1034:
1022:
901:
696:
1224:
1010:
998:
949:
1080:
1212:
2773:
1095:
1110:
1125:
688:
76:
1193:
2021/2022 survey found that one in every seven enterprises in the
Central, Eastern and South Eastern regions (14%) may be classed as active innovators — that is, firms that spent heavily in research and development and developed a new product, process, or service — however this figure is lower than the EU average of 18%. In 2022, 67% of enterprises in the same region deployed at least one sophisticated digital technology, and 69% EU firms did the same.
1140:
629:
8764:
6427:
8788:
8776:
6451:
112:
35:
6439:
2798:
644:
986:
2012, 21% of which was destined to fund basic research. According to
National Science Foundation in U.S., in 2015, R&D expenditures performed by federal government and local governments are 54 and 0.6 billions of dollars. The federal research and development budget for fiscal year 2020 was $
737:
New product design and development is often a crucial factor in the survival of a company. In a global industrial landscape that is changing fast, firms must continually revise their design and range of products. This is necessary as well due to the fierce competition and the evolving preferences of
1262:
by 2030. However, this undertaking has not spurred an increase in reporting of data. On the contrary, a total of 99 countries reported data on domestic investment in research in 2015 but only 69 countries in 2018. Similarly, 59 countries recorded the number of researchers (in full-time equivalents)
1055:
Israel is the world leader in spending on R&D as a percentage of GDP as of 2022, spending 6.02%. According to CSIS, During the 1970s and 1980s Israel initially built up Israel's research infrastructure through various programs, often in the defence industry. In 1984, a law for
Encouragement of
1192:
Firms that have embraced advanced digital technology devote a greater proportion of their investment efforts to R&D. Firms who engaged in digitisation during the pandemic report spending a big portion of their expenditure in 2020 on software, data, IT infrastructure, and website operations. A
939:
Business R&D is risky for at least two reasons. The first source of risks comes from R&D nature, where R&D project could fail without residual values. The second source of risks comes from takeover risks, which means R&D is appealing to bidders because they could gain technologies
930:
while low-tech firms experienced "vicious" Matthew effects, meaning that high-tech firms were awarded subsidies on merit while low-tech firms most often were given subsidies based on name recognition, even if not put to good use. While the strength of the correlation between R&D spending and
909:
share". Research is the most risky financing area because both the development of an invention and its successful realization carries uncertainty including the profitability of the invention. One way entrepreneurs can reduce these uncertainties is to buy the licence for a franchise, so that the
908:
Research and development are very difficult to manage, since the defining feature of research is that the researchers do not know in advance exactly how to accomplish the desired result. As a result, "higher R&D spending does not guarantee more creativity, higher profit or a greater market
925:
between the research and development and firm productivity across all sectors, but that this positive correlation is much stronger in high-tech firms than in low-tech firms. In research done by
Francesco Crespi and Cristiano Antonelli, high-tech firms were found to have "virtuous"
1060:
In the 1980s to 1992, the Chief scientist of Israel significantly expanded R&D subsidies in the
Israeli industrial sector. Israel invested in the creation of clusters of startups in the high-tech sector as well as venture capital investments. In 1993, Israel initiated the
1201:
As of 2024, the electronics sector leads in R&D investment, with 28% of its total investment dedicated to it. This is followed by textiles (19%), digital (18%), and aerospace (15%). Other sectors allocate less than 10% of their total investment to R&D.
1065:, which led to the doubling of value of Israel's 10 new venture capital funds in 3 years. In the late 1990s, Israel was second only to the US in private equity as a share of the general economy. The high tech sector in Israel, known as
6105:
1033:
714:) is the set of innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products. R&D constitutes the first stage of development of a potential new service or the production process.
6120:
1188:
strategy which will run from 2014 to 2020, a multidisciplinary effort to provide safe, economically feasible, environmentally sound and socially acceptable solutions along the entire value chain of human activities.
880:
will be as much as 90% of the sales cost, with manufacturing costing only 10% of the product price, because so many individual projects yield no exploitable product. Most industrial companies get 40% revenues only.
888:
the high overhead. They often reuse advanced manufacturing processes, expensive safety certifications, specialized embedded software, computer-aided design software, electronic designs and mechanical subsystems.
6091:
1021:
931:
productivity in low-tech industries is less than in high-tech industries, studies have been done showing non-trivial carryover effects to other parts of the marketplace by low-tech R&D.
1258:. Countries agreed in 2015 to monitor their progress in raising research intensity (SDG 9.5.1), as well as researcher density (SDG 9.5.2), as part of their commitment to reaching the
721:
and services. R&D differs from the vast majority of corporate activities in that it is not intended to yield immediate profit, and generally carries greater risk and an uncertain
1601:
1596:
1198:
As of 2023, European enterprises account for 18% of the world's top 2 500 R&D corporations, but just 10% of new entrants, compared to 45% in the United States and 32% in China.
959:
is the discipline of designing and leading R&D processes globally, across cultural and lingual settings, and the transfer of knowledge across international corporate networks.
1009:
1181:
1223:
1606:
1205:
While 17% of the world’s top R&D investors are based in the
European Union, they accounted for only 1% of acquisitions involving EU-based companies between 2013 and 2023.
6098:
2455:"European Commission – PRESS RELEASES – Press release – Horizon 2020: Commission proposes €80 billion investment in research and innovation, to boost growth and jobs"
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from acquisition targets. Therefore, firms may gain R&D profit that co-moves with takeover waves, causing risks to the company which engages in R&D activity.
997:
2275:
1115:
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1949:
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in 2018, down from 90 countries in 2015. UNESCO Institute for
Statistics is the global custodian of these R&D data; data can be freely obtained from the
6490:
952:
Since the 1960s, private businesses in the U.S. have provided an increasing share of funding for research and development, as direct federal funding waned.
5083:
1591:
860:
Generally such firms prosper only in markets whose customers have extreme high technology needs, like certain prescription drugs or special chemicals,
2100:
Crespi, Francesco; Antonelli, Cristiano (2011). "Matthew
Effects and R&D Subsidies: Knowledge Cumulability in High-Tech and Low-Tech Industries".
129:
48:
1079:
6130:
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1139:
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Research from 2000 has shown that firms with a persistent R&D strategy outperform those with an irregular or no R&D investment program.
821:
In the United States, a typical ratio of research and development for an industrial company is about 3.5% of revenues; this measure is called "
6140:
4040:
2741:
2618:
2591:
2564:
2513:
2343:
900:
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15.1%. Anything over 15% is remarkable, and usually gains a reputation for being a high technology company such as engineering company
695:
176:
6115:
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1167:
2802:
788:, using similar techniques to scientific research but directed toward desired outcomes and with broad forecasts of commercial yield.
148:
8815:
8589:
6135:
4141:
1959:
1912:
1701:
672:
213:
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62:
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of a new product. If the development is technology driven, R&D is directed toward developing products to meet the unmet needs.
7348:
5853:
3828:
1050:
83:
Parts of this article (those related to developments in (a) USA since Barack Obama and (b) elsewhere since that time) need to be
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In general, research and development activities are conducted by specialized units or centers belonging to a company, or can be
155:
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6483:
3586:
1255:
1244:
968:
876:. The extreme needs justify the high risk of failure and consequently high gross margins from 60% to 90% of revenues. That is,
286:
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Research and
Development in Industry encouraged the commercial sector to invest in R&D in Israel as well as empowered the
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133:
20:
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On a technical level, high tech organizations explore ways to re-purpose and repackage advanced technologies as a way of
8825:
5237:
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948:
7598:
1652:"Policy for research and technological development | Fact Sheets on the European Union | European Parliament"
8601:
5088:
4946:
4466:
4448:
4100:
2772:
2658:
2437:"European Commission – PRESS RELEASES – Press release – Horizon 2020 – the EU's new research and innovation programme"
2314:
332:
144:
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1073:, was ranked the 4th leading startup ecosystem in the world by Startup genome with a value of $ 253billion in 2023.
122:
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6297:
5205:
5098:
4966:
2823:
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1626:
1576:
1057:
818:. Bank ratios are one of the best measures, because they are continuously maintained, public and reflect risk.
8256:
956:
2781:
2731:
1985:. Center for Strategic and International Studies, International Security Program. December 5, 2009. p. 1
1844:
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718:
290:
2115:
Mendonca, Sandro (2009). "Brave Old World: Accounting for 'High-Tech' Knowledge in 'Low-Tech' Industries".
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717:
Although R&D activities may differ across businesses, the primary goal of an R&D department is to
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1631:
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424:
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264:
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3394:
3157:
2840:
2554:
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537:
519:
454:
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2683:"The scale-up gap: Financial market constraints holding back innovative firms in the European Union"
2454:
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4559:
4291:
3714:
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344:
282:
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2757:
UNESCO Institute for
Statistics, 9.5.1 Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP
2276:"Research and Development: U.S. Trends and International Comparisons, National Science Foundation"
8430:
8234:
8164:
8063:
8033:
7988:
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7040:
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5517:
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5381:
4835:
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4683:
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4554:
4537:
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4117:
4085:
3930:
3854:
3618:
3474:
3419:
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3108:
2063:
1786:
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was meant to be reached by 2020, but the current amount is below this target. This also causes a
739:
259:
239:
2422:
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Europe is lagging behind in R&D investments from the past two decades. The target of 3% of
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7353:
7227:
7109:
6217:
6033:
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5891:
5739:
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5465:
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5078:
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5006:
4971:
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4035:
3895:
3885:
3850:
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3808:
3751:
3746:
3649:
2937:
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2614:
2587:
2560:
2509:
2257:
1975:
1955:
1908:
1852:
1778:
1697:
991:). DOD's total research, development, test, and evaluation budget was roughly $ 108.5 billion.
648:
595:
585:
509:
359:
301:
1748:
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4951:
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2188:
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2053:
2045:
1768:
1760:
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822:
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590:
459:
379:
320:
244:
2436:
780:, "research and development" normally refers to future-oriented, longer-term activities in
8634:
8513:
8053:
8043:
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7442:
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7272:
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5673:
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5540:
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4929:
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4112:
4092:
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2085:(2011). "Productivity Gains from R&D Investment: Are High-Tech Sectors Still Ahead?".
2082:
1935:
1070:
885:
826:
773:
754:
560:
555:
545:
434:
391:
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853:, which tops the spending table with 43.4% investment. Such companies are often seen as
89:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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2220:. National Science Foundation, National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics.
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633:
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310:
2634:
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1749:"Enhancing the Financial Returns of R&D Investments through Operations Management"
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is one that puts the customer needs first, and produces goods that are known to sell.
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3235:
3021:
2905:
2179:
Lin, Ji-Chai; Wang, Yanzhi (Andrew) (2016). "The R&D Premium and Takeover Risk".
1790:
725:. R&D is crucial for acquiring larger shares of the market through new products.
514:
2067:
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769:
758:
743:
628:
364:
337:
16:
General term for activities in connection with corporate or governmental innovation
6468:
2142:
Bena, Jan; Kai, Li (2014). "Corporate innovations and mergers and acquisitions".
2128:
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Yiu, L. M. Daphne; Lam, Hugo K. S.; Yeung, Andy C. L.; Cheng, T. C. E. (2020).
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UNESCO Science Report: the Race Against Time for Smarter Development.
1856:
1805:
https://ec.europa.eu/competition/state_aid/cases/220403/220403_758165_5_1.pdf
1782:
1173:
Research and innovation in Europe are financially supported by the programme
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2373:"Sustaining Israel's Innovation Economy | Perspectives on Innovation | CSIS"
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Chiesa, V. (2001). R&D Strategy and Organisation, Imperial College Press
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605:
369:
2505:
Digitalisation in Europe 2021–2022: Evidence from the EIB Investment Survey
2034:"R&D and productivity: testing sectoral peculiarities using micro data"
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is carried out, which establishes the needs of consumers and the potential
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3317:
3290:
3240:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3197:
3115:
3078:
3066:
2682:
2218:"Federally Funded R&D Declines as a Share of GDP and Total R&D"
2201:
2192:
2155:
2058:
1773:
1764:
846:
781:
439:
229:
2217:
1250:
By 2018, research and development constituted an average 1.79% of the
1039:
National Museum of the U.S. Air Force-Research and Development Gallery
8710:
8682:
8463:
8068:
7971:
7934:
7603:
7554:
7358:
7279:
7232:
7163:
7153:
6939:
6872:
6818:
6688:
6655:
6643:
6638:
6617:
6578:
6282:
5668:
5551:
5391:
5200:
5143:
5053:
5033:
4668:
4510:
4493:
4122:
3781:
3771:
3734:
3724:
3704:
3623:
3561:
3541:
3516:
3509:
3499:
3439:
3372:
3367:
3322:
3127:
2890:
2885:
1239:
In 2015, research and development constituted an average 2.2% of the
811:
807:
2733:
UNESCO Science Report: the Race Against Time for Smarter Development
2808:
1815:
Expenses for university R&D&I increase moderately in Spain
8261:
8214:
8159:
7998:
7983:
7900:
7625:
7613:
7583:
7571:
7343:
7207:
7202:
7180:
7121:
7114:
6956:
6843:
6801:
6710:
6648:
6633:
6573:
6202:
6175:
5729:
5500:
5363:
5227:
5135:
5038:
4741:
4358:
3285:
3255:
2987:
2977:
2942:
2932:
2032:
Ortega-Argiles, Raquel; Potters, Lesley; Vivarelli, Marco (2011).
1976:"Aerospace and Defense: Inventing and Selling the Next Generation"
1877:
1817:
https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2021-07/ucid-efu072221.php
899:
794:
on organizations devoted to "R&D" may express the state of an
694:
686:
479:
429:
2583:
EIB Investment Report 2023/2024: Transforming for competitiveness
982:
requested $ 147.696 billion for research and development in
7976:
7912:
7784:
7662:
7447:
7375:
7331:
7239:
7222:
7092:
7000:
6867:
6813:
6761:
6744:
6720:
6624:
6588:
6568:
5881:
5698:
5386:
5289:
5242:
4661:
4372:
3739:
3729:
3504:
3404:
3302:
3265:
3071:
3046:
2927:
1146:
419:
8622:
8356:
6511:
6472:
6066:
5851:
5121:
3584:
2851:
2812:
987:
156 billion, 41.4% of which was for the Department of Defense (
8308:
8229:
8209:
8204:
8095:
7816:
7791:
6850:
6766:
6739:
6660:
5043:
4362:
4284:
3993:
3132:
2967:
2019:"Investor-partner business partner finder Business dictionary"
2005:"Investor-partner business partner finder Business dictionary"
1264:
904:
Mercedes Benz Research Development North America (13896037060)
829:
company, such as a computer manufacturer, might spend 7% or a
464:
105:
69:
28:
2730:
Schneegans, S.; Straza, T.; Lewis, J., eds. (11 June 2021).
2659:"The 2023 EU Industrial R&D Investment Scoreboard | IRI"
2293:"Federal Research and Development (R&D) Funding: FY2021"
2610:
Post-COVID recovery and green transition: An ecosystem view
738:
consumers. Without an R&D program, a firm must rely on
699:
Spending on research and development as share of GDP (2015)
1145:
Israeli StemRad astronaut anti radiation suit, picture by
1671:"Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry"
2786:, Schneegans, S., T. Straza and J. Lewis (eds), UNESCO.
2707:"Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) | Data"
2780:
work. Licensed under C-BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from
2256:. Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service.
921:
In general, it has been found that there is a positive
1948:
Dingwall, Robert; McDonnell, Mary Byrne (2015-06-26).
1827:
Research, Development and Innovation (R&D&I),
1602:
List of countries by research and development spending
1597:
List of companies by research and development spending
746:, and networks to tap into the innovations of others.
2322:
Office of the Undersecretary of Defense (Comptroller)
1845:"Business Marketing: Understand What Customers Value"
1182:
European environmental research and innovation policy
8701:
8633:
8551:
8504:
8446:
8409:
8367:
8185:
8024:
7886:
7770:
7678:
7545:
7428:
7248:
7083:
7016:
6881:
6787:
6671:
6522:
6268:
6151:
6077:
6021:
5971:
5864:
5714:
5654:
5611:
5481:
5372:
5312:
5216:
5134:
4982:
4873:
4779:
4436:
4204:
4004:
3604:
3597:
3387:
3208:
3094:
2871:
2864:
1607:
Neglected tropical disease research and development
1275:
1015:
Learning Research and Development Center, Pittsburg
136:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1843:Anderson, James C.; Narus, James A. (1998-11-01).
2344:"R&D as a percentage of GDP by country 2022"
2250:Federal Research and Development Funding: FY2011
1027:Mercedes Benz Research Development North America
1878:"Research and Development Employees by Country"
2479:"EUR-Lex – 02013R1291-20150704 – EN – EUR-Lex"
1983:Center for Strategic and International Studies
1717:
1715:
1713:
857:because their spending ratios are so unusual.
6484:
2824:
2104:(140). Università degli Studi Roma Tre: 1–24.
2081:Ortega-Argiles, Raquel; Piva, Mariacristina;
666:
8:
2776: This article incorporates text from a
1673:. US Congressional Budget Office. April 2021
1177:, which is open to participation worldwide.
2556:EIB Investment Survey 2022 – CESEE overview
63:Learn how and when to remove these messages
8630:
8619:
8364:
8353:
6519:
6508:
6491:
6477:
6469:
6074:
6063:
5861:
5848:
5131:
5118:
3601:
3594:
3581:
2868:
2861:
2848:
2831:
2817:
2809:
1592:List of business and finance abbreviations
673:
659:
297:
225:
2639:European Commission - European Commission
2534:European Commission – European Commission
2200:
2163:
2057:
1832:https://www.fct.pt/dsi/idi/index.phtml.en
1772:
1217:Secop R&D Center in Gleisdorf Austria
1003:The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California
214:Learn how and when to remove this message
196:Learn how and when to remove this message
2607:Bank, European Investment (2024-05-08).
2580:Bank, European Investment (2024-02-07).
2553:Bank, European Investment (2023-01-11).
2502:Bank, European Investment (2022-05-05).
2421:Bank, European Investment (2023-02-28).
1951:The SAGE Handbook of Research Management
1269:
947:
913:is already incorporated in the licence.
1696:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 223.
1643:
1207:
1075:
993:
411:
300:
228:
1229:IBM Germany Research & Development
2367:
2365:
2363:
2224:from the original on 3 October 2023.
1665:
1663:
1661:
1069:, which earned Israel the nickname -
768:to a contract research organization,
7:
6438:
1829:Fundação Para a Ciência e Tecnologia
1753:Production and Operations Management
1724:"Research And Development – R&D"
729:represents R&D with innovation.
134:adding citations to reliable sources
1851:. No. November–December 1998.
1722:Staff, Investopedia (2003-11-25).
1271:Top countries by R&D spending
14:
8590:Social construction of technology
1166:among countries since only a few
691:Cycle of research and development
44:This article has multiple issues.
8786:
8774:
8763:
8762:
6449:
6437:
6426:
6425:
2796:
2771:
2247:Sargent, John F Jr, ed. (2011).
2216:Anderson, G.; Moris, F. (2023).
1901:Khan, Firdos Alam (2018-09-03).
1222:
1210:
1138:
1123:
1108:
1093:
1078:
1051:Science and technology in Israel
1032:
1020:
1008:
996:
806:. Some common measures include:
642:
627:
110:
74:
33:
8775:
8578:Timeline of historic inventions
6450:
3985:Outdoors & sports equipment
1256:UNESCO Institute for Statistics
1245:UNESCO Institute for Statistics
969:Public research and development
121:needs additional citations for
52:or discuss these issues on the
1:
3989:Personal protective equipment
1279:R&D as percentage of GDP
1260:Sustainable Development Goals
814:or on rates of peer-reviewed
2613:. European Investment Bank.
2586:. European Investment Bank.
2559:. European Investment Bank.
2508:. European Investment Bank.
2129:10.1016/j.respol.2008.10.018
1160:gross domestic product (GDP)
776:agencies. In the context of
19:For the video game mod, see
8602:Technology acceptance model
8847:
2423:"Innovation overview 2023"
2315:"RDT&E Programs (R-1)"
1904:Biotechnology Fundamentals
1118:, Computer Science faculty
1048:
966:
450:Interdisciplinary sciences
145:"Research and development"
18:
8757:
8736:Technological convergence
8629:
8618:
8595:Technological determinism
8536:Technological singularity
8363:
8352:
6518:
6507:
6420:
6073:
6062:
5860:
5847:
5130:
5117:
3593:
3580:
2860:
2847:
2050:10.1007/s00181-010-0406-3
1617:Science of science policy
1549:
1535:
1521:
1507:
1493:
1479:
1465:
1451:
1437:
1423:
1409:
1395:
1381:
1367:
1353:
1339:
1325:
1311:
1297:
1283:
1278:
1180:A notable example is the
1058:Office of Chief Scientist
957:Global R&D management
8816:Research and development
8731:Research and development
8561:Diffusion of innovations
8526:Technological utopianism
8419:Environmental technology
6298:Mergers and acquisitions
6039:Research and development
4404:Chemical & hormonal
4059:Communications equipment
2803:Research and development
2687:European Investment Bank
1694:A Dictionary of Aviation
1692:Wragg, David W. (1973).
1627:Technological revolution
831:pharmaceutical companies
704:Research and development
505:Research and development
22:Research and Development
8454:Government by algorithm
8436:Sustainable engineering
8401:Precautionary principle
8195:Artificial intelligence
5089:Painting and decorating
4113:Medical imaging systems
4046:Parts & peripherals
1849:Harvard Business Review
1170:have R&D spending.
963:Government expenditures
866:safety-critical systems
8519:Technology forecasting
8486:Strategy of Technology
8377:Appropriate technology
7258:Agricultural machinery
6402:State-owned enterprise
6382:Nonprofit organization
6293:Horizontal integration
4106:Scientific instruments
4069:Network infrastructure
2144:The Journal of Finance
953:
905:
862:scientific instruments
700:
692:
412:Extrascientific fields
8491:Technology assessment
8476:Persuasive technology
8459:Intellectual property
8447:Policy & politics
7063:Interchangeable parts
5745:Private investigation
2181:The Accounting Review
2087:IZA Discussion Papers
1929:UK R&D Scoreboard
1632:Technology life cycle
1582:Industrial laboratory
1133:, koffler accelerator
1088:Israel R&D Center
967:Further information:
951:
903:
698:
690:
649:Philosophy portal
581:Science communication
425:Communication studies
8741:Technology lifecycle
8531:Technocracy movement
8289:Programming language
7962:Particle accelerator
7836:Laboratory glassware
6502:and related concepts
6313:Vertical integration
4319:Speciality chemicals
4159:Electrical equipment
4076:Consumer electronics
2805:at Wikimedia Commons
2663:iri.jrc.ec.europa.eu
1803:EUROPEAN COMMISSION
723:return on investment
719:develop new products
538:Scientific integrity
520:Vocational education
455:Knowledge management
345:Behavioural sciences
130:improve this article
8826:Product development
8566:Technology transfer
8257:Client–server model
7708:CRISPR gene editing
7703:Genetic engineering
7290:Internal combustion
6397:Sole proprietorship
6372:Joint-stock company
5646:Veterinary medicine
5471:Property management
5265:Passenger transport
4292:Commodity chemicals
4118:Optical instruments
4086:Video game consoles
3979:Musical instruments
3820:Media reproduction
2038:Empirical Economics
1272:
749:A system driven by
740:strategic alliances
8431:Sustainable design
8165:Integrated circuit
7989:Telecommunications
7945:Optical instrument
7041:Injection moulding
6728:Musical instrument
6513:Major technologies
6345:Putting-out system
5854:Information sector
5775:Personal services
5382:Financial services
4854:offshore platforms
4703:advanced materials
4684:Ready-mix concrete
4137:Laser construction
4097:Clocks and watches
3931:Injection moulding
3902:Other fabrication
3855:household hardware
2711:data.worldbank.org
2295:. 17 December 2020
2193:10.2308/accr-51270
2165:10.1111/jofi.12059
2156:10.1111/jofi.12059
2089:(5975). IZA: 1–22.
1934:2005-10-27 at the
1765:10.1111/poms.13186
1270:
1131:Weizmann Institute
954:
906:
701:
693:
634:Science portal
8803:
8802:
8753:
8752:
8749:
8748:
8726:Mature technology
8614:
8613:
8610:
8609:
8348:
8347:
8344:
8343:
8314:Graphics software
7693:Blood transfusion
7354:Epicyclic gearing
7186:Archimedes' screw
6466:
6465:
6416:
6415:
6412:
6411:
6243:Natural resources
6088:Production-based
6058:
6057:
6054:
6053:
5996:Vocational school
5843:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5113:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5074:Electrical wiring
5060:Specialty trades
5014:Civil engineering
4869:
4868:
4543:Vulcanized rubber
4339:Cleaning products
4179:Electric lighting
3896:Surface finishing
3886:Powder metallurgy
3841:Metal fabrication
3587:Industrial sector
3576:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3475:Rare-earth metals
3383:
3382:
2801:Media related to
2743:978-92-3-100450-6
2736:. Paris: UNESCO.
2620:978-92-861-5617-5
2593:978-92-861-5648-9
2566:978-92-861-5435-5
2515:978-92-861-5233-7
2483:eur-lex.europa.eu
2396:Genome, Startup.
1563:
1562:
1254:according to the
1243:according to the
978:Former President
917:Benefit by sector
823:R&D intensity
683:
682:
596:Scientific method
586:Science education
527:
526:
510:Strategic studies
302:Scientific fields
224:
223:
216:
206:
205:
198:
180:
104:
103:
67:
8838:
8790:
8778:
8777:
8766:
8765:
8631:
8624:Related concepts
8620:
8424:Clean technology
8365:
8354:
8319:Operating system
7925:Magnetic storage
7888:Electromagnetism
7518:Air conditioning
7467:Geothermal power
7213:Block and tackle
7159:Four-bar linkage
7046:Lost-wax casting
6923:Horseback riding
6520:
6509:
6493:
6486:
6479:
6470:
6453:
6452:
6441:
6440:
6429:
6428:
6325:Enforced breakup
6320:Decentralization
6248:Physical capital
6075:
6064:
5862:
5849:
5725:Customer service
5641:Residential care
5589:Public relations
5397:Financial advice
5374:Asset management
5169:Department store
5132:
5119:
5099:Site preparation
4947:Telecom networks
4915:Waste management
4891:Gas distribution
4575:Synthetic fibers
4302:Industrial gases
4041:Computer systems
3975:Medical supplies
3602:
3595:
3582:
3012:Animal husbandry
2983:Medicinal plants
2869:
2862:
2849:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2810:
2800:
2775:
2759:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2540:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2433:
2427:
2426:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2398:"Startup Genome"
2393:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2369:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2319:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2255:
2244:
2238:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2150:(5): 1923–1960.
2139:
2133:
2132:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2097:
2091:
2090:
2083:Vivarelli, Marco
2078:
2072:
2071:
2061:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1980:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1945:
1939:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1840:
1834:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1776:
1759:(7): 1658–1678.
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1719:
1708:
1707:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1667:
1656:
1655:
1654:. 31 March 2023.
1648:
1558:
1557:
1544:
1543:
1530:
1529:
1516:
1515:
1502:
1501:
1488:
1487:
1474:
1473:
1460:
1459:
1446:
1445:
1432:
1431:
1418:
1417:
1404:
1403:
1390:
1389:
1376:
1375:
1362:
1361:
1348:
1347:
1334:
1333:
1320:
1319:
1306:
1305:
1292:
1291:
1273:
1226:
1214:
1168:EU Member States
1142:
1127:
1112:
1097:
1082:
1036:
1024:
1012:
1000:
896:Business R&D
874:military weapons
798:, the degree of
675:
668:
661:
647:
646:
645:
632:
631:
591:Research funding
460:Language studies
392:Applied sciences
328:Natural sciences
298:
226:
219:
212:
201:
194:
190:
187:
181:
179:
138:
114:
106:
99:
96:
90:
78:
77:
70:
59:
37:
36:
29:
8846:
8845:
8841:
8840:
8839:
8837:
8836:
8835:
8806:
8805:
8804:
8799:
8798:
8745:
8697:
8635:Applied science
8625:
8606:
8547:
8514:Futures studies
8500:
8442:
8405:
8359:
8340:
8181:
8054:Electrical grid
8044:Circuit breaker
8020:
7882:
7766:
7730:Medical imaging
7713:Genetic testing
7674:
7541:
7424:
7312:Heavy equipment
7273:Washing machine
7244:
7169:Rack and pinion
7079:
7053:Mass production
7012:
6877:
6783:
6667:
6514:
6503:
6497:
6467:
6462:
6461:
6408:
6377:Nationalization
6264:
6234:Primary inputs
6155:
6147:
6080:
6079:Classification
6069:
6050:
6017:
5967:
5951:Social networks
5868:
5856:
5835:
5819:Business travel
5721:Administrative
5710:
5694:Amusement parks
5658:
5650:
5624:Dentist offices
5607:
5477:
5444:Pension funding
5417:Risk management
5402:Holding company
5368:
5308:
5220:
5212:
5184:Specialty store
5179:Online shopping
5126:
5105:
4978:
4865:
4775:
4432:
4390:Pharmaceuticals
4334:Aroma compounds
4270:Petroleum jelly
4200:
4189:Home appliances
4184:Electric motors
4132:spotting scopes
4093:Instrumentation
4006:
4000:
3982:Office supplies
3589:
3568:
3552:Dimension stone
3486:Other minerals
3431:Mining of ores
3379:
3204:
3090:
3037:Other livestock
2923:Permanent crops
2856:
2843:
2837:
2793:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2715:
2713:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2691:
2689:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2667:
2665:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2643:
2641:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2538:
2536:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2501:
2500:
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2379:
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2350:
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2327:
2325:
2324:. February 2020
2317:
2313:
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2308:
2298:
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2241:
2236:
2232:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2117:Research Policy
2114:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1936:Wayback Machine
1926:
1922:
1915:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1886:
1884:
1875:
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1870:
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1391:
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1349:
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1331:
1330:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1307:
1303:
1302:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1237:
1230:
1227:
1218:
1215:
1184:, based on the
1156:
1149:
1143:
1134:
1128:
1119:
1113:
1104:
1103:R&D, Israel
1098:
1089:
1083:
1071:Start-up Nation
1053:
1047:
1040:
1037:
1028:
1025:
1016:
1013:
1004:
1001:
976:
971:
965:
946:
937:
928:Matthew effects
919:
898:
835:Merck & Co.
827:high technology
802:or the lure of
755:Market research
735:
679:
643:
641:
626:
621:
620:
576:
575:
566:
565:
561:Research ethics
556:Logical fallacy
546:Reproducibility
541:
540:
529:
528:
365:Anthropological
311:Formal sciences
295:
294:
274:
250:Article indexes
220:
209:
208:
207:
202:
191:
185:
182:
139:
137:
127:
115:
100:
94:
91:
88:
79:
75:
38:
34:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8844:
8842:
8834:
8833:
8828:
8823:
8818:
8808:
8807:
8801:
8800:
8797:
8796:
8784:
8772:
8759:
8758:
8755:
8754:
8751:
8750:
8747:
8746:
8744:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8707:
8705:
8699:
8698:
8696:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8655:
8650:
8645:
8639:
8637:
8627:
8626:
8623:
8616:
8615:
8612:
8611:
8608:
8607:
8605:
8604:
8599:
8598:
8597:
8592:
8582:
8581:
8580:
8570:
8569:
8568:
8557:
8555:
8549:
8548:
8546:
8545:
8544:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8523:
8522:
8521:
8510:
8508:
8502:
8501:
8499:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8481:Science policy
8478:
8473:
8472:
8471:
8466:
8456:
8450:
8448:
8444:
8443:
8441:
8440:
8439:
8438:
8428:
8427:
8426:
8415:
8413:
8407:
8406:
8404:
8403:
8398:
8397:
8396:
8386:
8385:
8384:
8382:Low technology
8373:
8371:
8361:
8360:
8357:
8350:
8349:
8346:
8345:
8342:
8341:
8339:
8338:
8337:
8336:
8334:Word processor
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8291:
8286:
8285:
8284:
8282:World Wide Web
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8249:
8248:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8197:
8191:
8189:
8183:
8182:
8180:
8179:
8177:Superconductor
8174:
8173:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8136:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8105:
8104:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8081:Electric light
8078:
8077:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8030:
8028:
8022:
8021:
8019:
8018:
8017:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7986:
7981:
7980:
7979:
7977:Motion picture
7974:
7964:
7959:
7958:
7957:
7952:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7930:Microwave oven
7927:
7922:
7921:
7920:
7910:
7909:
7908:
7898:
7892:
7890:
7884:
7883:
7881:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7869:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7856:Chromatography
7848:
7843:
7838:
7833:
7832:
7831:
7821:
7820:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7794:
7789:
7788:
7787:
7776:
7774:
7768:
7767:
7765:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7748:
7747:
7742:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7721:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7684:
7682:
7676:
7675:
7673:
7672:
7671:
7670:
7668:Spinning wheel
7665:
7655:
7654:
7653:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7617:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7591:
7586:
7581:
7576:
7575:
7574:
7564:
7563:
7562:
7551:
7549:
7543:
7542:
7540:
7539:
7538:
7537:
7527:
7526:
7525:
7520:
7510:
7509:
7508:
7498:
7497:
7496:
7491:
7481:
7480:
7479:
7472:Heat exchanger
7469:
7464:
7463:
7462:
7455:Energy storage
7452:
7451:
7450:
7445:
7434:
7432:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7422:
7421:
7420:
7415:
7405:
7404:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7378:
7373:
7372:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7336:
7335:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7314:
7309:
7308:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7285:Electric motor
7277:
7276:
7275:
7270:
7260:
7254:
7252:
7246:
7245:
7243:
7242:
7237:
7236:
7235:
7230:
7228:Potter's wheel
7225:
7220:
7215:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7194:
7193:
7188:
7178:
7173:
7172:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7141:
7140:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7119:
7118:
7117:
7107:
7106:
7105:
7095:
7089:
7087:
7085:Simple machine
7081:
7080:
7078:
7077:
7072:
7071:
7070:
7065:
7060:
7050:
7049:
7048:
7043:
7033:
7028:
7022:
7020:
7014:
7013:
7011:
7010:
7009:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6988:
6987:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6966:
6961:
6960:
6959:
6949:
6944:
6943:
6942:
6932:
6931:
6930:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6909:
6908:
6903:
6898:
6887:
6885:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6859:
6858:
6848:
6847:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6810:
6809:
6804:
6793:
6791:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6781:
6780:
6779:
6774:
6772:Printing press
6769:
6764:
6754:
6753:
6752:
6747:
6737:
6736:
6735:
6725:
6724:
6723:
6718:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6697:
6696:
6691:
6681:
6675:
6673:
6669:
6668:
6666:
6665:
6664:
6663:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6622:
6621:
6620:
6615:
6605:
6604:
6603:
6593:
6592:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6557:Sewing machine
6549:
6548:
6547:
6545:Working animal
6542:
6537:
6526:
6524:
6516:
6515:
6512:
6505:
6504:
6498:
6496:
6495:
6488:
6481:
6473:
6464:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6447:
6435:
6422:
6421:
6418:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6407:
6406:
6405:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6359:
6358:
6357:
6355:Temporary work
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6317:
6316:
6315:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6278:Centralization
6274:
6272:
6266:
6265:
6263:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6251:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6232:
6227:
6226:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6200:
6195:
6194:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6162:
6160:
6149:
6148:
6146:
6145:
6144:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6125:
6124:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6094:
6085:
6083:
6071:
6070:
6067:
6060:
6059:
6056:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6048:
6047:
6046:
6044:Basic research
6036:
6031:
6025:
6023:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6004:
6003:
5998:
5988:
5983:
5977:
5975:
5969:
5968:
5966:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5938:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5916:
5915:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5875:
5873:
5858:
5857:
5852:
5845:
5844:
5841:
5840:
5837:
5836:
5834:
5833:
5832:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5813:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5773:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5753:
5752:
5751:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5683:
5678:
5677:
5676:
5665:
5663:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5617:
5615:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5605:
5604:
5603:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5576:
5574:Legal services
5571:
5570:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5549:
5548:
5547:
5545:system testing
5534:
5529:
5515:
5514:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5498:
5487:
5485:
5479:
5478:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5473:
5468:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5407:Money transfer
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5378:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5318:
5316:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5280:Passenger rail
5277:
5272:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5248:Moving company
5245:
5240:
5235:
5224:
5222:
5214:
5213:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5154:Consumer goods
5151:
5149:Car dealership
5140:
5138:
5128:
5127:
5124:Service sector
5122:
5115:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4988:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4944:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4900:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4879:
4877:
4871:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4847:
4842:
4827:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4785:
4783:
4781:Heavy industry
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4720:Metal refining
4717:
4716:
4715:
4713:Synthetic gems
4710:
4705:
4696:
4690:Other mineral
4688:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4666:
4665:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4634:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4580:Thermoplastics
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4503:
4502:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4471:
4470:
4469:
4460:
4455:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4406:contraceptives
4402:
4400:Blood products
4397:
4387:
4385:Fine chemicals
4382:
4381:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4316:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4265:Petrochemicals
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4210:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4166:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4125:
4115:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4056:
4055:
4054:
4048:
4043:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4029:Semiconductors
4026:
4024:Circuit boards
4021:
4010:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3972:
3969:
3964:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3891:Prefabrication
3888:
3883:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3848:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3824:Cassette tapes
3818:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3744:
3743:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3674:
3664:
3663:
3662:
3660:Vegetable oils
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3634:
3633:Dairy products
3631:
3626:
3621:
3610:
3608:
3606:Light industry
3599:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3578:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
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3206:
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3203:
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3201:
3200:
3195:
3188:Wild mushrooms
3185:
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3183:
3178:
3165:
3163:Natural rubber
3160:
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2948:Tropical fruit
2945:
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2913:
2908:
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2898:
2893:
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2881:Arable farming
2877:
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2866:
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2857:
2854:Natural sector
2852:
2845:
2844:
2838:
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2835:
2828:
2821:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2792:
2791:External links
2789:
2788:
2787:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2749:
2742:
2722:
2698:
2674:
2650:
2635:"Press corner"
2626:
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2599:
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2572:
2565:
2545:
2530:"Press corner"
2521:
2514:
2494:
2470:
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2413:
2402:Startup Genome
2388:
2359:
2335:
2306:
2284:
2267:
2239:
2230:
2208:
2187:(3): 955–971.
2171:
2134:
2123:(3): 470–482.
2107:
2102:Working Papers
2092:
2073:
2044:(3): 817–839.
2024:
2010:
1996:
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1622:Science policy
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1572:Basic research
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1164:digital divide
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1120:
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389:
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375:Criminological
372:
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318:
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8571:
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8564:
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8559:
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8550:
8542:
8541:Transhumanism
8539:
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8529:
8528:
8527:
8524:
8520:
8517:
8516:
8515:
8512:
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8509:
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8506:Progressivism
8503:
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8496:Technorealism
8494:
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8487:
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8474:
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8411:Ecotechnology
8408:
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8158:
8157:
8156:
8155:Semiconductor
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8140:Lightning rod
8138:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8118:Circuit board
8116:
8114:
8111:
8110:
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7987:
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7975:
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7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7947:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7940:Optical fiber
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7919:
7916:
7915:
7914:
7911:
7907:
7904:
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7899:
7897:
7896:Electromagnet
7894:
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7879:
7876:
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7867:
7864:
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7842:
7839:
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7834:
7830:
7829:Haber process
7827:
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7810:
7808:
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7800:
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7711:
7709:
7706:
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7704:
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7699:
7696:
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7689:
7688:Birth control
7686:
7685:
7683:
7681:
7680:Biotechnology
7677:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7660:
7659:
7656:
7652:
7651:Vulcanization
7649:
7648:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7621:Nanomaterials
7619:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7596:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7580:
7579:Chipped stone
7577:
7573:
7570:
7569:
7568:
7565:
7561:
7558:
7557:
7556:
7553:
7552:
7550:
7548:
7544:
7536:
7535:Photovoltaics
7533:
7532:
7531:
7528:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7515:
7514:
7513:Refrigeration
7511:
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7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
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7120:
7116:
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7112:
7111:
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7090:
7088:
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7082:
7076:
7073:
7069:
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7058:Assembly line
7056:
7055:
7054:
7051:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7038:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7023:
7021:
7019:
7018:Manufacturing
7015:
7007:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6993:
6992:
6989:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6979:Space station
6977:
6975:
6972:
6971:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6958:
6955:
6954:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6947:Motor vehicle
6945:
6941:
6938:
6937:
6936:
6933:
6929:
6926:
6925:
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6857:
6854:
6853:
6852:
6849:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6829:Fortification
6827:
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6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
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6535:Domestication
6533:
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6521:
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6506:
6501:
6494:
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6436:
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6419:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6392:Privatization
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6363:
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6167:
6166:Externalities
6164:
6163:
6161:
6159:
6154:
6150:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6127:Market-based
6126:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
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6095:
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5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5920:
5917:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5898:Audio-visual
5897:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5850:
5846:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5657:
5656:Entertainment
5653:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5610:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5597:
5594:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5554:
5553:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5519:
5516:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5484:
5480:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5459:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5427:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5412:Payment cards
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5365:
5362:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5347:Food delivery
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5327:Drink service
5325:
5324:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5221:& Storage
5219:
5215:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5164:Grocery store
5162:
5160:
5159:General store
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5133:
5129:
5125:
5120:
5116:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5012:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4905:
4904:
4901:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4881:
4880:
4878:
4876:
4872:
4862:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4845:Rail vehicles
4843:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4819:
4818:wind turbines
4815:
4812:
4810:
4809:Machine tools
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4772:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4748:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4721:
4718:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4700:
4699:Carbon fibers
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4416:Illegal drugs
4414:
4412:
4411:Generic drugs
4409:
4407:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4329:Agrochemicals
4327:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4320:
4317:
4313:
4312:Pure elements
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4280:Synthetic oil
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4142:Lens grinding
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4064:Mobile phones
4062:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4052:storage media
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:& optical
4003:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3834:Optical discs
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3677:Bottled water
3675:
3673:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3600:
3598:Manufacturing
3596:
3592:
3588:
3583:
3579:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3358:Sea cucumbers
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3022:Dairy farming
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2928:Apples et al.
2926:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
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2883:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
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2863:
2859:
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2850:
2846:
2842:
2834:
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2827:
2822:
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2815:
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2804:
2799:
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2784:
2779:
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2770:
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2765:
2758:
2753:
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2739:
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2734:
2726:
2723:
2712:
2708:
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2699:
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2678:
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2660:
2654:
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2603:
2600:
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2549:
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2511:
2507:
2506:
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2471:
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2240:
2234:
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2227:
2223:
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2212:
2209:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2172:
2166:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2096:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1997:
1984:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1961:9781473914452
1957:
1953:
1952:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1914:9781498723459
1910:
1907:. CRC Press.
1906:
1905:
1897:
1894:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1869:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
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1725:
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1714:
1710:
1705:
1703:9780850451634
1699:
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1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1577:Demonstration
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1534:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1506:
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1478:
1468:
1464:
1454:
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1436:
1426:
1422:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1366:
1356:
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1342:
1338:
1328:
1324:
1314:
1310:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1225:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1153:
1148:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1063:Yozma program
1059:
1052:
1044:
1035:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1011:
1006:
999:
994:
992:
990:
985:
981:
974:United States
973:
970:
962:
960:
958:
950:
943:
941:
934:
932:
929:
924:
916:
914:
912:
902:
895:
893:
890:
887:
882:
879:
878:gross profits
875:
871:
868:in medicine,
867:
863:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
817:
813:
810:, numbers of
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
762:
760:
756:
752:
747:
745:
741:
732:
730:
728:
727:R&D&I
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
697:
689:
685:
676:
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669:
664:
662:
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584:
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569:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
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544:
543:
539:
533:
532:
521:
518:
516:
515:Urban studies
513:
511:
508:
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503:
501:
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496:
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403:
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390:
386:
383:
381:
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376:
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371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
350:Psychological
348:
347:
346:
343:
339:
338:Life sciences
336:
334:
331:
330:
329:
326:
322:
319:
317:
314:
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307:
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200:
197:
189:
178:
175:
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168:
164:
161:
157:
154:
150:
147: –
146:
142:
141:Find sources:
135:
131:
125:
124:
119:This article
117:
113:
108:
107:
98:
86:
81:
72:
71:
66:
64:
57:
56:
51:
50:
45:
40:
31:
30:
25:
23:
8792:
8780:
8768:
8730:
8653:Construction
8648:Architecture
8469:Trade secret
8358:Perspectives
8277:Social media
8272:Peer-to-peer
8150:Oscilloscope
8091:Incandescent
7994:Mobile phone
7906:Optical disc
7873:Spectrometer
7861:Distillation
7636:Rammed earth
7523:Refrigerator
7501:Oil drilling
7349:Differential
7103:Ball bearing
7068:Machine tool
6863:Stonemasonry
6789:Construction
6706:Lock and key
6701:Cryptography
6596:Food storage
6455:
6443:
6431:
6350:Spinning-off
6335:Homesteading
6288:Conglomerate
6270:Organization
6223:Raw material
6218:Intermediate
6097:
6096:
6038:
5919:Broadcasting
5824:Cruise lines
5794:Maid service
5784:Dry cleaning
5755:Maintenance
5518:Architecture
5483:Professional
5302:Self storage
5206:Distribution
4984:Construction
4829:Other heavy
4754:Formed metal
4708:Mineral wool
4630:Safety glass
4601:Fused quartz
4596:Borosilicate
4260:Paraffin wax
4215:oil refining
4194:Transformers
3960:Other goods
3946:Stonemasonry
3926:Glassblowing
3911:Blow molding
3870:Locksmithing
3846:Boilermaking
3395:Fossil fuels
3193:Fungiculture
3148:Gutta-percha
3138:Frankincense
3133:Tree tapping
3104:Silviculture
3084:Fur trapping
2995:Horticulture
2943:Stone fruits
2782:
2778:free content
2752:
2732:
2725:
2714:. Retrieved
2710:
2701:
2690:. Retrieved
2686:
2677:
2666:. Retrieved
2662:
2653:
2642:. Retrieved
2638:
2629:
2609:
2602:
2582:
2575:
2555:
2548:
2537:. Retrieved
2533:
2524:
2504:
2497:
2486:. Retrieved
2482:
2473:
2462:. Retrieved
2458:
2449:
2440:
2431:
2416:
2405:. Retrieved
2401:
2391:
2380:. Retrieved
2377:www.csis.org
2376:
2351:. Retrieved
2347:
2338:
2326:. Retrieved
2321:
2309:
2297:. Retrieved
2287:
2270:
2249:
2242:
2233:
2225:
2211:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2101:
2095:
2086:
2076:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2013:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1982:
1970:
1950:
1943:
1927:All figures
1923:
1903:
1896:
1885:. Retrieved
1881:
1871:
1860:. Retrieved
1848:
1838:
1823:
1811:
1799:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1731:. Retrieved
1728:Investopedia
1727:
1693:
1687:
1675:. Retrieved
1646:
1480:Netherlands
1382:Switzerland
1265:UIS database
1249:
1238:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1179:
1175:Horizon 2020
1172:
1157:
1067:Silicon Wadi
1054:
980:Barack Obama
977:
955:
938:
920:
907:
891:
883:
859:
855:credit risks
820:
816:publications
790:
770:universities
763:
759:niche market
748:
744:acquisitions
736:
726:
716:
711:
707:
703:
702:
684:
637:
504:
470:Liberal arts
370:Sociological
316:Mathematical
210:
192:
183:
173:
166:
159:
152:
140:
128:Please help
123:verification
120:
92:
84:
60:
53:
47:
46:Please help
43:
21:
8658:Engineering
8394:Neo-Luddism
8329:Web browser
8324:Spreadsheet
8245:Touchscreen
8220:Motherboard
8133:Vacuum tube
8108:Electronics
8086:Fluorescent
8074:Transformer
8026:Electricity
7967:Photography
7609:Ironworking
7530:Solar power
7401:Vacuum pump
7369:Whippletree
7026:3D printing
6839:Scaffolding
6684:Calculation
6530:Agriculture
6523:Necessities
6387:Partnership
6367:Cooperative
6340:Outsourcing
6330:Freelancing
6208:Commodities
5912:Video games
5887:Periodicals
5764:Landscaping
5699:Fairgrounds
5601:Advertising
5522:engineering
5506:Bookkeeping
5461:Real estate
5454:Reinsurance
5352:Restaurants
5322:Foodservice
5314:Hospitality
5297:Warehousing
5285:Ridesharing
5275:Car rentals
5007:Residential
4942:Remediation
4825:Automobiles
4647:Earthenware
4616:Glass fiber
4611:Float glass
4421:Supplements
4395:Antibiotics
4297:Fertilizers
4255:Mineral oil
4230:Diesel fuel
4213:Coal &
4173:fiber optic
4147:Microscopes
4101:GPS devices
4081:Televisions
4014:Electronics
4005:Electrical
3951:Woodworking
3906:3D printing
3865:Gunsmithing
3829:Phonographs
3814:Typesetting
3794:Bookbinding
3757:Dressmaking
3752:Accessories
3684:Soft drinks
3619:Animal feed
3410:Natural gas
3298:Aquaculture
3281:Sea urchins
3153:Maple syrup
3027:Fur farming
3017:Beef cattle
2953:Viticulture
2901:Fiber crops
2873:Agriculture
2328:20 February
2299:20 February
2202:10397/65000
2059:10419/35059
1938:as of 2006.
1876:ChartsBin.
1774:10397/89881
1186:Europe 2020
923:correlation
870:aeronautics
800:competition
766:out-sourced
574:Instruments
495:Professions
490:War studies
397:Engineering
8821:Innovation
8810:Categories
8703:Innovation
8688:Navigation
8585:Philosophy
8252:Networking
8170:Transistor
8145:Multimeter
8014:Television
7950:Microscope
7918:Eyeglasses
7866:Filtration
7851:Separation
7824:Fertilizer
7752:Prosthesis
7745:Antibiotic
7740:Anesthesia
7735:Medication
7594:Metallurgy
7391:Jackhammer
7386:Compressor
7381:Pneumatics
7317:Hydraulics
7300:Waterwheel
7268:Dishwasher
6991:Watercraft
6984:Space suit
6969:Spacecraft
6935:Jet engine
6834:Foundation
6807:Irrigation
6777:Typewriter
6750:Video game
6733:Phonograph
6679:Accounting
6608:Sanitation
6500:Technology
6260:Technology
6230:Innovation
6191:Well-being
6001:University
5934:Television
5871:Mass media
5866:Publishing
5704:Nightclubs
5613:Healthcare
5584:Consulting
5579:Management
5527:Inspection
5511:Tax advice
5491:Accounting
5422:Securities
5238:Intermodal
5174:Mail order
5069:Demolition
5002:Industrial
4997:Commercial
4920:Collection
4771:Cast metal
4657:Refractory
4625:fiberglass
4621:Glass wool
4584:thermosets
4560:Engineered
4489:Engineered
4484:Sawmilling
4378:Toiletries
4349:Explosives
4169:Electrical
4152:Telescopes
4019:Components
3777:Shoemaking
3495:Phosphorus
3388:Geological
3338:Microalgae
3181:Pine resin
3168:Palm sugar
3143:Gum arabic
3057:Beekeeping
2896:Vegetables
2841:industries
2716:2017-12-12
2692:2024-07-30
2668:2024-08-29
2644:2024-05-31
2539:2022-05-31
2488:2017-03-16
2464:2017-12-12
2407:2024-07-02
2382:2024-07-02
2353:2024-07-02
2262:1097445714
2226:NSF 23-339
1887:2019-02-06
1862:2019-02-06
1733:2017-12-12
1638:References
1587:Innovation
1550:Australia
1536:Singapore
1252:global GDP
1241:global GDP
1049:See also:
886:amortizing
845:24.9%, or
792:Statistics
786:technology
733:Background
616:Technology
485:Philosophy
475:Literature
445:Humanities
435:Futurology
385:Linguistic
270:Philosophy
265:Literature
255:Glossaries
186:March 2020
156:newspapers
49:improve it
8721:Invention
8716:High tech
8693:Surveying
8673:Logistics
8663:Forensics
8369:Criticism
8113:Capacitor
8064:Generator
8009:Telephone
8004:Telegraph
7955:Telescope
7878:Synthesis
7841:Pesticide
7812:Gunpowder
7807:Fireworks
7797:Explosive
7780:Detergent
7698:Dentistry
7641:Recycling
7477:Heat pump
7396:Rivet gun
7364:Gyroscope
7339:Mechanism
7263:Appliance
7250:Machinery
7191:Propeller
7031:Carpentry
7006:Submarine
6974:Satellite
6964:Scuba set
6883:Transport
6629:Equipment
6362:Ownership
6308:Monopsony
6186:Pollution
6171:Community
6081:standards
5986:Secondary
5973:Education
5956:Streaming
5629:Hospitals
5620:Medicine
5596:Marketing
5532:Surveying
5496:Assurance
5466:Brokerage
5429:Insurance
5357:Teahouses
5342:Fast food
5233:Air cargo
5218:Transport
5201:Brokerage
5191:Wholesale
5079:Elevators
5064:Cabinetry
4992:Buildings
4972:Telephone
4967:Satellite
4935:Recycling
4930:Hazardous
4896:Renewable
4875:Utilities
4836:Aerospace
4804:Hydraulic
4794:Conveyors
4789:Machinery
4694:Abrasives
4652:Porcelain
4606:Soda-lime
4565:Specialty
4555:Commodity
4516:Cardboard
4499:Composite
4437:Materials
4354:Fireworks
4344:Cosmetics
4324:Adhesives
4206:Chemicals
4164:Batteries
4036:Computers
3971:Jewellery
3957:Furniture
3941:Sintering
3921:Extrusion
3875:Machining
3851:Builders'
3804:Engraving
3799:Embossing
3782:Tailoring
3767:Hatmaking
3667:Beverages
3650:Preserved
3547:Limestone
3517:Quarrying
3490:Gemstones
3460:Palladium
3425:Tar sands
3420:Petroleum
3415:Oil shale
3261:Swordfish
3221:Anchovies
3062:Cochineal
2459:europa.eu
2441:europa.eu
1882:ChartsBin
1857:0017-8012
1791:216529963
1783:1937-5956
1677:29 August
1612:Prototype
1508:Slovenia
1235:Worldwide
1086:Microsoft
837:14.1% or
751:marketing
606:Scientist
360:Political
95:June 2021
55:talk page
8831:Research
8769:Category
8678:Medicine
8668:Forestry
8643:Agronomy
8304:Database
8299:Compiler
8294:Software
8267:Internet
8200:Hardware
8187:Computer
8128:Inductor
8123:Resistor
7802:Dynamite
7772:Chemical
7725:Hospital
7599:Aluminum
7560:Concrete
7547:Material
7506:Fracking
7443:Charcoal
7408:Robotics
7327:Manifold
7322:Cylinder
7305:Windmill
7218:Flywheel
7176:Pendulum
7127:Catapult
6952:Railroad
6918:Elevator
6906:Seaplane
6901:Airplane
6896:Aerostat
6891:Aircraft
6824:Building
6797:Aqueduct
6716:Banknote
6694:Calendar
6613:Plumbing
6552:Clothing
6540:Grafting
6432:Category
6303:Monopoly
6255:Services
6034:Language
6029:Creative
6013:Tutoring
5991:Tertiary
5961:Websites
5941:Internet
5892:Software
5878:Written
5799:Pet care
5759:Janitors
5749:security
5740:Staffing
5669:Gambling
5562:Interior
5543:, &
5537:Physical
5449:Property
5337:Catering
5270:Airlines
5258:Trucking
5094:Plumbing
5049:Dredging
5024:Railways
4957:Internet
4952:Cable TV
4886:Electric
4831:vehicles
4730:Aluminum
4637:Ceramics
4550:Plastics
4463:Currying
4453:deliming
4426:Vaccines
4368:Perfumes
4307:Pigments
4250:Kerosene
4245:Jet fuel
4240:Gasoline
4235:Fuel oil
3967:Bicycles
3881:smithing
3789:Printing
3747:Clothing
3715:Spinning
3695:Textiles
3645:Prepared
3465:Platinum
3435:Aluminum
3363:Scallops
3276:Lobsters
3251:Mackerel
3231:Sardines
3198:Truffles
3174:, &
3121:Firewood
3096:Forestry
2906:Oilseeds
2348:Statista
2222:Archived
2068:59130979
1989:6 August
1954:. SAGE.
1932:Archived
1566:See also
1522:Czechia
1438:Iceland
1424:Finland
1410:Denmark
1396:Germany
1368:Austria
1326:Belgium
1276:Country
1116:Technion
911:know-how
851:Allergan
849:company
843:Ericsson
839:Novartis
833:such as
804:progress
796:industry
778:commerce
611:Research
500:Religion
402:Medicine
380:Military
355:Economic
333:Physical
321:Computer
245:Category
8781:Outline
8573:History
8553:Studies
8389:Luddite
8240:Storage
8034:Circuit
7846:Pigment
7762:Vaccine
7757:Surgery
7658:Textile
7631:Plastic
7589:Masonry
7567:Ceramic
7484:Nuclear
7460:Battery
7295:Turbine
7144:Linkage
7137:Shadoof
7098:Bearing
7075:Welding
7036:Casting
6996:Sailing
6928:Stirrup
6913:Compass
6856:Caisson
6757:Writing
6601:Pottery
6584:Milling
6564:Cooking
6456:Outline
6444:Commons
6198:Funding
6181:Culture
6158:outputs
6068:Related
6008:Testing
5981:Primary
5946:Hosting
5829:Tourism
5815:Travel
5811:Poverty
5789:Funeral
5771:Repairs
5735:Renting
5730:Leasing
5689:Arcades
5685:Venues
5661:leisure
5634:Nursing
5567:Product
5557:Fashion
5541:product
5387:Banking
5196:Auction
5054:Harbors
5034:Tunnels
5019:Bridges
4925:Dumping
4861:Weapons
4679:Plaster
4570:Pellets
4458:Tanning
4444:Leather
4275:Propane
4220:Bitumen
4123:Cameras
3963:Baggage
3936:Pottery
3916:Drawing
3860:Cutlery
3725:Carpets
3720:Weaving
3700:Carding
3629:Canning
3557:Granite
3480:Uranium
3470:Lithium
3343:Seaweed
3328:Oysters
3323:Mussels
3318:Abalone
3313:Tilapia
3308:Catfish
3291:Whaling
3246:Pollock
3241:Haddock
3226:Herring
3216:Fishing
3209:Aquatic
3116:Logging
3079:Hunting
3067:Shellac
3052:Poultry
3000:Flowers
2933:Berries
2916:Tobacco
2891:Legumes
2886:Cereals
2766:Sources
1494:Norway
1466:France
1312:Sweden
1284:Israel
847:biotech
812:patents
808:budgets
782:science
708:R&D
440:History
287:Outline
260:History
240:Outline
230:Science
170:scholar
85:updated
8793:Portal
8711:Design
8683:Mining
8464:Patent
8235:Router
8069:Switch
7972:Camera
7935:Mirror
7646:Rubber
7604:Bronze
7555:Cement
7494:Weapon
7430:Energy
7359:Gimbal
7280:Engine
7233:Pulley
7198:Spring
7164:Piston
7154:Clutch
6940:Rocket
6873:Tunnel
6819:Bridge
6689:Abacus
6672:Social
6656:Weapon
6644:Plough
6639:Hammer
6618:Toilet
6579:Cheese
6283:Cartel
6156:&
6153:Inputs
6092:ANZSIC
5869:&
5779:Beauty
5747:&
5674:Online
5659:&
5552:Design
5520:&
5434:Health
5392:Credit
5364:Hotels
5144:Retail
5039:Canals
4962:Mobile
4908:Sewage
4882:Power
4852:&
4838:&
4816:&
4764:Forged
4759:Rolled
4742:Alloys
4735:Copper
4701:&
4674:Mortar
4669:Cement
4623:&
4582:&
4533:Rubber
4526:Tissue
4511:Sizing
4494:Lumber
4479:Drying
4467:oiling
4465:&
4451:&
4449:Liming
4361:&
4359:Paints
4175:cables
4171:&
4130:&
4050:Blank
3879:Other
3853:&
3809:Secure
3772:Sewing
3735:Linens
3710:Prints
3705:Dyeing
3681:Liquor
3655:Sweets
3624:Baking
3562:Marble
3542:Gypsum
3522:Gravel
3510:Sulfur
3500:Potash
3455:Silver
3440:Copper
3373:Shrimp
3368:Salmon
3333:Pearls
3158:Mastic
3128:Rattan
3109:Bamboo
3032:Horses
2988:Spices
2978:Olives
2963:Coffee
2938:Citrus
2865:Biotic
2839:Major
2740:
2617:
2590:
2563:
2512:
2260:
2066:
1958:
1911:
1855:
1789:
1781:
1700:
1452:China
1354:Japan
1298:Korea
1045:Israel
944:Global
864:, and
640:
638:·
636:
283:Fields
172:
165:
158:
151:
143:
8262:Email
8225:Mouse
8215:Modem
8160:Diode
7999:Radio
7984:Radar
7901:Laser
7626:Paper
7614:Steel
7584:Glass
7572:Brick
7489:Power
7344:Clock
7208:Wheel
7203:Valve
7181:Screw
7132:Crane
7122:Lever
7115:Chain
6957:Train
6844:Tower
6802:Canal
6711:Money
6649:Wedge
6634:Blade
6574:Bread
6238:Labor
6213:Final
6203:Goods
6176:Crime
6121:UKSIC
6111:NAICS
6022:Other
5929:Radio
5907:Music
5882:Books
5715:Other
5681:Sport
5501:Audit
5332:Cafés
5290:Taxis
5228:Cargo
5136:Sales
5029:Roads
4903:Water
4850:Ships
4840:space
4814:Power
4799:Heavy
4747:Steel
4642:Brick
4591:Glass
4538:Tires
4506:Paper
3636:Flour
3532:Chalk
3353:Clams
3349:Both
3286:Squid
3271:Crabs
3256:Shark
3172:syrup
3005:Seeds
2958:Cocoa
2911:Sugar
2318:(PDF)
2279:(PDF)
2254:(PDF)
2064:S2CID
1979:(PDF)
1787:S2CID
935:Risks
825:". A
774:state
772:, or
480:Music
430:Craft
177:JSTOR
163:books
24:(mod)
8101:Neon
8059:Fuse
7913:Lens
7785:Soap
7663:Loom
7448:Oven
7438:Fire
7376:MEMS
7332:Pump
7240:Wing
7223:Gear
7110:Belt
7093:Axle
7001:Ship
6868:Road
6814:Arch
6762:Book
6745:Game
6721:Coin
6625:Tool
6589:Wine
6569:Beer
6141:TRBC
6131:GICS
6106:NACE
6099:ISIC
5924:News
5902:Film
5439:Life
5253:Rail
5243:Mail
5084:HVAC
5044:Dams
4725:Iron
4662:Tile
4521:Pulp
4474:Wood
4373:Soap
4363:inks
4225:Coke
3994:Toys
3762:Furs
3740:Rope
3730:Lace
3688:Wine
3672:Beer
3640:Meat
3614:Food
3537:Clay
3527:Sand
3505:Salt
3450:Gold
3445:Iron
3405:Peat
3400:Coal
3303:Carp
3266:Tuna
3176:wine
3072:Silk
3047:Wool
2973:Nuts
2738:ISBN
2615:ISBN
2588:ISBN
2561:ISBN
2510:ISBN
2330:2021
2301:2021
2258:OCLC
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1956:ISBN
1909:ISBN
1853:ISSN
1779:ISSN
1698:ISBN
1679:2024
1556:1.83
1542:1.89
1528:1.99
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1500:2.28
1486:2.29
1472:2.35
1458:2.40
1444:2.47
1430:2.94
1416:2.96
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1388:3.15
1374:3.20
1360:3.26
1346:3.45
1332:3.48
1318:3.53
1304:4.81
1290:5.44
1147:NASA
420:Arts
291:List
149:news
8309:GUI
8230:RAM
8210:GPU
8205:CPU
8096:LED
7817:TNT
7792:Dye
7718:PCR
7418:Leg
7413:Arm
7149:Cam
6851:Dam
6767:Map
6740:Toy
6661:Gun
6136:ICB
6116:SIC
5804:Sex
4285:Tar
4128:Gun
3236:Cod
3042:Pig
2968:Tea
2197:hdl
2189:doi
2160:hdl
2152:doi
2125:doi
2054:hdl
2046:doi
1769:hdl
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989:DOD
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