349:
913:, 123 (Constitutional Court of South Africa 6 September 1996) ("The contention was that CP XXXIV has to be interpreted in the light of agreements and memoranda produced by the Freedom Front, the ANC and the then South African Government on the eve of the elections in April 1994. Yet, far from giving these expectations form, the has given nothing concrete in the form of self-determination, and has in fact made the achievement of such self-determination much harder in three respects.")
949:, 125 (Constitutional Court of South Africa 6 September 1996) ("This is clearly a permissive rather than an obligatory provision. The only mandatory provision in the CP is that if a territorial entity has in fact been established in terms of the IC before the NT is adopted, then such entity must be entrenched in the NT. No such entity had in fact been established, so no obligatory entrenchment had to be made.")
652:
The pursuit on the part of the
Freedom Front and other Afrikaners to strive towards the development of a particular region in the country (the North Western Cape corridor) as a home for Afrikaner culture and language within the framework of the constitution and Bill of Rights, is in government’s view
459:
it was found that there was enough support for the erection of the
Volkstaat Council, which task would be to map the possibilities of Afrikaner self-determination. During the elections 37% of the Afrikaners or 640.000 people voted for the Freedom Front. The Volkstaat Council existed of 20 members and
403:
The list with constitutional principles was also amended by the
Amendment Act, by adding a new principle. The new Constitutional Principle XXXIV added a territorial component to the provisions on self-determination made in Constitutional Principle XII. The Accord on Afrikaner self-determination made
390:
was signed into law by State
President De Klerk. The Interim Constitution was to be implemented at 27 April 1994. On 2 March 1994, the proposed interim constitution was amended by the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Amendment Act, 1994. This amendment created provisions for the creation
377:
The Accord on
Afrikaner self-determination has been implemented in several founding documents of post-apartheid South Africa. Because of the rupture of the Afrikaner Volksfront and agenda-issues the Accord could not be signed earlier than 23 April 1994. By that time some of the results of the Accord
241:
by conservative
Afrikaners. At that time, the National Party refused to sign the final agreements with the ANC, because there was no agreement on amnesty for the members of the state security services of the Apartheid government. Therefore, the ANC continued to negotiate with conservative Afrikaners
625:
The right of the South
African people as a whole to self-determination, as manifested in this Constitution, does not preclude, within the framework of this right, recognition of the notion of the right of self-determination of any community sharing a common cultural and language heritage; within a
224:
As a result, the far-right in the
Afrikaner Volksfront forced the Afrikaner Volksfront to boycott the general elections at 27 April 1994. On 26 February 1994 this led to a rupture in the Afrikaner Volksfront, that consisted of an alliance between hardliners that did not want general (multi-racial)
419:
1. This
Schedule and the recognition therein of the right of the South African people as a whole to self-determination, shall not be construed as precluding, within the framework of the said right, constitutional provision for a notion of the right to self-determination by any community sharing a
440:
According the
Constitutional Court of South Africa, the first two subsections of the principle were mainly permissive provisions. Only the third subsection was a mandatory provision: if a territorial entity had been established before the new constitution was adopted, then this entity must be
181:, instead of power sharing between different cultural groups in South Africa. Conservative Afrikaners were very dissatisfied with the outcomes of the negotiations. At 25 June 1993 - during the second round of negotiations for the interim constitution of 1993 - around 3000 supporters of the
236:
At the same time about one million Afrikaners refused to accept a new state structure in which Afrikaners would lose their political power. This could lead to permanent public unrest after the elections. Especially in the last weeks before the general election, the ANC was afraid of a
176:
In the last months of 1992 the NP-led government, the ANC and other important groups came to an accord to develop a new constitution. The parties agreed on 32 constitutional principals. These constitutional principals set out a proportional electoral system based on the principle of
460:
was founded on 16 June 1994. The Volkstaat Council did research on the desirability of different forms of autonomy and self-determination under the population of certain areas, the demographic feasibility of these forms and possible forms of government of these areas.
426:
3. If a territorial entity referred to in paragraph 1 is established in terms of this Constitution before the new constitutional text is adopted, the new Constitution shall entrench the continuation of such territorial entity, including its structures, powers and
463:
Between 1994 and 1996 the Volkstaat Council also participated during the design of a new constitution and political order of South Africa. The Volkstaat Council sent different proposals to different commissions busy with the design of a new constitution.
242:
about a homeland or volkstaat for Afrikaners. After the rupture of the Afrikaner Volksfront, the ANC continued these talks with the Freedom Front. The ANC, Freedom Front and the NP-led government of South Africa came to an agreement on 23 April 1994.
407:
The 34 constitutional principles are the basis of any South African constitution, and before a new constitution or amendments of the constitution can take effect these texts must be reviewed according to the 34 constitutional principles by the
286:
With the accord the Freedom Front got its possibilities to address Afrikaner self-determination after the general election of 27 April 1994. The ANC ensured the participation of conservative Afrikaners in the same general election, avoiding a
299:
The signing of the Accord on Afrikaner self-determination took place at 23 April 1994 in Pretoria. The signing ceremony was supervised by witnesses prof. Abraham Viljoen and Jürgen Kögl. The following parties are signatories of the accord:
603:
The South African government did not react to the proposals of the Volkstaat Council. Per the government Afrikaners form only a minority in all municipalities. Some Afrikaners have accused the ruling African National Congress of
281:
The parties further agree that they will discuss all matters of concerns by negotiations. The possibility of international mediation to help resolve such matters as may be in dispute and/or difficult to conclude will not be
639:
Before implemented, this article - and the whole new constitution - was reviewed by the Constitutional Court of South Africa. The Constitutional Court used the 34 constitutional principles as the basis for this review.
693:
Since 2000 there have been negotiations between Orania and the South African and Northern Cape governments about the status of the village. No agreement has been reached and Orania is the only village outside of the
277:
During the negotiations of Afrikaner self-determination the parties will also discuss among themselves and reach agreement about the perceived consequences of the outcome of the negotiations for the agricultural
264:
The result of the negotiations shall be based on large support for Afrikaner self-determination and common principles as democracy, anti-racism, fundamental human rights and the promotion of peace and national
152:
with the question whether the negotiations with the ANC and other parties for a new constitution should continue. During the campaign the National Party-led government swore that it would never accept a
1141:
Orania Transitional Representative Council and the Orania Inhabitants Association vs. The President of the Government of the Republic of South Africa and 47 others, Northern Cape High Court, 1148/2000
423:
2. The Constitution may give expression to any particular form of self-determination provided there is substantial proven support within the community concerned for such a form of self-determination.
608:
to reset the municipal boundaries in 2000, so that many cities and towns with an Afrikaner-majority were merged into large(r) municipalities with larger concentrations of people with other cultures.
395:. For this purpose a new chapter (11A) was inserted in the Interim Constitution. Following this chapter, the Volkstaat Council Act was signed into law on 2 December 1994 by president Nelson Mandela.
217:
to maintain white rule in South Africa. Although the ANC and the Afrikaner Volksfront came to an agreement, the far-right in the Afrikaner Volksfront refused to sign the agreement and rejected the
250:
The Accord on Afrikaner self-determination was signed on 23 April 1994 in Pretoria, four days before the first multiracial general elections of South Africa. The accord included eight agreements:
674:
During the rupture of the Afrikaner Volksfront the more moderate Volkstaters left the Afrikaner Volksfront and established the Freedom Front. The main founders of the Freedom Front were
271:
A Volkstaat Council we be erected. This Volkstaat Council will research possible forms of Afrikaner self-determination. The Volkstaat Council will report to the South African government;
144:) government and the African National Congress to create a new democratic South Africa there was a lot of resistance among conservative Afrikaners. Their main political party - the
699:
515:
218:
261:
During the negotiations on Afrikaner self-determination, the possibilities of local and/or regional and other forms of Afrikaner self-determination will not be excluded;
931:, 126 (Constitutional Court of South Africa 6 September 1996) ("We are, however, bound in our present task by the limits of the 34 CPs, and by them alone.")
841:
137:
600:
A form of autonomy for the Bushveld in the western part of Limpopo (Northern Transvaal) was already perceived as unreachable by the Volkstaat Council itself.
185:
695:
149:
1119:
170:
467:
On 31 March 1999 the Volkstaat Council sent its findings to the South African government. The Volkstaat Council submitted the next proposals:
456:
433:
409:
268:
Support of Afrikaner self-determination will be measured by elections in an - by the parties indicated - area or specific polling stations;
96:
225:
elections and moderates that wanted to establish a volkstaat before a general election was held. The moderate Volkstaters, led by General
1187:
387:
864:
1182:
823:
781:
621:
The new 1996 constitution of South Africa acknowledges the right of self-determination of separate cultural and linguistic groups:
145:
1052:
Nevertheless, the MDB was accused of gerrymandering in favour of the ANC by opposition parties and media in South Africa
148:- did not want the Afrikaners to lose political power in South Africa. In 1992 the South African government decided to call an
1177:
648:
On 5 June 1998 Valli Moosa, the then minister of Constitutional Development (ANC), said during a parliamentary debate that:
420:
common cultural and language heritage, whether in a territorial entity within the Republic or in any other recognised way.
669:
356:
162:
154:
125:
65:
1097:
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182:
441:
entrenched in the new constitution. No such entity had been established, so no obligatory entrenchment had to be made.
208:
1156:
755:
594:
The ANC-led government of South Africa rejects the idea of dual representation of Afrikaners in their own councils.
1015:
All the details in this table are researched and proposed by the Volkstaat Council itself, see the summary of the
958:
332:
121:
60:
75:
Recognition of the right on self-determination by the South African government and the African National Congress
1172:
560:
546:
1019:
995:
961:, Department of Justice and Constitutional Development (South Africa), (page 7), accessed on 18 May 2016.
726:
716:
687:
497:
195:- which was an umbrella organisation of several right-wing Afrikaner organisations - negotiated about a
192:
158:
348:
721:
525:
317:
230:
117:
113:
92:
87:
56:
1159:, Department of Justice and Constitutional Development (South Africa), accessed on 18 May 2016.
1066:
758:, Department of Justice and Constitutional Development (South Africa), accessed on 18 May 2016.
819:
777:
450:
392:
213:
178:
166:
207:. The ANC agreed to negotiate because they were concerned that conservatives in the (white)
675:
322:
226:
798:
From Power Sharing to Democracy: Post-Conflict Institutions in Ethnically Divided Societies
626:
territorial entity in the Republic or in any other way, determined by national legislation.
1023:
999:
886:(News report). Pretoria, South Africa: AP Archive. 23 April 1994. Event occurs at 1m06s
881:
1039:
The effective of redistricting on South Africa's electocal process: the case of Gauteng
605:
690:, although the town is not a signatory of the Accord on Afrikaner self-determination.
506:
Support of the inhabitants of Orania and the approval of the South African government
1166:
973:
683:
679:
946:
928:
910:
529:
352:
46:
29:
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361:
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711:
658:
Valli Moosa (ANC), Minister of Constitutional Development, 1998, in parliament
556:
552:
109:
84:
731:
564:
491:
255:
200:
196:
141:
291:
by conservative Afrikaners and adding legitimacy to that general election.
521:
204:
42:
404:
territorial self-determination one of the 34 constitutional principles.
1084:
942:
Certification of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996
924:
Certification of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996
906:
Certification of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996
229:, left the Afrikaner Volksfront and established their own party: the
191:
In late 1993 the African National Congress and the newly established
108:
is a South African political accord that recognises the right of the
540:
Most feasible option, but non-negotiable for the ANC-led government
959:
Third Progress Report of the Ad hoc Committee on Self-determination
274:
The Volkstaat Council will be free to form its own advisory bodies;
1071:
846:
254:
The idea of Afrikaner self-determination, including the idea of a
1016:
992:
534:
389.656 Afrikaners (72,6%) and 138,920 non-Afrikaners (27,4%)
258:, will be discussed through negotiations between the parties;
165:(74% of the population). The NP would only accept a form of
1042:. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand. p. 79
479:
Number of inhabitants (1998; without possible immigration)
818:] (in Afrikaans). Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 407.
776:] (in Afrikaans). Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 358.
83:
Creation of common ground for future negotiations about
686:. Boshoff was also the leader of the Afrikaner town of
509:
Not a current situation, requires future development
161:(12% of the population) should lose all power to the
583:
Non-territorial, complementary to each elected body
221:of South Africa which was passed in November 1993.
186:
stormed into the World Trade Centre in Johannesburg
79:
71:
52:
38:
28:
23:
883:South Africa - Afrikaner Self Determination Accord
128:-led South African government on 23 April 1994.
1087:of the Parliament of South Africa, 5 June 1998.
1067:The pursuit of the FF is legitimate, says Moosa
650:
623:
417:
1120:"Statement on Cabinet meeting of 4 April 2001"
698:of South Africa, because it still has its own
751:
749:
747:
8:
850:, 31 October 1998, accessed on 18 May 2016.
800:McGill-Queen's University Press (2005) p151
842:South Africa throws blanket of silence off
173:for the continuation of the negotiations.
1006:, 20 June 2011, accessed on 18 May 2016.
469:
302:
169:. Ultimately, 68.7% of the white voters
1098:"Mufamadi meets Orania representatives"
1075:, 5 June 1998, accessed on 18 May 2016.
743:
366:Minister of Constitutional Development
1157:Accord on Afrikaner self-determination
756:Accord on Afrikaner self-determination
106:Accord on Afrikaner self-determination
24:Accord on Afrikaner self-determination
20:
860:
858:
856:
415:Constitutional Principle XXXIV read:
91:Ensuring of the participation of the
7:
434:Interim Constitution of South Africa
410:Constitutional Court of South Africa
700:transitional representative council
1122:. Government Communications (GCIS)
980:. Pretoria: LAPA Uitgewers. p. 448
382:Interim Constitution Amendment Act
14:
496:North Western Cape corridor with
871:, s.d., accessed on 9 June 2024.
432:Constitutional Principle XXXIV,
347:
1017:Report of the Volkstaat Council
993:Report of the Volkstaat Council
157:, because this would mean that
116:. The accord was signed by the
378:already were signed into law.
16:South African political accord
1:
670:Orania Representative Council
573:80% of the living Afrikaners
537:76% of the living Afrikaners
188:to disrupt the negotiations.
155:proportional electoral system
978:Dis nou ek, 'n outobiografie
653:indeed a legitimate pursuit.
633:Constitution of South Africa
514:Afrikaans-speaking region ("
457:provincial elections of 1994
183:Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
1036:Agrizzi, Giancarlo (2017).
209:South African Defence Force
150:end-of-apartheid referendum
140:between the South African (
1204:
1188:Separatism in South Africa
816:The Last Afrikaner Leaders
812:Die Laaste Afrikanerleiers
810:Giliomee, Hermann (2012).
774:The Last Afrikaner Leaders
770:Die Laaste Afrikanerleiers
768:Giliomee, Hermann (2012).
667:
448:
869:Nelson Mandela Foundation
399:Constitutional Principles
333:African National Congress
122:African National Congress
64:South African government/
61:African National Congress
1183:Politics of South Africa
203:) for Afrikaners around
865:11.3 Self-determination
570:ca. 200.000 Afrikaners
386:At 25 January 1994 the
661:
637:
503:ca. 70.000 Afrikaners
438:
312:Position of signatory
97:1994 general elections
1178:Afrikaner nationalism
727:Orania, Northern Cape
717:Afrikaner nationalism
1022:10 June 2016 at the
998:10 June 2016 at the
388:Interim Constitution
219:interim constitution
193:Afrikaner Volksfront
947: Case CCT 23/96
929: Case CCT 23/96
911: Case CCT 23/96
796:Noel, Sid (editor)
696:municipal structure
580:Afrikaner Councils
342:National president
722:Freedom Front Plus
500:as starting point
146:Conservative Party
114:self-determination
88:self-determination
644:Moosa-declaration
612:Current situation
598:
597:
451:Volkstaat Council
445:Volkstaat Council
393:Volkstaat Council
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34:23 April 1994
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1124:. Retrieved
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1044:. Retrieved
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