670:, the Kenya Coalition for Access to Essential Medicines (KCAEM), was formed in response to Kenya's Industrial Property Act 2001. The act outlined the rights of patent holders. Members of this coalition are local community-based and national NGOs, international NGOs, healthcare providers, journalists, lawyers and other individuals. The coalition works primarily with people living with HIV/AIDS and access to essential HIV/AIDS medications and treatments. It urges for flexibility in interpreting the TRIPS Agreement and efforts to implement production of generic antiretroviral drugs by local manufacturers and/or to import inexpensive drugs. It also calls for pharmaceutical companies to reduce the price of their medications. The coalition has garnered support from key government officials and organizations such as Kenyan Property Institute, Kenyan Ministry of Trade, and the Minister of Trade Mr. Nicholas Biwott MP.
535:
212:
352:
293:. The Doha Declaration responds to concerns of developing countries that patent protection rules and other IPRs were hindering access to affordable medicines for populations in those countries. The Doha Declaration emphasizes the flexibility of the TRIPS Agreement and highlights the right of respective government to interpret the TRIPS Agreement in terms of public health. It refers to specific parts of TRIPS, such as the use of compulsory licensing for
149:
619:. On June 20, 2024, MSF announced closing down its Access-to-medicines campaign focused on enabling access to medicines in resource limited settings. MSF plans to replace the campaign with a new effort that will focus on products, like medicines and vaccines, that MSF needs for its own relief efforts. Several advocates have criticized this move including the
326:(LMICs) is a voluntary license (VL). A VL is an agreement where an originator manufacturer allows a generic manufacturer to produce and sell a patented drug in specific countries under certain terms. These licences can be established directly between patent holders and generic manufacturers or through patent pooling mechanisms like the
1915:
252:. The TRIPS Agreement is argued to have the greatest effect on the pharmaceutical industry and access to medicines. It is argued that the TRIPS agreement negatively impacted generic drug industries in countries such as India. However, others argue that the agreement is open to interpretation. A clause in the TRIPS agreement allows
202:
Among populations that do not speak the main language in an area access to medicine can be hindered by language barriers as well as other cultural barriers. There is evidence that access is improved by having medical workers that speak the language of patients, as patients will be more likely to know
189:
to allow for generic brand production. In order the use of the medication to be effective, it must be manufactured in optimal laboratory conditions. Developing countries often lack air conditioning, stable electrical power, or refrigerators to store samples and chemicals. Also, quality generic brand
163:
is defined as the excessive increase in prices by sellers of essential goods to a level deemed higher than reasonable or fair. This sharp increase in prices may leave the buyer vulnerable. It also leads to inequitable access to essential goods among different socioeconomic groups. It is argued that
424:
for drugs in India, Indian drug companies were able to use alternative, legal processes to manufacture generic versions of drugs. These generic drug companies were able to produce low-priced drugs that were considered among the lowest in the world. This allowed India to provide free antiretroviral
309:
The declaration also allows for countries without manufacturing capabilities to turn to another country for the export of generic brands of patented medicines. This is known as the paragraph 6 system. As of 2010 it had only been called upon once, concerning the export of medicines from Canada to
184:
Many argue that generic brand production in developing countries increases competition and therefore is essential to bridge the global drug gap. As argued by various sources, the push for more measures such as market and data exclusivity, hinders low-income countries' ability to manufacture and
156:
In some countries pharmaceutical company have ultimate control of the pricing of their patented product. Therefore, the owner has control of the pricing of the medication, based on the price level the owner deems best to reflects their ability to manufacture and the level of profit desired.
645:
partnership, created in 2000, devoted to improving access to vaccines in low-income countries. The organization partners with several developing countries, donor governments, research agencies, and vaccines companies in both in industrialized and developing countries. It also partners with
1727:
522:. They argue that allowing generic competition is essential for making the long-acting drug affordable in middle-income countries. Lenacapavir, a twice-yearly injection, has shown strong potential for HIV prevention, offering hope for ending AIDS if widely accessible. The
236:(IPR), including those for patents and data protection. Under the TRIPS Agreement, WTO member nations, with a few exceptions, are required to adjust their laws to the minimum standards of IPR protection. Member nations are also obligated to follow specific
190:
production is limited by a government's ability to create effective spaces of market competition and to monitor the quality of generics brands; this ability has been found to be limited in certain developing countries. It also argued that
662:
and other private philanthropists. GAVI is noted as an important source of external funding for vaccines in low-income countries and played a crucial role in introducing the HPV vaccine and other new vaccines to developing countries.
425:
treatment to 340,000 HIV infected individuals in the country. Majority of adult antiretroviral drugs purchased for donor-funded programs in developing countries were supplied by Indian generic drug companies. In compliance to the
2034:
608:
allows developing countries to bring in medicines at lower cost. It specifically allows companies in Canada who may not own the right to make a medication to do so for export to certain countries in the developing world.
412:. However, Brazil is argued not to have restrictive patent laws. In the mid-1990s, Brazil began manufacturing generic versions of vital AIDS medication. Due to this, Brazil's AIDS mortality rate declined by almost 50%.
1785:
140:. Many argue that pharmaceutical companies push for data exclusivity—seeking to extend their monopolies by advocating for market exclusivity provided by patents and data exclusivity, or protection for new medicine.
334:
suggest that voluntary licensing was an effective tool in advancing access to
Hepatitis C antiviral medicines. VL has also been effective in increasing access to HIV medicines in the development world via the
264:
and the inadequate access to essential AIDs medications constitute a national emergency. Therefore, the TRIPS Agreement can be interpreted to allow the manufacture of generic brands of patented HIV/AIDs drugs
92:
to a product or process for 20 years in a particular territory. The owner of the patent has the right to prevent the manufacture, use, sell, import, or distribution of the patented product. It is argued that
1261:
Schaafsma, E. & Raynor, David & Berg, Lolkje. (2003). Accessing medication information by ethnic minorities: Barriers and possible solutions. Pharmacy world & science : PWS. 25. 185-90.
1843:
281:. Many argued that the TRIPS Agreement hindered developing countries from implementing measures to improve access to affordable medicines, especially for diseases of public health concern, such as
256:, which permits the manufacture of generic brands of patented drugs, at prices set in a competitive market in cases of national emergencies. For example, many believe that the HIV/AIDs crisis in
630:, the Ministry of Health and the Tanzania Food and Drugs Authority and the Strategies for Enhancing Access to Medicines Program introduced accredited drug dispensing outlets, with aid from
274:
1717:
Chequer, P., Sudo, E.C., & Vitfria, M.A.A. (2000). The impact of anti-retroviral therapy in Brazil. Paper presented at
International AIDS Conference in Durban, paper no. MoPpE1066.
1916:"Johnson & Johnson Confirms Intent Not to Enforce Patents for SIRTURO® (bedaquiline) for the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in 134 Low- and Middle-Income Countries"
277:
of 2001 worked to rectify the negative impact of the TRIPS Agreement. The Doha
Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health, effective November 2001, was adopted by
1022:
SchĂĽklenk, Udo; Ashcroft, Richard E. (April 2002). "Affordable Access to
Essential Medication in Developing Countries: ConflictsBetween Ethical and Economic Imperatives".
1995:
1955:
570:. At the time, no other generic versions of the drug was available. Turing dramatically raised the price of the drug from $ 13.50 a tablet to $ 750, a 5000% increase.
526:
will hear the Trust’s objections on
September 19. The Trust claims that two of Gilead’s patent applications, concerning salt forms of the drug, lack true innovation.
120:
data and provides conductor of the trial temporary exclusive rights to the data. Many suggest that extending exclusivity periods can have consequences in delivering
1219:
Godoy, Angelina
Snodgrass (2015-06-01). "Market Myths and Assumptions: Examining the Transnational Politics of Access to Medicines Campaigning in Central America".
2190:
927:
704:
1752:
157:
Purchasers have little say over the price set. It is argued that competition is necessary to lower drug prices and improve access to affordable medications.
1499:
Owoeye, Olasupo (2015). "International
Patents Law and Public Health: Revisiting the TRIPS Compulsory Licensing Regime and the Doha Paragraph 6 System".
616:
148:
1893:
297:
only in the case of a national emergency and circumstances of extreme urgency and the right to determine what constitutes this—such as to address
136:
and/or a source of funding for drug donations to low-income countries. Others suggest that data exclusivity works to diminish the availability of
1458:
1204:"DELAURO HOLDS COMMITTEE HEARING ON PRESCRIPTION DRUGS UNCONSCIONABLE PRICE GOUGING IS IMPEDING CARE AND INCREASING OVERALL HEALTH CARE COSTS".
605:
679:
1382:
194:, state investment, and measures for infection prevention are necessary to allow for generic brand production in low-income countries.
2249:
659:
631:
278:
1296:
2166:
566:
drug, is considered an essential drug for HIV treatments. It is widely used to treat patients with AIDS-related and AIDs-unrelated
2050:"An Open Letter to Médecins Sans Frontières — Urgent Call to Reverse the Devastating Decision to Shutter the MSF Access Campaign"
736:
634:. It worked to create a nationwide chain of dispensers, which provide quality pharmaceutical drugs and services to its citizens.
586:
323:
534:
1818:
642:
471:
612:
340:
232:(WTO), effective January 1995. This agreement introduced global standards for enforcing and protecting nearly all forms of
164:
pharmaceutical companies have dramatically increased prices for treatments that are essential in treating diseases such as
2049:
593:´s Global Drug Facility`s a license that enabled the tender, procurement and supply of generic versions of bedaquiline.
511:
443:
249:
233:
1614:"Projected savings through public health voluntary licences of HIV drugs negotiated by the Medicines Patent Pool (MPP)"
1969:
Directorate, Government of Canada, Health Canada, Health
Products and Food Branch, Therapeutic Products (2004-07-26).
1929:
Directorate, Government of Canada, Health Canada, Health
Products and Food Branch, Therapeutic Products (2004-07-26).
1569:"Effect of voluntary licences for hepatitis C medicines on access to treatment: a difference-in-differences analysis"
712:
601:
A number of countries and organizations have efforts to improve access to medicines in specific areas of the world.
211:
245:
647:
420:
Many Indian families live below the poverty line due to healthcare expenses. From 1972 to 2005, due to a lack of
42:
879:"Raising the Barriers to Access to Medicines in the Developing World – The Relentless Push for Data Exclusivity"
684:
503:
in low- and middle- income countries (LMICs). Due to the introduction of generic brand competition, first-line
447:
229:
133:
98:
1122:"Improving Global Access to New Vaccines: Intellectual Property, Technology Transfer, and Regulatory Pathways"
1545:
49:
should be available, of good quality, and accessible. Reasonable access to medicines can be in conflict with
563:
384:, out of the estimated 820,000 infected individuals, only about 1.2% can afford essential AIDS medications.
380:, out of one million infected individuals, 30 have access to life-sustaining essential AIDS medications. In
620:
547:
507:
drugs' prices dropped by more than 99%, from $ 10,000/year per patient in 2000 to less than $ 70 in 2014.
451:
244:
procedures. Before TRIPS, other international conventions and laws did not specify minimum standards for
2204:
336:
327:
50:
474:
vaccine is considered the most expensive vaccine in history. However, the majority of those that have
1868:
1625:
578:
523:
294:
446:
occur in low and middle income countries. In low-income countries, more than 90% of deaths are from
1411:
590:
463:
319:
46:
1390:
2184:
2088:
1869:"Martin Shkreli on Raising Price of AIDS Drug 5,000 Percent: 'I Think Profits Are a Great Thing'"
1568:
1361:
1244:
1093:
1068:
Grover, Anand; Citro, Brian (2011). "India: access to affordable drugs and the right to health".
1047:
500:
253:
241:
129:
74:
847:
830:
351:
2172:
2162:
2080:
1989:
1949:
1793:
1760:
1661:
1643:
1590:
1481:
1459:"WTO "Paragraph 6" system for affordable access to medicines: Relief or regulatory ritualism?"
1353:
1345:
1236:
1186:
1151:
1085:
1039:
989:
908:
852:
811:
191:
94:
35:
152:
Martin
Shkreli testifying before the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, 2016
2072:
1679:
1651:
1633:
1580:
1473:
1337:
1272:
1228:
1178:
1141:
1133:
1077:
1031:
979:
969:
898:
890:
842:
803:
113:
58:
1894:"Johnson & Johnson says it won't enforce secondary patents on tuberculosis med Sirturo"
1304:
330:. Such licences, are often non-exclusive and granted to multiple manufacturers. A study in
1728:"Civil Society Organisations oppose Gilead's patent applications for lenacapavir in India"
515:
475:
426:
373:
225:
89:
31:
1629:
1519:
1656:
1613:
1146:
1121:
984:
957:
903:
878:
744:
551:
504:
261:
186:
117:
2076:
1585:
1081:
791:
2243:
2130:
2063:
Mbwasi, Romuald; Mlaki, Wilson (2008). "Increasing access to medicines in Tanzania".
2035:"Doctors Without Borders is closing its widely regarded access-to-medicines campaign"
1248:
1097:
567:
559:
539:
397:
393:
298:
160:
125:
1365:
1051:
16:
The reasonable ability for people to get needed medicines required to achieve health
2092:
369:
286:
137:
54:
1970:
1638:
392:
There is estimated to be 1.8 million individuals HIV infected individuals in the
2009:
1609:
787:
582:
519:
467:
455:
421:
237:
169:
1035:
958:"Innovative Approaches to Increase Access to Medicines in Developing Countries"
1698:
1438:
Chung, Laura (Fall 2010). "Use of Paragraph 6 System for Access to Medicine".
1232:
655:
466:
usage was at 90%. In Southeast Asia, where there is hepatitis B epidemic, the
372:. Out of this, only 10,000 individuals are able to afford access to essential
331:
185:
produce generic drugs. However, low-income countries often lack the essential
121:
2176:
1797:
1764:
1647:
1485:
1349:
1328:
Cohen-Kohler, J C (2007-11-01). "The Morally Uncomfortable Global Drug Gap".
1240:
1190:
1137:
766:
1341:
974:
401:
23:
2084:
1930:
1665:
1594:
1357:
1155:
1089:
1043:
993:
912:
856:
815:
427:
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
226:
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)
807:
627:
555:
491:
The appearance of generic manufacturers in low-income countries, such as
405:
368:
There is estimated to be more than 4 million HIV infected individuals in
339:. On the hand there are groups critical of voluntary licensing including
282:
165:
102:
62:
1477:
1440:
North Carolina Journal of International Law & Commercial Regulation
1182:
894:
459:
290:
400:. There is also a high prevalence of HIV in smaller countries such as
2161:. Freeman, Michael D. A.,, Hawkes, Sarah,, Bennett, Belinda. Oxford.
2106:
651:
496:
409:
381:
377:
356:
257:
173:
85:
27:
1567:
Simmons, Bryony; Cooke, Graham S; Miraldo, Marisa (September 2019).
877:
Diependaele, Lisa; Cockbain, Julian; Sterckx, Sigrid (April 2017).
1786:"Activists sound alarm bells as Gilead seeks rights over HIV drug"
667:
533:
492:
350:
210:
147:
1699:"Price cuts have little impact on access to AIDS drugs in Uganda"
2205:"WTO | Managing the Challenges of WTO Participation: Case Study"
2157:
Freeman, Michael; Hawkes, Sarah; Bennett, Belinda (March 2014).
1844:"Daraprim price jump raises concerns among ID groups, providers"
638:
228:, is a multilateral agreement between all member nations of the
1383:"THE DOHA DECLARATION ON THE TRIPS AGREEMENT AND PUBLIC HEALTH"
396:
region. Brazil is argued to be one of the most affected by the
310:
Rwanda, with varying opinions about its results and potential.
1753:"Patent applications for HIV prevention drug opposed in India"
928:"Why Patent Protection In The Drug Industry Is Out Of Control"
737:"Access to essential medicines as part of the right to health"
458:. Although widely used by high-income countries, in 2006, Hib
581:
announced 2023 that it did not intend to enforce its patents
1817:
Norviel, Vern; Hoffmeister, David M. (September 30, 2015).
1273:"WTO | intellectual property - overview of TRIPS Agreement"
831:"Intellectual Property and Access to Medicine for the Poor"
1169:
Weiss, Shira (2017-03-01). "The Ethics of Price Gouging".
589:
in 134 LMIC countries. Johnson & Johnson also granted
22:
refers to the reasonable ability for people to get needed
2228:"Lobby Petitions Government, Pharmaceutical Companies".
1819:"A Look At The Legality Behind Daraprim's Price Spike -"
132:. However, extending patent terms can be reinvested for
767:"Final Report High-Level Panel on Access to Medicines"
1971:"Introduction - Canada's Access to Medicines Regime"
429:, India reintroduced patent laws for drugs in 2015.
355:HIV/AIDS prevalence world map in 2009 according to
1457:Abbas, Muhammad Z.; Riaz, Shamreeza (2017-11-24).
1526:. Geneva Graduate Institute: Global Health Centre
510:Civil society organizations in India, led by the
61:people may not get treatment for conditions like
1546:"Voluntary licenses and non-assert declarations"
1221:Studies in Comparative International Development
615:has had such a campaign since 1999 known as the
792:"Powerful Ideas for Global Access to Medicines"
462:usage in Africa was about 24% In the Americas,
8:
2028:
2026:
1994:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1954:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1680:"Voluntary licenses and access to medicines"
116:is a regulatory measure limiting the use of
2189:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1466:The Journal of World Intellectual Property
1433:
1431:
848:10.1001/virtualmentor.2006.8.12.hlaw1-0612
617:Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines
215:Logo of the World Trade Organization (WTO)
30:. Such access is deemed to be part of the
1655:
1637:
1584:
1145:
983:
973:
902:
846:
731:
729:
641:vaccination alliance is an international
73:Most hindrances to access revolve around
1330:Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics
1751:Perappadan, Bindu Shajan (2024-09-17).
956:Stevens, Hilde; Huys, Isabelle (2017).
696:
518:' patent applications for the HIV drug
2182:
1987:
1947:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1107:
318:Another mechanism to enable access to
2152:
2150:
1931:"Canada's Access to Medicines Regime"
1501:European Intellectual Property Review
1412:"WTO | Glossary - Paragraph 6 system"
1377:
1375:
1323:
1321:
1063:
1061:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
680:WHO Model List of Essential Medicines
7:
1024:Journal of Medicine & Philosophy
951:
949:
947:
872:
870:
868:
866:
550:, a pharmaceutical company owned by
660:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
632:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
606:Canada's Access to Medicines Regime
105:on particular drugs and processes.
1842:Muoio, Dave (September 17, 2015).
499:, was key to increasing access to
279:WTO Ministerial Conference of 2001
14:
2048:Harrington, Mark (20 June 2024).
1126:American Journal of Public Health
81:Patent protection and exclusivity
1608:Juneja, Sandeep; Gupta, Aastha;
324:low- and middle-income countries
1612:; Resch, Stephen (2017-05-25).
796:New England Journal of Medicine
2033:Silverman, Ed (20 June 2024).
1684:Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF)
198:Language and cultural barriers
1:
2077:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61070-3
1867:Schlanger, Zoë (2015-09-21).
1784:Thacker, Teena (2024-09-17).
1697:AFP Report (March 23, 2001).
1586:10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30266-9
1297:"WTO AND THE TRIPS AGREEMENT"
1082:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)62042-9
478:are in developing countries.
203:about and to take medicines.
1639:10.1371/journal.pone.0177770
841:(12). Leevy, Tara: 834–838.
554:, purchased the rights to a
542:, commonly known as Daraprim
512:Sankalp Rehabilitation Trust
444:vaccine-preventable diseases
442:The majority of deaths from
376:at their current prices. In
273:Further legislation such as
250:international trading system
234:intellectual property rights
1171:Journal of Religious Ethics
470:coverage was only 28%. The
2266:
2131:"Gavi's partnership model"
1036:10.1076/jmep.27.2.179.2989
883:Developing World Bioethics
646:organizations such as the
538:The chemical structure of
472:human papillomavirus (HPV)
246:intellectual property laws
240:guidelines, remedies, and
2250:World Health Organization
2052:. Treatment Action Group.
1918:. JnJ. 29 September 2023.
1387:World Health Organization
1301:World Health Organization
1233:10.1007/s12116-015-9184-4
1120:Crager, Sara Eve (2014).
741:World Health Organization
705:"WHO Access to medicines"
648:World Health Organization
43:World Health Organization
1573:The Lancet Global Health
1262:10.1023/A:1025812716177.
1138:10.2105/ajph.2014.302236
829:Leevy, T. (2006-12-01).
685:Access to Medicine Index
613:Médecins Sans Frontières
347:Differences by geography
341:Médecins Sans Frontières
230:World Trade Organization
134:research and development
99:pharmaceutical companies
1342:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100359
975:10.3389/fmed.2017.00218
621:Treatment Action Group
587:multidrug-resistant TB
548:Turing Pharmaceuticals
543:
360:
216:
180:Lack of Generic Brands
153:
2232:. September 23, 2003.
2159:Law and global health
1520:"VOLUNTARY LICENSING"
962:Frontiers in Medicine
585:for the treatment of
579:Johnson & Johnson
537:
433:Differences by sector
354:
337:Medicines Patent Pool
328:Medicines Patent Pool
214:
151:
51:intellectual property
1393:on February 20, 2008
926:M.D., Robert Pearl.
808:10.1056/NEJMp1613861
546:On August 10, 2015,
524:Indian Patent Office
482:Epidemics and access
448:pneumococcal disease
295:pharmaceutical drugs
254:compulsory licensing
130:developing countries
69:Hindrances to access
26:required to achieve
2230:Africa News Service
1975:www.camr-rcam.gc.ca
1935:www.camr-rcam.gc.ca
1630:2017PLoSO..1277770J
1206:States News Service
790:(9 February 2017).
747:on January 10, 2014
591:Stop TB Partnership
464:Hepatitis B vaccine
320:essential medicines
314:Voluntary Licensing
47:essential medicines
20:Access to medicines
1790:The Economic Times
1579:(9): e1189–e1196.
1524:Knowledge Portalia
1478:10.1111/jwip.12083
1208:. 2 December 2015.
1183:10.1111/jore.12171
895:10.1111/dewb.12105
544:
501:HIV/AIDS treatment
361:
305:Paragraph 6 System
242:dispute resolution
217:
154:
75:market competition
2071:(9634): 205–206.
1732:www.pharmabiz.com
1518:Erickson, Elise.
1076:(9770): 976–977.
574:Tuberculosis (TB)
192:international aid
95:patent protection
88:provide an owner
36:international law
2257:
2234:
2233:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2188:
2180:
2154:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2107:"Gavi's mission"
2103:
2097:
2096:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2030:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1993:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1771:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1659:
1641:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1588:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1463:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1389:. Archived from
1379:
1370:
1369:
1325:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1303:. Archived from
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1283:
1269:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1149:
1117:
1102:
1101:
1065:
1056:
1055:
1019:
998:
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711:. Archived from
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269:Doha Declaration
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109:Data exclusivity
90:exclusive rights
77:and lack of it.
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2134:
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2111:www.gavi.org
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1980:10 February
1940:10 February
1416:www.wto.org
1277:www.wto.org
772:10 February
751:10 February
709:www.who.int
583:bedaquiline
520:lenacapavir
468:Hib vaccine
456:hepatitis B
450:, 95% from
422:patent laws
238:enforcement
207:Legislation
170:hepatitis C
2214:2018-03-15
2140:2018-03-15
2116:2018-03-15
2065:The Lancet
2010:"About Us"
1878:2018-03-07
1853:2018-03-07
1828:2018-03-07
1803:2024-09-18
1770:2024-09-18
1737:2024-09-17
1704:2018-02-28
1507:: 782–795.
1446:: 137–186.
1421:2018-04-27
1397:2018-03-07
1311:2018-03-07
1282:2018-03-07
1070:The Lancet
937:2018-03-07
719:2017-02-10
691:References
656:World Bank
332:The Lancet
122:medication
2185:cite book
2177:881325330
1798:0013-0389
1765:0971-751X
1757:The Hindu
1648:1932-6203
1486:1422-2213
1350:1532-6535
1249:155551996
1241:0039-3606
1191:1467-9795
1098:205960770
597:Campaigns
402:Guatemala
57:. In the
24:medicines
2244:Category
2085:18640453
1990:cite web
1950:cite web
1873:Newsweek
1666:28542239
1618:PLOS ONE
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1090:21227487
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674:See also
628:Tanzania
556:Daraprim
487:HIV/AIDS
438:Vaccines
406:Honduras
301:issues.
166:HIV/AIDS
103:monopoly
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1900:12 July
1657:5444652
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410:Belize
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378:Malawi
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289:, and
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2191:link
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2017:2017
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1982:2017
1956:link
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