3412:
Inhomogeneities in the early universe cause the formation of walls and bubbles, where the inside of a bubble has less matter than on average. According to general relativity, space is less curved than on the walls, and thus appears to have more volume and a higher expansion rate. In the denser regions, the expansion is slowed by a higher gravitational attraction. Therefore, the inward collapse of the denser regions looks the same as an accelerating expansion of the bubbles, leading us to conclude that the universe is undergoing an accelerated expansion. The benefit is that it does not require any new physics such as dark energy. RÀsÀnen does not consider the model likely, but without any falsification, it must remain a possibility. It would require rather large density fluctuations (20%) to work.
626:
6747:
2666:
5114:
6807:
570:
47:
6783:
6759:
6401:
582:
2709:. At larger distances, since the expansion rate of the universe has changed over time, the distance-redshift relation deviates from linearity, and this deviation depends on how the expansion rate has changed over time. The full calculation requires computer integration of the Friedmann equation, but a simple derivation can be given as follows: the redshift
6795:
6771:
3155:
to measure the expansion rate of the universe. Abbot et al. 2017 measured the Hubble constant value to be approximately 70 kilometres per second per megaparsec. The amplitudes of the strain 'h' is dependent on the masses of the objects causing waves, distances from observation point and gravitational
2986:
at a fixed radius from the overdensities of dark matter, a distance known as the sound horizon. As time passed and the universe expanded, it was at these inhomogeneities of matter density where galaxies started to form. So by looking at the distances at which galaxies at different redshifts tend to
3411:
ruled out many modified gravity theories as alternative explanations to dark energy. Another type of model, the backreaction conjecture, was proposed by cosmologist Syksy RÀsÀnen: the rate of expansion is not homogenous, but Earth is in a region where expansion is faster than the background.
4549:
The LIGO Scientific
Collaboration and The Virgo Collaboration; The 1M2H Collaboration; The Dark Energy Camera GW-EM Collaboration and the DES Collaboration; The DLT40 Collaboration; The Las Cumbres Observatory Collaboration; The VINROUGE Collaboration; The MASTER Collaboration (2017-11-02).
2464:
is negative. Essentially, this implies that the cosmic recession velocity of any one particular galaxy is increasing with time, but its velocity/distance ratio is still decreasing; thus different galaxies expanding across a sphere of fixed radius cross the sphere more slowly at later times.
688:
established that the farther away that an object is, the faster it is receding. The unexpected result was that objects in the universe are moving away from one another at an accelerating rate. Cosmologists at the time expected that recession velocity would always be decelerating, due to the
3415:
A final possibility is that dark energy is an illusion caused by some bias in measurements. For example, if we are located in an emptier-than-average region of space, the observed cosmic expansion rate could be mistaken for a variation in time, or acceleration. A different approach uses a
3420:
to show how space might appear to be expanding more rapidly in the voids surrounding our local cluster. While weak, such effects considered cumulatively over billions of years could become significant, creating the illusion of cosmic acceleration, and making it appear as if we live in a
2130:, the very early universe underwent a period of very rapid, quasi-exponential expansion. While the time-scale for this period of expansion was far shorter than that of the existing expansion, this was a period of accelerated expansion with some similarities to the current epoch.
3156:
waves detection frequencies. The associated distance measures are dependent on the cosmological parameters like the Hubble
Constant for nearby objects and will be dependent on other cosmological parameters like the dark energy density, matter density, etc. for distant sources.
1960:
1626:
1981:. Each of the components decreases with the expansion of the universe (increasing scale factor), except perhaps the dark energy term. It is the values of these cosmological parameters which physicists use to determine the acceleration of the universe.
2927:
catalog of Type Ia supernovas, containing ten times as many supernova as were used in the 1998 analyses, and concluded that there was little evidence for a "monopole", that is, for an isotropic acceleration in all directions. See also the section on
3398:
is an alternative explanation for accelerating expansion which attempts to unite dark matter and dark energy into a single framework. Alternatively, some authors have argued that the accelerated expansion of the universe could be due to a repulsive
3451:) and, eventually, dark energy dominates. Specifically, when the scale of the universe doubles, the density of matter is reduced by a factor of 8, but the density of dark energy is nearly unchanged (it is exactly constant if the dark energy is the
3462:. This will eventually lead to all evidence for the Big Bang disappearing, as the cosmic microwave background is redshifted to lower intensities and longer wavelengths. Eventually, its frequency will be low enough that it will be absorbed by the
2087:
3667:
p. 44: "Taken together, all the current data provide strong evidence for the existence of dark energy; they constrain the fraction of critical density contributed by dark energy, 0.76 ± 0.02, and the equation-of-state parameter,
2962:. Points of higher density in the photon-baryon plasma would contract, being compressed by gravity until the pressure became too large and they expanded again. This contraction and expansion created vibrations in the plasma analogous to
3165:
3469:
A constantly expanding universe with a non-zero cosmological constant has mass density decreasing over time. Under such a scenario, it is understood that all matter will ionize and disintegrate into isolated stable particles such as
2689:
can be standardized. Repeated imaging of selected areas of the sky is used to discover the supernovae, then follow-up observations give their peak brightness, which is converted into a quantity known as luminosity distance (see
5581:
Ishak, Mustapha; Richardson, James; Garred, David; Whittington, Delilah; Nwankwo, Anthony; Sussman, Roberto (2008). "Dark Energy or
Apparent Acceleration Due to a Relativistic Cosmological Model More Complex than FLRW?".
3425:. Yet other possibilities are that the accelerated expansion of the universe is an illusion caused by the relative motion of us to the rest of the universe, or that the supernova sample size used wasn't large enough.
680:), and since objects that are farther away appear dimmer, the observed brightness of these supernovae can be used to measure the distance to them. The distance can then be compared to the supernovae's cosmological
3690: 10 Gyr. These results are robust â data from any one method can be removed without compromising the constraints â and they are not substantially weakened by dropping the assumption of spatial flatness."
3012:) indicating that this is the size of the sound horizon today, and by comparing this to the sound horizon at the time of decoupling (using the CMB), we can confirm the accelerated expansion of the universe.
2974:, it stayed at the centre of the sound wave, the origin of the original overdensity. When decoupling occurred, approximately 380,000 years after the Big Bang, photons separated from matter and were able to
3028:
of the clusters above a threshold mass, also provides evidence for dark energy . By comparing these mass functions at high and low redshifts to those predicted by different cosmological models, values for
3126:
3466:, and so be screened from any observer within the galaxy. This will occur when the universe is less than 50 times its existing age, leading to the end of any life as the distant universe turns dark.
1796:
1736:
3288:, which has generally been known as the Standard Model of Cosmology from 2003 through the present, since it is the simplest model in good agreement with a variety of recent observations. Riess
1785:
6202:
3520:
1507:
1476:
171:
2870:
was smaller in the past than today. Thus, an accelerating universe took a longer time to expand from 2/3 to 1 times its present size, compared to a non-accelerating universe with constant
2267:
2338:
2899:
and the same present-day value of the Hubble constant. This results in a larger light-travel time, larger distance and fainter supernovae, which corresponds to the actual observations.
3131:
By comparing this to actual measured values of the cosmological parameters, we can confirm the validity of a model which is accelerating now, and had a slower expansion in the past.
2768:
2705:
For supernovae at redshift less than around 0.1, or light travel time less than 10 percent of the age of the universe, this gives a nearly linear distanceâredshift relation due to
2588:
2399:
3223:
6437:
6135:
542:
4744:
Rosado, Pablo A.; Lasky, Paul D.; Thrane, Eric; Zhu, Xingjiang; Mandel, Ilya; Sesana, Alberto (2016). "Detectability of
Gravitational Waves from High-Redshift Binaries".
2839:
2428:
2165:
2897:
2868:
1994:
3390:
cosmology does not assume that the mass density of the universe is positive (as is done in supernova observations), and instead finds a negative cosmological constant.
3333:. This phantom energy density would become infinite in finite time, causing such a huge gravitational repulsion that the universe would lose all structure and end in a
6145:
4637:
Abbott, B. P.; et al. (LIGO Scientific
Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration) (2016-02-11). "Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger".
4358:
2631:
625:
5010:
Halle, Anaelle; Zhao, Hongsheng; Li, Baojiu (2008). "Perturbations in a non-uniform dark energy fluid: equations reveal effects of modified gravity and dark matter".
2916:
universe without a cosmological constant". This means that the measured high-redshift distances were too large, compared to nearby ones, for a decelerating universe.
2370:
4623:
2462:
2495:
2541:
5424:
2515:
2189:
4283:
1432:
612:
3458:
In models where dark energy is the cosmological constant, the universe will expand exponentially with time in the far future, coming closer and closer to a
3919:
1231:
4466:
Eisenstein, Daniel J.; et al. (2005). "Detection of the Baryon
Acoustic Peak in the Large-Scale Correlation Function of SDSS Luminous Red Galaxies".
6074:
3183:
The most important property of dark energy is that it has negative pressure (repulsive action) which is distributed relatively homogeneously in space.
781:
5238:
6648:
6837:
3400:
5256:
Lombriser, Lucas; Lima, Nelson (2017). "Challenges to Self-Acceleration in
Modified Gravity from Gravitational Waves and Large-Scale Structure".
6430:
4957:
Farnes, J.S. (2018). "A Unifying Theory of Dark Energy and Dark Matter: Negative Masses and Matter
Creation within a Modified ÎCDM Framework".
6746:
4121:
2654:
6386:
649:
346:
6315:
4873:
Caldwell, R. R. (2002). "A phantom menace? Cosmological consequences of a dark energy component with super-negative equation of state".
4413:
Hinshaw, G. (2009). "Five-Year
Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Data Processing, Sky Maps, and Basic Results".
3151:
not only confirmed
Einstein's predictions but also opened a new window into the universe. These gravitational waves can work as sort of
2657:, finding that the observed values of the cosmological parameters are best described by models which include an accelerating expansion.
4161:
Riess, Adam G.; et al. (1998). "Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and a Cosmological Constant".
4091:
6423:
6150:
4528:
3898:
3742:
555:
605:
5337:
6243:
3434:
3064:
2906:
found that "the distances of the high-redshift SNe Ia were, on average, 10% to 15% farther than expected in a low mass density
188:
1955:{\displaystyle H(a)=H_{0}{\sqrt {{\Omega _{k}a^{-2}+\Omega }_{m}a^{-3}+\Omega _{r}a^{-4}+\Omega _{\mathrm {DE} }a^{-3(1+w)}}}}
6305:
6140:
6067:
4018:; Patla, Bijunath (2008). "Adventures in Friedmann cosmology: A detailed expansion of the cosmological Friedmann equations".
2691:
1355:
550:
264:
3714:
3326:
These observations allow the possibility of a cosmological model containing a dark energy component with equation of state
6577:
6248:
6176:
3490:
3448:
3009:
2994:
Peaks have been found in the correlation function (the probability that two galaxies will be a certain distance apart) at
1679:
774:
193:
116:
6737:
3407:, meaning that gravitons themselves have mass. The measurement of the speed of gravity with the gravitational wave event
1621:{\displaystyle H^{2}={\left({\frac {\dot {a}}{a}}\right)}^{2}={\frac {8{\pi }G}{3}}\rho -{\frac {{\kappa }c^{2}}{a^{2}}}}
689:
gravitational attraction of the matter in the universe. Three members of these two groups have subsequently been awarded
6705:
5808:
3535:
3525:
2941:
2106:
Physicists at one time were so assured of the deceleration of the universe's expansion that they introduced a so-called
1750:
1670:
1291:
1271:
694:
669:
3054:
Given a cosmological model with certain values of the cosmological density parameters, it is possible to integrate the
6516:
6166:
3550:
2979:
1486:
999:
665:
598:
574:
121:
5967:
3575:
Frieman, Turner & Huterer (2008) p. 6: "The Universe has gone through three distinct eras: radiation-dominated,
3292:
found that their results from supernova observations favoured expanding models with positive cosmological constant (
6714:
6361:
6346:
6171:
6107:
3479:
2202:
933:
751:
340:
320:
128:
73:
2275:
676:
to measure the acceleration. The idea was that as type Ia supernovae have almost the same intrinsic brightness (a
6217:
6060:
4302:
3978:
3540:
3422:
2988:
2947:
1636:
1251:
701:
645:
630:
166:
5833:
5064:
2924:
6446:
6381:
6186:
3545:
3368: =70 km·s·Mpc, the time remaining before the universe ends in this Big Rip is 22 billion years.
2665:
1651:
955:
767:
335:
100:
5989:
Krauss, Lawrence M.; Scherrer, Robert J. (2007). "The return of a static universe and the end of cosmology".
4219:
Pain, Reynald; Astier, Pierre (2012). "Observational evidence of the accelerated expansion of the Universe".
3917:
Frieman, Joshua A.; Turner, Michael S.; Huterer, Dragan (2008). "Dark Energy and the Accelerating Universe".
6569:
6504:
6371:
1106:
641:
303:
183:
5482:
5113:
2723:
6723:
6673:
6560:
6279:
4246:
3771:"Measuring universe expansion reveals mystery â Is something unpredicted going on in the depths of space?"
3386:, a proposed form of dark energy with a non-constant state equation, whose density decreases with time. A
3383:
2951:
2920:
2646:
2168:
2138:
The definition of "accelerating expansion" is that the second time derivative of the cosmic scale factor,
2107:
1008:
3770:
6827:
6325:
6181:
4617:
4352:
3515:
3452:
3417:
2642:
2127:
2100:
1966:
1464:
709:
508:
310:
252:
5973:
4805:
Caldwell, Robert; Kamionkowski, Marc; Weinberg, Nevin (August 2003). "Phantom Energy: Dark Energy with
2919:
Several researchers have questioned the majority opinion on the acceleration or the assumption of the "
2546:
6629:
6621:
6586:
6356:
6008:
5922:
5865:
5750:
5697:
5654:
5601:
5539:
5502:
5443:
5384:
5275:
5203:
5150:
5086:
5029:
4976:
4926:
4892:
4831:
4763:
4710:
4656:
4573:
4485:
4432:
4324:
4238:
4180:
4079:
4037:
3987:
3938:
3855:
3747:
3148:
990:
723:". While there are alternative possible explanations, the description assuming dark energy (positive
521:
493:
315:
4930:
4251:
2375:
6664:
6640:
6376:
6330:
6207:
6117:
6097:
3463:
3189:
3055:
3049:
2959:
2714:
2682:
2082:{\displaystyle {\frac {\ddot {a}}{a}}=-{\frac {4{\pi }G}{3}}\left(\rho +{\frac {3P}{c^{2}}}\right)}
1985:
1494:
1480:
1311:
1040:
453:
413:
383:
330:
286:
274:
178:
68:
5846:
Tsagas, Christos G. (2011). "Peculiar motions, accelerated expansion, and the cosmological axis".
5309:
3815:
700:
The accelerated expansion of the universe is thought to have begun since the universe entered its
6799:
6787:
6652:
6310:
6024:
5998:
5912:
5881:
5855:
5766:
5740:
5670:
5644:
5617:
5591:
5563:
5529:
5461:
5433:
5400:
5374:
5291:
5265:
5219:
5193:
5166:
5140:
5102:
5076:
5045:
5019:
4992:
4966:
4908:
4882:
4855:
4821:
4787:
4753:
4680:
4646:
4605:
4563:
4501:
4475:
4448:
4422:
4395:
4340:
4314:
4264:
4228:
4196:
4170:
4138:
4053:
4027:
4015:
3954:
3928:
3871:
3845:
3719:
3459:
3140:
2815:
2404:
2141:
1375:
1331:
1060:
728:
705:
673:
660:
recedes from the observer is continuously increasing with time. The accelerated expansion of the
534:
473:
443:
408:
378:
325:
269:
38:
5785:
2873:
2844:
6832:
6458:
6366:
6351:
5948:
5713:
5555:
4847:
4779:
4726:
4672:
4597:
4589:
4524:
4117:
4087:
3894:
2674:
2593:
1742:
503:
4931:"Bringing balance to the universe: New theory could explain missing 95 percent of the cosmos"
2346:
1965:
where the four currently hypothesized contributors to the energy density of the universe are
6763:
6692:
6524:
6405:
6284:
6016:
5938:
5930:
5873:
5758:
5705:
5662:
5609:
5547:
5451:
5392:
5283:
5211:
5207:
5158:
5154:
5129:"Quantum vacuum and virtual gravitational dipoles: the solution to the dark energy problem?"
5094:
5090:
5037:
4984:
4980:
4900:
4839:
4771:
4718:
4714:
4664:
4581:
4493:
4440:
4385:
4332:
4328:
4256:
4188:
4045:
3995:
3946:
3942:
3863:
3530:
3391:
3285:
1663:
1468:
1147:
736:
732:
586:
398:
388:
373:
224:
93:
3950:
2923:" (that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic). For example, a 2019 paper analyzed the
2669:
Artist's impression of a Type Ia supernova, as revealed by spectro-polarimetry observations
2433:
6595:
6300:
3797:
3555:
3404:
2983:
2971:
2471:
2269:, it follows from the definitions that the derivative of the Hubble parameter is given by
2196:
677:
513:
448:
433:
418:
403:
393:
257:
6212:
5396:
4373:
3382:
There are many alternative explanations for the accelerating universe. Some examples are
2706:
2520:
1472:
154:
6012:
5926:
5869:
5754:
5701:
5658:
5605:
5543:
5447:
5388:
5279:
5033:
4896:
4835:
4767:
4660:
4577:
4489:
4436:
4242:
4184:
4083:
4041:
3991:
3859:
6811:
6751:
6540:
5943:
5900:
5456:
5419:
3775:
3710:
3321:
3152:
3025:
3021:
2975:
2812:
of its present size when the supernova exploded. In the case of accelerated expansion,
2650:
2500:
2468:
It is seen from above that the case of "zero acceleration/deceleration" corresponds to
2174:
1493:
model has become the most accepted model explaining the evolution of our universe. The
1207:
1127:
498:
458:
5709:
4904:
4444:
3836:
Peebles, P. J. E.; Ratra, Bharat (2003). "The cosmological constant and dark energy".
3040:
are obtained which confirm a low matter density and a non-zero amount of dark energy.
684:, which measures how much the universe has expanded since the supernova occurred; the
6821:
6512:
6480:
6028:
5885:
5731:
Wiltshire, D. (2008). "Cosmological equivalence principle and the weak-field limit".
5621:
5487:
5465:
5404:
5295:
5223:
5170:
5106:
4859:
4684:
4609:
4399:
4344:
4268:
3875:
3387:
3274:
3236:
is the energy density. Different theories of dark energy suggest different values of
2991:
and use that to compare to the distances predicted by different cosmological models.
2695:
1452:
716:
483:
468:
368:
17:
6415:
5770:
5674:
5520:
Wiltshire, David L. (2007). "Exact Solution to the Averaging Problem in Cosmology".
5049:
4996:
4200:
4057:
3958:
6806:
6775:
6320:
5567:
5342:
5287:
4912:
4791:
4775:
4668:
4505:
4452:
1351:
1080:
944:
488:
463:
438:
423:
279:
5688:
Clifton, Timothy; Ferreira, Pedro (April 2009). "Does Dark Energy Really Exist?".
5551:
5098:
4988:
4843:
4336:
3273:
The simplest explanation for dark energy is that it is a cosmological constant or
6612:
6532:
6274:
6264:
4935:
3444:
3440:
3377:
3178:
2967:
2963:
2678:
1978:
1227:
720:
690:
236:
229:
5877:
5762:
5613:
4701:
ur Rahman, Syed Faisal (2018-04-01). "Where next for the expanding universe?".
4260:
4137:
Albrecht, Andreas; et al. (2006). "Report of the Dark Energy Task Force".
3597:. The evolution of the scale factor is controlled by the dominant energy form:
6684:
6681:
6269:
6020:
5666:
5365:
RÀsÀnen, Syksy; Ratra, Bharat (2011). "Backreaction: directions of progress".
5215:
5162:
4722:
3867:
3502:
3498:
3483:
3395:
2900:
2686:
1019:
685:
478:
4730:
4593:
6701:
6551:
6496:
6083:
6041:
3475:
3471:
1974:
1167:
637:/inflation era 13.8 billion years ago to the present cosmological time.
428:
5952:
5717:
5559:
4851:
4783:
4676:
4601:
3676:
is constant. This implies that the Universe began accelerating at redshift
708:, an accelerated expansion can be accounted for by a positive value of the
5184:
Villata, M. (2013). "On the nature of dark energy: the lattice Universe".
4390:
4301:
Jacques Colin, Roya Mohayaee, Mohamed Rameez and Subir Sarkar (Nov 2019).
3403:
or a deviation of the gravitational laws from general relativity, such as
2673:
In 1998, the first evidence for acceleration came from the observation of
6660:
6603:
6227:
6112:
6102:
6045:
5314:
4887:
4826:
4480:
4175:
4143:
4032:
3850:
3408:
3168:
The expansion of the Universe accelerating. Time flows from bottom to top
2699:
2093:
1490:
681:
661:
653:
634:
161:
63:
56:
5809:"Is Einstein's Greatest Work All WrongâBecause He Didn't Go Far Enough?"
5239:"Has physicist's gravity theory solved 'impossible' dark energy riddle?"
4585:
4552:"A gravitational-wave standard siren measurement of the Hubble constant"
3164:
2118:. Recent observations indicate this deceleration parameter is negative.
4284:"Controversial claim that the universe is skewed could upend cosmology"
3494:
3334:
1187:
5934:
5503:"A Cosmic 'Tardis': What the Universe Has In Common with 'Doctor Who'"
4049:
46:
5128:
3000:
2955:
1970:
1498:
1395:
1102:
657:
6770:
5917:
5901:"Marginal evidence for cosmic acceleration from Type Ia supernovae"
5270:
5041:
4971:
4758:
4651:
4568:
4497:
4319:
4192:
4000:
3973:
6003:
5860:
5745:
5649:
5596:
5534:
5438:
5379:
5198:
5145:
5081:
5024:
4427:
4233:
3933:
3672: â â1 ± 0.1 (stat) ± 0.1 (sys), assuming that
3163:
2664:
2199:
is increasing with time. Since the Hubble parameter is defined as
1419:
979:
624:
5310:"Quest to settle riddle over Einstein's theory may soon be over"
3144:
2641:
The rate of expansion of the universe can be analyzed using the
6419:
6056:
5968:"The universe is expanding at an accelerating rate â or is it?"
3974:"A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 Mc/s"
3439:
As the universe expands, the density of radiation and ordinary
3394:
also suggests that this is the 'more parsimonious hypothesis'.
6471:
3715:"Cosmos Controversy: The Universe Is Expanding, but How Fast?"
1415:
746:
3743:"Gravitational Waves Show How Fast The Universe is Expanding"
693:
for their discovery. Confirmatory evidence has been found in
6052:
3478:, with all complex structures dissipating. This is called "
3262:
for cosmic acceleration (this leads to a positive value of
4551:
4116:. San Francisco, California: Addison Wesley. p. 103.
704:
roughly 5 billion years ago. Within the framework of
633:. The timeline in this schematic diagram extends from the
5972:
University of Oxford â News & Events â Science Blog (
3121:{\displaystyle t_{0}=\int _{0}^{1}{\frac {da}{\dot {a}}}}
3798:"Nobel physics prize honours accelerating universe find"
2685:. Because they all have similar masses, their intrinsic
664:
was discovered in 1998 by two independent projects, the
2343:
so the Hubble parameter is decreasing with time unless
5338:"Theoretical battle: Dark energy vs. modified gravity"
1988:
describes the evolution of the scale factor with time
6735:
4076:
Dark Energy: Observational and Theoretical Approaches
4074:
Lapuente, P. (2010). "Baryon Acoustic Oscillations".
3192:
3067:
2876:
2847:
2818:
2726:
2645:-redshift relationship of astronomical objects using
2596:
2549:
2523:
2503:
2474:
2436:
2407:
2378:
2349:
2278:
2205:
2177:
2144:
1997:
1799:
1753:
1682:
1510:
1731:{\displaystyle \rho _{c}={\frac {3H^{2}}{8{\pi }G}}}
6456:
6339:
6293:
6257:
6236:
6195:
6159:
6126:
6090:
5635:Mattsson, Teppo (2010). "Dark energy as a mirage".
4523:. New York, New York: Cambridge University Press.
3643:; and for the dark energy-dominated era, assuming
3217:
3120:
2891:
2862:
2833:
2762:
2625:
2582:
2535:
2509:
2489:
2456:
2422:
2393:
2364:
2332:
2261:
2183:
2159:
2099:is defined by the cosmological model chosen. (see
2081:
1954:
1780:{\displaystyle \Omega ={\frac {\rho }{\rho _{c}}}}
1779:
1730:
1620:
5899:Nielsen, J. T.; Guffanti, A.; Sarkar, S. (2016).
5834:'Accelerating universe' could be just an illusion
4303:"Evidence for anisotropy of cosmic accelerationâ"
1658:is the total energy density of the universe, and
697:, and in analyses of the clustering of galaxies.
2987:cluster, it is possible to determine a standard
2649:, or their distance-redshift relationship using
6044:, "The End of the Universe", 7 February 2016.
2698:of their light can be used to determine their
1790:The Hubble parameter can then be rewritten as
6431:
6068:
5425:Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science
4078:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
3769:Weaver, Donna; Villard, Ray (11 March 2018).
2262:{\displaystyle H(t)\equiv {\dot {a}}(t)/a(t)}
775:
606:
8:
4357:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2333:{\displaystyle {\frac {dH}{dt}}=-H^{2}(1+q)}
4622:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3920:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
715:, equivalent to the presence of a positive
6438:
6424:
6416:
6075:
6061:
6053:
4069:
4067:
3521:FriedmannâLemaĂźtreâRobertsonâWalker metric
3443:declines more quickly than the density of
3378:Dark energy § Theories of dark energy
2191:, being negative. However, note this does
2167:, is positive, which is equivalent to the
1477:FriedmannâLemaĂźtreâRobertsonâWalker metric
782:
768:
613:
599:
213:
87:
45:
29:
6146:Religious interpretations of the Big Bang
6002:
5942:
5916:
5859:
5744:
5648:
5595:
5533:
5477:
5475:
5455:
5437:
5378:
5269:
5197:
5144:
5080:
5023:
4970:
4886:
4825:
4757:
4650:
4567:
4479:
4426:
4389:
4318:
4250:
4232:
4174:
4142:
4031:
3999:
3932:
3912:
3910:
3849:
3206:
3191:
3106:
3096:
3090:
3085:
3072:
3066:
2929:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2742:
2725:
2615:
2595:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2522:
2502:
2473:
2443:
2435:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2377:
2348:
2309:
2279:
2277:
2242:
2222:
2221:
2204:
2176:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2066:
2052:
2027:
2021:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1926:
1912:
1911:
1895:
1885:
1869:
1859:
1843:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1798:
1769:
1760:
1752:
1717:
1706:
1696:
1687:
1681:
1610:
1599:
1590:
1587:
1567:
1561:
1552:
1532:
1530:
1525:
1515:
1509:
6136:Discovery of cosmic microwave background
5786:"Dark questions remain over dark energy"
5418:Buchert, Thomas; RÀsÀnen, Syksy (2012).
4156:
4154:
4107:
4105:
4103:
3741:Scharping, Nathaniel (18 October 2017).
2773:So a supernova with a measured redshift
6742:
5832:Wolchover, Natalie (27 September 2011)
5012:Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
4214:
4212:
4210:
3702:
3615:). During the radiation-dominated era,
3568:
3401:gravitational interaction of antimatter
244:
216:
108:
37:
6046:http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/end.html
5065:"Introducing the DiracâMilne universe"
4615:
4521:Formation of Structure in the Universe
4350:
3972:Penzias, A. A.; Wilson, R. W. (1965).
3951:10.1146/annurev.astro.46.060407.145243
3135:Gravitational waves as standard sirens
1501:in the universe drives its expansion.
1485:In the decades since the detection of
5966:Gillespie, Stuart (21 October 2016).
5420:"Backreaction in Late-Time Cosmology"
5063:Benoit-LĂ©vy, A.; Chardin, G. (2012).
4696:
4694:
4544:
4542:
4540:
2763:{\displaystyle a(t)={\frac {1}{1+z}}}
7:
3058:and derive the age of the universe.
2717:at the time the supernova exploded.
1404:
1384:
1364:
1340:
1320:
1300:
1280:
1260:
1240:
1216:
1196:
1176:
1156:
1136:
1116:
1089:
1069:
1049:
1029:
5237:Devlin, Hannah (January 25, 2020).
3629:; during the matter-dominated era,
2982:as we know it. This left shells of
2978:through the universe, creating the
727:) is used in the standard model of
5991:General Relativity and Gravitation
5637:General Relativity and Gravitation
5457:10.1146/annurev.nucl.012809.104435
1916:
1913:
1908:
1882:
1855:
1830:
1754:
341:2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ("2dF")
25:
6151:Timeline of cosmological theories
5710:10.1038/scientificamerican0409-48
4282:Lawton, Thomas (April 30, 2022).
3816:"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011"
2653:. Also a factor is the growth of
556:Timeline of cosmological theories
321:Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)
6805:
6793:
6781:
6769:
6757:
6745:
6399:
5112:
4415:Astrophysical Journal Supplement
3302:) and an accelerated expansion (
3020:Measuring the mass functions of
2583:{\displaystyle {\dot {a}}=const}
580:
569:
568:
6244:Future of an expanding universe
3435:Future of an expanding universe
3267:
2681:stars that have exceeded their
336:Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)
189:Future of an expanding universe
6838:Physical cosmological concepts
6141:History of the Big Bang theory
5397:10.1088/0264-9381/28/16/164008
5288:10.1016/j.physletb.2016.12.048
5186:Astrophysics and Space Science
5133:Astrophysics and Space Science
4776:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.101102
4669:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102
3416:cosmological extension of the
2736:
2730:
2692:distance measures in cosmology
2606:
2600:
2484:
2478:
2394:{\displaystyle q\approx -0.55}
2327:
2315:
2256:
2250:
2239:
2233:
2215:
2209:
1945:
1933:
1809:
1803:
551:History of the Big Bang theory
347:Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy
1:
6249:Ultimate fate of the universe
6177:Gravitational wave background
5552:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.251101
5483:"Is dark energy an illusion?"
5367:Classical and Quantum Gravity
4905:10.1016/S0370-2693(02)02589-3
4844:10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.071301
3590:; and dark-energy-dominated,
3491:ultimate fate of the universe
3429:Consequences for the universe
3218:{\displaystyle P=wc^{2}\rho }
3010:dimensionless Hubble constant
2946:In the early universe before
543:Discovery of cosmic microwave
194:Ultimate fate of the universe
6641:CRISPR genome-editing method
5807:Merali, Zeeya (March 2012).
4959:Astronomy & Astrophysics
4307:Astronomy & Astrophysics
3536:List of multiple discoveries
3526:High-Z Supernova Search Team
2942:Baryon acoustic oscillations
2936:Baryon acoustic oscillations
695:baryon acoustic oscillations
670:High-Z Supernova Search Team
6167:Cosmic microwave background
5784:Gray, Stuart (2009-12-08).
5099:10.1051/0004-6361/201016103
4989:10.1051/0004-6361/201832898
4812:Causes a Cosmic Doomsday".
4445:10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/225
4337:10.1051/0004-6361/201936373
4020:American Journal of Physics
3893:. Oxford University Press.
3551:Supernova Cosmology Project
2980:cosmic microwave background
2834:{\displaystyle {\ddot {a}}}
2423:{\displaystyle {\ddot {a}}}
2160:{\displaystyle {\ddot {a}}}
2126:According to the theory of
1487:cosmic microwave background
666:Supernova Cosmology Project
311:Black Hole Initiative (BHI)
6854:
6715:James Webb Space Telescope
6172:Cosmic neutrino background
6108:Chronology of the universe
5878:10.1103/PhysRevD.84.063503
5763:10.1103/PhysRevD.78.084032
5614:10.1103/PhysRevD.78.123531
5127:HajdukoviÄ, D. S. (2012).
5069:Astronomy and Astrophysics
4703:Astronomy & Geophysics
4372:Sarkar, Subir (Mar 2022).
4261:10.1016/j.crhy.2012.04.009
3480:heat death of the universe
3432:
3375:
3319:
3232:is the speed of light and
3176:
3047:
2939:
2925:Joint Light-curve Analysis
2892:{\displaystyle {\dot {a}}}
2863:{\displaystyle {\dot {a}}}
1462:
735:(CDM) and is known as the
74:Chronology of the universe
6695:developed at record speed
6450:Breakthroughs of the Year
6395:
6218:Expansion of the universe
6021:10.1007/s10714-007-0472-9
5667:10.1007/s10714-009-0873-z
5216:10.1007/s10509-013-1388-3
5163:10.1007/s10509-012-0992-y
4468:The Astrophysical Journal
4114:Introduction to Cosmology
3979:The Astrophysical Journal
3889:Weinberg, Steven (2008).
3868:10.1103/RevModPhys.75.559
3838:Reviews of Modern Physics
3541:Expansion of the universe
2989:angular diameter distance
2780:implies the universe was
2637:Evidence for acceleration
1637:curvature of the universe
1448:
760:
749:
702:dark-energy-dominated era
646:expansion of the universe
631:expansion of the universe
167:Expansion of the universe
4163:The Astronomical Journal
3546:Scale factor (cosmology)
2958:and matter existed in a
2841:is positive; therefore,
2626:{\displaystyle H(t)=1/t}
2497:is a linear function of
629:Lambda-CDM, accelerated
331:Planck space observatory
117:Gravitational wave (GWB)
6570:Human genetic variation
6505:Whole genome sequencing
6372:Observational cosmology
5788:. ABC Science Australia
5522:Physical Review Letters
5208:2013Ap&SS.345....1V
5155:2012Ap&SS.339....1H
5091:2012A&A...537A..78B
4981:2018A&A...620A..92F
4814:Physical Review Letters
4746:Physical Review Letters
4723:10.1093/astrogeo/aty088
4715:2018A&G....59b2.39F
4639:Physical Review Letters
4519:Dekel, Avishai (1999).
4329:2019A&A...631L..13C
4221:Comptes Rendus Physique
4112:Ryden, Barbara (2003).
3943:2008ARA&A..46..385F
2365:{\displaystyle q<-1}
184:Inhomogeneous cosmology
27:Cosmological phenomenon
6674:Single-cell sequencing
6578:Cellular reprogramming
6223:Accelerating expansion
3219:
3169:
3139:Recent discoveries of
3122:
2921:cosmological principle
2893:
2864:
2835:
2764:
2677:, which are exploding
2670:
2627:
2584:
2537:
2511:
2491:
2458:
2424:
2395:
2372:. Observations prefer
2366:
2334:
2263:
2185:
2169:deceleration parameter
2161:
2108:deceleration parameter
2083:
1956:
1781:
1732:
1622:
825:−10 —
815:−11 —
805:−12 —
795:−13 —
731:, which also includes
638:
6489:Accelerating universe
6326:Shape of the universe
6316:Large-scale structure
6129:cosmological theories
4391:10.37282/991819.22.21
3516:Cosmological constant
3489:Alternatives for the
3453:cosmological constant
3418:equivalence principle
3268:acceleration equation
3220:
3167:
3123:
3024:, which describe the
2894:
2865:
2836:
2765:
2668:
2661:Supernova observation
2655:large-scale structure
2628:
2585:
2538:
2512:
2492:
2459:
2457:{\displaystyle dH/dt}
2425:
2401:, which implies that
2396:
2367:
2335:
2264:
2186:
2162:
2122:Relation to inflation
2084:
1986:acceleration equation
1957:
1782:
1733:
1623:
1465:Cosmological constant
1463:Further information:
970:Accelerated expansion
915:−1 —
905:−2 —
895:−3 —
885:−4 —
875:−5 —
865:−6 —
855:−7 —
845:−8 —
835:−9 —
710:cosmological constant
672:, which used distant
628:
275:Large-scale structure
253:Shape of the universe
18:Accelerated expansion
6622:Cancer immunotherapy
6587:Ardipithecus ramidus
6406:astronomy portal
4927:University of Oxford
3713:(20 February 2017).
3582:; matter-dominated,
3372:Alternative theories
3284:. This leads to the
3190:
3065:
3016:Clusters of galaxies
2874:
2845:
2816:
2724:
2594:
2547:
2521:
2501:
2490:{\displaystyle a(t)}
2472:
2434:
2405:
2376:
2347:
2276:
2203:
2175:
2142:
2134:Technical definition
1995:
1797:
1751:
1680:
1508:
1188:NGC 188 star cluster
587:Astronomy portal
545:background radiation
522:List of cosmologists
6665:neutron star merger
6653:gravitational waves
6561:Poincaré conjecture
6331:Structure formation
6294:Structure formation
6208:Friedmann equations
6118:Observable universe
6098:Age of the universe
6013:2007GReGr..39.1545K
5927:2016NatSR...635596N
5870:2011PhRvD..84f3503T
5755:2008PhRvD..78h4032W
5702:2009SciAm.300d..48C
5690:Scientific American
5659:2010GReGr..42..567M
5606:2008PhRvD..78l3531I
5544:2007PhRvL..99y1101W
5448:2012ARNPS..62...57B
5389:2011CQGra..28p4008R
5346:. February 25, 2017
5318:. February 10, 2017
5280:2017PhLB..765..382L
5034:2008ApJS..177....1H
4929:(5 December 2018).
4897:2002PhLB..545...23C
4836:2003PhRvL..91g1301C
4768:2016PhRvL.116j1102R
4661:2016PhRvL.116f1102A
4586:10.1038/nature24471
4578:2017Natur.551...85A
4490:2005ApJ...633..560E
4437:2009ApJS..180..225H
4374:"Heart of Darkness"
4243:2012CRPhy..13..521A
4185:1998AJ....116.1009R
4084:2010deot.book.....R
4042:2008AmJPh..76..265N
4016:Nemiroff, Robert J.
3992:1965ApJ...142..419P
3860:2003RvMP...75..559P
3497:mentioned above, a
3464:interstellar medium
3337:. For example, for
3141:gravitational waves
3095:
3056:Friedmann equations
3050:Age of the universe
3044:Age of the universe
2715:cosmic scale factor
2713:directly gives the
2536:{\displaystyle q=0}
1489:(CMB) in 1965, the
1481:Friedmann equations
1312:Sexual reproduction
1252:Earliest known life
656:at which a distant
287:Structure formation
179:Friedmann equations
69:Age of the universe
33:Part of a series on
6706:protein structures
6311:Large quasar group
5905:Scientific Reports
3720:The New York Times
3683: 0.4 and age
3460:de Sitter universe
3215:
3170:
3160:Explanatory models
3118:
3081:
2930:Alternate theories
2889:
2860:
2831:
2760:
2675:Type Ia supernovae
2671:
2623:
2580:
2533:
2507:
2487:
2454:
2420:
2391:
2362:
2330:
2259:
2181:
2157:
2101:explanatory models
2079:
1952:
1777:
1728:
1618:
1495:Friedmann equation
1376:Cambrian explosion
1292:Atmospheric oxygen
991:Single-celled life
706:general relativity
674:type Ia supernovae
639:
326:Dark Energy Survey
270:Large quasar group
39:Physical cosmology
6733:
6732:
6693:COVID-19 vaccines
6649:First observation
6517:Molecular circuit
6413:
6412:
6367:Illustris project
5997:(10): 1545â1550.
5935:10.1038/srep35596
5848:Physical Review D
5813:Discover magazine
5733:Physical Review D
5584:Physical Review D
5258:Physics Letters B
4875:Physics Letters B
4123:978-0-8053-8912-8
4050:10.1119/1.2830536
3650:, asymptotically
3449:equation of state
3116:
3114:
2960:primordial plasma
2886:
2857:
2828:
2758:
2559:
2510:{\displaystyle t}
2417:
2297:
2230:
2184:{\displaystyle q}
2154:
2072:
2039:
2013:
2008:
1950:
1775:
1743:density parameter
1726:
1616:
1579:
1545:
1540:
1461:
1460:
1453:billion years ago
1427:
1426:
1403:
1402:
1383:
1382:
1363:
1362:
1339:
1338:
1319:
1318:
1299:
1298:
1279:
1278:
1259:
1258:
1239:
1238:
1215:
1214:
1195:
1194:
1175:
1174:
1168:Milky Way spirals
1155:
1154:
1135:
1134:
1115:
1114:
1088:
1087:
1068:
1067:
1048:
1047:
1041:Earliest Universe
623:
622:
294:
293:
136:
135:
16:(Redirected from
6845:
6810:
6809:
6798:
6797:
6796:
6786:
6785:
6784:
6774:
6773:
6762:
6761:
6760:
6750:
6749:
6741:
6726:
6718:
6709:
6696:
6687:
6676:
6668:
6655:
6643:
6635:
6624:
6616:
6607:
6598:
6590:
6580:
6572:
6564:
6555:
6546:
6535:
6527:
6525:RNA interference
6519:
6507:
6499:
6491:
6483:
6475:
6440:
6433:
6426:
6417:
6404:
6403:
6402:
6306:Galaxy formation
6285:Lambda-CDM model
6196:Present universe
6077:
6070:
6063:
6054:
6048:
6039:
6033:
6032:
6006:
5986:
5980:
5979:
5963:
5957:
5956:
5946:
5920:
5911:(35596): 35596.
5896:
5890:
5889:
5863:
5843:
5837:
5830:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5804:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5793:
5781:
5775:
5774:
5748:
5728:
5722:
5721:
5685:
5679:
5678:
5652:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5599:
5578:
5572:
5571:
5537:
5517:
5511:
5510:
5499:
5493:
5492:
5479:
5470:
5469:
5459:
5441:
5415:
5409:
5408:
5382:
5362:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5351:
5334:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5323:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5273:
5264:(382): 382â385.
5253:
5247:
5246:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5201:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5148:
5124:
5118:
5117:
5116:
5110:
5084:
5060:
5054:
5053:
5027:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4974:
4954:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4943:
4923:
4917:
4916:
4890:
4888:astro-ph/9908168
4870:
4864:
4863:
4829:
4827:astro-ph/0302506
4811:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4761:
4741:
4735:
4734:
4709:(2): 2.39â2.42.
4698:
4689:
4688:
4654:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4621:
4613:
4571:
4546:
4535:
4534:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4483:
4481:astro-ph/0501171
4463:
4457:
4456:
4430:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4393:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4356:
4348:
4322:
4298:
4292:
4291:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4254:
4236:
4216:
4205:
4204:
4178:
4176:astro-ph/9805201
4169:(3): 1009â1038.
4158:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4144:astro-ph/0609591
4134:
4128:
4127:
4109:
4098:
4097:
4071:
4062:
4061:
4035:
4033:astro-ph/0703739
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3936:
3914:
3905:
3904:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3853:
3851:astro-ph/0207347
3833:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3818:. Nobelprize.org
3812:
3806:
3805:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3707:
3691:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3671:
3664:
3649:
3642:
3628:
3614:
3610:
3596:
3589:
3581:
3573:
3531:Lambda-CDM model
3367:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3332:
3311:
3301:
3286:Lambda-CDM model
3283:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3107:
3105:
3097:
3094:
3089:
3077:
3076:
3039:
3032:
3003:
2915:
2898:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2879:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2850:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2829:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2795:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2779:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2743:
2712:
2647:standard candles
2632:
2630:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2561:
2560:
2552:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2447:
2430:is positive but
2429:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2392:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2314:
2313:
2298:
2296:
2288:
2280:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2246:
2232:
2231:
2223:
2197:Hubble parameter
2190:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2147:
2128:cosmic inflation
2117:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2061:
2053:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2022:
2014:
2009:
2001:
1999:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1903:
1902:
1890:
1889:
1877:
1876:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1851:
1850:
1838:
1837:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1761:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1697:
1692:
1691:
1671:critical density
1664:Hubble parameter
1661:
1657:
1649:
1634:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1594:
1588:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1562:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1533:
1531:
1520:
1519:
1497:defines how the
1469:Lambda-CDM model
1441:
1410:
1405:
1396:Earliest mammals
1390:
1385:
1370:
1365:
1352:Earliest animals
1346:
1341:
1326:
1321:
1306:
1301:
1286:
1281:
1266:
1261:
1246:
1241:
1222:
1217:
1202:
1197:
1182:
1177:
1162:
1157:
1148:Andromeda Galaxy
1142:
1137:
1122:
1117:
1109:
1095:
1090:
1075:
1070:
1055:
1050:
1035:
1030:
1022:
982:
971:
960:
957:Matter-dominated
947:
936:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
784:
777:
770:
764:
754:
747:
737:Lambda-CDM model
733:cold dark matter
726:
714:
652:, such that the
615:
608:
601:
585:
584:
583:
572:
571:
265:Galaxy formation
225:Lambda-CDM model
214:
206:Components
88:
49:
30:
21:
6853:
6852:
6848:
6847:
6846:
6844:
6843:
6842:
6818:
6817:
6816:
6804:
6794:
6792:
6782:
6780:
6768:
6758:
6756:
6744:
6736:
6734:
6729:
6721:
6712:
6699:
6690:
6679:
6671:
6658:
6646:
6638:
6627:
6619:
6610:
6601:
6596:quantum machine
6593:
6583:
6575:
6567:
6558:
6549:
6538:
6530:
6522:
6510:
6502:
6494:
6486:
6481:Dolly the sheep
6478:
6469:
6462:
6452:
6444:
6414:
6409:
6400:
6398:
6391:
6335:
6301:Galaxy filament
6289:
6253:
6237:Future universe
6232:
6191:
6187:Nucleosynthesis
6155:
6128:
6122:
6086:
6081:
6051:
6040:
6036:
5988:
5987:
5983:
5965:
5964:
5960:
5898:
5897:
5893:
5845:
5844:
5840:
5831:
5827:
5817:
5815:
5806:
5805:
5801:
5791:
5789:
5783:
5782:
5778:
5730:
5729:
5725:
5687:
5686:
5682:
5634:
5633:
5629:
5580:
5579:
5575:
5519:
5518:
5514:
5509:. October 2013.
5501:
5500:
5496:
5481:
5480:
5473:
5417:
5416:
5412:
5364:
5363:
5359:
5349:
5347:
5336:
5335:
5331:
5321:
5319:
5308:
5307:
5303:
5255:
5254:
5250:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5183:
5182:
5178:
5126:
5125:
5121:
5111:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5009:
5008:
5004:
4956:
4955:
4951:
4941:
4939:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4700:
4699:
4692:
4636:
4635:
4631:
4614:
4562:(7678): 85â88.
4548:
4547:
4538:
4531:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4465:
4464:
4460:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4349:
4300:
4299:
4295:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4252:10.1.1.747.3792
4218:
4217:
4208:
4160:
4159:
4152:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4124:
4111:
4110:
4101:
4094:
4073:
4072:
4065:
4014:
4013:
4009:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3916:
3915:
3908:
3901:
3888:
3887:
3883:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3821:
3819:
3814:
3813:
3809:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3781:
3779:
3776:Earth & Sky
3768:
3767:
3763:
3753:
3751:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3725:
3723:
3711:Overbye, Dennis
3709:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3694:
3684:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3651:
3644:
3630:
3616:
3612:
3598:
3591:
3583:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3556:Hubble constant
3511:
3437:
3431:
3405:massive gravity
3380:
3374:
3366:
3360:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3338:
3327:
3324:
3318:
3309:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3278:
3277:; in this case
3263:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3202:
3188:
3187:
3181:
3175:
3162:
3153:standard sirens
3137:
3098:
3068:
3063:
3062:
3052:
3046:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3022:galaxy clusters
3018:
2995:
2984:baryonic matter
2972:gravitationally
2970:only interacts
2944:
2938:
2913:
2907:
2872:
2871:
2843:
2842:
2814:
2813:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2774:
2747:
2722:
2721:
2710:
2683:stability limit
2663:
2651:standard rulers
2639:
2592:
2591:
2545:
2544:
2519:
2518:
2499:
2498:
2470:
2469:
2432:
2431:
2403:
2402:
2374:
2373:
2345:
2344:
2305:
2289:
2281:
2274:
2273:
2201:
2200:
2195:imply that the
2173:
2172:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2124:
2116:
2110:
2096:
2062:
2054:
2045:
2041:
2023:
1993:
1992:
1922:
1907:
1891:
1881:
1865:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1815:
1795:
1794:
1765:
1749:
1748:
1713:
1702:
1698:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1659:
1655:
1640:
1635:represents the
1632:
1606:
1595:
1589:
1563:
1526:
1524:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1483:
1457:
1456:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1423:
1422:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1388:
1379:
1378:
1368:
1359:
1358:
1344:
1335:
1334:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1304:
1295:
1294:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1272:Earliest oxygen
1264:
1255:
1254:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1200:
1191:
1190:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1160:
1151:
1150:
1140:
1131:
1130:
1120:
1111:
1110:
1100:
1093:
1084:
1083:
1081:Earliest galaxy
1073:
1064:
1063:
1053:
1044:
1043:
1033:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1002:
995:
994:
993:
986:
985:
984:
980:
975:
974:
973:
969:
964:
963:
962:
958:
956:
951:
950:
949:
945:
940:
939:
938:
934:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
788:
762:
756:
753:Nature timeline
752:
745:
724:
712:
678:standard candle
619:
581:
579:
561:
560:
547:
544:
537:
535:Subject history
527:
526:
518:
363:
355:
354:
351:
348:
306:
296:
295:
258:Galaxy filament
211:
199:
198:
150:
145:Expansion
138:
137:
122:Microwave (CMB)
101:Nucleosynthesis
85:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6851:
6849:
6841:
6840:
6835:
6830:
6820:
6819:
6815:
6814:
6802:
6790:
6778:
6766:
6754:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6727:
6719:
6710:
6697:
6688:
6677:
6669:
6656:
6644:
6636:
6625:
6617:
6608:
6606:clinical trial
6599:
6591:
6581:
6573:
6565:
6556:
6547:
6536:
6528:
6520:
6508:
6500:
6492:
6484:
6476:
6466:
6464:
6454:
6453:
6445:
6443:
6442:
6435:
6428:
6420:
6411:
6410:
6396:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6343:
6341:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6308:
6303:
6297:
6295:
6291:
6290:
6288:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6261:
6259:
6255:
6254:
6252:
6251:
6246:
6240:
6238:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6199:
6197:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6163:
6161:
6157:
6156:
6154:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6132:
6130:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6094:
6092:
6088:
6087:
6082:
6080:
6079:
6072:
6065:
6057:
6050:
6049:
6034:
5981:
5958:
5891:
5838:
5825:
5799:
5776:
5723:
5680:
5643:(3): 567â599.
5627:
5590:(12): 123531.
5573:
5528:(25): 251101.
5512:
5494:
5471:
5410:
5373:(16): 164008.
5357:
5329:
5301:
5248:
5229:
5176:
5119:
5055:
5042:10.1086/587744
5002:
4949:
4918:
4881:(1â2): 23â29.
4865:
4797:
4752:(10): 101102.
4736:
4690:
4629:
4536:
4529:
4511:
4498:10.1086/466512
4474:(2): 560â574.
4458:
4421:(2): 225â245.
4405:
4364:
4293:
4274:
4227:(6): 521â538.
4206:
4193:10.1086/300499
4150:
4129:
4122:
4099:
4093:978-0521518888
4092:
4063:
4026:(3): 265â276.
4007:
4001:10.1086/148307
3986:(1): 419â421.
3964:
3927:(1): 385â432.
3906:
3899:
3881:
3844:(2): 559â606.
3828:
3807:
3789:
3761:
3733:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3611:(for constant
3567:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3430:
3427:
3373:
3370:
3364:
3322:Phantom energy
3320:Main article:
3317:
3316:Phantom energy
3314:
3307:
3296:
3226:
3225:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3177:Main article:
3174:
3171:
3161:
3158:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3113:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3045:
3042:
3036:
3026:number density
3017:
3014:
2940:Main article:
2937:
2934:
2911:
2885:
2882:
2856:
2853:
2827:
2824:
2771:
2770:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2696:Spectral lines
2694:for details).
2662:
2659:
2638:
2635:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2558:
2555:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2506:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2416:
2413:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2341:
2340:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2180:
2153:
2150:
2135:
2132:
2123:
2120:
2114:
2090:
2089:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2004:
1963:
1962:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1857:
1854:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1832:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1788:
1787:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1756:
1739:
1738:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1673:is defined as
1629:
1628:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1598:
1593:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1555:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1529:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1459:
1458:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1361:
1360:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1337:
1336:
1332:Earliest fungi
1330:
1329:
1327:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1297:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1277:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1257:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1237:
1236:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1213:
1212:
1208:Alpha Centauri
1206:
1205:
1203:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1183:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1153:
1152:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1133:
1132:
1128:Omega Centauri
1126:
1125:
1123:
1113:
1112:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1066:
1065:
1061:Earliest stars
1059:
1058:
1056:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1027:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1000:Photosynthesis
998:
997:
996:
989:
988:
987:
981:Water on Earth
978:
977:
976:
967:
966:
965:
954:
953:
952:
943:
942:
941:
932:
931:
930:
928:
925:0 —
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
790:
789:
787:
786:
779:
772:
761:
758:
757:
750:
744:
741:
644:show that the
621:
620:
618:
617:
610:
603:
595:
592:
591:
590:
589:
577:
563:
562:
559:
558:
553:
548:
541:
538:
533:
532:
529:
528:
525:
524:
517:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
365:
364:
361:
360:
357:
356:
353:
352:
345:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
307:
302:
301:
298:
297:
292:
291:
290:
289:
277:
272:
267:
255:
247:
246:
242:
241:
240:
239:
227:
219:
218:
212:
205:
204:
201:
200:
197:
196:
191:
186:
181:
169:
164:
151:
144:
143:
140:
139:
134:
133:
132:
131:
129:Neutrino (CNB)
119:
111:
110:
106:
105:
104:
103:
86:
84:Early universe
83:
82:
79:
78:
77:
76:
71:
66:
51:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6850:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6825:
6823:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6801:
6791:
6789:
6779:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6765:
6755:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6739:
6725:
6720:
6716:
6711:
6707:
6703:
6698:
6694:
6689:
6686:
6683:
6678:
6675:
6670:
6666:
6662:
6657:
6654:
6650:
6645:
6642:
6637:
6634:
6633:comet mission
6632:
6626:
6623:
6618:
6614:
6609:
6605:
6600:
6597:
6592:
6589:
6588:
6582:
6579:
6574:
6571:
6566:
6562:
6557:
6553:
6548:
6545:
6543:
6537:
6534:
6529:
6526:
6521:
6518:
6514:
6509:
6506:
6501:
6498:
6493:
6490:
6485:
6482:
6477:
6474:understanding
6473:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6461:
6460:
6455:
6451:
6449:
6441:
6436:
6434:
6429:
6427:
6422:
6421:
6418:
6408:
6407:
6394:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6342:
6338:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6292:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6256:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6241:
6239:
6235:
6229:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6216:
6214:
6211:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6200:
6198:
6194:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6164:
6162:
6160:Past universe
6158:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6125:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6078:
6073:
6071:
6066:
6064:
6059:
6058:
6055:
6047:
6043:
6038:
6035:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5985:
5982:
5977:
5975:
5969:
5962:
5959:
5954:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5895:
5892:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5854:(6): 063503.
5853:
5849:
5842:
5839:
5835:
5829:
5826:
5814:
5810:
5803:
5800:
5787:
5780:
5777:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5739:(8): 084032.
5738:
5734:
5727:
5724:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5684:
5681:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5642:
5638:
5631:
5628:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5577:
5574:
5569:
5565:
5561:
5557:
5553:
5549:
5545:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5516:
5513:
5508:
5504:
5498:
5495:
5490:
5489:
5488:New Scientist
5484:
5478:
5476:
5472:
5467:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5431:
5427:
5426:
5421:
5414:
5411:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5372:
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5361:
5358:
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5344:
5339:
5333:
5330:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5305:
5302:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5272:
5267:
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5259:
5252:
5249:
5244:
5240:
5233:
5230:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5180:
5177:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5123:
5120:
5115:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5059:
5056:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5006:
5003:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4953:
4950:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4928:
4922:
4919:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4869:
4866:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4820:(7): 071301.
4819:
4815:
4809:
4801:
4798:
4793:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4740:
4737:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4645:(6): 061102.
4644:
4640:
4633:
4630:
4625:
4619:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4532:
4530:9780521586320
4526:
4522:
4515:
4512:
4507:
4503:
4499:
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4491:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4462:
4459:
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4442:
4438:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4420:
4416:
4409:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4368:
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4360:
4354:
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4342:
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4334:
4330:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4297:
4294:
4289:
4288:New Scientist
4285:
4278:
4275:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4235:
4230:
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4222:
4215:
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4211:
4207:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
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4177:
4172:
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4164:
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4155:
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4140:
4133:
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4125:
4119:
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4108:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4095:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4002:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3975:
3968:
3965:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3921:
3913:
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3907:
3902:
3900:9780198526827
3896:
3892:
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3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3829:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3804:. 2011-10-04.
3803:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3765:
3762:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3737:
3734:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3706:
3703:
3697:
3687:
3680:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3647:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3587:
3579:
3572:
3569:
3562:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
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3513:
3508:
3506:
3504:
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3496:
3492:
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3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3423:Hubble bubble
3419:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3392:Occam's razor
3389:
3388:negative mass
3385:
3379:
3371:
3369:
3363:
3341:
3336:
3330:
3323:
3315:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3276:
3275:vacuum energy
3271:
3269:
3244:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3180:
3172:
3166:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3134:
3132:
3111:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3051:
3043:
3041:
3027:
3023:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3002:
2999:
2992:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2976:stream freely
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2948:recombination
2943:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2910:
2905:
2902:
2883:
2880:
2854:
2851:
2825:
2822:
2796: =
2777:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2667:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2636:
2634:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2556:
2553:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2504:
2481:
2475:
2466:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2414:
2411:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2293:
2290:
2285:
2282:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2253:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2227:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2198:
2194:
2178:
2170:
2151:
2148:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2121:
2119:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2095:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2002:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1904:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1886:
1878:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1653:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1584:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1534:
1527:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1421:
1417:
1416:Earliest apes
1412:
1407:
1406:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1386:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1218:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1178:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1158:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1012:
1009:Multicellular
1001:
992:
983:
972:
961:
948:
937:
929:
792:
791:
785:
780:
778:
773:
771:
766:
765:
759:
755:
748:
742:
740:
738:
734:
730:
722:
718:
717:vacuum energy
711:
707:
703:
698:
696:
692:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
636:
632:
627:
616:
611:
609:
604:
602:
597:
596:
594:
593:
588:
578:
576:
567:
566:
565:
564:
557:
554:
552:
549:
546:
540:
539:
536:
531:
530:
523:
520:
519:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
359:
358:
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6321:Reionization
6280:Quintessence
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6533:Dark energy
6340:Experiments
6275:Dark matter
6265:Dark energy
6203:FLRW metric
5974:WP:NEWSBLOG
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5322:October 29,
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3726:21 February
3445:dark energy
3441:dark matter
3179:Dark energy
3173:Dark energy
2968:dark matter
2964:sound waves
2679:white dwarf
1979:dark energy
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763:This box:
721:dark energy
304:Experiments
237:Dark matter
230:Dark energy
172:FLRW metric
109:Backgrounds
6822:Categories
6682:black hole
6270:Dark fluid
6258:Components
6127:History of
6091:Background
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5836:, NBC News
5818:27 January
5792:27 January
5271:1602.07670
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4759:1512.04950
4652:1602.03837
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3822:2011-10-06
3754:18 October
3698:References
3503:Big Crunch
3499:Big Bounce
3484:Big Freeze
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6357:BOOMERanG
6182:Inflation
6084:Cosmology
6042:John Baez
6029:123442313
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5886:119179171
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3234:Ï
3230:c
3208:2
3204:c
3200:w
3197:=
3194:P
3109:a
3103:a
3100:d
3092:1
3087:0
3079:=
3074:0
3070:t
3037:m
3035:Ω
3031:w
3006:h
2998:h
2912:M
2909:Ω
2881:a
2852:a
2823:a
2807:3
2804:/
2801:2
2788:/
2785:1
2776:z
2755:z
2752:+
2749:1
2745:1
2740:=
2737:)
2734:t
2731:(
2728:a
2711:z
2621:t
2617:/
2613:1
2610:=
2607:)
2604:t
2601:(
2598:H
2578:t
2575:s
2572:n
2569:o
2566:c
2563:=
2554:a
2531:0
2528:=
2525:q
2505:t
2485:)
2482:t
2479:(
2476:a
2452:t
2449:d
2445:/
2441:H
2438:d
2412:a
2380:q
2360:1
2351:q
2328:)
2325:q
2322:+
2319:1
2316:(
2311:2
2307:H
2300:=
2294:t
2291:d
2286:H
2283:d
2257:)
2254:t
2251:(
2248:a
2244:/
2240:)
2237:t
2234:(
2225:a
2216:)
2213:t
2210:(
2207:H
2179:q
2149:a
2115:0
2112:q
2097:P
2076:)
2068:2
2064:c
2059:P
2056:3
2050:+
2043:(
2037:3
2033:G
2025:4
2016:=
2011:a
2003:a
1946:)
1943:w
1940:+
1937:1
1934:(
1931:3
1924:a
1917:E
1914:D
1905:+
1900:4
1893:a
1887:r
1879:+
1874:3
1867:a
1861:m
1853:+
1848:2
1841:a
1835:k
1821:0
1817:H
1813:=
1810:)
1807:a
1804:(
1801:H
1771:c
1758:=
1723:G
1715:8
1708:2
1704:H
1700:3
1694:=
1689:c
1660:H
1656:Ï
1648:)
1646:t
1644:(
1642:a
1633:Îș
1612:2
1608:a
1601:2
1597:c
1577:3
1573:G
1565:8
1559:=
1554:2
1548:)
1543:a
1535:a
1528:(
1522:=
1517:2
1513:H
1455:)
1451:(
1439:e
1437:f
1435:i
1433:L
725:Î
713:Î
614:e
607:t
600:v
284:·
262:·
234:·
208:·
176:·
159:·
147:·
126:·
98:·
61:·
20:)
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