926:, and The Open Source Science Project. In the scientific community, these new options for research funding are seen ambivalently. Advocates of crowdfunding for science emphasize that it allows early-career scientists to apply for their own projects early on, that it forces scientists to communicate clearly and comprehensively to a broader public, that it may alleviate problems of the established funding systems which are seen to fund conventional, mainstream projects, and that it gives the public a say in science funding. In turn, critics are worried about quality control on crowdfunding platforms. If non-scientists were allowed to make funding decisions, it would be more likely that "panda bear science" is funded, i.e. research with broad appeal but lacking scientific substance.
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rather than financial logic. By using crowdfunding, creators also forgo potential support and value that a single angel investor or venture capitalist might offer. Likewise, crowdfunding requires that creators manage their investors. This can be time-consuming and financially burdensome as the number of investors in the crowd rises. Crowdfunding draws a crowd: investors and other interested observers who follow the progress, or lack of progress, of a project. Sometimes it proves easier to raise the money for a project than to make the project a success. Managing communications with many possibly disappointed investors and supporters can be a substantial, and potentially diverting, task.
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intrastate solicitation was allowed, but a single out-of-state offer could destroy the exemption. Additionally, the issuer was required to be incorporated and do business in the same state of the intrastate offering. With the expansion of interstate business activities because of the internet, it became difficult for businesses to comply with the exemption. Therefore, on
October 26, 2016, the SEC adopted Rule 147(a) which removed many of the restrictions to modernize the Rules. For example, companies would have to do business and have its principal place of business in the state where the offering is sold, and not necessarily where
961:. Though deciding which stories are published is a role that traditionally belongs to editors at more established publications, crowdfunding can give the public an opportunity to provide input in deciding which stories are reported. This is done by funding certain reporters and their pitches. Donating can be seen as an act that "bonds" reporters and their readers. This is because readers are expressing interest for their work, which can be "personally motivating" or "gratifying" for reporters.
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1226:, has commented on this: "The system is terrible. It needs to be rethought and retooled. Politicians are failing us. Health care companies are failing us. Those are realities. I don't want to mince words here. We are facing a huge potential tragedy. We provide relief for a lot of people. But there are people who are not getting relief from us or from the institutions that are supposed to be there. We shouldn't be the solution to a complex set of systemic problems."
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Research also shows that friends and family account for a large, or even majority, portion of early fundraising. This capital may encourage subsequent funders to invest in the project. While funding does not depend on location, observation shows that funding is largely tied to the locations of traditional financing options. In reward-based crowdfunding, funders are often too hopeful about project returns and must revise expectations when returns are not met.
368:. Borrowers apply online, generally for free, and their application is reviewed and verified by an automated system, which also determines the borrower's credit risk and interest rate. Investors buy securities in a fund that makes the loans to individual borrowers or bundles of borrowers. Investors make money from interest on the unsecured loans; the system operators make money by taking a percentage of the loan and a loan servicing fee. In 2009,
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contributions (desire for investment). Additionally, individuals participate in crowdfunding to see new products before the public. Early access often allows funders to participate more directly in the development of the product. Crowdfunding is also particularly attractive to funders who are family and friends of a creator. It helps to mediate the terms of their financial agreement and manage each group's expectations for the project.
1092:." With crowdfunding, creators can find funders from around the world, sell both their product and equity, and benefit from increased information flow. Additionally, crowdfunding that supports pre-buying allows creators to obtain early feedback on the product. Another potential positive effect is the propensity of groups to "produce an accurate aggregate prediction" about market outcomes as identified by the author
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522:, launched an initiative for public subscription in favor of establishing the first Egyptian university, and published an advertisement in Al-Ahram newspaper in October 1906 calling on Egyptians to fulfill the nation's debt and not procrastinate with it. Indeed, many people including school children rushed to donate, and the patriots encouraged this subscription until donations exceeded 4,400 Egyptian pounds.
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For instance, physicians are obliged to uphold the ethics of the medical profession, such as patient confidentiality, but this runs in conflict with dishonest crowdfunding efforts. Thirdly, medical crowdfunding perpetuates inequalities—associated with variables such as gender, class, and race—in access to healthcare. For instance, there's a socioeconomic gradient with medical fundraising, in which a higher
503:. The paper solicited contributions by publishing articles that appealed to the emotions of New Yorkers. Donations of all sizes poured in, ranging from $ 0.15 to $ 250. More than 160,000 people across America gave, including businessmen, waiters, children, and politicians. The paper chronicled each donation, published letters from contributors on the front page, and kept a running tally of funds raised.
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phenomenon, with the support of governments and development organizations it could become a useful tool in the developing world as well. Substantial reservoirs of entrepreneurial talent, activity, and capital lay dormant in many emerging economies ... Crowdfunding and crowdfund investing have several important roles to play in the developing world's entrepreneurial and venture finance ecosystem."
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create equity through the construction of a company. Equity crowdfunding, unlike donation and rewards-based crowdfunding, involves the offer of securities which include the potential for a return on investment. Syndicates, which involve many investors following the strategy of a single lead investor, can be effective in reducing information asymmetry and in avoiding the outcome of
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sparks the desire to be a part of the initiative; and (monetary) exploitation, which motivates the individual to participate by expecting a payoff. Crowdfunding platforms are motivated to generate income by drawing worthwhile projects and generous funders. These sites also seek widespread public attention for their projects and platform.
574:(Erik Estrada, Karen Black) was an early crowdfunded film. Subscribers of The Blue Sheet formed The Florida Film Investment Co (FFI) in January 1995, and started selling shares of stock at $ 10 a share to fund the $ 80,000 – $ 100,000 film. The Movie was filmed in Oct 1996. The film was distributed by RGH/Lion's Shares Pictures.
864:" redevelopment of distressed or abandoned properties, equity for commercial and residential projects, acquisition of pools of distressed mortgages, home buyer down payments, and similar real estate related outlets. Investment, via specialized online platforms in the US, is generally completed under Title II of the
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observed on crowdfunding platforms – these platforms are not geographically constrained and bring in investors from near and far. On non-equity or reward-based platforms, investors try to mitigate this risk by using the amount of capital raised as a signal of performance or quality. On equity-based platforms,
818:, which enable students and staff to create projects and receive funding from alumni of the university or the general public. Several dedicated civic crowdfunding platforms have emerged in the US and the UK, some of which have led to the first direct involvement of governments in crowdfunding. In the UK,
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is exacerbated due to the reduced ability of the investor to conduct due diligence. Early-stage investing is typically localized, as the costs of conducting due diligence before making investment decisions and the costs of monitoring after investing both rise with distance. However, this trend is not
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Crowdfunding reduces costs – The platforms reduce search costs and transaction costs, which allows higher participation in the market. Many individual investors would otherwise have a hard time investing in early-stage companies because of the difficulty of identifying a company directly and the high
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banned companies from soliciting capital from the general public for private offerings. However, "President Obama signed the
Jumpstart Our Small Businesses Act ('JOBS Act') into law on April 5, 2012, which removed the ban on general solicitation activities for issuers qualifying under a new exemption
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supply and demand. They replace traditional intermediaries (such as traditional record companies, venture capitalists). These platforms link new artists, designers, project initiators with committed supporters who believe in the persons behind the projects strongly enough to provide monetary support.
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The future growth potential of crowdfunding platforms also depends on their financing volume with venture capital. Between
January 2017 and April 2020 globally 99 venture capital financing rounds for crowdfunding platforms took place with more than half a billion USD of total money raised. The median
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will allow for a wider pool of small investors with fewer restrictions following the implementation of the act. Unlike non-equity crowdfunding, equity crowdfunding contains heightened "information asymmetries." The creator must not only produce the product for which they are raising capital, but also
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There are ethical issues in medical crowdfunding. Firstly, there is a loss of patient privacy. Crowdfunding campaigns are generally more financially successful if extensive personal information is disclosed to the public. Secondly, the oversight regarding the veracity of claims is generally limited.
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In Europe, the requirements towards investors are not as high as in the United States, lowering the entry barrier into the real estate investments in general. Real estate crowdfunding can include various project types from commercial to residential developments, planning gain opportunities, build to
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article published in mid-September 2013 stated that "the niche for crowdfunding exists in financing films with budgets in the $ 1 to $ 10 million range" and crowdfunding campaigns are "much more likely to be successful if they tap into a significant pre-existing fan base and fulfill an existing
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of the network to expend scarce computer resources on maintaining the protocol network. These value tokens may or may not exist at the time of the crowdsale, and may require substantial development effort and eventual software release before the token is live and establishes a market value. Although
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of the 19th and 20th centuries is a broader precursor. It generated collective groups, such as community or interest-based groups, pooling subscribed funds to develop new concepts, products, and means of distribution and production, particularly in rural areas of
Western Europe and North America. In
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Some of the most popular fundraising drives are for commercial companies that use the process to reach customers and at the same time market their products and services. This favors companies like microbreweries and specialist restaurants – in effect creating a "club" of people who are customers as
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Curated crowdfunding platforms serve as "network orchestrators" by curating the offerings that are allowed on the platform. They create the necessary organizational systems and conditions for resource integration among other players to take place. Relational mediators act as an intermediary between
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was about 3,000 miles when the platform introduced royalty sharing. The funding for these projects is distributed unevenly, with a few projects accounting for the majority of overall funding. Additionally, funding increases as a project nears its goal, encouraging what is called "herding behavior".
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The term crowdfunding was coined in 2006 by entrepreneur and technologist, Michael
Sullivan, to differentiate traditional fundraising with the trends of native Internet projects, companies and community efforts to support various kinds of creators. Crowdfunding has been used to fund a wide range of
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was not sustainable for various reasons. Many contributors were not returning donors and often, projects were funded by family and friends. The overall market for crowdfunding journalism may also be a factor; donations for journalism projects accounted for .13 percent of the $ 2.8 billion that was
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An individual who takes part in crowdfunding initiatives tends to have several distinct traits – innovative orientation, which stimulates the desire to try new modes of interacting with firms and other consumers; social identification with the content, cause, or project selected for funding, which
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Donation-based crowdfunding is the collective effort of individuals to help charitable causes. In donation-based crowdfunding, funds are raised for religious, social environmental, or other purposes. Donors come together to create an online community around a common cause to help fund services and
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and is limited to accredited investors. The platforms offer low minimum investments, often $ 100 – $ 10,000. There are over 75 real estate crowdfunding platforms in the United States. The growth of real estate crowdfunding is a global trend. During 2014 and 2015, more than 150 platforms have been
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Litigation crowdfunding allows plaintiffs or defendants to reach out to hundreds of their peers simultaneously in a semi-private and confidential manner to obtain funding, either seeking donations or providing a reward in return for funding. It also allows investors to purchase a stake in a claim
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Marketing – project initiators can show there is an audience and market for their project. In the case of an unsuccessful campaign, it provides good market feedback. It also has a signal value: observing consumers, consumers who are not involved with original crowdfunding campaign, show a strong
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One of the challenges of posting new ideas on crowdfunding sites is there may be little or no intellectual property (IP) protection provided by the sites themselves. Once an idea is posted, it can be copied. As Slava Rubin, founder of IndieGoGo, said: "We get asked that all the time, 'How do you
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Crowdfunding is expected to reach US$ 1 trillion in 2025. A May 2014 report, released by the United
Kingdom-based The Crowdfunding Centre and titled "The State of the Crowdfunding Nation", presented data showing that during March 2014, more than US$ 60,000 were raised on an hourly basis via
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The motivation for consumer participation stems from the feeling of being at least partly responsible for the success of others people's initiatives (desire for patronage), striving to be a part of a communal social initiative (desire for social participation), and seeking a payoff from monetary
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entered the P2P lending arena; for example in 2013, Google invested $ 125 million in
Lending Club. In 2014 in the US, P2P lending totaled about $ 5 billion. In 2014 in the UK, P2P platforms lent businesses £749 million, a growth of 250% from 2012 to 2014, and lent retail customers
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Current early-stage investing is not efficient – Venture capital firms often neglect the consumer sector and focus mainly on high-tech companies. Crowdfunding opens up some of these neglected markets to individual investors. Crowdfunding does not make sense in every industry, but for some, like
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For crowdfunding of equity stock purchases, there is some research in social psychology that indicates that, like in all investments, people don't always do their due diligence to determine if it is a sound investment before investing, which leads to making investment decisions based on emotion
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Intellectual property (IP) protection – many
Interactive Digital Media developers and content producers are reluctant to publicly announce the details of a project before production due to concerns about idea theft and protecting their IP from plagiarism. Creators who engage in crowdfunding are
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Proponents also identify a potential outcome of crowdfunding as an exponential increase in available venture capital. One report claims that if every
American family gave one percent of their investable assets to crowdfunding, $ 300 billion (a 10X increase) would come into venture capital.
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Initial studies found that crowdfunding is used within science, mostly by young researchers to fund small parts of their projects, and with high success rates. At the same time, funding success seems to be strongly influenced by non-scientific factors like humor, visualizations, or the ease and
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The rise of crowdfunding for medical expenses is considered, in large part, a symptom of an inadequate and failing healthcare system in countries such as the United States. Healthcare through crowdfunding relies on perceived deservingness and worth, which reproduces unequal outcomes in access.
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Another change was the amendment of SEC Rule 147. Section 3(a)(11) of the
Securities Act allows for unlimited capital raising from investors in a single state through an intrastate exemption. However, the SEC created Rule 147 with a number of requirements to ensure compliance. For example, the
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In order to fund online and print publications, journalists are enlisting the help of crowdfunding. Crowdfunding allows for small start-ups and individual journalists to fund their work without the institutional help of major public broadcasters. Stories are publicly pitched using crowdfunding
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There is some hope that crowdfunding has potential as a tool open for use by groups of people traditionally more marginalized. The World Bank published a report titled "Crowdfunding's Potential for the Developing World" which states that "While crowdfunding is still largely a developed world
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into question. This is also due to the fact that journalists may feel some pressure or "a sense of responsibility" toward funders who support a particular project. Crowdfunding can also allow for a blurred line between professional and non-professional journalism because if enough interest is
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The inputs of the individuals in the crowd trigger the crowdfunding process and influence the ultimate value of the offerings or outcomes of the process. Individuals act as agents of the offering, selecting, and promoting of the projects in which they believe. They sometimes play a donor role
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expressed his supportive views of crowdfunding for musicians, explaining: "I've said many times that I think they're part of the new way bands and their audience interact and they can be a fantastic resource, enabling bands to do things essentially in cooperation with their audience." Albini
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Community music labels are usually for-profit organizations where "fans assume the traditional financier role of a record label for artists they believe in by funding the recording process". Since pioneering crowdfunding in the film industry, Spanner Films has published a "how-to" guide. A
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Audience engagement – crowdfunding creates a forum where project initiators can engage with their audiences. An audience can engage in the production process by the following progress through updates from the creators and sharing feedback via comment features on the project's crowdfunding
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oriented towards providing help on social projects. In some cases, they become shareholders and contribute to the development and growth of the offering. Individuals disseminate information about projects they support in their online communities, generating further support (promoters).
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Zack Brown raised $ 55,000 from over 6,900 backers in September 2014 to make a bowl of potato salad. Noteworthy is that his initial goal was only $ 10, but his campaign went viral and got a lot of attention. Brown ended up throwing a potato salad party with over 3,000 pounds of
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coincides with higher donation amounts, higher proportions of fundraising targets reached, higher numbers of donations received, and more shares on social media. Finally, the use of medical crowdfunding might reduce the impetus to reform failing infrastructures to healthcare.
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Proponents also cite that a benefit for companies receiving crowdfunding support is that they retain control of their operations, as voting rights are not conveyed along with ownership when crowdfunding. As part of his response to the Amanda Palmer Kickstarter controversy,
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There are also financial benefits to the creator. For one, crowdfunding allows creators to attain low-cost capital. Traditionally, a creator would need to look at "personal savings, home equity loans, personal credit cards, friends and family members, angel investors, and
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Reputation – failure to meet campaign goals or to generate interest results in a public failure. Reaching financial goals and successfully gathering substantial public support but being unable to deliver on a project for some reason can severely negatively impact one's
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Traditionally, journalists are not involved in advertising and marketing. Crowdfunding means that journalists are attracting funders while trying to remain independent, which may pose a conflict. Therefore, being directly involved with financial aspects can call
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protect me from someone stealing my idea?' We're not liable for any of that stuff." Inventor advocates, such as Simon Brown, founder of the UK-based United Innovation Association, counsel that ideas can be protected on crowdfunding sites through early filing of
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after it was rejected from Kickstarter. While Selfstarter required the creators of the project to set up hosting and payment processing, it proved that projects could successfully crowdfund without middlemen taking a significant percentage of the money raised.
160:. By early 1999, he had raised more than US$ 125,000 through the site from various fans and investors, providing him with the funds to complete his film. In 2002, the "Free Blender" campaign was an early software crowdfunding precursor. The campaign aimed for
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Although similar concepts can also be executed through mail-order subscriptions, benefit events, and other methods, the term crowdfunding refers to internet-mediated registries. This modern crowdfunding model is generally based on three types of actors – the
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Crowdfunding websites helped companies and individuals worldwide raise US$ 89 million from members of the public in 2010, $ 1.47 billion in 2011, and $ 2.66 billion in 2012 — $ 1.6 billion of the 2012 amount was raised in North America.
373:£547 million, a growth of 108% from 2012 to 2014. In both countries in 2014, about 75% of all the money transferred through crowdfunding went through P2P platforms. Lending Club went public in December 2014 at a valuation around $ 9 billion.
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raised US$ 60,000 in donations through an Internet campaign to underwrite an entire U.S. tour. The band subsequently used this method to fund their studio albums. This built on the success of crowdfunding via magazines, such as the 1992 campaign by
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Many characteristics of rewards-based crowdfunding, also called non-equity crowdfunding, have been identified by research studies. In rewards-based crowdfunding, funding does not rely on location. The distance between creators and investors on
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is not exactly crowdfunding, since the actual flow of money only begins with the arrival of the product. However, the list of subscribers has the power to create the necessary confidence among investors that is needed to risk the publication.
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Crowdfunding, while gaining popularity, also comes with a number of potential risks or barriers. For the creator, as well as the investor, studies show that crowdfunding contains "high levels of risk, uncertainty, and information asymmetry."
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initiatives are emerging, involving humanitarian organizations, volunteers, and supporters in solving and modeling how to build innovative crowdfunding solutions for the humanitarian community. Likewise, international organizations like the
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teachers in the United States to request materials for their classrooms. Individuals can lend money to teacher-proposed projects, and the organization fulfills and delivers supplies to schools. There are also a number of own-branded
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Signal value - Consumers generally perceive crowdfunded products as higher quality, except in high-risk domains where the identified effect reverses due to perceptions that the crowdfunding model lacks sufficient professionalism to
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projects. Although crowdfunding has been suggested to be highly linked to sustainability, empirical validation has shown that sustainability plays only a fractional role in crowdfunding. Its use has also been criticized for funding
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1956:"People can subscribe to become Foundation Member. Members who subscribe during the campaign period, get additional benefits for their support. During campaign: – Costs: minimum one time fee of 50 euros (or US$ 50)" (archived 2002)
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Crowdfunding on the internet first gained popular and mainstream use in the arts and music communities. The first noteworthy instance of online crowdfunding in the music industry was in 1997, when fans of the British rock band
957:. The funds collected from crowdsourcing may be put toward travel expenses or purchasing equipment. Crowdfunding in journalism may also be viewed as a way to allow audiences to participate in news production and in creating a
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in the 1730s when customers demanded their pounds to be converted into gold – they supported the currency until confidence in the pound was restored, thus crowdfunding their own money. A clearer case of modern crowdfunding is
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was originally founded with the intent to market, accelerate, and invest in startups wanting to publicize their ideas via crowdfunding platforms like Kickstarter, often designing the startup's campaign and online material.
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As the popularity of crowdfunding expanded, the SEC, state governments, and Congress responded by enacting and refining many capital-raising exemptions to allow easier access to alternative funding sources. Initially, the
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is the collective effort of individuals to support efforts initiated by other people or organizations through the provision of finance in the form of equity. In the United States, legislation that is mentioned in the 2012
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Feedback – offering pre-release access to content or the opportunity to beta-test content to project backers as a part of the funding incentives provides the project initiators with instant access to good market testing
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allowed for donors or "community members" to become involved with the co-creation of a story. This gave them the ability to edit articles, submit photographs, or share leads and information. According to an analysis by
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The company takes reasonable steps to verify that the investors are accredited investors, which could include reviewing documentation, such as W-2s, tax returns, bank and brokerage statements, credit reports and the
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model to microcredit lending for low-income small business owners in developing countries. In 2017, Facebook initiated "Fundraisers", an internal plug-in function that allows its users to raise money for nonprofits.
581:, a Japanese rock band, raised £10,000 from 100 fans (the Samurai 100) by offering them a lifetime membership on the band's guestlist. Two years later, they became the fastest band to raise a US$ 50,000 budget on
711:. In the campaign's first 12 hours of existence, it became the fastest Kickstarter campaign to reach both $ 1 million and $ 2 million and it held onto the record of highest in the "film" category until
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The phenomenon of crowdfunding is older than the term "crowdfunding". The earliest recorded use of the word was in August 2006. Crowdfunding is a part of crowdsourcing, which is a much wider phenomenon itself.
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programs to combat a variety of issues including healthcare and community development. The major aspect of donor-based crowdfunding is that there is no reward for donating; rather, it is based on the donor's
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they have funded, which may allow them to get back more than their investment if the case succeeds (the reward is based on the compensation received by the litigant at the end of his or her case, known as a
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initiator who proposes the idea or project to be funded, individuals or groups who support the idea, and a moderating organization (the "platform") that brings the parties together to launch the idea.
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Kickstarter has been used to successfully revive or launch television and film projects that could not get funding elsewhere. These are the current record holders for projects in the "film" category:
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Gleasure, R., & Feller, J. (2016). Emerging technologies and the democratisation of financial services: A metatriangulation of crowdfunding research. Information and Organization, 26(4), 101–115.
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Funding by collecting small donations from many people has a long history with many roots. Books have been funded in this way in the past; authors and publishers would advertise book projects in
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Public fear of abuse – concern among supporters that without a regulatory framework, the likelihood of a scam or an abuse of funds is high. The concern may become a barrier to public engagement.
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commented: "It is all the pain of an IPO without the benefits of the IPO." These two trends may mean crowdfunding is most suited to small consumer-facing companies rather than tech start-ups.
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to regulate equity crowdfunding will mean that larger businesses with more than 500 investors and more than $ 25 million in assets will have to file reports like a public company.
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reduce information asymmetry through dual channels – through portfolio diversification and better due diligence as in the case of offline early-stage investing, but also by allowing
774:, have emerged that combine traditional funding for creative work with branded crowdsourcing—helping artists and entrepreneurs unite with brands "without the need for a middle man."
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658:" raised a total of $ 13,285,226 from 62,642 backers in July 2014 in a campaign run by Funded Today. The cooler features a blender, waterproof Bluetooth speakers and an LED light.
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Snyder, Jeremy; Mathers, Annalise; Crooks, Valorie (2016). "Fund my treatment!: A call for ethics-focused social science research into the use of crowdfunding for medical care".
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Kang L, Jiang Q, Tan C-H. "Remarkable advocates: An investigation of geographic distance and social capital for crowdfunding". Information & Management. 2017;54(3):336–348.
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Agrawal, Ajay; Catalini, Christian; Goldfarb, Avi (February 25, 2015). "Are Syndicates the Killer App of Equity Crowdfunding?". Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network.
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Research into the suitability of crowdfunding for civic investment in the UK highlights that the public sector has not fully realized the benefits of a crowdfunding approach.
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967:, which was closed in February 2015, was a crowdfunding platform that was specifically meant for journalism. The website allowed for readers, individual donors, registered
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reasoning. Ethical concerns have been raised to the increasing popularity of donation-based crowdfunding, which can be affected by fraudulent campaigns and privacy issues.
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Lack of participation – It is seen that some stories are more likely to get picked up than others based on the story. It is easy to get support if you "just tell a story."
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Donor exhaustion – there is a risk that if the same network of supporters is reached out to multiple times, that network will eventually cease to supply necessary support.
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1071:. Consumers believe that supporting crowdfunding reduces inequality in the marketplace. The positive crowdfunding effect is particularly strong among consumers who value
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In 2015, it was predicted that over 2,000 crowdfunding sites would be available to choose from in 2016. As of 2021, there are 1,478 crowdfunding organizations in the US (
736:, which acts as a startup accelerator and receives a significant number of its applicants from platforms such as Kickstarter and Indiegogo. The Italian-American company
552:, a trade body representing freelancers in the UK, raised £100,000 over a two-week period in 1999 from some 2000 freelancers threatened by a government measure known as
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game. Not only did the campaign exceed the $ 750,000 goal, but the campaign also broke the Kickstarter record for most money raised for projects in the "film" category.
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A variety of crowdfunding platforms have emerged to allow ordinary web users to support specific philanthropic projects without the need for large amounts of money.
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amount per venture capital financing rounds for crowdfunding was $ 5 million in the U.S. and $ 1.5 million in Europe between January 2017 and April 2020.
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media outlet published a list of "20 of the most significant projects" launched on the Kickstarter platform prior to the date of publication, including: Musician
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Crowdfunding campaigns provide producers with several benefits, beyond the strict financial gains. The following are the non-financial benefits of crowdfunding.
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allows individuals to browse through a selection of small projects proposed by nonprofit organizations worldwide, donating funds to projects of their choice.
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Ordanini, A.; Miceli, L.; Pizzetti, M.; Parasuraman, A. (2011). "Crowd-funding: Transforming customers into investors through innovative service platforms".
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Cheng, Cheng; Ren, Yifei (January 2024). "The paradox of seeking help: Socioeconomic inequality in medical crowdfunding in the era of the mobile internet".
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Rewards crowdfunding, in which entrepreneurs pre-sell a product or service to launch a business concept without incurring debt or sacrificing equity/shares.
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reporters, or news organizations to fund or donate talent toward a pitch of their choosing. While funders are not normally involved in editorial control,
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In response to arbitrary crowdfunding curation on existing platforms, an open source alternative called Selfstarter emerged in late 2012 from the project
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is the practice of funding a project or venture by raising money from a large number of people, typically via the internet. Crowdfunding is a form of
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and senior statesmen and notables. Its director was the politician and writer Ahmed Lutfi al-Sayyid while the chairman of its board of directors was
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A number of private companies thrive off of crowdfunding and offer services related to a number of platforms. Examples include large companies like
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required to release their product to the public in early stages of funding and development, exposing themselves to the risk of copy by competitors.
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stalled due to a lack of financing. Fundraising efforts for the project fell short of the necessary amount by more than a third. New York Governor
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started crowdfunding in 1997. Fans of the British rock band raised $ 60,000 (£39,000) via the internet to help finance a North American tour. The
4510:
Hunter, Andrea (February 2015). "Crowdfunding independent and freelance journalism: Negotiating journalistic norms of autonomy and objectivity".
120:'s scheme to issue notes for the public support of his further work as a philosopher. The "Première Circulaire Annuelle adressée par l'auteur du
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2019:
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The campaign raised over $ 100,000 (roughly $ 2 million today) allowing the city to complete construction of the pedestal. Pulitzer and
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generated, anyone may have their work published. Crowdfunding enables freelance journalists to travel to the sites to find the new sources.
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In the summer of 1885, crowdfunding averted a crisis that threatened the completion of the Statue of Liberty. Construction of the statue's
3646:
1925:
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The National University was opened on December 21, 1908, in a large ceremony in the hall of the Shura Council of Laws, in the presence of
283:
Another kind of crowdfunding is to raise funds for a project where a digital security is offered as a reward to funders which is known as
7198:
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Robock, Zachary (2014). "The Risk of Money Laundering Through Crowdfunding: A Funding Portal's Guide to Compliance and Crime Fighting".
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There are several ways in which a well-regulated crowdfunding platform may provide the possibility of attractive returns for investors:
699:
raised a total of $ 5,764,229 with 48,270 backers in December 2015 to create 14 episodes of the new series, including a holiday special.
445:
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Xu, Larry Zhiming (2018). "Will a digital camera cure your sick puppy? Modality and category effects in donation-based crowdfunding".
2456:
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1025:" A company can now broadly solicit and generally advertise an offering and still be compliant with the exemption's requirements if:
869:
created throughout the world, such as in China, the Middle East, or France. In Europe, some compare this growing industry to that of
100:
schemes. The book would be written and published if enough subscribers signaled their readiness to buy the book once it was out. The
7842:
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5237:
Berliner, Lauren S.; Kenworthy, Nora J. (August 2017). "Producing a worthy illness: Personal crowdfunding amidst financial crisis".
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2003:
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Debt-based crowdfunding, (also known as "peer-to-peer", "P2P", "marketplace lending", or "crowdlending") arose with the founding of
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Value of new investors – Investors can add value to companies when they act as brand advocates and they can even be used as a
432:
global crowdfunding initiatives. Also during this period, 442 crowdfunding campaigns were launched globally on a daily basis.
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Reward-based crowdfunding has been used for a wide range of purposes, including album recording and motion-picture promotion,
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624:
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Dressler, Gabrielle; Kelly, Sarah A (July 2018). "Ethical implications of medical crowdfunding: the case of Charlie Gard".
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2776:"Crowdsourcing for a better world: On the relation between IT affordances and donor motivations in charitable crowdfunding"
1901:
631:; it has raised over $ 500M to date, and while it has a devoted fan base, criticism has arisen for being a potential scam.
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Crowdfunding is being explored as a potential funding mechanism for creative work such as blogging and journalism, music,
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facilitate crowdfunding of loans managed by microcredit organizations in developing countries. The US-based nonprofit
101:
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1953:
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232:, in which the backer receives shares of a company, usually in its early stages, in exchange for the money pledged.
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1966:
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raised a total of $ 5,702,153 with 91,585 backers in March 2013 to create a film set 9 years after the end of the
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One crowdfunding project, iCancer, was used to support a Phase 1 trial of AdVince, an anti-cancer drug in 2016.
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994:
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454:, 2021). As of January 2021, Kickstarter has raised more than $ 5.6 billion spread over 197,425 projects.
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Agrawal, Ajay; Catalini, Christian; Goldfarb, Avi (January 1, 2014). "Some Simple Economics of Crowdfunding".
2070:
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for a new recording. The recording was funded by her fans and became the first recording in history to win a
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A number of platforms have also emerged that specialize in the crowdfunding of scientific projects, such as
827:
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raised a total of $ 11,385,449 with 88,887 backers in April 2019 to make an animated TV show based on their
457:
Crowdfunding platforms have differences in the services they provide and the type of projects they support.
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5124:"ACFCS Special Contributor Report: Crowdfunding-An unorthodox way of Money Laundering? Definitely…maybe…"
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The Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin is Changing Money, Business, and the World
688:
124:" was published on March 14, 1850, and several of these notes, blank and with sums, have survived. The
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Profile – a compelling project can raise a producer's profile and provide a boost to their reputation.
490:
refused to appropriate city funds for the project, and Congress could not agree on a funding package.
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are theoretically a form of crowdfunding military conflicts. London's mercantile community saved the
43:
5346:
Young, Michael J.; Scheinberg, Ethan (April 25, 2017). "The Rise of Crowdfunding for Medical Care".
171:
by collecting €100,000 from the community, while offering additional benefits for donating members.
81:
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simultaneously saved the Statue of Liberty and gave birth to crowdfunding in American politics.
3654:
1922:
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raised US$ 1.2 million from 24,883 backers in June 2012 to make a new album and art book.
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4000:"Can crowdfunding really cure cancer? Alexander Masters investigates a pioneering new project"
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85:
A printed receipt 135 × 97 mm issued between 1850 and 1857 to support French philosopher
4064:"Fundrise faces off with skeptical financial services industry over crowd-funded real estate"
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designed a website in 1997 for his then-unfinished first feature film, the independent drama
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3542:"Critical Role Crowdfunding Campaign for Animated D&D Series Tops $ 8.9 Million Raised"
2506:"The DAO of accrue: A new, automated investment fund has attracted stacks of digital money"
178:(2001). As the model matured, more crowdfunding sites started to appear on the web such as
129:
1885, when government sources failed to provide funding to build a monumental base for the
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1467:"Crowdfunding: Transforming Customers Into Investors Through Innovative Service Platforms"
1375:
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1068:
823:
670:
530:
494:
112:
4695:"Intrastate Offering Exemptions: A Small Entity Compliance Guide for Issuers [1]"
4634:
3806:
Kappel, Tim, "Ex Ante Crowdfunding and the Recording Industry: A Model for the U.S.?" in
3291:"Electric Eel Shock becomes the most established artist to reach US$ 50,000 on SellaBand"
1830:
64:
such as artistic and creative projects, medical expenses, travel, and community-oriented
4031:"Financing for Society: Assessing the Suitability of Crowdfunding for the Public Sector"
1170:
costs of joining an Angel Group or doing it through a professional venture capital firm.
222:
The Crowdfunding Centre's May 2014 report identified two primary types of crowdfunding:
17:
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655:
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499:
383:
335:
308:
272:
93:
4587:"Spot.us is going away, but its legacy inspires new chapters of crowdfunding playbook"
4417:
3973:
1181:. Crowdfunding allows individual investors to be a part of the company they invest in.
873:
ten years earlier. Examples of real estate crowdfunding platforms are EquityMultiple,
7892:
7778:
7273:
7258:
7238:
7126:
6887:
6732:
6707:
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5762:
5727:
5722:
5652:
5637:
5169:
5108:
5056:
4788:
4335:
3134:
3041:"80 Crowdfunding Statistics You Must See: 2021 Platforms, Impact & Campaign Data"
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1523:
708:
680:
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242:
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34:
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2920:
2833:
2799:
2354:
2314:
1638:
1581:"Crowdfunding Sites Are Putting Money in the Pockets of Cancer Quacks, Report Finds"
1063:
preference for crowdfunded products compared to those funded with alternative means
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and trademark protection as well as a new form of idea protection supported by the
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783:
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came to the rescue by launching a five-month fundraising campaign in his newspaper
361:
312:
7475:
6363:
5854:
5313:
5022:"Crowdfunding: Geography, Social Networks, and the Timing of Investment Decisions"
4809:
Acar, Oguz A.; Dahl, Darren W.; Fuchs, Christoph; Schreier, Martin (August 2021).
3739:"Sponsume lets projects get off the ground with Groupon-style group funding model"
1492:"Crowdfunding: Geography, Social Networks, and the Timing of Investment Decisions"
613:
As of late 2022, the highest reported funding by a crowdfunded project to date is
4561:
4292:
2860:
1548:"Assessing the interplay between crowdfunding and sustainability in social media"
7550:
7171:
6460:
6325:
6030:
6005:
5869:
5808:
5707:
5572:
5429:
by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 2015.
2638:
2107:
2052:"Can You Spare a Quarter? Crowdfunding Sites Turn Fans into Patrons of the Arts"
1339:
1178:
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787:
561:
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292:
191:
175:
4236:
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669:
raised more than $ 3 million via a Kickstarter campaign to fund his 2014 movie
7535:
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by Ethan Mollick, examines what causes individual projects to succeed or fail.
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4772:
4404:
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1737:
1329:
870:
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451:
316:
245:
development, inventions development, scientific research, and civic projects.
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5562:
5161:
4548:
Aitamurto, Tanja (August 2011). "The Impact of Crowdfunding on Journalism".
3751:"TechCrunch 'Grow VC launches, aiming to become the Kiva for tech startups'"
3404:"Amanda Palmer Raises $ 1.2 Million On Kickstarter, And The Crowd Goes Wild"
1708:
1680:"Crowdfunding raises millions for quack cancer remedies, like coffee enemas"
1606:
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3954:, by the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
2955:
2090:"भारत में सेल्फ पब्लिकेशन और प्रिंट ऑन डिमांड: पब्लिकेशन उद्योग की क्रांति"
1401:"Cambridge Judge Business School: Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance"
5474:
5274:"Life And Debt: Stories From Inside America's GoFundMe Health Care System"
5200:
3773:
2743:"Q&A: Rizikitoto's Suraya Shivji, 17, crowd-funds for African orphans"
595:. Over five years, from June 2004 to June 2009 (release date), she raised
493:
Recognizing the social and symbolic significance of the statue, publisher
133:, a newspaper-led campaign attracted small donations from 160,000 donors.
7852:
7737:
7674:
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7525:
6737:
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5818:
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5662:
5632:
5627:
5617:
5587:
5546:
5485:
4124:"Le crowdfunding va devenir un secteur de poids, à l'image du e-commerce"
2869:
2346:
2338:
2297:
1546:
Laurell, Christofer; Sandström, Christian; Suseno, Yuliani (April 2019).
1223:
874:
865:
861:
857:
483:
404:
332:
267:
195:
70:
3508:"Veronica Mars Kickstarter Breaks Records, Raises Over $ 2M in 12 Hours"
3482:"Zach Braff Addresses Backlash To His Crowdfunded Movie Wish I Was Here"
3343:
174:
The first company to engage in this business model was the U.S. website
7679:
7664:
7545:
6677:
6465:
6253:
6248:
6176:
6040:
5909:
5823:
5803:
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4755:
Acar, Oguz A; Dahl, Darren; Fuchs, Christoph; Schreier, Martin (2021).
4618:
4601:
3650:
3068:
1970:
1507:
1102:, thereby placing financial backing behind ventures likely to succeed.
981:
972:
968:
964:
954:
795:
299:
funds may be raised simply for the value token itself, funds raised on
183:
53:
5456:
Ex Ante Crowdfunding and the Recording Industry: A Model for the U.S.?
3678:"Teenagers' credit note approach to fund £1m film of Clovis Dardentor"
1622:
394:
is a platform that allows accredited investors to invest in lawsuits.
6936:
6647:
6496:
6491:
6353:
6303:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6201:
5924:
5904:
5798:
5747:
5657:
5419:
5411:"Crowdfunding and Civic Society in Europe: A Profitable Partnership?"
5088:
4319:
4318:
Sauermann, Henry; Franzoni, Chiara; Shafi, Kourosh (March 12, 2018).
3944:
3073:
2847:
Davies, Rodrigo (2015). "Three provocations for civic crowdfunding".
2398:
2209:"Crowdfunding and Civic Society in Europe: A Profitable Partnership?"
856:
crowdfunding is the online pooling of capital from investors to fund
5449:
5438:
5432:
4042:
830:
to co-fund civic projects created by citizens. Similarly, dedicated
5100:
4327:
2535:"Automated company raises equivalent of $ 120M in digital currency"
2406:
2288:
2208:
1792:
1779:
291:
created by particular open decentralized networks that are used to
7684:
7669:
6767:
6517:
6425:
6315:
6288:
6238:
6196:
6124:
5874:
5772:
5020:
Agrawal, Ajay; Catalini, Christian; Goldfarb, Avi (June 1, 2015).
4294:
The Nature of the Future: Dispatches from the Socialstructed World
4237:
Mike Drummond, "Making it Rain: Seeking Seed Money from the Crowd"
2474:"A Venture Fund With Plenty of Virtual Capital, but No Capitalist"
80:
4142:"7 Best Real Estate Crowdfunding Platforms for Investing in 2021"
2126:"Crowdfunding Generates More Than $ 60,000 an Hour (Infographic)"
7520:
6797:
6298:
6283:
6258:
6233:
6211:
5702:
4876:"Re: amanda '$ 1.2m' palmer wants you to play with her for free"
1210:
Crowdfunding platforms also carry the risk of money laundering.
553:
386:
in the United States, a success fee in the United Kingdom, or a
357:
319:" for the entity being funded. Examples of such crowd sales are
7479:
6891:
6128:
5489:
1778:
Agrawal, Ajay; Catalini, Christian; Goldfarb, Avi (June 2013).
1029:
The investors in the offering are all accredited investors; and
3622:"Why you need to use Backerkit for your crowdfunding campaign"
3386:"Kickstarter's biggest hits: Crowdfunding now sets the trends"
3367:"Fans Have Dropped $ 77M on This Guy's Buggy, Half-Built Game"
1831:"Marillion 'understood where the internet was going early on'"
360:
in the UK in 2005 and in the US in 2006, with the launches of
6849:
Professional E-Hailing Drivers and Private Owners Association
5433:
Dynamics of Crowdfunding: Determinants of Success and Failure
3431:"Pimped Out "Coolest" Cooler Set to Break Kickstarter Record"
839:(OCHA) have been researching and publishing about the topic.
4977:"Tech Startup Crowdfunding Isn't All It's Cracked Up to Be"
4083:"Real-Estate Sector Moves Crowdfunding Beyond the Trinkets"
3568:"MST3K breaks Kickstarter records, secures 14 new episodes"
2202:
2200:
1923:
Blender Foundation Launches Campaign to Open Blender Source
1111:
described the concept of crowdfunding as "pretty amazing".
1734:"The Statue of Liberty and America's crowdfunding pioneer"
1490:
Agrawal, Ajay; Catalini, Christian; Goldfarb, Avi (2015).
3262:"Wanna Go VIP? Electric Eel Shock'll show you the way..."
1147:
well as investors. In the US in 2015, new rules from the
150:
video documentary. In the film industry, writer/director
4951:"Success of Crowdfunding Puts Pressure on Entrepreneurs"
4160:"The best real estate crowdfunding investment platforms"
3023:"2,000 Global Crowdfunding Sites to Choose from by 2016"
2451:. Portfolio/Penguin. pp. 82–83, 128, 181, 245–246.
27:
Collection of finance from backers to fund an initiative
3928:"Prime Minister hails the rise of 'civic crowdfunding'"
2399:"Initial Coin Offerings and the Value of Crypto Tokens"
2397:
Catalini, Christian; Gans, Joshua S. (March 19, 2018).
4178:"Emerging Trends in Real Estate: New market realities"
3795:
Crowdfunding Rules Could Create Mini-Disclosure Regime
3597:"'Mystery Science Theater 3000' revival breaks record"
770:
gap in the market." Innovative new platforms, such as
533:. In 1953 the National University changed its name to
73:, especially costly and fraudulent cancer treatments.
6825:
International Alliance of App-based Transport Workers
4849:"Gigaom: What crowdfunding means for the VC business"
2892:
Belleflamme, P.; Omrani, N.; Peitz, M. (March 2015).
2563:"Ethereum reinvents companies with launch of The DAO"
1773:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
589:
later created a donation system for her feature film
5128:
Association of Certified Financial Crime Specialists
3847:"In Hollywood, Crowdfunding Isn't Just for No-Names"
7756:
7693:
7652:
7574:
7513:
7292:
7211:
7135:
7072:
7029:
7020:
6977:
6929:
6858:
6817:
6810:
6610:
6603:
6578:
6552:
6526:
6505:
6474:
6438:
6418:
6372:
6346:
6339:
6169:
6162:
5938:
5842:
5791:
5555:
5524:
4635:"Crowdfunding's Potential for the Developing World"
1295:
List of highest-funded equity crowdfunding projects
837:
Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
5150:Michigan Business & Entrepreneurial Law Review
1203:with more information and better networks to lead
5452:, NET Institute Working Paper No. 10-08, Oct 2010
4400:"Crowdfunding medical research picks up the pace"
2683:"How to Succeed in Crowdfunding Your Legal Claim"
2439:
2437:
6831:Indian Federation of App-based Transport Workers
5087:Catalini, Christian; Hui, Xiang (July 9, 2018).
3314:"Is crowd-funding the future for documentaries?"
3001:. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 115, 116.
2179:"Crowdfunding as the future of science funding?"
1894:"Filmmaker Uses Web To Help Finance, Cast Movie"
1809:"British Band's U.s. Tour Is Computer-generated"
4906:"The hidden costs of crowdfunding medical care"
3797:WSJ/CFO Journal, October 24, 2013, Emily Chasan
2152:"Crowd funding: An emerging trend in Bollywood"
5029:Journal of Economics & Management Strategy
4996:"3 Reasons Crowdfunding Is Good For Investors"
3808:Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Review
2610:
2608:
2606:
2604:
1496:Journal of Economics & Management Strategy
1432:"Oxford Dictionary Definition of Crowdfunding"
7491:
6903:
6140:
5501:
4081:Simon, Ruth and Brown, Eliot(June 11, 2014).
3914:"Facebook launches personal fundraising tool"
3883:, March 12, 2011, accessed September 3, 2011.
3055:"These Are the Top 10 Crowdfunding Platforms"
1824:
1822:
8:
7405:Private equity and venture capital investors
5461:Crowdfunding and the Federal Securities Laws
5232:
5230:
5228:
4981:The Wall Street Journaldate= 7 December 2015
4543:
4541:
2969:Global Crowdfunding Volumes Rise 81% In 2012
2774:Choy, Katherine; Schlagwein, Daniel (2016),
1653:"Crowdfunding: The fuel for cancer quackery"
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1290:List of highest-funded crowdfunding projects
889:addresses both real estate crowdfunding and
609:List of highest funded crowdfunding projects
560:launched the first crowdfunding campaign on
287:(abbreviated to ICO). Some value tokens are
2987:October 28, 2015, MyPrivateBanking Research
1995:The Oxford Handbook of Music and Virtuality
1992:Whiteley, Sheila; Rambarran, Shara (2016).
1552:Technological Forecasting and Social Change
7733:Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis
7498:
7484:
7476:
7440:
7420:
7377:Taxation of private equity and hedge funds
7194:Private investment in public equity (PIPE)
7026:
6910:
6896:
6888:
6814:
6607:
6343:
6166:
6147:
6133:
6125:
6109:
5508:
5494:
5486:
5089:"Online Syndicates and Startup Investment"
4811:"The Signal Value of Crowdfunded Products"
4757:"The Signal Value of Crowdfunded Products"
4606:Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication
4505:
4503:
4501:
4499:
3774:"Cash-strapped entrepreneurs get creative"
2710:"Litigation Funding Moves Into Mainstream"
2614:David M. Freedman and Matthew R. Nutting.
1607:"Is cancer fundraising fuelling quackery?"
1190:On crowdfunding platforms, the problem of
568:without being available in retail stores.
5208:
4617:
4600:Jian, Lian; Usher, Nikki (January 2014).
4479:
2894:"The Economics of Crowdfunding Platforms"
2868:
2296:
1791:
1728:
1726:
1563:
1207:of backers to make investment decisions.
340:the Decentralized Autonomous Organization
5341:
5339:
5295:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5287:
3595:Emanuella Grinberg (December 13, 2015).
3158:"Making fans a part of the inner circle"
2849:Information, Communication & Society
2633:
2631:
2069:Malika Zouhali-Worrall (November 2011).
1702:
1700:
1260:Business models for open-source software
912:World Intellectual Property Organization
887:Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance
728:that principally offer data analysis of
4674:U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
3964:Masters, Alexander (October 14, 2014).
3113:"How Marillion Pioneered Crowd Funding"
1780:"Some Simple Economics of Crowdfunding"
1350:
303:-based crowdfunding can also represent
146:that crowdfunded the production of the
4651:
4640:
4581:
4579:
4454:Mike S. Schaefer; et al. (2016).
4352:
4341:
3753:. Eu.techcrunch.com. February 15, 2010
3245:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3238:
2423:
2412:
2379:
2368:
2119:
2117:
1605:Newman, Melanie (September 12, 2018).
182:(2005), The Point (2008, precursor to
48:was raised worldwide by crowdfunding.
7587:Charitable trust / Registered charity
4297:. Simon & Schuster. p. 139.
3590:
3588:
3566:Hughes, William (December 12, 2015).
3501:
3499:
2588:Ian Fraser for Unquoted. May 1, 2015
2328:
2326:
2324:
2270:
2268:
2071:"Comparison of Crowdfunding Websites"
1426:
1424:
1422:
1363:The SAGE Encyclopedia of the Internet
275:associated with equity crowdfunding.
7:
7624:Public-benefit nonprofit corporation
7609:Mutual-benefit nonprofit corporation
5189:Canadian Medical Association Journal
5093:National Bureau of Economic Research
4949:Jenna Wortham (September 17, 2012).
4720:"Crowdfunding in a Canadian Context"
3972:. The Wellcome Trust. Archived from
3703:Dell, Kristina (September 4, 2008).
3185:"Now this is known as Crowd Funding"
2590:Crowdfunding Part 3: The P2P lenders
1969:. Blender Foundation. Archived from
1807:Golemis, Dean (September 23, 1997).
6872:2019 Lyft and Uber drivers' strikes
5185:"Crowdfunding for medical expenses"
4923:Isenberg, Daniel (April 23, 2012).
4874:Steve Albini (September 13, 2012).
4398:Nayanah Siva (September 20, 2014).
4106:"Real Estate Crowdfunding Turns 75"
4062:O'Connell, Jonathan (June 9, 2013)
3506:McMillan, Graeme (March 14, 2013).
3450:Gertjan Menten (October 15, 2015).
3312:Bulkley, Kate (November 24, 2012).
2780:Information Technology & People
2124:Catherine Clifford (May 19, 2014).
1265:Comparison of crowdfunding services
446:Comparison of crowdfunding services
5122:Habib, Ahsan (February 28, 2020).
4904:Bogle, Ariel (February 25, 2018).
4878:. Electrical Audio. Archived from
4320:"Crowdfunding Scientific Research"
4029:Davis, M.; Cartwright, L. (2019).
3452:"The business behind crowdfunding"
3090:"Crowdfunding Without Kickstarter"
2207:Hollow, Matthew (April 20, 2013).
2108:"Crowdfunding's earliest citation"
1115:Risks and barriers for the creator
885:), and many more. The report from
478:Crowdfunding for Statue of Liberty
331:from more than 3500 participants;
25:
7843:Master of Nonprofit Organizations
5272:Young, Jeffrey (June 19, 2019) .
3772:Prentice, Claire (May 12, 2010).
3384:Dredge, Stuart (April 17, 2014).
3260:Gourlay, Dom (December 2, 2004).
3156:Don Heckman (February 10, 2008).
3111:Jack Preston (October 13, 2014).
2708:Randazzo, Sara (August 4, 2016).
2637:Bill Payne for Gust. May 4, 2015
2533:Waterss, Richard (May 17, 2016).
2277:Innovation Policy and the Economy
2020:"A Brief History Of Crowdfunding"
1829:Masters, Tim (November 5, 2011).
1678:Mole, Beth (September 20, 2018).
860:secured by real estate, such as "
514:Crowdfunding for Cairo University
7460:
7459:
7450:
7449:
7439:
7430:
7429:
7419:
7410:
7409:
7400:
7399:
6108:
6099:
6098:
5473:
4994:Caldbeck, Ryan (April 1, 2012).
4370:Neel V. Patel (April 24, 2015).
3912:Yurieff, Kaya (March 30, 2017).
3540:Spangler, Todd (April 5, 2019).
2975:, Retrieved at September 7, 2013
2913:10.1016/j.infoecopol.2015.08.003
2901:Information Economics and Policy
2685:. Invest4Justice. Archived from
1892:Andrew Rodgers (June 11, 1999).
877:, Yieldstreet, and RealtyMogul.
816:university crowdfunding websites
7507:Charitable giving and practices
6843:National Taxi Workers' Alliance
5251:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.02.008
4925:"The Road to Crowdfunding Hell"
4460:Public Understanding of Science
3853:. Credit Suisse. Archived from
3365:Baker, Chris (March 31, 2015).
3297:. June 24, 2008. Archived from
2948:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.09.024
2651:"Nesta Annual Review 2014–2015"
2616:A Brief History of Crowdfunding
2561:Allison, Ian (April 30, 2016).
2472:Popper, Nathan (May 21, 2016).
1579:Cara, Ed (September 12, 2018).
1405:Cambridge Judge Business School
790:crowdfunding platforms such as
778:Philanthropy and civic projects
122:Système de Philosophie Positive
7831:List of charitable foundations
7177:Publicly traded private equity
5183:Sisler, J. (January 9, 2012).
4266:Intellectual Property Magazine
3653:. May 19, 2009. Archived from
3429:Dawes, Terry (July 11, 2014).
3346:. Spanner Films. July 13, 2009
3191:. October 18, 1996. p. 74
1853:"Marillion fans to the rescue"
1707:Olaf Simons (March 10, 2016).
1565:10.1016/j.techfore.2018.07.015
1214:Issues in medical crowdfunding
897:Intellectual property exposure
893:lending (property) in the UK.
809:.org, founded in 2000, allows
623:video game being developed by
550:Professional Contractors Group
518:The Egyptian national leader,
1:
7614:Non-governmental organization
7445:List of venture capital firms
6612:Social peer-to-peer processes
5450:The Geography of Crowdfunding
5439:"Is There an eBay for Ideas?"
5314:10.1136/medethics-2017-104717
5239:Social Science & Medicine
4851:. May 8, 2012. Archived from
4815:Journal of Marketing Research
4761:Journal of Marketing Research
4418:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61661-5
4372:"Crowdfunded Science is here"
3676:Helen Pidd (April 14, 2009).
2936:Social Science & Medicine
2447:; Tapscott, Alex (May 2016).
2235:Journal of Service Management
1932:on linuxtoday (July 22, 2002)
1174:retail and consumer, it does.
210:(2012) for book publication.
169:3D computer graphics software
7425:List of private equity firms
7182:Business Development Company
5420:Crowdfunding for Emergencies
5383:Chinese Journal of Sociology
4562:10.1080/17512786.2010.551018
3945:Crowdfunding for Emergencies
3902:, SecondAct, April 17, 2012.
3821:"How to crowdfund your film"
3127:"IR35 and the PCG crowdfund"
2861:10.1080/1369118X.2014.989878
2568:International Business Times
1942:'Free Blender Fund' campaign
1784:NBER Working Paper No. 19133
1376:"Definition of Crowdfunding"
935:Category:Crowdfunded science
713:Mystery Science Theater 3000
696:Mystery Science Theater 3000
390:in many civil law systems).
4035:baumaninstitute.leeds.ac.uk
1998:. Oxford University Press.
1270:Crowdfunding in video games
323:decentralized, distributed
102:subscription business model
7950:
7784:Charity / thrift / op shop
7660:Charity (Christian virtue)
7269:High-net-worth individuals
7059:Leveraged recapitalization
5443:European Management Review
4670:"Rule 506 of Regulation D"
4091:. Retrieved June 26, 2014
4072:. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
3893:"Is Microfinance for You?"
2997:Fischer, Matthias (2021).
2826:10.1016/j.tele.2018.06.004
2814:Telematics and Informatics
1928:November 28, 2020, at the
932:
606:
603:Highest-grossing campaigns
558:Maria Schneider (musician)
443:
349:
7708:Animal Charity Evaluators
7395:
7157:Limited liability company
7117:Venture capital financing
7064:Dividend recapitalization
6698:Collaborative consumption
6643:
6094:
5395:10.1177/2057150X241230163
5302:Journal of Medical Ethics
4827:10.1177/00222437211012451
4773:10.1177/00222437211012451
4602:"Crowd-Funded Journalism"
4260:Simon Brown (July 2011).
3647:"Crowdfunding journalism"
2621:January 25, 2016, at the
2247:10.1108/09564231111155079
2183:The Science Exchange Blog
2132:. Entrepreneur Media, Inc
1855:. BBC News. May 11, 2001.
1161:Benefits for the investor
1002:International development
914:called Creative Barcode.
832:Humanitarian Crowdfunding
650:Other campaigns include:
556:. In 2003, jazz composer
6837:Rideshare Drivers United
6635:Peer-to-peer ridesharing
6527:Services and freelancing
5416:, vol. 4, no. 1. (2013).
5095:. Working Paper Series.
5075:10.1016/j.im.2016.09.001
4524:10.1177/1461444814558915
4472:10.1177/0963662516668771
4322:. Working Paper Series.
4206:"Entrenching Innovation"
3966:"A plutocratic proposal"
3877:"Crowd-sourcing a brand"
3810:, Vol.29, Issue 3, p.376
2985:The Rise of Crowdfunding
2792:10.1108/ITP-09-2014-0215
2401:. Working Paper Series.
1222:Rob Solomon, the CEO of
1051:Benefits for the creator
995:journalistic objectivity
800:person-to-person lending
621:space trading and combat
62:entrepreneurial ventures
18:Accredited crowd funding
7224:Institutional investors
6625:Peer-to-peer carsharing
5425:April 24, 2016, at the
5162:10.36639/mbelr.4.1.risk
4929:Harvard Business Review
4512:New Media & Society
4291:Gorbis, Marina (2013).
4093:(subscription required)
4088:The Wall Street Journal
3950:April 24, 2016, at the
2999:Fintech Business Models
2714:The Wall Street Journal
2639:US Crowdfunding in 2014
2625:. Updated June 22, 2015
2258:March 29, 2016, at the
1867:"The Vegan Winter 1992"
1380:www.merriam-webster.com
1335:Threshold pledge system
1325:Revenue-based financing
1310:Participatory budgeting
1197:crowdfunding syndicates
1154:The Wall Street Journal
828:Manchester City Council
370:institutional investors
66:social entrepreneurship
7826:Ethics of philanthropy
7819:Psychological barriers
7619:Nonprofit organization
7362:Liquidation preference
7327:Distribution waterfall
7279:Sovereign wealth funds
6778:Scooter-sharing system
6763:Product-service system
6653:Bicycle-sharing system
5525:Africa & West Asia
5360:10.1001/jama.2017.3078
4650:Cite journal requires
4351:Cite journal requires
4242:June 30, 2013, at the
3845:(September 12, 2013).
2595:July 20, 2014, at the
2422:Cite journal requires
2378:Cite journal requires
1657:Science-Based Medicine
1186:Risks for the investor
1018:Securities Act of 1933
991:journalistic integrity
978:Public Insight Network
689:Dungeons & Dragons
327:software which raised
157:Foreign Correspondents
89:
7934:Technology in society
7909:Collaborative finance
7644:Voluntary association
7639:Religious corporation
7435:Venture capital firms
7187:Venture capital trust
6866:2021 Gorillas strikes
6743:Intentional community
6560:The Freecycle Network
5463:by C. Steven Bradford
5201:10.1503/cmaj.109-4084
4885:on September 22, 2012
4456:"Selling Science 2.0"
4130:on December 22, 2015.
3898:May 14, 2012, at the
3857:on September 16, 2013
3717:on September 10, 2008
3301:on November 15, 2012.
1904:on September 26, 2012
1709:"Crowdsourcing Comte"
1192:information asymmetry
959:participatory culture
933:Further information:
930:security of payment.
635:Kickstarter campaigns
473:Significant campaigns
444:Further information:
388:pactum de quota litis
285:Initial coin offering
84:
7924:Internet terminology
7919:Financial technology
7789:Click-to-donate site
7653:Charity and religion
7415:Private equity firms
7143:Private equity firms
7092:Post-money valuation
6969:Equity co-investment
6753:Platform cooperative
6630:Peer-to-peer lending
6620:Peer-to-peer banking
6400:Servas International
5568:Article One Partners
5482:at Wikimedia Commons
4736:on November 18, 2012
4633:Bank, World (2013).
4218:on November 13, 2018
2689:on November 21, 2015
2663:on December 22, 2015
2339:10.2139/ssrn.2569988
1659:. September 17, 2018
1315:Platform cooperative
1232:socioeconomic status
1099:The Wisdom of Crowds
1042:per the prior rule.
1021:called 'Rule 506(c).
629:Cloud Imperium Games
531:King Fouad the first
352:Peer-to-peer lending
208:Redshine Publication
126:cooperative movement
7465:Portfolio companies
7382:Undercapitalization
7234:Insurance companies
7152:Limited partnership
7097:Pre-money valuation
6773:Ridesharing company
5578:The Audience Engine
5532:Bir Silgi Bir Kalem
4975:Mims, Christopher.
4855:on October 19, 2012
4550:Journalism Practice
4412:(9948): 1085–1086.
4112:. January 21, 2015.
4069:The Washington Post
4004:The Daily Telegraph
3881:The Washington Post
3484:. December 13, 2020
3462:on October 14, 2015
3344:"Crowd-Funding FAQ"
3324:on November 5, 2013
3271:on October 18, 2012
3227:on October 16, 2020
3218:varietyultimate.com
3088:Goodman, Michelle.
3029:. October 23, 2015.
3027:The Huffington Post
2973:The Huffington Post
2755:on January 10, 2015
2251:(also available as
2058:. December 8, 2010.
2032:on January 25, 2016
1438:on January 31, 2013
1275:Cooperative banking
1090:venture capitalists
904:patent applications
792:Kiva (organization)
757:), and for funding
665:Actor and director
639:On April 17, 2014,
263:Equity crowdfunding
230:Equity crowdfunding
39:alternative finance
7814:Effective altruism
7799:Donor-advised fund
7764:Alternative giving
7743:Giving What We Can
7718:Charity assessment
7695:Charity evaluation
7531:Charity (practice)
7317:Capital commitment
7087:Business incubator
7054:Buy–sell agreement
5041:10.1111/jems.12093
4955:The New York Times
4619:10.1111/jcc4.12051
4262:"Follow the Crowd"
3996:Masters, Alexander
3295:It's All Happening
2971:, August 4, 2013,
2479:The New York Times
2157:The Times of India
1973:on January 3, 2019
1508:10.1111/jems.12093
1250:Assurance contract
1046:Benefits and risks
1011:Legal developments
945:platforms such as
579:Electric Eel Shock
313:market-maker seats
90:
7886:
7885:
7858:Visiting the sick
7723:Charity Navigator
7703:Aid effectiveness
7634:Social enterprise
7556:Humanity (virtue)
7473:
7472:
7322:Capital structure
7207:
7206:
7049:Divisional buyout
7044:Management buyout
7039:Financial sponsor
6885:
6884:
6881:
6880:
6806:
6805:
6599:
6598:
6434:
6433:
6122:
6121:
5478:Media related to
5354:(16): 1623–1624.
4727:Canada Media Fund
4304:978-1-4516-4118-9
3163:Los Angeles Times
3057:. March 11, 2021.
3043:. April 19, 2021.
3008:978-3-11-070450-1
1711:. positivists.org
1623:10.1136/bmj.k3829
798:applies a direct
759:startup companies
592:The Age of Stupid
325:prediction market
144:the Vegan Society
131:Statue of Liberty
16:(Redirected from
7941:
7914:Entrepreneurship
7904:2000s neologisms
7878:Warm-glow giving
7873:Wall of kindness
7863:Voluntary sector
7500:
7493:
7486:
7477:
7463:
7462:
7453:
7452:
7443:
7442:
7433:
7432:
7423:
7422:
7413:
7412:
7403:
7402:
7264:Commercial banks
7254:Investment banks
7162:Carried interest
7027:
6930:Investment types
6912:
6905:
6898:
6889:
6815:
6788:Two-sided market
6758:Platform economy
6673:Decentralization
6668:Borrowing center
6608:
6553:Swap and renting
6390:Hospitality Club
6344:
6167:
6149:
6142:
6135:
6126:
6112:
6111:
6102:
6101:
6036:Return on Change
5996:I-Bankers Direct
5986:Funding4Learning
5603:Community Funded
5510:
5503:
5496:
5487:
5477:
5414:Open Citizenship
5399:
5398:
5378:
5372:
5371:
5343:
5334:
5333:
5297:
5282:
5281:
5269:
5263:
5262:
5234:
5223:
5222:
5212:
5195:(2): E123–E124.
5180:
5174:
5173:
5145:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5084:
5078:
5067:
5061:
5060:
5026:
5017:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5006:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4935:
4920:
4914:
4913:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4884:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4735:
4729:. Archived from
4724:
4716:
4710:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4680:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4653:
4648:
4646:
4638:
4630:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4597:
4591:
4590:
4583:
4574:
4573:
4545:
4536:
4535:
4507:
4494:
4493:
4483:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4354:
4349:
4347:
4339:
4315:
4309:
4308:
4288:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4268:. Archived from
4257:
4251:
4248:Inventors Digest
4234:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4217:
4211:. Archived from
4210:
4202:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4182:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4166:. June 30, 2021.
4164:Business Insider
4156:
4150:
4149:
4148:. March 9, 2021.
4138:
4132:
4131:
4126:. Archived from
4120:
4114:
4113:
4102:
4096:
4094:
4079:
4073:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4006:. Archived from
3998:(July 2, 2016).
3992:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3981:
3961:
3955:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3909:
3903:
3890:
3884:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3851:The Financialist
3839:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3817:
3811:
3804:
3798:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3747:
3741:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3713:. Archived from
3700:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3592:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3503:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3458:. Archived from
3447:
3441:
3440:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3353:
3351:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3320:. Archived from
3309:
3303:
3302:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3267:. Archived from
3265:Drowned in Sound
3257:
3251:
3250:
3244:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3226:
3220:. Archived from
3215:
3207:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3137:on July 28, 2017
3133:. Archived from
3123:
3117:
3116:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3085:
3079:
3078:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3019:
3013:
3012:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2898:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2872:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2820:(7): 1914–1924.
2809:
2803:
2802:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2751:. Archived from
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2662:
2656:. Archived from
2655:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2626:
2612:
2599:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2482:. Archived from
2469:
2463:
2462:
2441:
2432:
2431:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2410:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2366:
2330:
2319:
2318:
2300:
2272:
2263:
2250:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2213:Open Citizenship
2204:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2088:Tiwari, Gaurav.
2085:
2079:
2078:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2031:
2025:. Archived from
2024:
2016:
2010:
2009:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1933:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1900:. Archived from
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1826:
1817:
1816:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1775:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1740:. April 24, 2013
1730:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1704:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1690:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1471:
1463:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1434:. Archived from
1428:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1372:
1366:
1355:
1285:Internet begging
1280:Fan-funded music
1094:James Surowiecki
1024:
985:raised in 2013.
755:crowdfunded film
751:independent film
715:beat it in 2015.
587:Franny Armstrong
535:Cairo University
527:Khedive Abbas II
488:Grover Cleveland
330:
296:client computers
279:Digital security
152:Mark Tapio Kines
47:
41:. In 2015, over
21:
7949:
7948:
7944:
7943:
7942:
7940:
7939:
7938:
7929:Payment systems
7889:
7888:
7887:
7882:
7868:Volunteer grant
7809:Earning to give
7769:Benefit concert
7752:
7748:GreatNonprofits
7689:
7648:
7578:
7570:
7509:
7504:
7474:
7469:
7455:Angel investors
7391:
7342:High-yield debt
7295:financial terms
7294:
7288:
7203:
7131:
7112:Startup company
7068:
7022:
7016:
6973:
6925:
6923:venture capital
6916:
6886:
6877:
6854:
6802:
6748:Open innovation
6639:
6595:
6574:
6548:
6522:
6501:
6470:
6439:Project funding
6430:
6414:
6368:
6335:
6158:
6156:Sharing economy
6153:
6123:
6118:
6090:
5934:
5838:
5787:
5758:The School Fund
5551:
5520:
5514:
5470:
5427:Wayback Machine
5407:
5405:Further reading
5402:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5345:
5344:
5337:
5299:
5298:
5285:
5271:
5270:
5266:
5236:
5235:
5226:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5147:
5146:
5142:
5132:
5130:
5121:
5120:
5116:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5068:
5064:
5024:
5019:
5018:
5014:
5004:
5002:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4959:
4957:
4948:
4947:
4943:
4933:
4931:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4888:
4886:
4882:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4858:
4856:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4808:
4807:
4803:
4793:
4791:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4722:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4703:
4701:
4693:
4692:
4688:
4678:
4676:
4668:
4667:
4663:
4649:
4639:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4585:
4584:
4577:
4547:
4546:
4539:
4509:
4508:
4497:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4438:
4436:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4382:
4380:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4350:
4340:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4305:
4290:
4289:
4285:
4275:
4273:
4272:on May 16, 2013
4259:
4258:
4254:
4244:Wayback Machine
4235:
4231:
4221:
4219:
4215:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4189:
4187:
4180:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4110:Huffington Post
4104:
4103:
4099:
4092:
4080:
4076:
4061:
4057:
4047:
4045:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4013:
4011:
4010:on July 2, 2016
3994:
3993:
3989:
3979:
3977:
3976:on May 29, 2016
3963:
3962:
3958:
3952:Wayback Machine
3943:
3939:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3900:Wayback Machine
3891:
3887:
3875:Bell, Melissa.
3874:
3870:
3860:
3858:
3843:Jens Erik Gould
3841:
3840:
3836:
3826:
3824:
3823:. Spanner Films
3819:
3818:
3814:
3805:
3801:
3793:
3789:
3779:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3756:
3754:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3734:
3730:
3720:
3718:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3687:
3685:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3658:
3657:on May 16, 2009
3645:
3644:
3640:
3630:
3628:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3605:
3603:
3594:
3593:
3586:
3576:
3574:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3550:
3548:
3539:
3538:
3534:
3524:
3522:
3505:
3504:
3497:
3487:
3485:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3465:
3463:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3413:
3411:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3349:
3347:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3327:
3325:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3274:
3272:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3237:
3230:
3228:
3224:
3213:
3211:"Archived copy"
3209:
3208:
3204:
3194:
3192:
3189:Tampa Bay Times
3183:
3182:
3178:
3168:
3166:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3095:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3082:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3039:
3038:
3034:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3009:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2983:
2979:
2967:
2963:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2758:
2756:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2636:
2629:
2623:Wayback Machine
2613:
2602:
2597:Wayback Machine
2587:
2583:
2573:
2571:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2540:Financial Times
2532:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2489:
2487:
2486:on May 27, 2016
2471:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2421:
2411:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2377:
2367:
2332:
2331:
2322:
2274:
2273:
2266:
2260:Wayback Machine
2253:Scribd document
2232:
2231:
2227:
2217:
2215:
2206:
2205:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2123:
2122:
2115:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1930:Wayback Machine
1921:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1898:Chicago Tribune
1891:
1890:
1886:
1876:
1874:
1873:. December 1992
1865:
1864:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1820:
1813:Chicago Tribune
1806:
1805:
1801:
1777:
1776:
1753:
1743:
1741:
1732:
1731:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1662:
1660:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1545:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1451:
1441:
1439:
1430:
1429:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1407:. Jbs.cam.ac.uk
1399:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1241:
1216:
1188:
1163:
1117:
1073:social equality
1053:
1048:
1022:
1013:
1004:
942:
937:
920:
899:
851:
824:Mayor of London
822:is used by the
780:
747:
722:
671:Wish I Was Here
637:
611:
605:
543:
541:Early campaigns
495:Joseph Pulitzer
480:
475:
448:
442:
413:
400:
379:
354:
348:
328:
281:
260:
239:
220:
113:Bank of England
79:
46:34 billion
42:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7947:
7945:
7937:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7901:
7891:
7890:
7884:
7883:
7881:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7848:Matching funds
7845:
7840:
7839:
7838:
7828:
7823:
7822:
7821:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7760:
7758:
7757:Further topics
7754:
7753:
7751:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7699:
7697:
7691:
7690:
7688:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7656:
7654:
7650:
7649:
7647:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7600:
7599:
7589:
7583:
7581:
7572:
7571:
7569:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7517:
7515:
7511:
7510:
7505:
7503:
7502:
7495:
7488:
7480:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7467:
7457:
7447:
7437:
7427:
7417:
7407:
7396:
7393:
7392:
7390:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7298:
7296:
7290:
7289:
7287:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7274:Family offices
7271:
7266:
7261:
7259:Merchant banks
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7215:
7213:
7209:
7208:
7205:
7204:
7202:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7190:
7189:
7184:
7174:
7169:
7167:Management fee
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7139:
7137:
7133:
7132:
7130:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7082:Angel investor
7078:
7076:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7035:
7033:
7024:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7014:
7009:
7004:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6983:
6981:
6975:
6974:
6972:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6945:
6944:
6933:
6931:
6927:
6926:
6919:Private equity
6917:
6915:
6914:
6907:
6900:
6892:
6883:
6882:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6875:
6869:
6862:
6860:
6856:
6855:
6853:
6852:
6846:
6840:
6834:
6828:
6821:
6819:
6812:
6808:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6801:
6800:
6795:
6790:
6785:
6780:
6775:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6723:Garden sharing
6720:
6718:Flight sharing
6715:
6713:Expert network
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6644:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6616:
6614:
6605:
6601:
6600:
6597:
6596:
6594:
6593:
6588:
6582:
6580:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6556:
6554:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6530:
6528:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6520:
6515:
6509:
6507:
6506:Music and film
6503:
6502:
6500:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6478:
6476:
6472:
6471:
6469:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6442:
6440:
6436:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6429:
6428:
6422:
6420:
6416:
6415:
6413:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6395:Pasporta Servo
6392:
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6170:Transportation
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6018:
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5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
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5966:Confidentcrowd
5963:
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5948:
5942:
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5936:
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5933:
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5922:
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5806:
5801:
5795:
5793:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5763:Seed&Spark
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
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5468:External links
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3705:"Crowdfunding"
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3436:Cantech Letter
3421:
3410:. June 1, 2012
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3092:. Entrepreneur
3080:
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2855:(3): 342–355.
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2786:(1): 221–247,
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2748:Times-Standard
2734:
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2642:
2627:
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2525:
2514:. May 21, 2016
2497:
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2458:978-0670069972
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2424:|journal=
2407:10.3386/w24418
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2185:. May 27, 2012
2170:
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2011:
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1571:
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1502:(2): 253–274.
1482:
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1367:
1359:"Crowdfunding"
1349:
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1320:Private equity
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924:experiment.com
919:
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883:social housing
881:hold (such as
850:
847:
779:
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721:
718:
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687:live-streamed
674:
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656:Coolest Cooler
636:
633:
607:Main article:
604:
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572:Oliver Twisted
542:
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479:
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412:
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398:Donation-based
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273:market failure
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94:praenumeration
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7779:Charity fraud
7777:
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7774:Caffè sospeso
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7579:organizations
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7229:Pension funds
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7127:Venture round
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6688:Clothing swap
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6364:misterb&b
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6076:Trillion Fund
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
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6041:Rock the Post
6039:
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5961:Citizinvestor
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5946:Beacon Reader
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5754:
5751:
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5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5728:Patch of Land
5726:
5724:
5723:MicroVentures
5721:
5719:
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5709:
5706:
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5664:
5661:
5659:
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5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5638:EnergyFunders
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
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5023:
5016:
5013:
5001:
5000:Seeking Alpha
4997:
4990:
4987:
4982:
4978:
4971:
4968:
4960:September 18,
4956:
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4271:
4267:
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4256:
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4250:, August 2011
4249:
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4230:
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4089:
4084:
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4065:
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4044:
4043:10.5518/100/7
4040:
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4009:
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4001:
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3991:
3988:
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3861:September 13,
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3091:
3084:
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3076:
3075:
3070:
3069:"Selfstarter"
3064:
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3050:
3047:
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3033:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3015:
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2870:1721.1/123437
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2511:The Economist
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2445:Tapscott, Don
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2100:
2095:
2094:Punjab Kesari
2091:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2028:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2007:
2005:9780199321285
2001:
1997:
1996:
1988:
1985:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1944:archived 2002
1943:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1888:
1885:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1859:
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1794:
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1393:
1381:
1377:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1357:Goran Calic,
1354:
1351:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
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1109:
1103:
1101:
1100:
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1081:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1069:mitigate risk
1065:
1061:
1058:
1057:
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1050:
1045:
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1031:
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821:
817:
812:
811:public school
808:
804:
801:
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785:
777:
775:
773:
768:
762:
760:
756:
752:
744:
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727:
720:Third parties
719:
714:
710:
706:
705:
704:Veronica Mars
701:
698:
697:
693:
690:
686:
682:
681:Critical Role
679:
678:
677:
672:
668:
664:
660:
657:
653:
652:
651:
648:
646:
645:Amanda Palmer
642:
634:
632:
630:
626:
625:Chris Roberts
622:
618:
617:
610:
602:
600:
598:
594:
593:
588:
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538:
536:
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523:
521:
520:Mustafa Kamel
516:
515:
511:
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502:
501:
496:
491:
489:
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472:
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376:
374:
371:
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363:
359:
353:
345:
343:
341:
337:
334:
329:US$ 4 million
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
297:
294:
290:
286:
278:
276:
274:
269:
264:
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255:
252:
246:
244:
243:free software
236:
231:
228:
225:
224:
223:
217:
215:
211:
209:
206:(2011)., and
205:
201:
200:Microventures
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
170:
167:
163:
162:open-sourcing
159:
158:
153:
149:
145:
140:
134:
132:
127:
123:
119:
118:Auguste Comte
114:
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87:Auguste Comte
83:
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74:
72:
67:
63:
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55:
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40:
36:
35:crowdsourcing
32:
19:
7899:Crowdfunding
7804:Donor intent
7728:CharityWatch
7629:Service club
7604:Crowdfunding
7603:
7566:Volunteering
7561:Philanthropy
7387:Vintage year
7312:Capital call
7284:Crowdfunding
7283:
7219:Corporations
7122:Venture debt
6874:(California)
6839:(California)
6783:Tool library
6703:Crowdfunding
6702:
6513:Sofar Sounds
6487:MercadoLibre
6410:Warm Showers
6359:CouchSurfing
6066:TenPages.com
6056:Social Teeth
5971:CrowdFundEDU
5956:Bountysource
5951:Blackstartup
5915:ShareTheMeal
5885:Innovestment
5829:VentureCrowd
5792:Asia-Pacific
5673:GlobalGiving
5613:Crowd Supply
5608:CrowdJustice
5517:Crowdfunding
5516:
5480:Crowdfunding
5441:
5413:
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5131:. Retrieved
5127:
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5065:
5032:
5028:
5015:
5005:November 30,
5003:. Retrieved
4999:
4989:
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4958:. Retrieved
4954:
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4932:. Retrieved
4928:
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4887:. Retrieved
4883:(Forum post)
4880:the original
4869:
4857:. Retrieved
4853:the original
4843:
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4804:
4792:. Retrieved
4764:
4760:
4750:
4740:February 12,
4738:. Retrieved
4731:the original
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4664:
4643:cite journal
4628:
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4437:. Retrieved
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4375:
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4313:
4293:
4286:
4274:. Retrieved
4270:the original
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4188:. Retrieved
4184:
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4077:
4067:
4058:
4046:. Retrieved
4034:
4024:
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4008:the original
4003:
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3978:. Retrieved
3974:the original
3969:
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3855:the original
3850:
3837:
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3815:
3807:
3802:
3790:
3778:. Retrieved
3767:
3755:. Retrieved
3745:
3731:
3719:. Retrieved
3715:the original
3708:
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3681:
3671:
3659:. Retrieved
3655:the original
3641:
3629:. Retrieved
3625:
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3604:. Retrieved
3600:
3575:. Retrieved
3571:
3561:
3549:. Retrieved
3545:
3535:
3523:. Retrieved
3511:
3488:November 28,
3486:. Retrieved
3476:
3464:. Retrieved
3460:the original
3455:
3445:
3434:
3424:
3412:. Retrieved
3408:techdirt.com
3407:
3398:
3390:The Guardian
3389:
3379:
3370:
3360:
3350:December 13,
3348:. Retrieved
3338:
3328:December 13,
3326:. Retrieved
3322:the original
3318:The Guardian
3317:
3307:
3299:the original
3294:
3285:
3273:. Retrieved
3269:the original
3264:
3255:
3229:. Retrieved
3222:the original
3217:
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3193:. Retrieved
3188:
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3167:. Retrieved
3161:
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3139:. Retrieved
3135:the original
3130:
3121:
3106:
3094:. Retrieved
3083:
3072:
3063:
3049:
3035:
3026:
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2769:
2757:. Retrieved
2753:the original
2746:
2737:
2725:. Retrieved
2713:
2703:
2691:. Retrieved
2687:the original
2677:
2665:. Retrieved
2658:the original
2645:
2584:
2572:. Retrieved
2566:
2556:
2544:. Retrieved
2538:
2528:
2516:. Retrieved
2509:
2500:
2488:. Retrieved
2484:the original
2477:
2467:
2448:
2415:cite journal
2392:
2371:cite journal
2283:(1): 63–97.
2280:
2276:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2216:. Retrieved
2212:
2187:. Retrieved
2182:
2173:
2161:. Retrieved
2155:
2146:
2134:. Retrieved
2130:Entrepreneur
2129:
2102:
2093:
2083:
2074:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2034:. Retrieved
2027:the original
2014:
1994:
1987:
1975:. Retrieved
1971:the original
1961:
1949:
1937:
1918:
1906:. Retrieved
1902:the original
1897:
1887:
1875:. Retrieved
1870:
1861:
1847:
1837:September 3,
1835:. Retrieved
1812:
1802:
1783:
1742:. Retrieved
1713:. Retrieved
1687:. Retrieved
1684:Ars Technica
1683:
1673:
1661:. Retrieved
1656:
1647:
1614:
1610:
1600:
1590:December 10,
1588:. Retrieved
1584:
1574:
1555:
1551:
1541:
1532:
1499:
1495:
1485:
1473:. Retrieved
1440:. Retrieved
1436:the original
1409:. Retrieved
1404:
1395:
1383:. Retrieved
1379:
1370:
1362:
1353:
1300:Microfinance
1228:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1189:
1164:
1152:
1145:
1141:
1118:
1108:Steve Albini
1104:
1097:
1096:in his book
1086:
1054:
1039:
1036:
1014:
1005:
987:
963:
943:
928:
921:
900:
890:
879:
862:fix and flip
852:
844:
841:
807:DonorsChoose
805:
784:GlobalGiving
781:
766:
763:
748:
745:Applications
738:Atellani USA
734:Y Combinator
723:
712:
702:
694:
675:
649:
641:The Guardian
640:
638:
619:, an online
616:Star Citizen
614:
612:
590:
576:
571:
570:
566:Grammy Award
544:
524:
517:
513:
512:
507:
505:
498:
492:
481:
463:
459:
456:
449:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
401:
387:
380:
362:Lending Club
355:
289:endogenously
282:
261:
247:
240:
237:Reward-based
221:
212:
173:
155:
147:
135:
121:
107:
98:subscription
91:
58:
50:
31:Crowdfunding
30:
29:
7551:Fundraising
7514:Main topics
7249:Foundations
7172:Pledge fund
6964:Secondaries
6461:Kickstarter
6340:Hospitality
6326:Yandex.Taxi
6031:PledgeMusic
6006:Lone Signal
5870:DigVentures
5809:Impact Guru
5708:Kickstarter
5688:Groundfloor
5573:ArtistShare
5245:: 233–242.
4859:October 15,
4699:www.sec.gov
4222:January 11,
3626:Gadget Flow
3466:October 15,
2759:January 10,
2727:February 2,
2693:November 3,
1689:January 12,
1663:January 12,
1558:: 117–127.
1475:February 7,
1385:October 23,
1340:Kickstarter
1179:focus group
1125:reputation.
947:Kickstarter
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854:Real estate
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788:Microcredit
599:1,500,000.
562:ArtistShare
366:Prosper.com
311:, or even "
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7592:Foundation
7577:charitable
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7337:Envy ratio
7244:Endowments
7107:Seed money
7021:Terms and
6845:(New York)
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6683:Carsharing
6658:Blockchain
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6405:Trustroots
6373:Non-profit
6347:For-profit
6207:Co-Op Ride
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5900:Planeta.ru
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5860:Companisto
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5668:GiveSendGo
5648:Experiment
5598:CommonBond
5583:Change.org
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4704:January 1,
4679:January 1,
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4405:The Lancet
4383:October 4,
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4190:August 29,
3827:August 19,
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3776:. BBC News
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2163:August 12,
1977:January 3,
1954:Membership
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1877:January 2,
1833:. BBC News
1738:BBC Online
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336:blockchain
317:governance
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6693:Co-living
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6331:Yourdrive
6254:KakaoTaxi
6182:BlaBlaCar
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6051:Sellaband
6046:RocketHub
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5865:Crowdcube
5855:Bergfürst
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5693:Indiegogo
5683:GoyFundMe
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1083:feedback.
951:Indiegogo
908:copyright
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858:mortgages
820:Spacehive
772:RocketHub
767:Financial
730:campaigns
726:BackerKit
662:potatoes.
583:SellaBand
577:In 2004,
546:Marillion
508:The World
500:The World
466:Lockitron
440:Platforms
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6997:1990s
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