
197:
142:
101:
74:
48:
536:
534:
298:
and able to "solve rapidly what appeared to be the most complicated problems" (
753:
The
Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
693:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
485:
483:
481:
189:
146:
109:
25:
822:
266:
173:
671:
246:
242:
130:
81:, the other being the group of officials around the commander-in-chief
44:
230:
208:
on 17 December, on 19 December 908 Ali was himself appointed vizier.
153:
29:
306:"secret politicoreligious party" (Sourdel) within the heart of the
307:
262:
157:
119:
96:
into the Caliphate and to restore a measure of authority over the
20:
278:
55:
Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Musa ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Furat
591:
540:
525:
513:
489:
433:
228:, in exchange for a—rather modest—annual tribute of 120,000
645:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 305–359.
602:
600:
551:
549:
345:
343:
65:; 855 – 18 July 924) was a senior official of the
444:
442:
341:
339:
337:
335:
333:
331:
329:
327:
325:
323:
663:
The Life and Times of ʿAlí Ibn ʿÍsà, ‘The Good Vizier’
47:, the vizier Abu'l-Hasan Ali ibn al-Furat, and Caliph
216:, and the recognition of Abbasid suzerainty by the
998:Prisoners and detainees of the Abbasid Caliphate
988:10th-century executions by the Abbasid Caliphate
1008:10th-century people from the Abbasid Caliphate
1003:9th-century people from the Abbasid Caliphate
8:
637:(2010). "The waning of empire, 861–945". In
200:(r. 908–932) was, in the words of historian
129:Ali's family had been of some prominence at
850:
801:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
809:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 767–768.
666:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
285:Of the mighty Banu'l-Furat, Ali's nephew
501:
472:
460:
618:
606:
579:
567:
555:
448:
409:
373:
361:
349:
319:
744:"The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran"
421:
397:
385:
141:(reigned 870–892) and the regency of
16:Abbasid vizier and official (855–924)
7:
724:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
275:destruction of the returning caravan
878:Muhammad ibn Ubayd Allah al-Khaqani
239:Muhammad ibn Ubayd Allah al-Khaqani
145:. Both were protégés of the fellow
62:
857:al-Abbas ibn al-Hasan al-Jarjara'i
194:al-Abbas ibn al-Hasan al-Jarjara'i
43:901–928) citing the heir apparent
14:
983:Viziers of the Abbasid Caliphate
815:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0322
63:أبو الحسن علي بن محمد بن الفرات
38:
872:19 December 908 – 21 July 912
253:, in 919. Ali's successor was
1:
903:3 June 917 – 17 November 918
137:during the late caliphate of
684:"The Ṭāhirids and Ṣaffārids"
934:7 August 923 – 15 June 924
245:and has seized a number of
1024:
758:Cambridge University Press
698:Cambridge University Press
69:who served three times as
993:10th-century Shia Muslims
936:
923:
915:
905:
892:
884:
874:
861:
853:
973:10th-century Arab people
388:, pp. 333–334, 350.
293:Character and assessment
968:9th-century Arab people
660:Bowen, Harold (1928).
592:van Berkel et al. 2013
541:van Berkel et al. 2013
526:van Berkel et al. 2013
514:van Berkel et al. 2013
490:van Berkel et al. 2013
434:van Berkel et al. 2013
152:, who, after becoming
126:
51:
888:Ali ibn Isa al-Jarrah
170:Ali ibn Isa al-Jarrah
168:Dawud and his nephew
123:
87:Ali ibn Isa al-Jarrah
24:
760:. pp. 198–249.
376:, pp. 175, 180.
940:Abdallah al-Khaqani
700:. pp. 90–135.
582:, pp. 767–768.
570:, pp. 191–192.
412:, pp. 185–186.
364:, pp. 174–175.
226:Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj
34:Yusuf ibn Abi'l-Saj
919:Hamid ibn al-Abbas
909:Hamid ibn al-Abbas
639:Robinson, Chase F.
594:, pp. xi, 72.
255:Hamid ibn al-Abbas
251:Mu'nis al-Muzaffar
150:Isma'il ibn Bulbul
127:
83:Mu'nis al-Muzaffar
52:
946:
945:
937:Succeeded by
930:Abbasid Caliphate
906:Succeeded by
899:Abbasid Caliphate
875:Succeeded by
868:Abbasid Caliphate
843:978-90-04-25271-4
836:. Leiden: BRILL.
731:978-0-582-40525-7
652:978-0-521-83823-8
516:, pp. 74–75.
300:Dominique Sourdel
269:threat, with the
106:military failures
67:Abbasid Caliphate
1015:
916:Preceded by
885:Preceded by
854:Preceded by
851:
847:
826:
771:
748:Frye, Richard N.
735:
711:
688:Frye, Richard N.
675:
656:
622:
616:
610:
604:
595:
589:
583:
577:
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559:
553:
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365:
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347:
64:
42:
40:
1023:
1022:
1018:
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1016:
1014:
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1012:
948:
947:
942:
933:
921:
911:
902:
890:
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871:
859:
844:
829:
774:
768:
738:
732:
714:
708:
678:
659:
653:
635:Bonner, Michael
633:
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578:
574:
566:
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447:
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404:
396:
392:
384:
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372:
368:
360:
356:
348:
321:
317:
295:
273:in 923 and the
202:Hugh N. Kennedy
118:
85:and the vizier
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1021:
1019:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
950:
949:
944:
943:
938:
935:
922:
917:
913:
912:
907:
904:
891:
886:
882:
881:
876:
873:
860:
855:
849:
848:
842:
827:
780:"Ibn al-Furāt"
772:
766:
736:
730:
712:
706:
680:Bosworth, C.E.
676:
657:
651:
629:
626:
624:
623:
621:, p. 186.
611:
609:, p. 768.
596:
584:
572:
560:
558:, p. 191.
545:
530:
518:
506:
504:, p. 231.
494:
477:
475:, p. 230.
465:
463:, p. 123.
453:
451:, p. 190.
438:
426:
424:, p. 349.
414:
402:
400:, p. 334.
390:
378:
366:
354:
352:, p. 767.
318:
316:
313:
294:
291:
206:Ibn al-Mu'tazz
117:
114:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1020:
1009:
1006:
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989:
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808:
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802:
797:
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789:
788:Ménage, V. L.
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
767:0-521-20093-8
763:
759:
756:. Cambridge:
755:
754:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
727:
723:
722:
717:
716:Kennedy, Hugh
713:
709:
707:0-521-20093-8
703:
699:
696:. Cambridge:
695:
694:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
664:
658:
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648:
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632:
631:
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601:
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593:
588:
585:
581:
576:
573:
569:
564:
561:
557:
552:
550:
546:
543:, p. 72.
542:
537:
535:
531:
528:, p. xi.
527:
522:
519:
515:
510:
507:
503:
502:Madelung 1975
498:
495:
491:
486:
484:
482:
478:
474:
473:Madelung 1975
469:
466:
462:
461:Bosworth 1975
457:
454:
450:
445:
443:
439:
436:, p. ix.
435:
430:
427:
423:
418:
415:
411:
406:
403:
399:
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276:
272:
271:Sack of Basra
268:
264:
258:
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132:
122:
115:
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107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:under Caliph
72:
68:
60:
56:
50:
46:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
978:Banu'l-Furat
924:
893:
862:
832:
806:
799:
752:
740:Madelung, W.
720:
692:
662:
642:
619:Kennedy 2004
614:
607:Sourdel 1971
587:
580:Sourdel 1971
575:
568:Kennedy 2004
563:
556:Kennedy 2004
521:
509:
497:
492:, p. x.
468:
456:
449:Kennedy 2004
429:
417:
410:Kennedy 2004
405:
393:
381:
374:Kennedy 2004
369:
362:Kennedy 2004
357:
350:Sourdel 1971
304:Twelver Shia
296:
284:
259:
236:
229:
210:
187:
182:
178:
166:
128:
108:against the
91:
79:Banu'l-Furat
54:
53:
18:
805:Volume III:
796:Schacht, J.
792:Pellat, Ch.
776:Sourdel, D.
422:Bonner 2010
398:Bonner 2010
386:Bonner 2010
222:Adharbayjan
198:al-Muqtadir
162:al-Mu'tadid
143:al-Muwaffaq
139:al-Mu'tamid
102:Adharbayjan
75:al-Muqtadir
49:al-Muqtadir
45:Abu'l-Abbas
963:924 deaths
958:855 births
952:Categories
315:References
190:al-Muktafi
110:Qarmatians
26:Gold dinar
823:495469525
784:Lewis, B.
267:Qarmatian
220:ruler of
185:inquest.
174:Nestorian
798:(eds.).
778:(1971).
742:(1975).
718:(2004).
682:(1975).
183:muṣādara
179:muṣādara
928:of the
897:of the
866:of the
750:(ed.).
690:(ed.).
641:(ed.).
628:Sources
287:al-Fadl
247:Samanid
243:Baghdad
231:dirhams
147:Shi'ite
131:Baghdad
41:
28:of the
926:Vizier
895:Vizier
864:Vizier
840:
821:
807:H–Iram
794:&
764:
728:
704:
672:386849
670:
649:
154:vizier
98:Sajids
71:vizier
59:Arabic
782:. In
746:. In
686:. In
308:Sunni
263:Raqqa
218:Sajid
158:Sawad
135:Ahmad
125:green
32:amir
30:Sajid
838:ISBN
819:OCLC
762:ISBN
726:ISBN
702:ISBN
668:OCLC
647:ISBN
279:Hajj
214:Fars
116:Life
94:Fars
811:doi
277:of
100:of
954::
817:.
803:.
790:;
786:;
599:^
548:^
533:^
480:^
441:^
322:^
224:,
89:.
61::
39:r.
846:.
825:.
813::
770:.
734:.
710:.
674:.
655:.
57:(
36:(
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