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that follow the beam, it is possible for it to interact with any electrical impedance in the walls of the beam pipe. This may be in the form of a resistive impedance (i.e., the finite resistivity of the beam pipe material) or an inductive/capacitive impedance (due to the geometric changes in the beam
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A typical machine may use many different types of measurement device in order to measure different properties. These include (but are not limited to) Beam
Position Monitors (BPMs) to measure the position of the bunch, screens (fluorescent screens, Optical Transition Radiation (OTR) devices) to image
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While many of these devices rely on well understood technology, designing a device capable of measuring a beam for a particular machine is a complex task requiring much expertise. Not only is a full understanding of the physics of the operation of the device necessary, but it is also necessary to
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Engineers will provide the physicists with expected tolerances for the alignment and manufacture of each component to allow full physics simulations of the expected behaviour of the machine under these conditions. In many cases it will be found that the performance is degraded to an unacceptable
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There are many different software packages available for modeling the different aspects of accelerator physics. One must model the elements that create the electric and magnetic fields, and then one must model the charged particle evolution within those fields.
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This may require many simulations of different error conditions in order to determine the relative success of each tuning algorithm, and to allow recommendations for the collection of algorithms to be deployed on the real machine.
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operate using time-varying fields. To control this fields using hollow macroscopic structures through which the particles are passing (wavelength restrictions), the frequency of such acceleration fields is located in the
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Errors in the alignment of components, field strength, etc., are inevitable in machines of this scale, so it is important to consider the tolerances under which a machine may operate.
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The experiments conducted with particle accelerators are not regarded as part of accelerator physics, but belong (according to the objectives of the experiments) to, e.g.,
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level, requiring either re-engineering of the components, or the invention of algorithms that allow the machine performance to be 'tuned' back to the design level.
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at high voltages. Furthermore, due to electrostatic fields being conservative, the maximum voltage limits the kinetic energy that is applicable to the particles.
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the profile of the bunch, wire-scanners to measure its cross-section, and toroids or ICTs to measure the bunch charge (i.e., the number of particles per bunch).
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are re-focused to the design orbit. For preliminary calculations, neglecting all fields components higher than quadrupolar, an inhomogenic
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The space around a particle beam is evacuated to prevent scattering with gas atoms, requiring it to be enclosed in a vacuum chamber (or
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with different properties and functions. An important step in the development of these types of accelerators was the understanding of
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A vital component of any accelerator are the diagnostic devices that allow various properties of the particle bunches to be measured.
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fields that deflect particles. In most accelerator concepts (excluding compact structures like the
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483:{\displaystyle {\frac {d^{2}}{ds^{2}}}\,x(s)+k(s)\,x(s)={\frac {1}{\rho }}\,{\frac {\Delta p}{p}}}
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for magnetic fields, adjustments to the beam direction are mainly controlled by
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may be used to construct an integrator with a high degree of accuracy.
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939:. Graduate Texts in Physics. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
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for acceleration of ultrarelativistic particles from the TESLA project
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such as average energy, particle type, intensity, and dimensions.
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Due to the high velocity of the particles, and the resulting
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Acceleration and interaction of particles with RF structures
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are used to guide the beam through the structure, while
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836:"Theory of the alternating-gradient synchrotron"
731:Significant publications for accelerator physics
998:Handbook of accelerator physics and engineering
631:The general equations of motion originate from
124:(for acceleration/deflection structures in the
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878:Particle Accelerator Physics: An Introduction
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1134:BNL page on The Alternating Gradient Concept
995:Chao, Alex W.; Tigner, Maury, eds. (2013).
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1124:United States Particle Accelerator School
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769:This article includes a list of general
288:Collective effects (accelerator physics)
243:region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
43:This article includes a list of general
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158:, for the description of intense beams.
1359:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
493:can be used as an approximation, with
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1090:Chao, Alex W.; Chou, Weiren (2012).
1063:Chao, Alex W.; Chou, Weiren (2013).
1036:Chao, Alex W.; Chou, Weiren (2014).
117:It is also related to other fields:
225:Cockcroft-Walton voltage multiplier
775:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1480:Timeline of physics discoveries
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746:Category:Particle accelerators
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258:These impedances will induce
142:(laser-particle interaction).
936:Particle Accelerator Physics
905:Schopper, Herwig F. (1993).
736:Category:Accelerator physics
622:Ray transfer matrix analysis
236:linear particle accelerators
234:To circumvent this problem,
1444:Quantum information science
328:are used for correction of
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1275:Classical electromagnetism
933:Wiedemann, Helmut (2015).
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557:{\displaystyle \Delta p/p}
370:Hill differential equation
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1129:UCB/LBL Beam Physics site
953:10.1007/978-3-319-18317-6
656:Accelerator Physics Codes
150:digital signal processing
1381:Condensed matter physics
172:condensed matter physics
970:Lee, Shyh-Yuan (2004).
882:Oxford University Press
790:more precise citations.
592:the design path length
255:pipe's cross section).
64:more precise citations.
1465:Nobel Prize in Physics
1327:Relativistic mechanics
863:10.1006/aphy.2000.6012
640:Paraxial approximation
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582:{\displaystyle \rho }
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101:particle accelerators
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1094:. World Scientific.
1067:. World Scientific.
1040:. World Scientific.
911:. World Scientific.
726:Particle accelerator
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519:{\displaystyle k(s)}
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229:electrical breakdown
148:with an emphasis on
134:with an emphasis on
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1404:Atmospheric physics
1243:Classical mechanics
1171:branches of physics
973:Accelerator physics
945:2015pap..book.....W
855:2000AnPhy.281..360C
568:radius of curvature
146:Computer technology
93:Accelerator physics
18:Accelerator Physics
1460:History of physics
688:Machine tolerances
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1391:Interdisciplinary
1349:Quantum mechanics
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1082:978-981-4449-94-6
1055:978-981-4583-24-4
1020:978-981-4417-17-4
987:978-981-256-200-5
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891:978-0-19-850549-5
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788:introducing
62:introducing
1495:Categories
1419:Geophysics
1409:Biophysics
1253:Analytical
1206:Approaches
796:March 2012
771:references
752:References
654:See also:
330:dispersion
270:See also:
260:wakefields
190:See also:
45:references
1369:Molecular
1270:Acoustics
1263:Continuum
1258:Celestial
1248:Newtonian
1235:Classical
1178:Divisions
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577:ρ
541:Δ
469:Δ
460:ρ
332:effects.
302:cyclotron
248:beam pipe
924:March 9,
704:See also
306:betatron
1453:Related
1337:General
1332:Special
1190:Applied
941:Bibcode
851:Bibcode
784:improve
530:effects
214:niobium
128:range).
58:improve
1364:Atomic
1319:Modern
1169:Major
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660:Geant4
286:, and
217:cavity
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132:Optics
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1025:S2CID
839:(PDF)
589:, and
337:orbit
1290:Wave
1185:Pure
1104:ISBN
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926:2012
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886:ISBN
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